31:
480:
stating that the majority is adopting “a prophylaxis in search of a problem”. She then faulted the majority for deciding too little, openly wondering if the majority would agree with those states that apply higher scrutiny to adjudicative decisions than legislative decisions. Believing that the Court will “rue the day” that it discouraged local governments from negotiating with developers, Kagan wrote “the majority turns a broad array of local land use-regulations into federal constitutional questions.”
417:. A government cannot, therefore, coerce someone applying for a permit to give away her property regardless of if the permit is approved after a successful threat or denied after a failed threat. Because both demand an unconstitutional condition, both are forbidden. However, the constitution only requires just compensation after a
431:
also apply when, as here, the challenged condition amounts to a requirement to pay money, rather than to give up an easement over the property. The
Florida Supreme Court had also held that if a government demands money instead of real estate there can be no takings. Alito observed that under this
479:
apply when a land-use permit is denied for failure to comply with a condition, but argued that those standards should not apply when the agency conditions a permit on the payment of money, rather than a conveyance of a property interest. Kagan criticized the comprehensiveness of Alito’s analysis,
308:
under the
District's jurisdiction. Koontz offered to mitigate the loss of wetlands by conveying to the District a conservation easement over 11 acres of adjacent land. The District declined Koontz's mitigation offer, instead proposing that Koontz either reduce the size of his development to one
454:
Alito did not explain why such monetary exactions are not merely a tax as he contended that “teasing out the difference between taxes and takings is more difficult in theory than in practice.” The Court’s long-settled view is that takings require just compensation even if they are functionally
336:
did not apply because (1) Koontz's permit was denied, rather than granted subject to the unconstitutional condition, and (2) the
District sought money rather than a conveyance of real property as a condition to issuing the permit. The Supreme Court granted
148:
When a discretionary land-use permit is denied because the applicant declines to pay for improvements to other, unrelated property, a challenge to the constitutionality of the denial must be evaluated under the "essential nexus" standard of
502:
The ruling was unpopular with some legal academics but lauded by others. Commentators encouraged localities to start denying permits without discussion but predicted that only "strong judicial action" will effect entrenched players. While
2385:
400:
even when the permit is denied for failure to comply with the conditions. The unconstitutional conditions doctrine forbids governments from “pressuring someone into forfeiting a constitutional right” by “coercively withholding benefits”.
2553:
292:, even if the condition consists of a requirement to pay money, and even if the permit is denied for failure to agree to the condition. It was the first case in which monetary exactions were found to be unconstitutional conditions.
507:
leaves “exactions and takings jurisprudence in a confused and unsustainable state”, scholars believe it may encourage localities to adopt more alienable and standardized fee schedules or it may even lead to the eventual collapse of
2096:
2513:
324:, since the improvements to the District's property lacked either an essential nexus or rough proportionality to the environmental impact of Koontz's proposed development. The state appellate court affirmed, but the
455:
similar to a tax and Alito saw no need to define the difference here. Finally, Alito dismissed Kagan’s fear of disrupting local governments because courts in Texas, Illinois, and Ohio had already been applying
444:
are already “utterly commonplace”. The takings clause applies because the government’s demand for money here was directly linked to a specific parcel of real property, as distinguished from the benefits in
421:, and because Koontz sued under state law instead of allowing his property to be taken, the Court remands to determine if Florida law provides money damages for an unconstitutional conditions violation.
2673:
2417:
2193:
368:
Small
Business Legal Center, and six other parties. The St. Johns River Water Management District was represented by Paul R. Q. Wolfson. Amicus briefs in support of the District were filed by the
280:
case in which the Court held that land-use agencies imposing conditions on the issuance of development permits must comply with the "nexus" and "rough proportionality" standards of
819:
634:
540:
131:
69:
2561:
2401:
956:
915:
410:
263:
2329:
947:
780:
1768:
959:
309:
acre, or pay for improvements to unrelated property owned by the
District several miles away. Koontz responded by filing suit against the District in state court.
