Koeri - Knowledge

1646:

Kanyakubjas and Sarjuparins of Awadh; these areas also contained clusters of landed Rajputs. Other Gangetic 'squireens' belonged to the north Indian status group known as Bhumihar, who had achieved a somewhat ambiguous entitlement to be regarded as Brahmans under the patronage of eighteenth-century rulers and their local deputies. In addition, some of upper India's high-farming localities contained sizable groups of elite landed Muslims; landed families of scribal and service origin who used the jati title Kayastha had also come to be included among the proprietary 'squireen' populations. In southern Awadh, eastern NWP, and much of Bihar, non-labouring gentry groups lived in tightly-knit enclaves among much larger populations of non-elite 'peasants' and labouring people. These other groupings included 'untouchable' Chamars and newly recruited 'tribal' labourers, as well as non-elite tilling and cattle keeping people who came to be known by such titles as Kurmi, Koeri and Goala/Ahir.

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Muhammad Ali who publicised the Kanpur mosque dispute of 1913 demonstrates, was sensational and sold newspapers, causing periodicals to rise and fall. For example, Arti, a Hindi daily from Lucknow, which reached a high circulation of 3,000, was started specifically in response to communal disputes centred around Aminabad Park in the city. The Arya Mitra, a Hindi weekly published from Agra, served as the organ of the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, which sought to promote shuddhi and the uplifting of the depressed class. The Bharat Bhol was supported by the Rishikesh fund to further agitation over a temple in Dehra Dun. Caste-based journals were also common, such as the Kshattriya, set up to support social reform amongst the Jats of Meerut, the Kashbala Kshattriya Mitra, which promoted the interests of the Koeri community and the Jatava of Agra, which supported the interests of 'untouchables'.

1993:

population of Bihar, were further classified soon after independence into Upper Backward and Lower Backwards(Blair 1980). The upper backwards - Bania , Yadav, Kurmi and Koiri - constitute about 19 percent of the population, and now include most of the rising Kulak class of successful peasants who have acquired land, adopted improved agricultural technology, and become a powerful force in Bihar politics. This is true, above all, of the Yadavas. The lower backwards are shudra castes such as Barhi, Dhanuk, Kahar, Kumhar, Lohar, Mallaah, Teli etc, about 32 percent of the population. The largest components of the scheduled castes(14 percent) are the Dusadh, Chamar, and Musahar, the Dalit groups who are in many parts of the statelocked in struggles for land and living wages and living wages with the rich peasants and landlords of the forward and upper backward castes

374: 911:. Though the island is divided along ethnic and religious lines, 'Hindu' Mauritians follow a number of original customs and traditions, quite different from those seen on the Indian subcontinent. Some castes in Mauritius in particular are unrecognisable from a subcontinental Indian perspective, and may incorporate mutually antagonistic castes into a single group. The 'vaish', which includes the Koeris, is the largest and most influential caste group on the island. The former Brahmin elites together with former 878:"Eighteenth-century settlement of Kurmi, Kacchi and Koeri cultivators were also numerous in northern and western Awadh. On the fringes of cultivation, these castes were given special rental rates for bringing areas of jungle under plough. In the first five years, for instance the rent might be only half of what was common for soil of the same type. The revenue benefits to the entrepreneur or official who planted the colony were very great." 645:). By 1885, when the price of land surged, they started increasing their landholdings through purchase. There also witnessed increased transfer of the land of tenants by these social groups, when they mortgaged their land for credit. Ram also mentioned that after 1885, due to increase in registration of land under law and growing prices of land, the bargaining power of these groups, acting as moneylenders increased tremendously. 4902:"I belong to the Kushwaha caste which is also known as Koiri. Our caste has always become the role model of guiding the society, our ancestor is emperor Asoka and we follow his guidelines. We are engaged in farming and feed others. We never suppress anyone and are not involved in heinous crimes. It is the RJD and the Yadav caste that is involved in such acts," Manju declared at a media conference at her 6 Strand Road residence. 702:. However, intra-caste differentiation in Koeris was also high, as not all Koeri households in villages under study shared the prosperity attained by some of their clan members.The study also presented a differentiated pattern of control over land and resources, as, in some quarters, caste like Koeri and Yadav were dominant, while in others, Bhumihar caste still had control over significant amount of cultivable land. 737:

the social hierarchy was not unabated. The Koeris, like the other middle level castes in northern India, were facing a double-edged confrontation from the upper castes who were supporters of the status quo as well as from the Dalits and the lowest castes who now became assertive for their own rights. All this made the middle castes aggressive. Sanjay Kumar associates the political mobilisation of the middle peasant

421:"The nineteenth century antecedents of the Kushvaha- kshatriya movement reveal distinct cosmological associations with Shiva and his divine consort, Parvati. Kushvaha-kshatriya identity was espoused by agricultural community well known throughout the Gangetic north for an expertise in vegetable and (to an increasingly limited scale after the turn of twentieth century) poppy cultivation. Prominent among them were 1070:. These peasant castes, which had a long tradition of independence and caste solidarity, founded the Kisan Sabhas, which later became instrumental in supporting peasant causes. The traditional method of Nai-Dhobi band—disallowing of service of washermen and barbers to enforce the sanctions on the landlords and use of their robust caste panchayats—became a symbol of this peasant movement. Koeri leader 100: 88: 501:, the caste associations were formed with the basic objective of unifying individual castes. The All India Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha was formed to bring the horticulturist and market gardener communities like the Koeri, the Kachhi and the Murao under one umbrella. The Koeris also attempted to forge a caste coalition called Raghav Samaj, backed by 157: 628:, Koeris were recorded by Francis Buchanan as a community of "ploughing tribes" consisting primarily of poor and middle peasants. It was however noted that in his survey, Buchanan had neglected an upper crust among them, which had accumulated and hoarded cash and had emerged as moneylenders forwarding 870:. Yang also notes their involvement in tenanted landholdings around the period 1893–1901: the Koeris worked around nine per cent of the total cultivated area of the district which was one per cent less than the Ahirs, although they represented around five per cent more of the population. According to 736:

caste. According to Frankel, the bulk of middle and poor peasantry belonged to castes like the Koeris and the Yadavas; this class worked in their own fields but considered it beneath their dignity to work in others' fields. However, the socio-economic progress and transition towards the upper edge of

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applied anthropometrical methods to develop a racial taxonomy of Indian society leading to a problematic attempt to classify people of India. The Koeris were classified as "agricultural caste" along with the Kurmis. An official report of 1941 described them as being the "most advanced" cultivators in

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Bihar's land reform drive of 1950s benefitted the groups like Koeris, and they were able to consolidate their landholdings at the cost of big landlords, whose possession witnessed a liquidation. It is argued that these reforms weren't percolated down to the most vulnerable groups in agrarian society,

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Gyan Pandey's detailed research on the cow protection riots in eastern UP and Bihar in 1893 and 1917 relates the conflict to specific registers of caste difference and status assertion, in a context where the popular view of cow protection from the point of view of low-caste Ahirs, Koeris and Kurmis

1992:

The four dominant high caste groups (the forward castes)-Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha-together constitute about 12 percent of the population. These are the old elite, from whose numbers came the major zamindars and land owning castes. The so-called Backward castes consisting of about half the

