Kutenai - Knowledge (XXG)

257: 1684:] of the Indian reservation is not known was at a loss what to do because no violence was committed whereby he could act. ... Mr. Teetzel arrived from Nelson Wednesday and in conference with Chief Alexander, got him to promise to see that Mr. Lewis got his hay, and warned him to keep the Indians from violence under penalty of losing the right of cutting hay on the flats. This warning he also gave to the white men. This is not the only one of the cases occurring this year. One farmer whose place is located near the reservation has been continually bothered by the Indians cutting his fences and turning their cattle in to graze on his property. 1586:

incision was made down the length of the trunk connecting the two rings. This cut had to be as straight and accurate as possible. A stick of about two inches in diameter was used carefully to pry the bark from the tree. The bark was wrapped up so that it would not dry out on the way to camp. The inside, or tree-side of the bark sheet, became the outside of the canoe, while the outside surface became the inside of the boat. The bark was considered ready for immediate use. There was no scraping or seasoning, nor was it decorated in any way.

1485: 716: 2458: 115: 1575:. This water craft was first described in 1899 as having some similarity to canoes used in the Amur region of Asia. At the time, some scholars believed in a theory of dispersal, concluding that similarities of artifacts or symbols among cultures represented that a superior culture had transmitted its elements to another culture. Since then, however, most scholars have concluded that many such innovations arose independently among different cultures. 127: 1751:. They asked motorists to pay a toll to drive through the land that had been the tribe's aboriginal land. (About 200 Idaho State Police were on hand to keep the peace and there were no incidents of violence.) They intended to use the toll money to house and care for elderly tribal members. Most tribes in the United States are forbidden to declare war on the U.S. government because of treaties, but the Kootenai Tribe never signed a treaty. 145: 705: 57: 1731:

for grades 4–6, and have been teaching it for four years, to develop a new generation of native speakers. They are involved in designing curriculum for grades 7–12, which requires meeting B.C. curriculum guidelines. Concurrent with this, they are recording oral stories and myths, as well as to videotaping the practice of their traditional crafts and technologies, with spoken directions.

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government land. ... The principal trouble this year occurred when some Indians threatened Frank Lewis and drove him from the hay he had already cut. The Indians claim they have cut land at this particular place for years while the old-time ranchers say that hay has never before been cut there. Mr. Lewis complained to Policeman Gunn who, as the definite boundry [

236: 1933: 1758:" that sold at $ 1.00 each. The bonds were dated 20 September 1974 and contained a brief declaration of war on the United States. These bonds were signed by Amelia Custack Trice, Tribal Chairwoman, and Douglas James Wheaton Sr., Tribal Representative. They were printed on heavy paper stock and were designed and signed by the western artist 1564:, and other social and ceremonial activities. The men belonged to different societies or lodges, such as the Crazy Dog Society, the Crazy Owl Society, and the Shamans' Society. These groups took on certain responsibilities, and membership in a lodge came with obligations in battle, hunting, and community service. 1405:. He notes that their language is isolated from that of Salish tribes common to the Pacific Coast. In addition, their traditional dress, many of their customs (such as their use of teepee-style portable dwellings), and their traditional religion have more in common with Plains peoples than with the Coastal Salish. 1719:. This process of integration separated the Yaqan Nu'kiy from their traditional lifeways, yet they have remained a very successful and self-confident community. They gradually gained more control and self-government, with less involvement from the Department of Indian or Aboriginal Affairs. Like most tribes in 1504:

scholars recorded has to be viewed with a critical eye, since they did not have the theoretical sophistication expected of anthropologists today. They imputed much of their own cultural values into what they were able to observe among the Ktunaxa. But their accounts are the most detailed descriptions

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Feeling that they have lost some traditions that are very important to them, the Ktunaxa are working to revive their culture, and particularly to encourage language study. A total of 10 fluent speakers of Ktunaxa live in both the U.S. and Canada. The Yaqan Nu'kiy have developed a language curriculum

1677:

A dispute over the rights to cut hay on the flat lands, between the Indians and the white men, which might have resulted in bloodshed, was settled Wednesday by W.F. Teetzel, government agent, of Nelson, who told both Indians and whites that if violence is done, no one would be allowed to cut hay on

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While there was sometimes conflict between the Yaqan Nu'kiy and the local settler community at Creston, their relations were more characterized by peaceful coexistence. Their conflicts tended to be over land use. In contrast, relations between the Lower Kootenay and the surrounding European society

1585:

A tree ... growing rather high in the mountains is sought. Finding one of the desired size and quality, a man climbed it to the proper height and cut a ring around the bark with his elk-horn chisel or flint knife. In the meantime a helper cut out another ring at the base of the tree. This done, an

1632:

in the 1880s and 90s. He wrote a much celebrated grammar of their language, published in 1896. The first missionary to take up a permanent post in the Yaqan Nu'kiy territory, i.e. the Creston Band of Lower Kootenay, was Father Nicolas Coccola, who arrived in the Creston area in 1880. His memoirs,

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traveled to the Ktunaxa territories and worked to convert the peoples, keeping extensive written records of the process and of their observations of the culture. As a result of their accounts, there is more information about the missionary process than about other aspects of Ktunaxa history at the

1396:

Archaeologist Dr. Wayne Choquette believes that the artifacts represented in the Goatfell Complex, dated from 11,500 BP up to the early historical period, show that there has been no break in the archaeological record. In addition, he says that it appears that the technology was local. No evidence

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is considered the most correct general term for the culture and peoples. Differing etymologies have been suggested, tying the name to the verb for "eating food plain, without seasoning," or alternately to the verb for "licking up blood." In the same interview referenced above, Finley attests the

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By the turn of the 20th century, some Yaqan Nu'kiy were engaged in agricultural activities introduced by European settlers, but their approach to the land was different. An example of the type of conflict that repeatedly arose between European settlers and Native farmers is shown by a newspaper

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The Ktunaxa had been exposed to Christianity as early as the 18th century, when a Lower Kootenay prophet from Flathead Lake in Montana by the name of Shining Shirt spread news of the coming of the 'Blackrobes' (French Jesuit missionaries) (Cocolla 20). Ktunaxa people also encountered Christian

1934:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data" 1644:

in support of the fur trade, but few Lower Kootenay found this worthwhile. The Lower Kootenay region is, as mentioned above, remarkably rich in fish, birds, and large game. As the economic life of the Yaqan Nu'kiy was notably secure, they resisted new and unfamiliar economic activities.