2361:
2257:
365:
2668:
2617:
483:
The dissenting justices also maintained that, on the facts of this case, the
District never actually demanded anything in exchange for a permit, and no
301:
2693:
2601:
2481:
906:
2688:
2457:
2425:
314:
282:
151:
2537:
1776:
496:
369:
312:
Following an initial dismissal, appeal, and remand, the
Florida Circuit Court ruled that the District's demand for offsite mitigation violated
2032:
1428:
392:
Writing for the Court, Justice Alito held that conditions imposed upon the issuance of a land-use permit must conform to the requirements of
361:
2281:
940:
2369:
1824:
753:
Two Steps
Forward for the "Poor Relation" of Constitutional Law: Koontz, Arkansas Game & Fish, and the Future of the Takings Clause
2585:
2569:
2393:
2353:
2177:
277:
92:
35:
973:
879:
750:
2683:
2678:
2441:
1752:
1577:
1173:
2233:
874:
2112:
2024:
1353:
933:
830:
2521:
2489:
2241:
2225:
2104:
866:
721:
377:
2265:
2185:
2633:
2609:
2529:
1240:
680:
373:
559:
2698:
2497:
1377:
1310:
1074:
899:
447:
2377:
1117:
357:
2289:
693:
2064:
2545:
2337:
2321:
1665:
1593:
1002:
2505:
2433:
2169:
2088:
1920:
1477:
1141:
1018:
2305:
2625:
2345:
2072:
1848:
1585:
1444:
353:
325:
2449:
2201:
1393:
2161:
1880:
1633:
1489:
654:
2465:
2273:
2209:
1816:
1625:
1385:
1329:
1275:
1208:
1200:
1133:
1034:
925:
892:
320:
288:
157:
107:
Florida
Circuit Court, Orange County, entered judgment for landowner; affirmed, District Court of Appeal, 5
1125:
2313:
1984:
1960:
1840:
1744:
1736:
1609:
1553:
1259:
1232:
1224:
1157:
1098:
1090:
1055:
1808:
1760:
2153:
2000:
1936:
1657:
1529:
1497:
1369:
1267:
986:
823:
638:
618:
544:
135:
123:
64:
2593:
2016:
1968:
1513:
2249:
1952:
1944:
1896:
1904:
1872:
1420:
1291:
471:
Justice Kagan dissented, joined by
Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor. The dissent agreed that
2145:
1992:
1912:
1888:
1856:
1649:
1617:
1569:
1561:
1521:
1337:
1181:
839:
596:
204:
115:
2641:
2040:
1864:
1724:
1601:
1537:
1505:
1452:
1436:
1026:
765:
517:
735:
2473:
2056:
1832:
1792:
1784:
1641:
1345:
1283:
1165:
795:
484:
414:
2297:
2008:
1800:
1689:
1545:
1412:
1361:
848:
2409:
1976:
1681:
1216:
1149:
1082:
220:
196:
192:
884:
696:
The Changing Culture of American Land Use Regulation: Paying for Growth with Impact Fees
2217:
2133:
1928:
1673:
1010:
547:
381:
208:
184:
768:
Bargaining for Development Post-Koontz: How the Supreme Court Invaded Local Government
2662:
2048:
1697:
994:
614:
592:
119:
111:
2080:
409:“involve a special application” of the unconstitutional conditions doctrine to the
216:
176:
441:
228:
2386:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
2554:
Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection
440:
requirements “would be very easy” to avoid, especially since such development
338:
127:
80:
76:
54:
Coy A. Koontz, Jr., Petitioner v. St. Johns River Water Management District.
2097:
Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California
857:
655:
https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docketfiles/11-1447.htm
499:, which simply readopted its 2009 decision awarding Koontz money damages.
384:
argued for the United States as amicus curiae in support of the District.
2514:
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
305:
418:
108:
2194:
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago
2418:
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County
2131:
1722:
1475:
1053:
971:
929:
888:
30:
712:, 911 P.2d 429, 12 Cal. 4th 854, 50 Cal. Rptr. 2d 242 (1996).
380:, and other public entities and officials. Deputy General
2538:
San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City & County of San Francisco
356:. Amicus briefs in support of Koontz were filed by the
2674:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
2562:
Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States
725:, No. 5D06-1116 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2014).
