153:
160:
272:
from Pashto to a higher extent than other Hindko dialects. A lexical similarity study based on a 210-item wordlist found out that it shares 79% of its vocabulary with the dialect spoken to the east in the city of
1038:. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
1119:
1032:
Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The
Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.).
1339:
152:
1349:
623:
554:
1043:
72:
181:
1112:
530:
1128:
645:
790:
There are two phonological characteristics which distinguish Kohati from other Hindko varieties. One is the regular loss of
537:
446:
250:
1105:
656:
396:
1334:
561:
545:
471:
578:
458:
421:
1344:
496:
408:
57:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
737:
733:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
698:
690:
682:
570:
515:
503:
490:
483:
478:
465:
453:
440:
428:
415:
403:
362:
62:
639:
601:
594:
433:
355:
348:
508:
370:
238:
67:
1053:
686:
524:
320:
1085:
744:
379:
315:
226:
1057:
1077:
1039:
615:
390:
335:
325:
286:
269:
1311:
1272:
1229:
1211:
1142:
1069:
883:
875:
775:'brother'. Kohati shares with other Hindko varieties a historical "spontaneous" aspiration:
728:) are found in loanwords from Iranian languages, as well as in native words, where they are
702:
694:
586:
310:
305:
282:
254:
249:
is the dominant language of the area, to which Kohati has been losing ground at least since
1262:
1254:
1234:
1206:
1201:
791:
342:
330:
278:
49:
1307:
1280:
1183:
1162:
1157:
222:
40:
139:
1328:
1285:
1196:
1191:
1152:
1147:
1089:
851:
795:
1303:
855:
874:'(to) the son', which is the pattern found in the rest of Hindko (in contrast to
850:
postposition. As in other Indo-Aryan languages, the form of the noun used before
1315:
1073:
1033:
847:
1081:
747:: the high-falling (indicated here using a circumflex accent over the vowel:
196:
183:
729:
678:
674:
132:
113:
230:
30:
751:). This tone is present on vowels if they were historically followed by
670:
258:
1221:
1172:
843:
771:. Voiced aspiration, however, was preserved before a stressed vowel:
274:
246:
218:
82:
77:
1097:
932:, p. 486. Shackle refers to these dialects as "Hindko proper".
894:, Kohati avoids the succession of identical vowels by switching to
1239:
262:
242:
237:
as well as in a string of villages running east along the road to
234:
732:
of the corresponding plosives, normally before other consonants (
806:'you'). The other one is the peculiar realisation of historical
253:. Kohati is closely related to the Hindko dialects to the east:
1101:
779:'one', as well as the preservation of the consonant cluster
285:, as well as the rural dialect spoken immediately north in
1025:
Lahndi
Phonetics : with special reference to Awáṇkárí
979:
977:
1062:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
890:). But because the oblique form in the plural is also
822:'today' and in forms of the verb 'to go', for example
1271:
1253:
1220:
1182:
1171:
1135:
130:
111:
106:
46:
36:
26:
21:
277:, and 76% each with the dialects further east in
866:. To this form Kohati appends the postposition
1113:
8:
1179:
1120:
1106:
1098:
1094:A grammar sketch is found on pages 486–96.
842:Kohati has a peculiar distribution of the
826:'let him go' (in contrast respectively to
18:
296:
1007:
995:
983:
965:
941:
929:
917:
910:
862:'son' for example has the oblique form
953:
969:
7:
673:consonants of Kohati can take four
14:
655:
644:
622:
600:
593:
577:
569:
560:
553:
544:
536:
529:
507:
495:
482:
470:
457:
445:
432:
420:
407:
395:
378:
369:
361:
354:
347:
158:
151:
1340:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
870:to form the dative-accusative:
1058:"Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar"
233:. It is spoken in the city of
159:
1:
1350:Punjabi language in Pakistan
1027:. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
1366:
1298:
1074:10.1017/S0041977X00137401
878:where the postpostion is
755:or by a voiced aspirate:
177:
146:
834:in the rest of Hindko).