1031:. This is supported by an interview with Vernon Finley, previous tribal chairman of the CSKT. He supposes the term to be "given... by some other tribe" and that it was likely "a mispronunciation of whatever that word is," since 'Kootenai' holds no meaning in any neighboring language. 1695:

These examples illustrate the dynamic of relations between two peoples: the Ktunaxa whose lands have been vastly reduced by the introduction of a reserve system, and the European settlers who are constantly looking to expand their access to the land (and later industries).

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latter meaning to the image of a Ktunaxa warrior shooting an enemy, drawing out the arrow, and licking the blood from the arrowhead. He also says that, historically, people identified themselves primarily with the name of their band and less so with the broad term Ktunaxa.

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As temperatures continued to warm, the glacial lakes drained and fish found habitat in the warmer waters. The Lower Kootenay across the Pacific Northwest made fishing a fundamental part of their diet and culture, while maintaining the old traditions of game hunting.

1609:. By the 1830s the Ktunaxa had begun to adopt certain Christian elements in a syncretic blend of ceremonies. They were influenced less by European missionaries than through their contact with Christian Natives from other parts of Canada and the United States. 1397:

supports the conjecture that the region's first inhabitants emigrated from this area, nor that they were replaced or succeeded by a different people. Choquette concludes that the Ktunaxa today are the descendants of those first people to inhabit the land.

1508:

The earliest ethnographies detail Ktunaxa culture around the turn of the 20th century. Europeans observed the Ktunaxa enjoying a stable economic life and rich social life, based on a detailed ritual calendar. Their economic life focused on fishing, using

1153:(Shuswap) band who settled in Kutenai territory in the mid-19th century. They were eventually incorporated into the group and intermarried with them, and spoke the Kutenai language. They departed the Ktunaxa nation in 2004 and are now part of the 1099:, on the most populous reserve Creston #1 along the Kootenay River, ca. 6 km north of the US-Canada border. Reserves include: Creston #1, Lower Kootenay #1A, #1B, #1C, #2, #3, #5, #4, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 26 km, population: 214) 1050:, meaning "people of the standing arrow" is the name of the southeastern-most of the seven bands, who are today primarily associated with what is now northwestern Montana, and are politically organized within the CSKT. 1462:

From the time of the first Ktunaxa settlement in the Kootenays, until the historical period beginning in the late 18th century, there is little known of the people's social, political, and intellectual development.

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technologies changed and became more complex and differentiated. They were probably big game hunters in their earliest prehistoric phase. The Ktunaxa were first noted in the historical record when mentioned on

1018:

is the common form in the literature about the people, and has been adopted by Kutenai in both countries as an international spelling when discussing the people as a whole. The name evidently derives from the

1400:

Other scholars, such as Reg Ashwell, suggest that the Ktunaxa moved to the British Columbia region in the early half of the 18th century, having been harassed and pushed there from East of the Rockies by the

1624:. While there was missionary activity in Eastern North America for 200 years, the Ktunaxa were not the objects of the church's attentions until the mid-late 19th century. Following De Smet, a Jesuit named 1723:, the Yaqan Nu'kiy did not have a treaty defining their rights regarding their territory. They have been working for decades on a careful and more or less cooperative treaty negotiation process with the 1771: 1616:

in 1845-6 was the first missionary to tour the region. He intended to establish missions to minister to Native peoples, and assessing the success and needs of those already established. The Catholic

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also reported on 21 June 1912: " says everything is in good condition and the majority of the Indians are at work picking berries for the ranchers who find their help useful and profitable."

1959: 1640:

that began in earnest in 1863 with the discovery of gold in Wild Horse Creek, the Ktunaxa were little interested in European-driven economic activities. Traders worked to recruit them to

1727:. The Creston Band of the Ktunaxa today has 113 individuals living on the reserve, and many others living off-reserve and working in various industries in Canada and the United States. 2021: 1581:, the first to write an extensive ethnography of the Ktunaxa (focusing on bands in the United States), records a detailed description of the harvesting of bark to make this canoe (67): 1754:

The United States government ultimately made a land grant of 12.5 acres (0.051 km), the basis of what is now the Kootenai Reservation. In 1976 the tribe issued "Kootenai Nation

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and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. These two spellings have been used for various placenames on their respective sides of the Canadian-U.S. border, notably the

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The Goatfell assemblage of artifacts suggests that prior to 11,500 BP, the people who came to inhabit the Kootenay mountains may have lived in what is now the southwestern

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Slowly though, the Yaqan Nu'kiy began participating in European-driven industries. They served as hunters and guides for the miners at the Bluebell silver-lead mine at

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of Ktunaxa lifestyles at a time when Aboriginal lifeways all over the world were dramatically changing in the face of settlement by Europeans and European Americans.

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hunt. They were relatively well known to the Blackfoot, and sometimes their relations with them were in the form of violent confrontation over food competition.