495:
On remand the Florida Supreme Court remanded to the
352:
Koontz was represented by Paul J. Beard, II, of the
2578:
Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District
1404:
1321:
1302:
1251:
1192:
1109:
1066:
816:
Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District
708:133 S. Ct. 2586 at 2608 (Kagan, dissenting) citing
273:
Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District
257:
249:
241:
236:
165:
142:
103:
98:
88:
59:
49:
42:
24:
Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District
23:
245:Alito, joined by Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
2330:Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
1769:Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.
740:, 22 N.Y.U. Environmental Law Journal 1 (2014).
155:and the "rough proportionality" requirement of
2402:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
487:took place because no property changed hands.
941:
900:
8:
2362:Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.
2354:Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith
738:Koontz: The Very Worst Takings Decision Ever
253:Kagan, joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor
2442:Preseault v. Interstate Commerce Commission
2258:Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford
723:St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Koontz
631:Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist.
610:St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Koontz
588:St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Koontz
575:Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist.
537:Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist.
366:National Federation of Independent Business
2618:Pakdel v. City and County of San Francisco
2234:Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States
2128:
1719:
1472:
1063:
1050:
968:
948:
934:
926:
907:
893:
885:
562:The Factual Reality of Koontz v. St. Johns
20:
653:Supreme Court Docket, Case No. 11-1147. (
564:, 90 Notre Dame L. Rev. Online 54 (2015).
302:St. Johns River Water Management District
2602:Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania
2482:Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
649:
647:
2522:Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington
2490:Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation
2458:Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
2426:Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
2242:Rindge Company v. County of Los Angeles
867:Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
800:, 2013 Supreme Court Review 287 (2014).
755:, 2012 Cato Sup. Ct. Review 215 (2013).
529:
315:Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
283:Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
152:Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
1777:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
698:, 59 S.M.U. L.Rev. 177, 202-203 (2006)
497:Florida Fifth District Court of Appeal
370:Solicitor General of the United States
2586:Horne v. Department of Agriculture II
2266:United States v. General Motors Corp.
2186:Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States
1429:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
880:Pacific Legal Foundation victory page
362:National Association of Home Builders
304:for a permit to develop 3.7 acres of
300:Petitioner Coy Koontz applied to the
18:2013 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2570:Horne v. Department of Agriculture I
2282:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
2370:Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff
1825:Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
770:, 67 Florida Law Review 171 (2015).
83:4918; 76 ERC 1649; 81 U.S.L.W. 4606
2394:United States v. Riverside Bayview
2178:Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.
2033:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
875:Coverage of the case on SCOTUSblog
341:to determine the applicability of
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2669:United States Supreme Court cases
826:595 (2013) is available from:
796:Lee Fennel and Eduardo Peñalver,
2378:Ruckelshaus v. Montanato Company
1174:Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
783:in the Mansion and the Gatehouse
29:
2694:United States land use case law
2290:United States v. Pewee Coal Co.
2025:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
785:, 46 The Urban Lawyer 1 (2014).
577:, No. 11-1447, slip op. at 2-4.
560:Eric D. Hageman, Case Comment,
2689:2013 in United States case law
2226:Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
2105:United States v. Vaello Madero
2065:Flores-Villar v. United States
710:Ehrlich v. City of Culver City
378:National Governors Association
1:
2634:Sheetz v. County of El Dorado
2610:Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid
2530:Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
2338:Kaiser Aetna v. United States
1753:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
957:United States Fifth Amendment
916:United States Fifth Amendment
681:Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
374:American Planning Association
2498:Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel
2113:Department of State v. Muñoz
1378:Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle
1311:Blockburger v. United States
1075:Blockburger v. United States
678:133 S. Ct. at 2594, quoting
448:Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel
276:, 570 U.S. 595 (2013), is a
2434:Pennell v. City of San Jose
2089:Sessions v. Morales-Santana
1118:United States v. Randenbush
358:American Civil Rights Union
349:under these circumstances.