783:at the start of a word:
724:(and to a lesser extent
251:independence of Pakistan
1023:Bahri, Hardev (1963).
798:at the end of a word (
1054:Shackle, Christopher
898:in the plural: thus
743:Kohati has a single
299:
193: /
298:Kohati consonants
297:
227:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1322:
1321:
1294:
1293:
1129:Punjabi varieties
1035:Hindko and Gujari
902:'(to) the sons'.
667:
666:
287:Peshawar District
212:
211:
197:33.583°N 71.433°E
16:Dialect of Hindko
1357:
1335:Punjabi dialects
1180:
1143:Standard Punjabi
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1049:
1028:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
972:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
739:
735:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
703:voiced aspirated
700:
692:
684:
659:
648:
626:
604:
597:
581:
573:
567:
564:
557:
548:
543:
540:
533:
517:
514:
511:
505:
502:
499:
492:
489:
486:
480:
477:
474:
467:
464:
461:
455:
452:
449:
442:
439:
436:
430:
427:
424:
417:
414:
411:
405:
402:
399:
382:
373:
365:
358:
351:
300:
283:Haripur District
221:, spoken in the
217:is a dialect of
208:
207:
205:
204:
203:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
162:
161:
155:
142:
125:
116:
52:
19:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1290:
1267:
1263:Pahari-Pothwari
1255:Pahari-Pothwari
1249:
1216:
1175:
1167:
1131:
1126:
1052:
1046:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
975:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
908:
840:
712:The fricatives
565:
541:
512:
506:
500:
487:
481:
475:
462:
456:
450:
437:
431:
425:
412:
406:
400:
314:
295:
279:Talagang Tehsil
201:
199:
195:
192:
187:
184:
182:
180:
179:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
163:
138:
123:
112:
102:
53:
50:Language family
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:Kohat District
1342:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1308:Baahar di boli
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1184:Jatki language
1177:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1068:(3): 482–510.
1050:
1044:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1010:, p. 489.
1000:
998:, p. 488.
988:
986:, p. 487.
973:
958:
946:
944:, p. 496.
934:
922:
920:, p. 485.
909:
907:
904:
886:, where it is
839:
836:
818:, in the word
796:rounded vowels
665:
664:
662:
660:
653:
651:
649:
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
620:
618:
612:
611:
609:
607:
605:
598:
591:
589:
583:
582:
575:
558:
551:
549:
534:
527:
521:
520:
518:
493:
468:
443:
418:
393:
387:
386:
384:
375:
366:
359:
352:
345:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
308:
303:
294:
291:
270:borrowed words
223:Kohat District
210:
209:
202:33.583; 71.433
175:
174:
165:
164:
157:
156:
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
136:
128:
127:
117:
109:
108:
107:Language codes
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
56:
54:
47:
44:
43:
41:Kohat District
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1362:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:969-8023-13-5
1041:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
971:
967:
962:
959:
956:, p. 54.
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
911:
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:postpositions
849:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
767:'half' <-
746:
741:
736:'saying' vs.
731:
710:
704:
696:
688:
680:
676:
672:
663:
661:
658:
654:
652:
650:
647:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
632:
630:
628:
625:
621:
619:
617:
614:
613:
610:
608:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
576:
572:
563:
559:
556:
552:
550:
547:
539:
535:
532:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
510:
498:
494:
485:
473:
469:
460:
448:
444:
435:
423:
419:
410:
398:
394:
392:
389:
388:
385:
381:
376:
372:
367:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
178:Coordinates:
176:
154:
145:
141:
137:
135:
134:
129:
121:
118:
115:
110:
105:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:Indo-European
55:
51:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1304:Baar di Boli
1300:
1244:
1065:
1061:
1034:
1024:
1017:Bibliography
1008:Shackle 1980
1003:
996:Shackle 1980
991:
984:Shackle 1980
966:Shackle 1980
961:
949:
942:Shackle 1980
937:
930:Shackle 1980
925:
918:Shackle 1980
913:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
871:
867:
863:
859:
841:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:nasalisation
789:
759:'way' <-
742:
711:
668:
267:
214:
213:
131:
119:
87:
73:Northwestern
63:Indo-Iranian
1316:Khalsa bole
954:Rensch 1992
640:Approximant
200: /
1329:Categories
970:Bahri 1963
906:References
848:accusative
730:allophones
239:Kushalgarh
68:Indo-Aryan
1301:See also:
1176:(Western)
1090:129436200
1082:0041-977X
814:, almost
787:'three'.