337: 1102: 3219: 4145: 2482: 454: 303: 4186: 4176: 2433: 1967: 737: 3084: 1341:, dated to 11,500 before the present (BP). It has not been proven whether these artifacts were left by ancestors of the Ktunaxa or by another, possibly 1652:. The richest gold mine ever discovered in the Kootenays was discovered by a Ktunaxa man named Pierre, and staked by him and Father Coccola in 1893. 709: 434: 325: 4181: 1139:, ca. 15 km north of the British Columbia-Montana border. Reserves include: St. Mary's #1A, Tobacco Plains #2, ca. 44 km, population: 165) 3921: 1224: 967: 444: 320: 1113:; reserves include: Bummers Flat #6, Cassimayooks (Mayook) #5, Isidore's Ranch #4, Kootenay #1, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 79 km, population: 357) 3419: 550: 459: 424: 388: 2122: 730: 671: 565: 482: 449: 414: 3681: 2494: 429: 3344: 2056: 1304:

and disease. Some Upper Kootenay participated in a Plains Native lifestyle for part of the year, crossing the Rockies to the east for the

1085:("place of two lakes"; also known as the Columbia Lake Indian Band). An Upper Kutenai group, they are headquartered in Akisqnuk, south of 2486: 3876: 2201: 1545:

hunt. The Lower Kootenay, however, did not participate in communal bison hunts; these were not important to their economy or culture.

1162: 924: 3481: 2461: 1897: 1870: 1843: 906: 846: 802: 487: 298: 686: 1361:. This oldest assemblage of artifacts is known as the Goatfell Complex, named after the Goatfell region about 40 km east of 1319:. This group of Ktunaxa suffered high mortality rates, partly because of the depredations of the Blackfoot, and partly because of 3806: 3199: 3039: 2789: 676: 399: 3194: 1260:. They are loosely divided into two groups: the Upper Kutenai and the Lower Kutenai, referring to the different sections of the 3881: 3831: 3399: 2834: 2794: 2254: 1633:

corroborated by newspaper reports and Ktunaxa oral histories, are the basis for the early 20th-century history of the Ktunaxa.

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in western Montana. A total population of about 6,800 live on the reservation, while 3,700 live outside the reservation nearby.

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Four Kutenai bands live in southeastern British Columbia, one lives in northern Idaho, and one lives in northwestern Montana:

3556: 3439: 3394: 3149: 1469: 3229: 3059: 2457: 2425: 3926: 3626: 3536: 3434: 3209: 3064: 2829: 1824: 1154: 613: 608: 560: 370: 315: 4150: 4128: 3936: 3906: 3796: 3696: 3591: 2964: 1136: 1086: 603: 555: 246: 3816: 2239: 1381:), North Star Mountain just west of Creston on Highway 3, and at Blue Ridge. All these sites are within 50 km of 3826: 3801: 3491: 3294: 3154: 3049: 3024: 3019: 3009: 2999: 2949: 2944: 2929: 2112: 1378: 1374: 1273: 1158: 1106: 999: 959: 3711: 2889: 4097: 3911: 3866: 3856: 3851: 3756: 3631: 3526: 3424: 3274: 3119: 3104: 3089: 3069: 3014: 2894: 2864: 2757: 2166: 1541:

in Lower Kootenay country. As mentioned above, the Upper Kootenay often crossed the Rockies to participate in the

1323:

epidemics. With numbers sharply reduced, these Plains Ktunaxa returned to the Kootenay region of British Columbia.

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The Ktunaxa territory in British Columbia has archeological sites with some of the oldest human-made artifacts in

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During the 20th century the Yaqan Nu'kiy gradually became involved in all the industries of the Creston valley:

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Scholars have numerous ideas about the origins of the Ktunaxa. One theory is that they originally lived on the

3846: 3666: 3616: 3521: 3474: 3349: 3114: 2979: 2934: 2804: 2415: 2273: 523: 256: 4032: 3982: 2144:

Thompson, Sally (director). "Tribes of Montana" (2007), The Montana Experience: Stories From Big Sky Country,

1105:(ʔaq̓am or ʔaq̓amniʔk, "deep dense woods"). An Upper Kutenai group, they live along the St. Mary's River near 3891: 1496:

Anthropological and ethnographic interest in the Ktunaxa were recorded from the mid-19th century. What these

4037: 3841: 3731: 3706: 3641: 3486: 3469: 3459: 3409: 3364: 3289: 3269: 3234: 3169: 3139: 3099: 3054: 2914: 2859: 2854: 2178: 1802: 1606: 1484: 1277: 1182: 1007: 963: 355: 267: 4062: 3861: 3811: 3781: 3751: 3651: 3646: 3586: 3464: 3374: 3359: 3179: 1625: 1194: 1076: 2874: 1345:, group. Human occupation of the Kootenay Rockies has been demonstrated by dated sites with evidence of 3791: 3766: 3736: 3601: 3561: 3551: 3511: 3501: 3454: 3449: 3254: 3074: 2974: 2909: 2819: 2809: 2665: 2629: 2351: 2202:

Source for Population: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), Registered Population as of June, 2011

1875: 1743:

declared war on the United States government. Their first act was to post tribal members on each end of

1557: 1265: 1082: 219: 3896: 1548:

The Ktunaxa conducted vision quests, particularly by a young man in a passage to adulthood. They used

1334:. To date, scholars have not found either archeological or historic evidence to support this account. 3962: 3741: 3716: 3676: 3606: 3596: 3541: 3496: 3384: 3379: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3184: 3164: 3079: 2984: 2919: 2503: 1885: 1792: 1759: 1748: 1724: 1662: 1572: 1514: 1236: 1561: 4107: 4052: 4027: 3972: 3721: 3661: 3656: 3546: 3369: 3244: 1613: 1421: 1193:, also called Idaho Ksanka). A Lower Kutenai group, they govern the Kootenai Indian Reservation in 1146: 1092: 955: 588: 528: 1046:

It has been attested that some Columbian Plateau groups may have called themselves "Upnuckanick."