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Another BJP MP from Koderma, Ratilal Prasad Verma belongs to backward community of Koeris constituting 10 percent in Bihar. He was upset at ordnance factory not being founded in his constituency but in the constituency of George Fernandes.. Expressing his disappointment and threatening to leave the

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In 1969 , Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal , a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry , asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination

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In 1969, Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal, a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry, asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in

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But in eastern U.P. and Bihar, marked much more by landlordism and within this the domination of the "twice-born" upper castes (brahmans, bhumihars, and rajputs), even the "shudra" peasant castes (kurmis, koeris, and yadavas) were cruelly subordinated, and there had been little of a broad anticaste

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In 1989, Frankel observed that 95% of the upper castes and 36% of the middle peasant castes like the Koeri and the Yadav belonged to a rich peasant-cum-landlord class. An aversion to manual labour characterised this class. However, some Koeris and Yadavas who held comparatively less land to provide

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Peasants in middle castes like the Koeris benefitted the most from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands. In most cases the buyer would be from the Koeri, the

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At present there are three Kushwaha MLAs in BJP. In this, in the previous government, the BJP had made Vinod Singh, MLA from Pranapur in Seemanchal, a minister. Vinod passed away. Former minister's wife Nisha Singh has won for the first time in the 17th assembly. On the other hand, Dr. Sunil Kumar

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Buchanan, in the early nineteenth century, had included in the term "pure shudra" the well-known designations of Kayasth, Koiri, Kurmi, Kahar, Goala, Dhanuk (archers, cultivators, palanquin bearers), Halwai (sweets vendor), Mali (flower gardener), Barai (cultivator and vendor of betel-leaf), Sonar

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who took pride in shunning the plough and secluding his womenfolk. Such a man was to be blamed for his own decline, fecklessly mortgaging and then selling off his lands to maintain his unproductive dependents. By the same logic, a flourishing field of wheat would belong to a non-twice-born tiller,

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The fact that weavers in Banaras are still predominantly Muslim (particularly in the highly skilled silk weaving domain) and the traders and buyers still predominantly Hindu constitutes the basis for interdependence between the two communities. However, many Hindu lower-caste groups (particularly

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The Koiris are known as great horticulturists and engage primarily in agricultural operations in the capacity of small landowners and poor peasants. Unlike Kurmis and Yadavs, they are generally considered non aggressive and disinterested in caste riots. They also attempted to attain higher social

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advances to acquire dependent labour. Oral testimonies from the colonial period indicates that by the end of 19th century, Koeris in the Gaya district included rich peasants, who had acquired material wealth by improving land relation and extending market relations. This enabled them to forward

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In eastern Gangetic Hindustan, there were yet more high-farming zones where superior rent-receivers could claim to have been following a life of lordly refinement for many centuries. Here the established patricians included many co-parcenors from 'secular' or lokika Brahman groupings such as the

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continued its policy of not giving due importance to the demand of upper-OBCs for more political representation and the Koeris along with other OBCs remained unsatisfied in the post independence period as well, when the question of political representation for greater part of society was gaining

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in some of the districts of Bihar. It was reported that being the victims of persistent banditry and oppression by the upper-caste landlords, middle castes like them more often come within the folds of revolutionary groups. The CPI(ML) remained successful in mobilising Koeris in the districts of

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believes that. "Opium cultivators were not free agents" and describes the coercion and financial arrangements that were involved to achieve production, which included restricting land to that product even when the people needed grain because of famine. Although profitable for the company, it was

1946:

Although the end of zamindari led to a mass eviction of sharecroppers and tenant cultivators who were the actual tillers of the land, big landlords from high castes also saw their landholdings diminish. A new class of landlords belonging to the upper-middle caste groups such as Kurmi, Koeri and

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The real migraine for the JD-U led alliance is the emergence of strong leaders within the NDA who command Kushwaha loyalties as effectively as Ashok Mahto once did for the fight against Bhumihars in the past. Rocking the Grand Alliance's prospects are Kushwaha leaders such as Upendra Kushwaha,

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If any (class/caste) could compete with the upper castes in terms of the social, economic, and political muscle, it was these three upper backward castes—Yadavs, Kurmis, and Koeris. The social coalition of the 1980s was much more politically oiled than the coalition of 1930, during the days of

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Three upper-middle castes, the Yadav, Koeri and Kurmi (designated OBC), considerably improved their economic position. "These three castes have been the major beneficiaries of the so- called Green Revolution in Bihar.... These sturdy and hardy castes, traditionally engaged in cultivation, have

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The period of the 1960s witnessed an improvement in the fortunes of the backward castes in politics, with a significant growth seen in the number of backward caste MLAs in the Bihar legislative assembly. In the 1970s, with the defining slogan of social justice, Koeris rose to prominence in the

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of South western Bihar which were close to each other concluded that Koeris had the largest population and were one of the main landholding castes in ten of those villages but the average landholding by the households in the surveyed villages were found to be just 2.12 acres per household. The

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BJP leader Samrat Chaudhary who comes from Kushwaha community, on the statement made by the RLSP chief Upendra Kushwaha says that we are neither milk sellers nor rice growers, we are vegetable growers. The Kushvanshis (Kushwaha Caste) are known for vegetables. Rice is grown by people of every

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In the inter-war period religious community was rendered an important site of public political contestation in periodicals and journals. Newspaper publicity, and the symbolism it employed, created and re-created communal stereotypes. 'Communal' controversy, as the early journalistic career of

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castes. These peasants worked skilfully on their land and made their holdings more productive. In contrast, the upper castes were unable to do so, and they seemed to be satisfied with the price they got for their land. The increased urbanisation among forward castes created a category of new

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Despite all their limitations, the land reform laws since 1948 have transferred ownership right in vast areas of land to upper-OBCs mainly Yadav and Koeri-Kurmi. This gave them strength to ask for a larger share in political power and by the late 1960s, they seemed to have started asserting

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In the households of the cultivator castes like the Koeris, there was no major segregation of family duties based on gender. Here, both male and female members of the family participated in cultivation- related operations, thus paving the way for egalitarianism and a lack of gender-related

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In 1977, the government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities which has benefitted the backward castes like the Koeris. They are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian government's system of positive

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often not so for the peasant producer, and, "Only one particular caste, the Koeris, managed to carry on the cultivation with some degree of efficiency. They were able to do this because they could employ their wives and children to help out with the tasks of opium production."

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was quite different to that of UP's urban elites. For both Freitag and Pandey, cow protection became a means for relatively low-status communities to assert higher status via association with something of symbolic importance to Hinduism as a whole: in this case, the cow.

1947:

Yadavs- officially categorised as other backward classes in contemporary Bihar - emerged. These were mostly small and middle peasants who were able to consolidate their landholdings and position in society in the midst of zamindari reforms (Wilson, 1999; Sharma, 2005).