278:United States Supreme Court
118:2009); reversed, 77 So. 3d
2715:
2546:Kelo v. City of New London
2322:Armstrong v. United States
2306:Nelson v. City of New York
1666:J. D. B. v. North Carolina
1594:Dickerson v. United States
1003:Wong Wing v. United States
858:Oyez (oral argument audio)
692:133 S. Ct. at 2599 citing
2506:Palazzolo v. Rhode Island
2170:Cole v. City of La Grange
2140:
2127:
1921:United States v. Antelope
1731:
1718:
1578:Mitchell v. United States
1484:
1478:Self-Incrimination Clause
1471:
1322:Dual sovereignty doctrine
1142:Fong Foo v. United States
1067:Meaning of "same offense"
1062:
1049:
1019:United States v. Moreland
981:
967:
923:
262:
170:
147:
28:
2626:Tyler v. Hennepin County
2450:Yee v. City of Escondido
2346:Agins v. City of Tiburon
2202:Peabody v. United States
2073:United States v. Windsor
1849:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
1586:United States v. Hubbell
1445:North Carolina v. Pearce
1394:Denezpi v. United States
1354:United States v. Wheeler
354:Pacific Legal Foundation
326:Supreme Court of Florida
2684:2013 in the environment
2679:Takings Clause case law
2466:Dolan v. City of Tigard
2274:United States v. Causby
2162:United States v. Lawton
1881:Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong
1817:Frontiero v. Richardson
1634:Corley v. United States
1626:United States v. Patane
1490:Curcio v. United States
1386:Gamble v. United States
1276:United States v. Dinitz
1209:Ludwig v. Massachusetts
1201:United States v. Wilson
1134:Burton v. United States
1035:United States v. Cotton
463:to monetary exactions.
328:reversed, holding that
321:Dolan v. City of Tigard
289:Dolan v. City of Tigard
158:Dolan v. City of Tigard
43:Argued January 15, 2013
2210:United States v. Cress
1985:Fullilove v. Klutznick
1841:Schlesinger v. Ballard
1745:Adair v. United States
1737:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1610:Yarborough v. Alvarado
1330:United States v. Lanza
1260:United States v. Perez
1241:Smith v. United States
1233:United States v. Dixon
1225:United States v. Felix
1158:Burks v. United States
1099:United States v. Dixon
1091:United States v. Felix
1056:Double Jeopardy Clause
615:77 So. 3d 1220
2154:Kohl v. United States
1658:Berghuis v. Thompkins
1498:Griffin v. California
1370:United States v. Lara
1268:United States v. Jorn
1126:Ball v. United States
987:Hurtado v. California
781:Steven Eagle, Koontz
669:, 133 S. Ct. at 2595.
75:133 S. Ct. 2586; 186
45:Decided June 25, 2013
2314:United States v. Dow
1961:Califano v. Westcott
1905:Califano v. Goldfarb
1554:Doe v. United States
1421:Palko v. Connecticut
1292:Blueford v. Arkansas
736:John D. Echeverria,
396:and, if applicable,
388:Opinion of the Court
264:U.S. Const. amend. V
2699:Wetlands of Florida
2146:Barron v. Baltimore
1993:Rostker v. Goldberg
1913:Califano v. Webster
1889:Washington v. Davis
1857:Mathews v. Eldridge
1809:Richardson v. Davis
1761:Nichols v. Coolidge
1650:Maryland v. Shatzer
1618:Missouri v. Seibert
1570:McNeil v. Wisconsin
1562:Illinois v. Perkins
1522:Williams v. Florida
1338:Bartkus v. Illinois
1303:Multiple punishment
1182:McElrath v. Georgia
597:Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
516:exactions into the
205:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
116:Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
2642:DeVillier v. Texas
2041:Miller v. Albright