4092: 4047: 3786: 3746: 3726: 3611: 2959: 2814: 2657: 2541: 1370: 1095:, (Yaqan Nukiy or Lower Kootenay First Nation). A Lower Kutenai group, they are headquartered in 1020: 3284: 3279: 1365:

on Highway 3. These artifacts have been found at quarries in Goatfell, Harvey Mountain, Idaho,

1232: 975: 281: 4102: 4067: 3967: 2064: 3992: 3324: 3309: 3304: 2732: 2118: 1893: 1866: 1849:

Kootenai Culture Committee (Autumn 2015). "The Traditional Worldview of the Kootenai People".

1839: 1228: 971: 419: 2212: 4171: 4022: 3946: 2741: 2705: 2675: 2589: 1787: 1720: 1617: 1489: 1425: 1413: 1311:

Some Ktunaxa remained on or returned to the prairies year-round; they had a settlement near

1297: 1249: 1066: 1035: 995: 944: 940: 928: 874: 857: 817: 764: 214: 179: 175: 132: 104: 31: 4077: 3214: 2780: 2680: 2604: 2419: 2345: 2261: 2243: 2016: 1797: 1641: 1530: 1293: 1079:(KNC) (until 2005 the Ktunaxa/Kinbasket Tribal Council) includes the four Canadian bands: 618: 593: 330: 2609: 1424:. The Goatfell Complex, and specifically the techniques of manufacture of the tools and 1165:; their reserves include: St. Mary's #1A, Shuswap IR, ca. 12 km, population: 244). 3334: 2994: 2904: 2690: 2619: 2569: 2531: 2478: 2041: 1776: 1501: 1350: 1261: 1132: 1011: 951: 681: 646: 515: 1089:. Reserves include: Columbia Lake #3, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 33 km, population: 264) 947:, thus unrelated to the languages of neighboring peoples or any other known language. 4165: 3987: 3941: 3691: 3329: 2849: 2670: 1744: 1433: 1409: 1390: 1202: 1169: 954:

in British Columbia. The Ktunaxa Nation was historically closely associated with the

720: 623: 439: 404: 150: 88: 56: 2869: 2713: 1740: 1593: 1590: 1440: 1312: 492: 375: 4082: 2614: 2169:, Narrative of David Thompson's life and travels. / Feb 2011, minutes: 14:13–14:20 1127:- 'People of the place of the flying head'. An Upper Kutenai band, they live near 1264:(spelled "Kootenai" in the U.S.) where the bands live. The Upper Kutenai are the 4057: 4012: 2579: 2189: 1712: 1700: 1444: 1436: 1327: 1272:

in British Columbia, as well as the Montana Kootenai. The Lower Kutenai are the

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People Before The Park-The Kootenai and Blackfeet Before Glacier National Park

1814: 1464: 1358: 381: 2695: 2647: 2584: 2312: 2236: 2092: 2036: 1782: 1755: 1637: 1621: 1620:

had made it a priority to minister to these newly discovered peoples in the

1553: 1510: 1417: 1402: 1354: 1346: 1150: 477: 394: 235: 4042: 4007: 3977: 3134: 2749: 2685: 2594: 2564: 2516: 1827:, "Report of the Kootenay Indians of South Eastern British Columbia," in 1704: 1602: 1429: 1342: 1331: 1320: 863: 30:

This article is about the people. For the language of the same name, see

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In the first stages of Ktunaxa-European contact, mainly the result of a

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Some of the Ktunaxa say that their ancestors came originally from the

4002: 2599: 2574: 2521: 2511: 2299:"Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation" 1708: 1568: 1497: 1338: 1301: 1062: 120: 100: 2412: 2277: 927:

of Canada and the United States. Kutenai bands live in southeastern

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have been attested since 1820; two others are also in current use.

4072: 3997: 1542: 1534: 1483: 1456: 1452: 1386: 1305: 1253: 1173: 932: 274: 234: 155: 92: 1385:, with the exception of Blue Ridge, which is near the village of 4112: 1829:

Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

1538: 1522: 1518: 1451:

retreated, people moved northward, following the revival of the

1109:. Tribal headquarters are located on the most populous reserve, 2429: 2156: 1857:(3). Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press: 47–73. 1772:

Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation

1739:

On 20 September 1974, the Kootenai Tribe headed by Chairwoman

1680: 794: 898: 889: 838: 832: 773: 2298: 2162:

Uncharted Territory: David Thompson on the Columbia Plateau

1915:. Menasha, Wis: American Anthropological Association, 1941. 880: 785: 779: 2407: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2057:"Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia" 1836:

Owl's Eyes & Seeking a Spirit: Kootenai Indian Stories

1779:, early fur trade post associated with the Kootenai tribe 823: 2022:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2224: 1235:

bands. An Upper Kutenai group, they live mostly on the

27:

Ethnic group; an indigenous people of Canada and the US

2255:

Aboriginal Canada - First Nation Connectivity Profile

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were formerly part of the Ktunaxa Nation. They are a

907: 895: 892: 886: 877: 847: 829: 803: 791: 782: 770: 1907:. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press. 1838:. Pablo, Mont: Salish Kootenai College Press, 1999. 1517:. They had seasonal and sometimes ritual hunts for 820: 776: 182:(Kitunahan), ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam (Ktunaxa Sign Language) 4197:

Wars between the United States and Native Americans

4121: 3955: 3920: 3875: 3825: 3765: 3690: 3625: 3570: 3520: 3433: 3393: 3343: 3303: 3228: 3193: 3148: 3098: 3033: 2993: 2958: 2928: 2888: 2828: 2788: 2777: 2731: 2704: 2656: 2628: 2540: 2502: 2493: 1268:(Columbia Lake Band), the St. Mary's Band, and the 883: 835: 826: 767: 225: 210: 200: 186: 169: 141: 111: 82: 72: 2061:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 1865:Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. 1513:and hooks, and travelling on the waterways in the 1014:, called the Kootenai River in the United States. 970:(CSKT) in Montana, a confederation also including 958:through tribal association and intermarriage. Two 1027:, which itself may derive from the Kutenai term 1006:is used in Montana and Idaho, including in the 2441: 2111:McMillan, Alan D.; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2009). 1389:, quite a distance north on the west side of 738: 8: 4192:Native American tribes in Washington (state) 1834:Finley, Debbie Joseph, and Howard Kallowat. 1119:(Tobacco Plains First Nation, ʔa·kanuxunik, 49: 4146:List of Indian reserves in British Columbia 2317:(PhD). University of California. p. 3. 2215:. lowerkootenay.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018. 2146:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgEvbYgGfus 2097:(PhD). University of California. p. 1. 2785: 2499: 2448: 2434: 2426: 2192:. www.akisqnuk.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018. 2106: 2104: 1861:Linderman, Frank Bird, and Celeste River. 962:represent Kutenai people in the U.S.: the 745: 731: 242: 55: 48: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2332:. Canada: Frontier Press. pp. 9–10. 1851:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 3922:Wuikinuxv-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal Council 3395:Northern Shuswap Tribal Council Society 1925: 1447:. The prevailing theory is that as the 1248:The Kutenai today live in southeastern 1225:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes 968:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes 245: 3195:Musgamagw Dzawada'enuxw Tribal Council 2408:Official website of the Ktunaxa Nation 862: 389:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 197: 2314:A Description of the Kutenai Language 2301:. www.csktribes.org. Retrieved 31 May 2117:. D & M Publishers. p. 180. 2094:A Description of the Kutenai Language 1817:, and Alexander Francis Chamberlain. 415:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 7: 2355:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1966:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 1567:The Ktunaxa and their neighbors the 83:Regions with significant populations 2063:. 15 September 2010. Archived from 1821:Washington: Govt. Print. Off, 1918. 2367:Indian Tribes of British Columbia, 1443:west of the continent in the late 25: 4187:Native American tribes in Montana 4177:First Nations in British Columbia 3345:Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council 2462:First Nations in British Columbia 2343:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2311:Morgan, Lawrence Richard (1991). 2091:Morgan, Lawrence Richard (1991). 1628:lived among the Ksanka people of 2790:Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council 2456: 1890:The Chase: A Kutenai Indian Tale 873: 816: 763: 714: 703: 255: 143: 125: 113: 4182:Native American tribes in Idaho 3877:Tsilhqot'in National Government 3150:Lower St'atl'imx Tribal Council 2930:Secretariat of the Haida Nation 2890:Gitksan Tribal Services Society 2369:Hancock House (1977/2012, p. 55 1960:"American FactFinder - Results" 1488:Ktunaxa girls, photographed by 998:, including in the name of the 986:Around 40 variants of the name 923:(in the United States), are an 361:British Columbia Treaty Process 2995:Ktunaxa Nation Council Society 2025:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 1747:that runs through the town of 1: 3627:Shuswap Nation Tribal Council 3435:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council 2830:Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council 2213:"Lower Kootenay First Nation" 1673:dated Friday, 9 August 1912: 1428:, are part of a tradition of 1292:, and were driven across the 1155:Shuswap Nation Tribal Council 62: 1911:Turney-High, Harry Holbert. 1416:was beneath the Cordilleran 1276:of British Columbia and the 366:Crown and Indigenous peoples 3827:Treaty 8 Tribal Association 3230:Naut'sa Mawt Tribal Council 2328:Anderson, Frank W. (1972). 1552:ritually. They practiced a 1274:Lower Kootenay First Nation 1000:Lower Kootenay First Nation 960:federally recognized tribes 604:Indigenous English Dialects 4213: 1913:Ethnography of the Kutenai 1597:turn of the 20th century. 1560:, a midwinter festival, a 1270:Tobacco Plains Indian Band 1117:Tobacco Plains Indian Band 994:is the common spelling in 36: 29: 4151:Métis in British Columbia 4141: 3220:Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis 3035:Kwakiutl District Council 2468: 2274:"Kootenai Tribe of Idaho" 2190:"Akisqnuk: Our Community" 2042:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1892:. New York: Crown, 1991. 