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government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities. While the lower backward castes were assigned 12% of the quota, only eight per cent was earmarked for landowning castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi and the Yadavs. Being a

466:. He argued further that after defeat, the fear of persecution at the hands of Muslims caused the Kusvaha Kshatriya to flee into the forest in disarray and discard their sacred threads, so as not to appear as erstwhile defenders of Hinduism. The British ethnographer 2162:

Upper of forward caste(brahmin thakur bania kayastha), cultivating or middle castes(jat bhumihar tyagi), lower shudra or backward caste(yadav, kurmi, lodh koeri gujar kahar gadaria teli harhai nai kachi others), scheduled castes(chamar pasis dhobi

568:"By the mid-nineteenth century, influential revenue specialists were reporting that they could tell the caste of a landed man by simply glancing at his crops. In the north, these observers claimed, a field of 'second-rate barley' would belong to a 1204:

and the JD(U). However, the quitting of BJP and alliance by Upendra Kushwaha left Koeri politics in Bihar in a dilemma. This rift between the Koeris and the Kurmis was orchestrated by the rise of influential Koeri leaders like Mahendra Singh and

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Koeris, Mallaahs, Mauryas, and even Yadavs) and some Dalit groups have also taken to the occupation of weaving. The large majority of Momin Ansaris are still ordinary weavers, trying to eke out a livelihood in very straitened circumstances.

1177:. Its alliance showed that political parties in Bihar are identified with caste and the Samta Party was considered the party of Koeri-Kurmi community. Until the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, Koeris were well represented in 723:

This phenomenon promoted the upward mobility of middle peasant castes. While this mobility in the Yadavas consolidated them as both big peasants and landlords, in the Koeris, the vertical mobility was exclusively towards them becoming

728:. The rise of castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi, and the Yadav, and the fall from power of the forward castes was characterised by growing assertiveness among these middle peasants who now acted as the landowners they once condemned. 1030:, while other interests of the Koeri community is taken care of by the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha. Besides these organisations, there exists various state level organisations catering to socio-political needs of the community. In 648:

Malabika Chakrabarti also mentions that better-off peasants of Koeri caste in region of South Bihar supplemented their income from cultivation by working as Mahajan or moneylenders. She also notes that they also involved the local

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The voters belonging to the Backward Class ( Koeri and Awadhia ) and the voters . of the business communities voted in favour of the Jana Sangh candidate Ramdeo Mahto who happened to be a member of the backward community ( Koeri

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discrimination and seclusion. The view of the Koeris regarding their women is portrayed through their (Jati) Caste pamphlet, where Koeri women are described as being loyal to their husbands and having all the qualities of a true

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She met Manjul Kumar while studying law. Manjul belonged to the political family of Bihar. His mother Sumitra Devi was a Congress leader. They came from Koeri caste, which is categorised as OBC in Bihar, while Meira was a

978:". However, due to the advancements in their level of education, the Kayastha community was first among them to challenge their Shudra status and claimed a higher Varna. They were followed by the rest of these communities. 4621: 5155: 989:

The Kshatriya reform movement in the middle peasant castes which took place during 1890s turned rural Bihar into an arena of conflict. William Pinch claims that castes like the Koeris, the Kurmi, and the Yadav joined the

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became the prime reason behind the upper-OBC's drive for alternative route to gain political ascendency. The "Coalition Of Extremes" was also favourable for the upper-caste lobby within the Congress, as they knew that

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In context of the communal riots related to cow protectionism, some writers are also of the opinion that low castes groups like Koeri, Ahirs also took to cow protection for asserting higher social status since

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In the interwar years, during a period when there was a general movement among various castes seeking to uplift their status, there was also at least one journal being published for the Koeri community, the

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Koeris are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian governments system of positive discrimination, so they are entitled to OBC reservations in govt jobs. The findings of

609:, in the provinces such as Bengal, although majority of rural population was having a living from the agriculture, only a few of them deserved classification as "agriculturists". The Koeris along with the 4914: 1933: 4956: 5030:"I was born into a Kushwaha (OBC) family but I consider myself a daughter of a Dalit foster father who worked as a labourer to provide for me, my sister and my mother. He sent us to school and fed us." 1097:

party and faced a considerable challenge from Congress's backward class federation. Though politically it was not able to make a significant mark, it remained successful in eradicating the practice of

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limited landholding was also found to be unequally distributed in caste and class. Further, another study conducted in some select villages of rural Bihar revealed the Koeris perform the function of a

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showed that a total of 1,12,106 members of community were holding government jobs in 2023, leading to their inclusion in the group having highest number of government jobs besides Yadavs and Kurmis in

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Bihar and said, "Simple in habits, thrifty to a degree and a master in the art of market-gardening, the Koeri is amongst the best of the tillers of the soil to be found anywhere in India." During the

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Five Yadavs , including a woman , were killed by a gang reportedly led by Ramashish Koeri alias Dada . The incident broke a lull in the gang warfare between the Yadavs and Koeris in the Khaimur hills

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status by claiming to be descendants of Lord Ram's son Kush. They formed the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha as their nodal caste association and held the first session of the association in March 1922.

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mentions in his work that Koeris along with Yadav and Kurmis were classified as upper-middle caste, who were known for their sturdy and hardy nature. Koeris have traditionally been classified as a “

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Other groups involved in opium production had to hire labour, but the Koeris cut costs by utilising that available within their own family. Describing the industrious nature of the Koeri people,

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in the agricultural society of India. The diversification in occupation of the Koeri caste in post independence India is shown by studies in select villages of North Bihar. In his paper, called

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The terminology Lav-Kush for the Koeri-Kurmi community became more important in politics than in culture; in Bihar, it came to represent the political solidarity of the Koeri and Kurmi castes.

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to prepare an account of Indian society and it culminated into the process of all india social classification of various castes and tribes beginning with the first census of 1871. In 1901,

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While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.

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relationship. According to author Bindeswar Ram, who studied rural credit market of 1880s in region such as Bengal and Bihar, Koeris worked as Mahajan or moneylenders alongside Bania and

4463: 4673: 2006: 1554: 264:— as part of social resurgence. During the British rule in India, Koeris were described as "agriculturalists" along with Kurmis and other cultivating castes. They are described as a 3050:"Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a Koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Hrrah called Harijanistan("dalit land"). 4560: 4613: 2955: 5147: 5050: 4653:

He saw an upper caste Bhumihar man rig the booth in favour of Rajdev Ram. Bhumihars had long been waiting to teach a lesson to this 'fearless and highheaded' Jagdish, a Koeri.

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caste in rural areas. Ram mentions that these social groups acted both as prosperous peasant proprietors as well as rural credit market agent by forwarding credit to tenants (

2542: 4140: 2044: 393:—the attempt by traditionally middle and low castes to rise up the social ladder, often by tracing their origins to mythical characters or following the lifestyle of higher 3204: 966:. Over the time, these castes have come closer and began intermarrying while developing the all India network to strengthen their caste solidarity. In 1811, the physician 3227: 3081: 1154:

by caste, Thakur was aware of the robust economic position and aggressiveness of these castes who were many times seen bullying the Harijans and lower backwards castes.