2001:Heckler v. Mathews
1937:Califano v. Torres
1865:Hills v. Gautreaux
1725:Due Process Clause
1602:Chavez v. Martinez
1538:Edwards v. Arizona
1530:Michigan v. Tucker
1506:Miranda v. Arizona
1453:Benton v. Maryland
1437:Baxstrom v. Herold
1027:Beck v. Washington
960:criminal procedure
593:5 So. 3d 8
518:Due Process Clause
467:Dissenting opinion
181:Associate Justices
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2594:Murr v. Wisconsin
2474:Babbitt v. Youpee
2123:
2122:
2057:Zadvydas v. Davis
2017:Bowen v. Gilliard
1969:Harris v. Rosario
1833:Morton v. Mancari
1793:Schneider v. Rusk
1785:Bolling v. Sharpe
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1642:Florida v. Powell
1514:Boulden v. Holman
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1346:Waller v. Florida
1284:Oregon v. Kennedy
1166:Evans v. Michigan
1045:
1044:
485:regulatory taking
415:just compensation
269:
268:
2706:
2298:Berman v. Parker
2250:Leonard v. Earle
2129:
2009:Lyng v. Castillo
1953:Davis v. Passman
1945:Vance v. Bradley
1897:Mathews v. Lucas
1801:Rogers v. Bellei
1720:
1690:Salinas v. Texas
1546:Oregon v. Elstad
1473:
1413:Ex parte Bigelow
1362:Heath v. Alabama
1193:After conviction
1064:
1051:
969:
950:
943:
936:
927:
909:
902:
895:
886:
871:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
829:
802:
793:
787:
778:
772:
763:
757:
748:
742:
733:
727:
719:
713:
706:
700:
690:
684:
676:
670:
664:
658:
651:
642:
628:
622:
612:
606:
600:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
557:
551:
534:
166:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2410:Hodel v. Irving
2136:
2119:
1977:Harris v. McRae
1873:Mathews v. Diaz
1727:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1682:Howes v. Fields
1480:
1459:
1400:
1317:
1298:
1247:
1217:Grady v. Corbin
1188:
1150:Ashe v. Swenson
1110:After acquittal
1105:
1083:Grady v. Corbin
1058:
1041:
977:
963:
954:
919:
913:
869:
863:
860:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
811:
806:
805:
798:Exactions Creep
794:
790:
779:
775:
764:
760:
749:
745:
734:
730:
720:
716:
707:
703:
691:
687:
677:
673:
665:
661:
652:
645:
641:936 (2012).
629:
625:
608:
607:
603:
586:
585:
581:
573:
569:
558:
554:
535:
531:
526:
493:
469:
411:Fifth Amendment
390:
298:
221:Sonia Sotomayor
219:
207:
197:Clarence Thomas
195:
193:Anthony Kennedy
138:936 (2012).
84:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2218:Block v. Hirsh
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:Takings Clause
2132:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1929:Fiallo v. Bell
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
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2111:
2103:
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2081:Kerry v. Din
2079:
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2015:
2007:
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1983:
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1309:
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1199:
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1081:
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1033:
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766:Sean Nolon,
761:
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258:Laws applied
224:
217:Samuel Alito
212:
200:
188:
177:John Roberts
156:
150:
99:Case history
68:
53:
15:
694:Rosenberg,
621: 2011).
599: 2009).