1579:Harry Holbert Turney-High 1363:Creston, British Columbia 1197:. Their population is 75. 1131:on the east shore of the 710:Indigenous North Americas 191: 174: 87: 77: 54: 39:Kootenay (disambiguation) 4122:Not federally recognized 3682:Whispering Pines/Clinton 3522:Okanagan Nation Alliance 1903:Thompson, Sally (2015). 1157:. They are located near 488:Indigenous personalities 3572:Scw'exmx Tribal Council 3100:Lillooet Tribal Council 2418:29 October 2006 at the 2413:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 2346:"Kutenai Indians" 2260:6 February 2013 at the 2114:First Peoples in Canada 1803:Salish Kootenai College 1412:, during a period when 1278:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 1183:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 1103:St. Mary's First Nation 1008:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 964:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 3677:Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc 2495:Ethnolinguistic groups 1940:. Government of Canada 1686: 1588: 1493: 1077:Ktunaxa Nation Council 240: 3767:Sto:lo Tribal Council 2766:Modern treaty process 2394:, University of Idaho 2392:Idaho's forgotten war 2352:Catholic Encyclopedia 1964:factfinder.census.gov 1863:Kootenai Why Stories. 1735:"Kootenai Nation War" 1675: 1583: 1537:, and the many other 1487: 1266:Akisqnuk First Nation 1223:) are members of the 1083:Akisqnuk First Nation 1023:word for the people, 810:), also known as the 238: 3065:Gwa'Sala-Nakwaxda'xw 2242:2 April 2012 at the 1880:Canadian Savage Folk 1725:government of Canada 1663:Bonners Ferry, Idaho 1626:Philippo Canestrelli 1607:Hudson's Bay Company 1573:sturgeon-nosed canoe 1515:sturgeon-nosed canoe 1472:'s map, circa 1793. 1432:that existed in the 1237:Flathead Reservation 1161:, just northeast of 1125:ʔakink̓umⱡasnuqⱡiʔit 807:-tə-nay, -⁠nee 614:Aboriginal syllabics 589:Indigenous languages 192:Kutenai spiritualism 37:For other uses, see 4028:Little Shuswap Lake 3482:Mowachaht/Muchalaht 3420:Stswecem'c Xgat'tem 2778:Tribal councils and 2237:Tobacco Plains Band 1970:on 14 February 2020 1938:www12.statcan.gc.ca 1614:Pierre-Jean de Smet 1470:Alexander Mackenzie 1147:Shuswap Indian Band 1135:below the mouth of 1093:Lower Kootenay Band 956:Shuswap Indian Band 864:[ktunʌ́χɑ̝] 642:Traditional beliefs 483:Indigenous cultures 326:Residential schools 316:Settler colonialism 51: 2960:Kaska Dena Council 2422:, official website 2382:1899, 19 June 2012 2280:on 29 October 2006 2067:on 23 January 2014 1888:, and Michel Gay. 1825:Chamberlain, A. F. 1558:Grizzly Bear Dance 1494: 1145:Additionally, the 247:Indigenous peoples 241: 4159: 4158: 4137: 4136: 3930: 3885: 3835: 3775: 3700: 3635: 3580: 3557:Upper Similkameen 3537:Lower Similkameen 3530: 3443: 3403: 3375:Oregon Jack Creek 3353: 3313: 3238: 3203: 3158: 3108: 3043: 3003: 2968: 2938: 2898: 2855:Nak'azdli Whut'en 2838: 2798: 2770: 2762: 2754: 2746: 2727: 2726: 2330:The Dewdney Trail 2124:978-1-926706-84-9 1991:"ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam" 1882:, (Toronto, 1896) 1715:, education, and 1665:, deteriorated. 1605:sent west by the 1296:by the competing 1229:Bitterroot Salish 972:Bitterroot Salish 925:indigenous people 755: 754: 721:Canada portal 667:Index of articles 420:Numbered Treaties 233: 232: 196: 195: 16:(Redirected from 4204: 3924: 3879: 3829: 3769: 3694: 3629: 3574: 3524: 3437: 3397: 3347: 3307: 3232: 3197: 3152: 3102: 3037: 2997: 2962: 2932: 2892: 2832: 2792: 2786: 2781:band governments 2768: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2742:Douglas Treaties 2500: 2460: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2427: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2276:. Archived from 2270: 2264: 2252: 2246: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1930: 1908: 1886:Tanaka, Beatrice 1858: 1831:, (London, 1892) 1788:Kutenai language 1721:British Columbia 1490:Edward S. Curtis 1414:British Columbia 1353:, especially of 1298:Blackfoot people 1250:British Columbia 1067:British Columbia 1036:Kutenai language 996:British Columbia 950:Four bands form 945:language isolate 941:Kutenai language 929:British Columbia 919:(in Canada) and 911: 905: 904: 901: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 866: 861: 851: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 806: 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 788: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 747: 740: 733: 719: 718: 717: 708: 707: 706: 425:Royal Commission 331:Indian hospitals 304:Pre-colonization 259: 243: 229:Ktunaxa ʔamakʔas 198: 149: 147: 146: 133:British Columbia 131: 129: 128: 119: 117: 116: 105:British Columbia 73:Total population 67: 64: 59: 52: 32:Kutenai language 21: 18:Kootenai (tribe) 4212: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4133: 4117: 3951: 3916: 3871: 3821: 3797:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt 3761: 3686: 3621: 3566: 3516: 3429: 3389: 3339: 3325:Gitlax̱t'aamiks 3310:Gitlax̱t'aamiks 3299: 3224: 3189: 3144: 3094: 3029: 2989: 2954: 2924: 2884: 2824: 2779: 2773: 2735:and land claims 2723: 2700: 2681:Laich-kwil-tach 2676:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw 2652: 2624: 2536: 2489: 2475:Northwest Coast 2464: 2454: 2420:Wayback Machine 2404: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2380:Rep. Nat. Mus., 2377: 2373: 2364: 2360: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2262:Wayback Machine 2253: 2249: 2244:Wayback Machine 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2132: 2125: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1989:Auld, Francis. 