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or canny Kurmi in upper India, .... Similar virtues would be found among the smaller market-gardening populations, these being the people known as Koeris in Hindustan"

2269: 4853: 4519: 4327: 4288: 1529: 5017: 3686:(goldsmith), Kandu (grain parcher), and Gareri (blanket weavers and shepherds).108. Buchanan, Bihar and Patna, 1811–1812, 1:329–39; Martin, Eastern India, 2:466–70 2432: 1417: 1134:. However, this achievement was short-lived and their representation was gradually lost to other backward castes after Prasad's death. This period also witnessed 4922: 3484: 3355: 4432: 3864: 1632: 694:. Kumar's study found that both these caste compete for political power in these zones and a few Koeri families, who are economically sound, also own the local 4948: 4936:

society. Although everyone should do the work of cooking kheer in politics, there are no two opinions about it. He was talking to a private television channel.

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seats in this district. In a fieldwork study, where data was collected in 2008-11 by Gaurang R Sahay, the details of 13 villages of Unwas panchayat in the

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of North Bihar revealed that in some of these villages, Koeri and Yadav caste have become dominant over the time, leaving behind old elite groups, such as

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rather than agriculturists. They are also recorded as performing the work of Mahajan (rural moneylenders) in credit market of rural parts of Bihar and

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In later years, the Koeris remained in a muted position for a long period in politics or played a secondary role, while the Yadav-centric politics of

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Colonial ethnographers like Dr. Hunter identified Koiris and Oudhia Kurmis as most respectable of all cultivating castes in some districts of Bihar.

3017: 2455: 1593: 1425: 5121: 5262: 4277:. University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers: Concept Publishing Company. p. 397 ,398. 1777: 1735: 4879: 3594: 1882: 1067: 4455: 720:

landlords in the countryside as these three middle castes seldom sold their land, rather they looked on reforms as an opportunity to buy more.

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being a weak socio-economic group could hardly pose any challenge to their position in the socio-economic sphere unlike the Upper-Backwards.

1002:", was characterised by aggressiveness among these castes, which led to the formation of many caste armies resulting in intercaste conflict. 695: 4389: 1407: 1371: 4799: 4742: 4550: 3988: 3906: 3754: 3523: 3316: 3122: 2729: 2643: 2601: 2149: 1859: 5257: 4249: 4105: 3949: 3402: 2994: 2939: 2916: 2873: 2795: 2311: 1979: 1816: 1244:, first women cabinet minister of Bihar, several times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, mother-in-law of former Lok Sabha speaker 5221: 5042: 4426: 4321: 4282: 3478: 3439: 3396: 3349: 3116: 2949: 2828: 2637: 2595: 2426: 1927: 1311: 825:

Later, a section of the upper strata of the Koeris and other middle peasant castes voiced their support for the militant organisation

2369: 899:(family priest) and a significant number of houses were seen availing themselves of the services of the purohits of the Koeri caste. 657:

advances (a kind of loan) to them. These Koeri Mahajans, according to Chakraborty, were most stringent in terms of their advances to

5115: 4736: 3982: 3900: 3787: 3556: 3425: 3198: 3159: 2143: 2112: 1853: 1810: 1771: 1729: 1626: 1375: 1013:, Koeris also operated bandit groups, which were responsible for caste warfare with the members of rival groups. One such group was 4828: 922:. The 1991 census conducted there included estimates of their population estimates but these were not included in the 2001 census. 2036: 745:

with this gradual process of land reforms undertaken in Bihar in the decades preceding the period of 1970-90. According to Kumar:

1475: 1307: 1034:, one such organisation called Kushwaha Mahasabha works for political empowerment of community. Prominent Jharkhand leaders like 4316:. University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers: Concept Publishing Company. 3188: 676:, who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising 292:, who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising 5247: 5211: 3061: 532:

already had symbolic importance in Hinduism. This particular view of cow protection was different from the UP's urban elites.

299: 4361: 4351: 3709: 3627: 3310: 3264: 3031: 2715: 2556: 2344: 1447: 1421: 1093:. The actual date of the formation of Triveni Sangh is disputed among scholars. This caste coalition fared badly against the 4027: 3793: 3633: 2682: 2192: 1200:

appealed to the kushwaha in the 2014 elections in hopes of getting the support of the Koeri caste who had earlier voted for

409:, the sacred thread. The Sanskritising trend in castes of northern India, including that of the Koeris, was inspired by the 2389: 2253: 617:

were not only the major "agricultural caste", but were also reputed as most skilled cultivators. As per the description of

1461: 1361: 1327: 886:

district of Bihar. In this district the Koeri caste is notorious for their criminal affairs and represent most of the ten

843: 774:, a Koeri teacher, began leading the Maoists and organised the murders of upper caste landlords after he was beaten up by 276:, but the traditional agrarian relations based on caste did witness some changes. In the backdrop of this change many new 4764:

Björkert, Suruchi Thapar (September–October 2006). "Women as arm-bearers: Gendered caste-violence and the Indian state".

4311: 4272: 5252: 5009: 2412: 1293: 1279: 970:

classified the producer castes of Bihar and Patna - the Koeri, the Gwala, the Kurmi, the Sonar (goldsmith) and even the

732:

them with subsistence also worked as agricultural labourers, though the bulk of agricultural labourers belonged to the

3468: 3339: 1666: 4416: 3856: 1616: 915:

are called 'Babuji' and enjoy the prestige conferred by high caste status, though politically they are marginalised.

3546: 2818: 5267: 3302: 2548: 2461: 1919: 887: 802: 783: 699: 545: 4695: 3145: 577:

wheat being a crop requiring skill and enterprise on the part of the cultivator. These, said such commentators as

5075: 4822: 4486: 4202: 4163: 1241: 1189: 986:

woman, who faces the enemy with courage and fights along with her husband rather than being defeated outrightly.

967: 483: 280:

of post reform period hailed from groups like Koeris. In post-independence India, Koeris have been classified as

38: 2902: 1105: 1094: 1043: 779: 4884: 3935: 1460:, former Minister for Backward and Extremely Backward Castes in Government of Bihar, former MLA of BJP from 1395: 1289: 1283: 1181:. Out of twenty Koeri legislators elected to 243 membered Bihar Legislative Assembly, eleven were from JDU. 1059: 767: 350: 298:

in the agricultural society of India. In some of the districts of Bihar, they have also participated in the

1439: 1217: 1197: 1585: 1089:, the Koeris aligned with the Kurmis and the Yadavs to form a caste coalition-cum-political party called 1082:. Large numbers of Koeris participated in the Awadh Kisan Conference of 1920, which was held in Ayodhya. 1431: 1413: 1347: 1259: 1139: 742: 665: 377:

British era image of two men from Koeri caste describing low caste and possibility of aboriginal origin.

281: 5043:"NDA सीट गणित: ललन सिंह की वजह से गिरिराज बेगुसराय पहुंचे, BJP ने अपने 5 सांसदों को टिकट से पैदल किया" 4889: 3588: 2757:"Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages," Review of Agrarian Studies 1457: 1435: 1389: 1014: 847: 669: 498: 491: 487: 285: 4854:"Denting Nitish's 'Luv-Kush' vote, synergy with Raje, OBC push — why BJP has new chiefs in 4 states" 1618:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, Part 4, Volume 3

621:

of the contemporary agrarian society, the Koeris were 'quiet, industrious and well-behaved people'.

5135:

party he said: "My decision will depend on Koeri Samaj-they have been urging me to leave the party.