740:'said').
687:aspirated
679:voiceless
675:phonation
525:Fricative
321:Retroflex
293:Phonology
133:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
1312:Derawali
1230:Awankari
1212:Shahpuri
1056:(1980).
900:pʊtrã ko
316:Alveolar
255:Awankari
231:Pakistan
140:koha1245
31:Pakistan
1273:Saraiki
1235:Chhachi
1207:Lubanki
1202:Jhangvi
1136:Eastern
884:Saraiki
876:Punjabi
872:pʊtre ã
856:oblique
854:is the
838:Grammar
773:/bʰɪra/
769:/addʰa/
765:/ʌ̂dda/
701:), and
677:types:
671:plosive
616:Lateral
391:Plosive
336:Glottal
326:Palatal
268:It has
259:Chacchi
241:on the
188:71°26′E
185:33°35′N
1281:Riasti
1245:Kohati
1222:Hindko
1173:Lahnda
1163:Puadhi
1158:Malwai
1088:
1080:
1042:
860:pʊttʊr
844:dative
832:vʌɳdʒe
785:/trʌe/
738:/akʰa/
734:/axda/
695:voiced
587:Rhotic
566:
542:
513:
501:
488:
476:
463:
451:
438:
426:
413:
401:
311:Dental
306:Labial
275:Attock
247:Pashto
219:Hindko
215:Kohāṭī
166:Kohati
88:Kohati
83:Hindko
78:Lahnda
37:Region
22:Kohati
1286:Thali
1240:Ghebi
1192:Dhani
1153:Majhi
1148:Doabi
1086:S2CID
864:pʊtre
824:vʌ̃ie
802:>
777:/hɪk/
761:/rah/
343:Nasal
331:Velar
263:Ghebi
243:Indus
235:Kohat
1197:Inku
1078:ISSN
1040:ISBN
830:and
816:-yy-
808:-dʒ-
781:/tr/
757:/râ/
745:tone
720:and
707:/bʱ/
691:/pʰ/
669:The
281:and
261:and
120:None
1070:doi
882:or
828:ʌdʒ
812:-i-
810:as
794:in
753:/ɦ/
749:/â/
722:/x/
718:/z/
714:/f/
699:/b/
693:),
685:),
683:/p/
225:of
124:mis
1331::
1314:,
1310:,
1306:,
1084:.
1076:.
1066:43
1064:.
1060:.
976:^
968:;
896:ko
892:-ã
888:kũ
880:nũ
858::
820:ʌi
804:tu
800:tũ
763:,
726:/ɣ
716:,
709:.
574:)
516:ɡʱ
504:kʰ
491:ɟʱ
479:cʰ
466:ɖʱ
454:ʈʰ
441:dʱ
429:tʰ
416:bʱ
404:pʰ
383:)
374:)
289:.
265:.
257:,
245:.
229:,
1121:e
1114:t
1107:v
1092:.
1072::
1048:.
868:ã
846:-
705:(
697:(
689:(
681:(
657:j
646:ʋ
624:l
602:ɽ
595:r
579:ɦ
571:ɣ
568:(
562:x
555:ɕ
546:z
538:s
531:f
509:ɡ
497:k
484:ɟ
472:c
459:ɖ
447:ʈ
434:d
422:t
409:b
397:p
380:ŋ
377:(
371:ɲ
368:(
363:ɳ
356:n
349:m
313:/
126:)
122:(
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