1988: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1902: 1848: 1811: 1798:Jennifer Porter 1768: 1760:Emilie Touraine 1745:U.S. Highway 95 1737: 1690:Creston Review, 1669:article in the 1658: 1482: 1286: 1246: 1233:Pend d'Oreilles 1195:Boundary County 1163:Windermere Lake 1056: 984: 976:Pend d'Oreilles 909: 876: 872: 856: 849: 819: 815: 804: 790: 766: 762: 751: 715: 713: 712: 704: 702: 697: 696: 662: 654: 653: 637: 629: 628: 594:Inuit languages 584: 576: 575: 516:Indian reserves 511: 503: 502: 473: 465: 464: 435:Specific claims 430:Self-government 391: 351: 343: 342: 294: 248: 220:ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam 218: 153: 144: 142: 126: 124: 123: 114: 112: 68: 65: 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802:Seabird Island 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3305:Nisga'a Nation 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3295:Tsleil-Waututh 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3200:Campbell River 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3050:Campbell River 3046: 3044: 3040:Campbell River 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3025:Tobacco Plains 3022: 3020:Lower Kootenay 3017: 3012: 3006: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2755: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2471:Cultural areas 2469: 2466: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2410: 2403: 2402:External links 2400: 2397: 2396: 2384: 2371: 2358: 2335: 2320: 2303: 2291: 2265: 2247: 2229: 2227:. www.aqam.net 2225:"Aqam - About" 2217: 2205: 2194: 2182: 2179:Ktunaxa Nation 2171: 2149: 2130: 2123: 2100: 2078: 2048: 2045:(Online). n.d. 2028: 2008: 1981: 1951: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1900: 1883: 1873: 1859: 1846: 1832: 1822: 1819:Kutenai Tales. 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1793:Kaúxuma Núpika 1790: 1785: 1780: 1777:Kootanae House 1774: 1767: 1764: 1736: 1733: 1671:Creston Review 1657: 1654: 1571:both used the 1562:Blue Jay Dance 1502:North American 1481: 1478: 1459:to the north. 1434:North American 1351:flint-knapping 1285: 1282: 1262:Kootenay River 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1198: 1191:ʔa·kaq̓ⱡahaⱡxu 1179: 1178: 1176: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1133:Lake Koocanusa 1114: 1100: 1090: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1055: 1052: 1012:Kootenay River 983: 980: 952:Ktunaxa Nation 935:, and western 753: 752: 750: 749: 742: 735: 727: 724: 723: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649: 647:Inuit religion 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 627: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 532: 531: 526: 518: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 385: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 356:Indigenous law 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 338:Reconciliation 335: 334: 333: 328: 323: 313: 312: 311: 301: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 286: 285: 278: 271: 261: 260: 252: 251: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 212: 208: 207: 202: 194: 193: 189: 188: 184: 183: 172: 171: 167: 166: 163: 139: 138: 135: 109: 108: 85: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 61:Kutenai group 60: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4209: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098:Tsay Keh Dene 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Nee-Tahi-Buhn 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4023:Lax Kw'alaams 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3882:Williams Lake 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857:Prophet River 3855: 3853: 3852:Halfway River 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832:Fort St. John 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3807:Shxw'ow'hamel 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3757:Yakweakwioose 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3692:Sto:lo Nation 3689: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3492:Tla-o-qui-aht 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3425:Williams Lake 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400:Williams Lake 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3335:Lax̱g̱alts’ap 3333: 3331: 3330:Gitwinksihlkw 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3210:Dzawada'enuxw 3208: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3120:Cayoose Creek 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3090:Tlatlasikwala 3088: 3086: 3085:Mamalilikulla 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2850:Nadleh Whuten 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2835:Prince George 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2795:Williams Lake 