3892: 3699: 3384: 2104: 1845: 1471: 1399: 1351: 1337: 1317: 1297: 1269: 1221: 1185: 1184:

The parting of the ways between the Koeris and the Kurmis and the movement of the Koeris away from

1178: 1166: 1135: 991: 687: 601: 467: 382: 357:

where they were taken as indentured labourers. They also have a significant population residing in

5169:

from Bihar Sharif won for the third time and Pramod Sinha, MLA from Raxaul won for the first time.

5148:"Bihar Cabinet Expansion: कुशवाहा व मुसलमान चेहरों पर JDU ही नहीं BJP की भी टिकी हैं नजरें, जानिए" 1138:, a lesser known Koeri leader, become the chief minister of Bihar merely a week after the fall of 4555: 3228:"Bihar caste-based survey report | Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths" 1503: 1275: 1224:

with an apparent eye towards the electoral benefits, particularly in northern Indian states like

1142:

government. He led a coalition of the Shoshit Samaj Dal party of Jagdeo Prasad and the Congress.

249: 4791: 862:

Between 1872 and 1921 the Koeris represented approximately seven per cent of the population in

750:

themselves politically, which is reflected in slow but gradual rise of their representation in

443:

Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha, the caste association of Koeris, held its first session in 1922.

5217: 5111: 5105: 4732: 4726: 4422: 4357: 4317: 4278: 4239: 4169: 4095: 4056: 4017: 3978: 3972: 3939: 3896: 3886: 3825: 3783: 3744: 3738: 3705: 3662: 3623: 3552: 3513: 3507: 3474: 3435: 3431: 3392: 3345: 3306: 3296: 3268: 3194: 3155: 3151: 3112: 3104: 3071: 3027: 2984: 2945: 2906: 2863: 2824: 2785: 2721: 2711: 2705: 2672: 2633: 2627: 2591: 2585: 2552: 2514: 2465: 2422: 2379: 2375: 2348: 2301: 2259: 2225: 2219: 2182: 2139: 2133: 2108: 1969: 1923: 1849: 1839: 1806: 1767: 1725: 1695: 1622: 1488: 1357: 1206: 1158: 1039: 871: 597: 257: 135: 4949:"How BJP got JD(U)'s Mewa Lal to resign as Nitish's minister within an hour of taking charge" 4584:"Caste groups are burning Rajnath Singh's effigies as he called Chandragupta Maurya shepherd" 4233: 4089: 4050: 3929: 3388: 3378: 2978: 2896: 2857: 2775: 2295: 2037:"Bihar: Nitish Kumar is Trying to Consolidate the Luv-Kush-Dhanuk Axis to Expand Social Base" 1963: 1800: 1761: 1719: 1586:"Nitish Kumar's 'Triveni Sangh' of Backward Castes May Threaten BJP's Monopoly in 2024 Polls" 1109:

ground. The Congress's reliance on its "Coalition Of Extremes", referring to the alliance of

4827:. Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan). 4773: 4207:. Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan). 2077: 1508: 1498: 1367: 1343: 1193: 1079: 1071: 518: 514: 482:

to take care of vegetables and their flower gardens in Banaras. Writing eighty years later,

463: 395: 4133:"Caste, land and quotas: A history of the plotting of social coalitions in Bihar till 2005" 2510:

Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950

1146: 1010: 819: 578: 510: 390: 273: 261: 140: 521:

on behalf of various subcastes of the Koeri community to seek recognition as Kshatriya.

2504: 1323: 1035: 1006: 959: 891: 863: 851: 829:. This group had benefitted the most from land reforms and became ruthless towards the 618: 610: 582: 479: 346: 342: 322: 265: 253: 208: 63: 5241: 3190:

Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia: Essays in Memory of Ramkrishna Mukherjee

2752: 1381: 1265: 1251: 1229: 1131: 1110: 1090: 931: 771: 625: 400: 245: 176: 2781: 1467: 1303: 1201: 1170: 751: 427: 330: 204: 200: 4456:"Upendra Kushwaha's exit could undo BJP's carefully planned Bihar caste coalition" 3298:

Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion

2544:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

633:

advances to the dependent labourers in order to bring them under debt bondage and

5182: 4915:"भाजपा नेता सम्राट चौधरी बोले-हम न दूध वाले और न चावल वाले, हम तो सब्जी वाले हैं" 4011: 3819: 3777: 3617: 3548:

The Warp and the Weft: Community and Gender Identity Among the Weavers of Banaras

3258: 3019:

Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India

2666: 2508: 2338: 2178:

Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India

2176: 2098: 1913: 1689: 1530:"Opp flags 'chinks' in Bihar caste survey: 'Enumerators didn't visit our family'" 353:

district. Outside India, the Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in

3260:

The limited Raj: agrarian relations in colonial India, Saran District, 1793–1920

1333: 1245: 1174: 1162: 1151: 1086: 1063: 826: 606: 561: 553: 459: 410: 4777: 5213:

Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies

3740:

Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...

3023: 2898:

Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...

2120:

managed to produce more from cultivation than their upper caste counterparts".

883: 867: 815: 790:. After Mahto was killed in 1971, the communist uprising in Bhojpur subsided. 758:

The conflict with upper caste landlords led to an attraction towards far-left

338: 188: 4792:"How a Reinvented Left Is Gaining Electoral Significance in Poll-Bound Bihar" 3109:

Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace

2725: 1841:

Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace

3067: 2418: 1451: 1443: 1403: 1031: 999: 983: 912: 908: 725: 470:

recorded various Koeri origin myths in the 1890s. According to one of them,

405: 354: 277: 1658: 509:'s names. This was done to justify the communities' claims of descent from 462:

in their military capacity during the period of Muslim consolidation under

3974:

From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42

2100:

Indian Economic Growth in Historical Perspective: The Roots of Development

1209:, while Kushwaha remained the strongest leader of the community in Bihar. 2753:"Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages" 1962:

Carolyn Brown Heinz (3 June 2013). Peter Berger; Frank Heidemann (eds.).

1385: 1255: 971: 951: 775: 759: 691: 447: 334: 229: 164: 160: 3888:

The Rise and Fall of Modern Empires, Volume IV: Reactions to Colonialism

3779:

In the Mirror of Mandal Social Justice, Caste, Class, and the Individual

413:

tradition, as attested by their bid to seek association with avatars of

3857:"People of Kushwaha community should be politically represented: Mehta" 2082: 2067: 939: 935: 896: 585:, were the qualities of the non-patrician 'peasant' – the thrifty 573: 475: 451: 196: 4013:

India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India

2668:

India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India

2371:

India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India

950:

Castes similar to the Koeri in northern India include the Maurya, the

3821:

Hindu nationalism and the language of politics in late colonial India

1763:

The Famine of 1896-1897 in Bengal: Availabilty Or Entitlement Crisis?