442:impact fees
229:Elena Kagan
2663:Categories
974:Grand Jury
524:References
432:logic the
339:certiorari
296:Background
81:U.S. LEXIS
79:697; 2013
491:Reactions
413:right to
130:granted,
77:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
962:case law
918:case law
814:Text of
306:wetlands
242:Majority
89:Argument
419:takings
250:Dissent
143:Holding
126:2012);
2645:(2024)
2637:(2024)
2629:(2023)
2621:(2021)
2613:(2021)
2605:(2019)
2597:(2017)
2589:(2015)
2581:(2013)
2573:(2013)
2565:(2012)
2557:(2010)
2549:(2005)
2541:(2005)
2533:(2005)
2525:(2003)
2517:(2002)
2509:(2001)
2501:(1998)
2493:(1998)
2485:(1997)
2477:(1997)
2469:(1994)
2461:(1992)
2453:(1992)
2445:(1990)
2437:(1988)
2429:(1987)
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2413:(1987)
2405:(1987)
2397:(1985)
2389:(1985)
2381:(1984)
2373:(1984)
2365:(1982)
2357:(1980)
2349:(1980)
2341:(1979)
2333:(1978)
2325:(1960)
2317:(1958)
2309:(1956)
2301:(1954)
2293:(1951)
2285:(1949)
2277:(1946)
2269:(1945)
2261:(1935)
2253:(1929)
2245:(1923)
2237:(1923)
2229:(1922)
2221:(1921)
2213:(1917)
2205:(1913)
2197:(1897)
2189:(1893)
2181:(1885)
2173:(1885)
2165:(1884)
2157:(1875)
2149:(1833)
2116:(2024)
2108:(2022)
2100:(2020)
2092:(2017)
2084:(2015)
2076:(2013)
2068:(2011)
2060:(2001)
2052:(2001)
2044:(1998)
2036:(1995)
2028:(1990)
2020:(1987)
2012:(1986)
2004:(1984)
1996:(1981)
1988:(1980)
1980:(1980)
1972:(1980)
1964:(1979)
1956:(1979)
1948:(1979)
1940:(1978)
1932:(1977)
1924:(1977)
1916:(1977)
1908:(1977)
1900:(1976)
1892:(1976)
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1868:(1976)
1860:(1976)
1852:(1975)
1844:(1975)
1836:(1974)
1828:(1973)
1820:(1973)
1812:(1972)
1804:(1971)
1796:(1964)
1788:(1954)
1780:(1938)
1772:(1935)
1764:(1927)
1756:(1923)
1748:(1908)
1740:(1857)
1701:(2022)
1693:(2013)
1685:(2012)
1677:(2011)
1669:(2011)
1661:(2010)
1653:(2010)
1645:(2010)
1637:(2009)
1629:(2004)
1621:(2004)
1613:(2004)
1605:(2003)
1597:(2000)
1589:(2000)
1581:(1999)
1573:(1991)
1565:(1990)
1557:(1988)
1549:(1985)
1541:(1981)
1533:(1974)
1525:(1970)
1517:(1969)
1509:(1966)
1501:(1965)
1493:(1957)
1456:(1969)
1448:(1969)
1440:(1966)
1432:(1947)
1424:(1937)
1416:(1885)
1397:(2022)
1389:(2019)
1381:(2016)
1373:(2004)
1365:(1985)
1357:(1978)
1349:(1970)
1341:(1959)
1333:(1922)
1314:(1932)
1295:(2012)
1287:(1982)
1279:(1976)
1271:(1971)
1263:(1824)
1244:(2023)
1236:(1993)
1228:(1992)
1220:(1990)
1212:(1976)
1204:(1833)
1185:(2024)
1177:(2016)
1169:(2013)
1161:(1978)
1153:(1970)
1145:(1962)
1137:(1906)
1129:(1896)
1121:(1834)
1102:(1993)
1094:(1992)
1086:(1990)
1078:(1932)
1038:(2002)
1030:(1962)
1022:(1922)
1014:(1900)
1006:(1896)
998:(1887)
990:(1884)
976:Clause
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
849:Justia
846:
843:
837:
834:
828:
667:Koontz
617: (
613:,
595: (
591:,
510:Nollan
505:Koontz
473:Nollan
457:Nollan
434:Nollan
425:Nollan
403:Nollan
394:Nollan
376:, the
372:, the
364:, the
360:, the
343:Nollan
330:Nollan
227:
225:·
223:
215:
213:·
211:
203:
201:·
199:
191:
189:·
187:
109:So. 3d
1405:Other
822:
637:
543:
514:Dolan
477:Dolan
461:Dolan
438:Dolan
429:Dolan
407:Dolan
398:Dolan
347:Dolan
334:Dolan
134:
128:cert.
104:Prior
67:595 (
824:U.S.
639:U.S.
619:Fla.
545:U.S.
512:and
475:and
459:and
436:and
427:and
405:and
345:and
332:and
318:and
286:and
136:U.S.
124:Fla.
120:1220
70:more
65:U.S.
63:570
820:570
635:568
548:595
541:570
132:568
2665::
818:,
646:^
633:,
539:,
520:.
451:.
949:e
942:t
935:v
908:e
901:t
894:v
657:)
161:.
122:(
114:(
112:8
73:)
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