1721:

Land and Society in India: Agrarian Relations in Colonial North Bihar

1213: 1212:

In 2010s, attempts to trace the community's lineage to Mauryan king

1118: 975: 830: 763: 658: 650: 569: 414: 386: 326: 318:, are considered as largest politically organised peasant community. 303: 184: 17: 5063:वाल्मिकीनगर से कोइरी जाति के पूर्व सांसद वैद्यनाथ महतो का नाम तय है. 2068:"The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius" 1196:, who commanded huge support among members of the Koeri castes. The 2007:"Amit Shah's choice of UP BJP chief to dampen Nitish Kumar's pitch" 1915:

Migration, Food Security and Development: Insights from Rural India

907:

Outside India, Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in

3619:

Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects

1225: 1123: 1114: 1098: 1062:, which worked for the peasants' cause against the ill effects of 1055: 1054:

In the early twentieth century, the Koeri and their sub-caste the

963: 955: 919: 811: 807: 738: 733: 716: 712: 678: 673: 638: 614: 549: 541: 502: 471: 455: 372: 358: 315: 307: 294: 289: 241: 237: 192: 180: 130: 112: 105: 93: 4614:"मीरा कुमार से जड़ी वो बातें, जो आपको हैरान करने के लिए काफी हैं" 3931:

Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22

2707:

Bonded Histories Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India

686:, Awanish Kumar's study of select villages of West Champaran and 1965:

The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory

506: 236:

in several parts of northern India are an Indian non-elite

586: 311: 4052:

Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar

2297:

Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar

1268:, a socialist leader and former Deputy Chief Minister in the 934:, many of the Koeris were also involved in the occupation of 248:, whose traditional occupation was agriculture. According to 4520:"BJP celebrates emperor Ashoka's birth anniversary in Bihar" 3509:

Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal

1659:"उत्तर प्रदेश चुनावः कितने ताक़तवर हैं स्वामी प्रसाद मौर्य?" 544:

trade, which had its main base in Bihar. For many years the

156: 4016:(Reprinted ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 197–198. 2629:

The Peasant Production of Opium in Nineteenth Century India

1474:

in Bihar, former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from

664:

In post independence India, Koeris have been classified as

517:, respectively. In 1928, the Mahasabha also petitioned the 1802:

Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns

918:

The Koeris also have a significant population residing in

5107:

Towards a New Era: Economic, Social and Political Reforms

4165:

Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns

4091:

Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns

3470:

Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora

2980:

Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns

1161:

flourished in Bihar. However, after the formation of the

4979:"Tarakeshwari Sinha a hot favourite for Samastipur seat" 4821:

Political Science Association, Delhi University (1981).

4390:"कुशवाहा राजनैतिक विचार मंच का अभियान 5 से - Patna News" 4201:

Political Science Association, Delhi University (1981).

1046:

had remained associated with this organisation in past.

3701:

Daughters of the Earth: Women and Land in Uttar Pradesh

2414:

Why India Votes? :Exploring the Political in South Asia

42: 3063:

From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade

1957: 1955: 1326:, six times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from 795:

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation

3743:

New york: Taylor and Francis group. p. 209,210.

3341:

Women Empowerment Through Panchayati Raj Institutions

1364:, former Minister of Education (Government of Bihar). 1306:, six term Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from 325:

and are also distributed more heterogeneously across

2590:. University of California Press. pp. 187–188. 2587:

The Limited Raj Agrarian Relations in Colonial India

2499: 2497: 1555:"Sri Lankan missionary engineers conversion in Gaya" 668:

by virtue of being part of the group of four of the

490:

while those of Gorakhpur and Ayodhya looked towards

284:

by virtue of being part of the group of four of the

5110:. India: Har-Anand Publication. 2001. p. 166. 5010:"'Mahishasur's daughter' gets award from President" 170: 149: 121: 111: 79: 3661:. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. 1883:"Upper Caste Leaders Back In Circulation In Bihar" 1370:, educationist, former professor of technology at 1282:. He served as a Union Minister in the cabinet of 3593:. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1989. p. 56. 2289: 2287: 2258:. University of California Press. p. 91,92. 2224:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 428. 1188:(JD(U)) was witnessed after the formation of the 653:population in bonded labour system by forwarding 306:order. In parts of northern India, they, besides 2710:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–163. 1470:, founding leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and 786:. Mahto also set up a newspaper in Arrah called 5184:A Study of the Mid-term Elections in Bihar 1969 4824:Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4 4204:Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4 876: 747: 566: 486:records that Koeris of Bihar were followers of 419: 2820:Agrarian Reforms, Land Markets, and Rural Poor 4731:. london: Sage publication. p. 135,136. 4649:Ruled Or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar 4421:. India: SAGE Publications. p. 127,129. 1755: 1753: 850:category in Bihar. However, they were behind 540:The community was at the heart of the Indian 381:Haruka Yanagisawa, Professor Emeritus of the 8: 5076:"JNU: Travails of A Dalit Comrade President" 4418:India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep 1442:in Bihar-Jharkhand region; former member of 1258:in the state of Bihar. He was the leader of 801:revealed the participation of Koiris in the 74: 5210:Sanjay Kumar, Christophe Jaffrelot (2012). 3380:Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia 2823:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 279. 2073:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 1621:. Cambridge University Press. p. 200. 1494:History of Backward Caste movement in Bihar 1418:Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union 1330:, founder of The Vaishali Cooperative Bank. 26: 3824:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 3622:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 37. 2941:Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India 2671:. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 197. 2457:Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia 1130:politics of Bihar under the leadership of 866:, according to tabulated data prepared by 596:In 1877, there was an attempt by colonial 431:agriculturalist of central Uttar Pradesh , 73: 4666:"No to casteism? Politicians won't agree" 3977:. India: SAGE Publications. p. 194. 3590:Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bijnor 3377:N. Jayaram, Partha Nath Mukherji (2019). 2138:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 157. 2081: 2621: 2619: 946:Subdivisions, classification and culture 389:“ caste and today Koeris have attempted 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3427:Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume II 1766:. India: Orient BlackSwan. p. 99. 1520: 942:caste and produce cloth for local use. 28: 4353:Caste and Democratic Politics in India 2944:. Har Anand Publications. p. 32. 2221:Indian society and social institutions 1336:, former minister for social welfare, 1296:. He also served as Union Minister in 1078:(Awadh Farmers Conference) along with 1017:, which operated out of Kaimur hills. 5086:from the original on 29 November 2022 4959:from the original on 18 February 2023 4802:from the original on 18 February 2023 4508:Shakuni Chaudhury and Mahendra Singh. 4454:KAUSHIKA, PRAGYA (10 December 2018). 4238:. Mittal Publications. pp. 49–. 2392:from the original on 31 December 2013 1724:. India: Orient Longman. p. 69. 1713: 1711: 1374:and former Member of Parliament from 696:Primary Agricultural Credit Societies 450:reformers like Ganga Prasad Gupta in 7: 4435:from the original on 2 February 2023 4330:from the original on 2 February 2023 4313:City, Society, and Planning: Society 4274:City, Society, and Planning: Society 4252:from the original on 2 February 2023 4211:from the original on 2 February 2023 4069:from the original on 2 February 2023 4030:from the original on 2 February 2023 3757:from the original on 2 February 2023 3636:from the original on 2 February 2023 3565:from the original on 2 February 2023 3526:from the original on 2 February 2023 3448:from the original on 2 February 2023 3405:from the original on 2 February 2023 3358:from the original on 2 February 2023 3238:from the original on 8 November 2023 3125:from the original on 2 February 2023 3084:from the original on 2 February 2023 3040:from the original on 2 February 2023 2958:from the original on 2 February 2023 2919:from the original on 15 January 2022 2876:from the original on 2 February 2023 2798:from the original on 2 February 2023 2685:from the original on 2 February 2023 2646:from the original on 2 February 2023 2565:from the original on 2 February 2023 2478:from the original on 2 February 2023 2314:from the original on 2 February 2023 2195:from the original on 2 February 2023 1669:from the original on 2 February 2023 1635:from the original on 2 February 2023 1596:from the original on 2 February 2023 1408:Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency 1372:Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 1058:participated in the politics of the 1005:In the 1980s, in region surrounding 439:of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh." 232:and more recently self-described as 80:Regions with significant populations 4852:Arnimesh, Shanker (24 March 2023). 4766:Women's Studies International Forum 4676:from the original on 29 August 2023 3796:from the original on 29 August 2023 3658:Peasants and monks in British India 3512:. KW Publishers. pp. 109–110. 2340:Peasants and monks in British India 2255:Peasants and monks in British India 2097:Yanagisawa, H. (23 December 2022). 1936:from the original on 29 August 2023 1862:from the original on 29 August 2023 1780:from the original on 29 August 2023 1738:from the original on 29 August 2023 1565:from the original on 29 August 2023 5189:Institute of Public Administration 5008:Chandan, Sanjeev (16 April 2016). 4989:from the original on 24 March 2023 4745:from the original on 4 August 2022 4728:The situated politics of belonging 4725:Kalpana, Nira-Yuval-Davis (2006). 4696:"'Lenin' waits wrapped in plastic" 4624:from the original on 14 April 2023 4594:from the original on 28 April 2021 4563:from the original on 28 April 2021 4518:Tewary, Amarnath (22 April 2022). 4487:"The Liberation Struggle of Bihar" 4370:from the original on 21 April 2022 4291:from the original on 21 April 2022 4182:from the original on 21 April 2022 4131:Vardhan, Anand (24 October 2020). 3867:from the original on 18 April 2023 3718:from the original on 21 April 2022 3675:from the original on 21 April 2022 3487:from the original on 21 April 2022 3319:from the original on 21 April 2022 3168:from the original on 21 April 2022 3147:The situated politics of belonging 3144:Kalpana, Nira-Yuval-Davis (2006). 2859:Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar 2837:from the original on 21 April 2022 2777:Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar 2435:from the original on 21 April 2022 2272:from the original on 17 April 2021 2152:from the original on 18 April 2022 2135:Development and Democracy in India 2047:from the original on 13 April 2021 2017:from the original on 4 August 2022 1893:from the original on 11 March 2023 1819:from the original on 11 March 2023 1406:, twice Member of Parliament from 1312:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 454:argued the Koeris descended from 117:4.21 percent of Bihar's population 57: 5158:from the original on 28 July 2023 5124:from the original on 22 July 2023 5053:from the original on 16 July 2023 4831:from the original on 7 April 2022 4706:from the original on 15 July 2020 4497:from the original on 9 March 2016 4485:Ramesh, P. R. (15 October 2015). 3991:from the original on 22 July 2023 3952:from the original on 22 July 2023 3909:from the original on 22 July 2023 3226:Bhelari, Amit (8 November 2023). 3103:Ranabir Samaddar (3 March 2016). 2732:from the original on 22 June 2022 1982:from the original on 14 June 2022 1528:Singh, Santosh (9 October 2023). 1376:Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency 1320:, former Chief Minister of Bihar. 882:They are also distributed in the 624:In the early 19th century in the 260:in 1880s. Koeris have attempted 5020:from the original on 6 July 2020 4551:"BJP banking on votes of Koeris" 4530:from the original on 26 May 2022 4466:from the original on 5 June 2020 4108:from the original on 28 May 2022 4094:. SAGE publication. p. 53. 3597:from the original on 14 May 2022 3207:from the original on 14 May 2022 3111:. Routledge, 2016. p. 178. 2997:from the original on 28 May 2022 2983:. SAGE publication. p. 31. 2604:from the original on 28 May 2022 2005:Tiwari, Ravish (11 April 2016). 1476:Patna East Assembly constituency 1420:, one of the founding leader of 1308:Bibhutipur Assembly constituency 155: 98: 86: 62:For the village in Estonia, see 782:(CPI) in the 1967 elections to 666:upper strata of Backward Castes 494:saints for spiritual guidance. 5263:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh 4235:Political Instability in India 4232:Bijender Kumar Sharma (1989). 4010:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). 3344:. Concept Publishing Company. 3265:University of California Press 3187:Mukherji, Partha Nath (2019). 2665:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). 2368:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). 2345:University of California Press 1448:Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency 1424:, known for his opposition to 1422:All India Students Association 417:. Author William Pinch wrote: 403:, secluding women, or wearing 1: 4162:Kumar, Sanjay (5 June 2018). 4088:Kumar, Sanjay (27 May 2022). 3698:Jassal, Smita Tewari (2001). 2977:Kumar, Sanjay (27 May 2022). 2513:. Routledge. pp. 64–67. 2175:Omvedt, Gail (18 June 1993). 2066:Claveyrolas, Mathieu (2013). 1694:. Penguin Books. p. 23. 1462:Pranpur Assembly constituency 1362:Bihar Agricultural University 1328:Jandaha Assembly constituency 844:2022 Bihar caste-based survey 505:which was named after one of 435:of western Uttar Pradesh and 4055:. Anthem Press. p. 44. 3616:Patel, Mahendra Lal (1997). 2817:Reddy, D. Narasimha (2009). 2300:. Anthem Press. p. 36. 1805:. India: SAGE Publications. 1360:, former Vice-Chancellor of 1294:Indian Independence movement 1280:Indian Independence movement 1074:became a founding leader of 854:in holding government jobs. 552:regulated and exploited it. 4396:(in Hindi). 1 December 2018 2411:Banerjee, Mukulika (2017). 2181:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 58. 1346:, Bihar state president of 5284: 5258:Social groups of Jharkhand 4778:10.1016/j.wsif.2006.07.005 4620:(in Hindi). 24 June 2017. 4310:Thakur, Baleshwar (2007). 4271:Thakur, Baleshwar (2007). 3895:. 2016. pp. 210–211. 3776:Hiranmay Karlekar (1992). 3704:. Manohar. p. 71,53. 3655:Pinch, William R. (1996). 3551:. Routledge. p. 109. 3303:Cambridge University Press 2549:Cambridge University Press 2462:Cambridge University Press 2337:Pinch, William R. (1996). 2252:Pinch, William R. (1996). 2132:Sharma, Shalendra (1999). 1920:Cambridge University Press 1838:Ranabir, Samaddar (2016). 1398:, former deputy leader of 1173:, they voted en masse for 974:(a scribe caste) as "pure 938:along with members of the 903:Distribution outside India 803:Naxalite-Maoist insurgency 784:Bihar Legislative Assembly 700:Public Distribution System 546:British East India Company 458:and that they served Raja 300:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 61: 4651:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3060:Samaddar, Ranbir (2019). 1912:Chetan Choithani (2023). 1190:Rashtriya Lok Samta Party 968:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton 484:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton 175: 154: 126: 84: 4350:Shah, Ghanshyam (2004). 3737:kunnath, George (2018). 3545:Raman, Vasanthi (2012). 3473:. Springer. p. 14. 3193:. Springer. p. 28. 2903:Taylor and Francis Group 2895:Kunnath, George (2018). 1760:Chakrabarti, M. (2004). 1106:Indian National Congress 1068:non-cooperation movement 1044:Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta 1028:Kashbala Kshatriya Mitra 780:Communist Party of India 762:. This was witnessed in 321:The Koeris are found in 59:Caste community of India 39:latest accepted revision 4049:Kumar, Ashwani (2008). 3936:Oxford University Press 3818:Gould, William (2004). 3782:. Ajanta Publications. 3506:Mandal, Monika (2013). 3467:Bates, Crispin (2016). 3257:Yang, Anand A. (1989). 2751:Kumar, Awanish (2022). 2454:Gould, William (2012). 2294:Kumar, Ashwani (2008). 1688:Das, Arvind N. (1992). 1396:Baidyanath Prasad Mahto 1290:Chandradeo Prasad Verma 1284:Vishwanath Pratap Singh 799:Flaming fields of Bihar 684:Land and caste relation 228:), also referred to as 5248:Social groups of Bihar 4700:www.telegraphindia.com 4415:Wallace, Paul (2015). 3424:Sharma, K. L. (2013). 3338:Thakur, Minni (2010). 2862:. Viking. p. 82. 2632:. BRILL. p. 143. 2584:Anand A. Yang (2021). 1440:Bharatiya Janata Party 1416:, former president of 1218:Bharatiya Janata Party 1198:Bharatiya Janata Party 1066:and the 1920 Gandhian 880: 756: 754:(legislative assembly) 591: 441: 378: 3295:Bayly, C. A. (1988). 3016:Omvedt, Gail (1993). 2704:Gyan Prakash (2003). 2541:Bayly, Susan (2001). 2218:N. Jayapalan (2001). 1691:The Republic of Bihar 1615:Bayly, Susan (2001). 1434:, founding leader of 1432:Rati Lal Prasad Verma 1414:Chandrashekhar Prasad 1350:, former minister in 1348:Bhartiya Janata Party 1260:1970 Bhojpur uprising 1140:Mahamaya Prasad Sinha 998:or "essence of being 962:, the Shakya and the 376: 268:in various opinions. 171:Related ethnic groups 4955:. 19 November 2020. 4892:on 14 September 2020 4880:"Caste card counter" 4356:. Orient Blackswan. 4168:. SAGE Publication. 3928:Hardiman, D (2021). 3893:Taylor & Francis 2105:Taylor & Francis 1881:Giridhar Jha (ed.). 1846:Taylor & Francis 1584:Soroor Ahmed (ed.). 1458:Binod Singh Kushwaha 1436:Bharatiya Jana Sangh 1426:Mohammad Shahabuddin 1015:Ramashish Koeri gang 888:Legislative Assembly 848:Other Backward Class 766:, a village, in the 598:Government of Bengal 499:Christophe Jaffrelot 488:Dashanami Sampradaya 399:, such as following 5253:Agricultural castes 4925:on 15 November 2020 4672:. 22 January 2004. 3385:Springer Publishing 3154:. p. 135,136. 3070:. p. 317,318. 2938:Ram, Nandu (2009). 2626:Rolf Bauer (2019). 2043:. 30 January 2021. 1472:Bhartiya Jana Sangh 1400:Janata Dal (United) 1392:for social service. 1352:Government of Bihar 1338:Government of Bihar 1318:Satish Prasad Singh 1298:Government of India 1270:Government of Bihar 1222:Janata Dal (United) 1186:Janata Dal (United) 1179:Janata Dal (United) 1167:Janata Dal (United) 1136:Satish Prasad Singh 992:British Indian Army 930:In some regions of 778:for supporting the 688:Samastipur district 602:Herbert Hope Risley 468:Herbert Hope Risley 383:University of Tokyo 240:, found largely in 76: 29:Page version status 5181:Varma, VP (1970). 4647:Singh, S. (2015). 4556:The Times of India 3891:. United Kingdom: 2856:Sinha, A. (2011). 2774:Sinha, A. (2011). 2378:pp. 197–199. 2376:C. Hurst & Co. 2083:10.4000/samaj.3886 1844:. United Kingdom: 1799:Kumar, S. (2018). 1561:. 5 January 2015. 1534:The Indian Express 1504:Kushwaha (surname) 1292:, participated in 1278:, participated in 1276:Upendra Nath Verma 1216:were supported by 837:Affirmative Action 478:created Koeri and 379: 250:Arvind Narayan Das 207: • 203: • 199: • 195: • 191: • 187: • 183: • 179: • 163: • 103: 35: 5268:Hindu communities 5049:. 17 March 2019. 4245:978-81-7099-184-7 4175:978-93-528-0585-3 4101:978-93-528-0585-3 4062:978-1-84331-709-8 4023:978-1-85065-670-8 3971:Menon, V (2003). 3945:978-0-19-754830-1 3934:. United States: 3831:978-0-521-83061-4 3750:978-1-138-09955-5 3668:978-0-520-20061-6 3519:978-93-81904-58-9 3432:SAGE Publications 3274:978-0-520-05711-1 3152:SAGE Publications 3105:"Bihar 1990-2011" 3077:978-0-367-13466-2 2990:978-93-528-0585-3 2912:978-1-138-09955-5 2869:978-0-670-08459-3 2791:978-0-670-08459-3 2784:. p. 80,81. 2678:978-1-85065-670-8 2520:978-0-415-19918-6 2471:978-0-521-87949-1 2385:978-1-85065-670-8 2354:978-0-520-20061-6 2307:978-1-84331-709-8 2265:978-0-520-20061-6 2231:978-81-7156-925-0 2188:978-0-7656-3176-3 2103:. United States: 1975:978-1-134-06118-1 1701:978-0-14-012351-7 1489:Bihari Mauritians 1390:Nari Shakti Award 1358:Mewalal Chaudhary 1254:, the founder of 1207:Shakuni Choudhury 1101:(forced labour). 1085:In the heyday of 1040:Dev Dyal Kushwaha 994:as soldiers. The 872:Christopher Bayly 706:Post land reforms 548:via an agency in 464:Shuhabuddin Ghuri 214: 213: 47:16 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 5275: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5197: 5196: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5082:. January 2013. 5072: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4921:. Archived from 4911: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4888:. 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(1997). 1715: 1706: 1705: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1525: 1509:Shakya (surname) 1499:Maurya (surname) 1368:Ajit Kumar Mehta 1344:Samrat Choudhary 1194:Upendra Kushwaha 1080:Baba Ram Chandra 1076:Oudh Kisan Sabha 1072:Mata Badal Koeri 926:In Uttar Pradesh 793:A report of the 768:Bhojpur district 519:Simon Commission 365:discrimination. 159: 104: 102: 101: 92: 90: 89: 77: 21: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5238: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5209: 5206: 5204:Further reading 5201: 5200: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5161: 5159: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5056: 5054: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5023: 5021: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4928: 4926: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4895: 4893: 4878:Bhelari, Amit. 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4842:in the Council. 4834: 4832: 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