2791: 2787: 2784: 2782: 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near 1371:Kiakho Lake 1328:Great Lakes 1111:Kootenay #1 1054:Communities 931:, northern 619:Chinuk pipa 599:Chinuk Wawa 583:Linguistics 566:Territories 536:Atlantic CA 400:Land claims 66: 1900 4166:Categories 4129:Kelly Lake 4093:Taku River 4038:Metlakatla 4018:Kwikwetlem 3912:Yunesit'in 3897:Tl'etinqox 3842:Doig River 3732:Skawahlook 3707:Aitchelitz 3697:Chilliwack 3652:Neskonlith 3642:Adams Lake 3487:Nuchatlaht 3475:Huu-ay-aht 3470:Hupacasath 3460:Ehattesaht 3415:Soda Creek 3410:Canim Lake 3365:Boston Bar 3290:Tsawwassen 3275:Stz'uminus 3270:Snuneymuxw 3055:Cape Mudge 3010:?Akisq'nuk 2975:Daylu Dena 2965:Lower Post 2945:Old Masset 2865:Stellat'en 2845:Burns Lake 2691:Nuučaan̓uł 2504:Athabaskan 1974:13 January 1920:References 1809:Literature 1511:fish traps 1465:Stone tool 1367:Negro Lake 1359:tourmaline 1330:region of 1215:Kootenai ( 1121:Akan'kunik 1087:Windermere 672:Indigenous 410:Land title 382:Indian Act 4103:Union Bar 4083:Sts'ailes 4068:Skin Tyee 4063:Semiahmoo 3973:Esk'etemc 3968:Cheslatta 3947:Wuikinuxv 3902:Tŝideldel 3892:?Esdilagh 3817:Sq'éwlets 3812:Soowahlie 3782:Chawathil 3752:Tzeachten 3647:Bonaparte 3587:Coldwater 3552:Penticton 3465:Hesquiaht 3360:Boothroyd 3215:Gwawaenuk 3180:Samahquam 3175:N'Quatqua 3155:Pemberton 3125:T'it'q'et 3000:Cranbrook 2950:Skidegate 2905:Gitanmaax 2875:Tl'azt'en 2805:Lhoosk'uz 2769:(ongoing) 2696:Wuikinuxv 2648:Tsimshian 2610:St'at'imc 2595:Shishá7lh 2585:Secwépemc 2487:Subarctic 2378:Mason in 2037:"Kutenai" 2017:"Kutenai" 1783:Kootenays 1756:War Bonds 1741:Amy Trice 1638:gold rush 1622:New World 1591:Christian 1554:Sun Dance 1418:ice sheet 1403:Blackfoot 1379:Cranbrook 1375:Lumberton 1355:quartzite 1347:quarrying 1187:ʔaq̓anqmi 1159:Invermere 1151:Secwepemc 1137:Elk River 1107:Cranbrook 1021:Blackfoot 636:Religions 395:Land Back 249:in Canada 170:Languages 4078:Squamish 4043:Musqueam 4008:Kitselas 3993:High Bar 3983:Gitga'at 3978:Gitxaala 3963:Ashcroft 3862:Saulteau 3792:Kwantlen 3737:Skowkale 3727:Shxwhá:y 3672:Splatsin 3632:Kamloops 3602:Nooaitch 3562:Westbank 3542:Okanagan 3527:Westbank 3512:Ucluelet 3502:Tseshaht 3455:Ditidaht 3450:Ahousaht 3320:Ging̱olx 3285:Tla'amin 3280:T'Sou-ke 3255:Klahoose 3135:Tsal'alh 3105:Lillooet 3075:Kwakiutl 2985:Kwadacha 2910:Gitanyow 2895:Hazelton 2820:Ulkatcho 2750:Treaty 8 2733:Treaties 2686:Heiltsuk 2666:Ditidaht 2658:Wakashan 2580:Scw'exmx 2565:Musqueam 2542:Salishan 2416:Archived 2284:13 April 2258:Archived 2240:Archived 1995:Facebook 1766:See also 1705:forestry 1603:Iroquois 1498:European 1449:glaciers 1439:and the 1430:knapping 1343:Salishan 1332:Michigan 1321:smallpox 1290:prairies 1129:Grasmere 1025:Kotonáwa 1004:Kootenai 992:Kootenay 982:Kootenay 966:and the 921:Kootenai 917:Kootenay 460:Politics 450:Case law 445:Genocide 350:Politics 321:Genocide 309:Genetics 299:Timeline 211:Language 187:Religion 4172:Ktunaxa 4088:Tahltan 3937:Kitasoo 3772:Agassiz 3742:Squiala 3717:Matsqui 3657:Shuswap 3607:Shackan 3597:Nicomen 3577:Merritt 3547:Osoyoos 3497:Toquaht 3385:Spuzzum 3380:Skuppah 3265:Nanoose 3260:Malahat 3250:Homalco 3170:Lil'wat 3165:Douglas 3140:Xaxli'p 3080:Kwiakah 3070:K'ómoks 2920:Kispiox 2860:Saik'uz 2758:Nisga'a 2719:Ktunaxa 2706:Isolate 2643:Nisga'a 2638:Gitxsan 2620:W̱SÁNEĆ 2590:SEMYOME 2560:K'ómoks 2555:Klallam 2527:Tlingit 2517:Daneẕaa 2483:Plateau 2167:YouTube 2001:22 June 1717:tourism 1650:Riondel 1630:Montana 1618:Jesuits 1612:Father 1550:tobacco 1531:gophers 1527:caribou 1492:in 1911 1420:of the 1383:Creston 1317:Alberta 1294:Rockies 1284:Origins 1258:Montana 1244:History 1207:Montana 1097:Creston 1040:Ktunaxa 1034:In the 1029:Ktunaxa 1016:Kutenai 988:Kutenai 978:bands. 937:Montana 858:Kutenai 812:Ktunaxa 759:Kutenai 472:Culture 293:History 239:Ktunaxa 226:Country 215:Ktunaxa 205:Ktunaxa 180:Kutenai 176:English 160:Montana 97:Montana 50:Kutenai 4108:Witset 4058:Peters 4003:Katzie 3988:Haisla 3942:Nuxalk 3722:Popkum 3662:Simpcw 3370:Lytton 3350:Lytton 3245:Halalt 3185:Skatin 2935:Masset 2815:Toosey 2810:Lhtako 2761:(1998) 2753:(1899) 2671:Haisla 2615:Stó:lō 2600:Sinixt 2575:Nuxalk 2522:Sekani 2512:Dakelh 2479:Plains 2121: 2071:14 May 1896: 1869: 1842: 1709:mining 1569:Sinixt 1426:points 1339:Canada 1302:famine 1300:or by 1256:, and 1221:Ksanka 1063:Canada 1048:Ksanka 939:. The 869:Ksanka 201:People 148: 130: 121:Canada 118: 101:Canada 4073:Skwah 4048:Nazko 3998:Iskut 3787:Cheam 3747:Sumas 3612:Siska 3235:Delta 3015:?aqam 2870:Takla 2714:Haida 1543:bison 1535:geese 1457:fauna 1453:flora 1387:Kaslo 1306:bison 1254:Idaho 1174:Idaho 1123:, or 943:is a 933:Idaho 692:Stubs 687:Métis 682:Inuit 661:Index 529:Métis 498:Music 282:Métis 275:Inuit 156:Idaho 93:Idaho 4113:Yale 2286:2012 2119:ISBN 2073:2013 2003:2017 1976:2018 1946:2017 1894:ISBN 1867:ISBN 1840:ISBN 1688:The 1642:trap 1556:and 1539:fowl 1523:deer 1519:bear 1500:and 1455:and 1377:and 1369:and 1357:and 1349:and 1231:and 1075:The 974:and 912:-kah 910:SAHN 852:-hah 848:tun- 757:The 609:NAPA 2165:on 2157:PBS 1681:sic 1661:in 1219:or 1189:or 915:), 908:kə- 867:), 805:KOO 520:AB 478:Art 165:596 137:940 99:), 4168:: 2485:, 2481:, 2477:, 2473:: 2349:. 2159:, 2133:^ 2103:^ 2081:^ 2059:. 2039:. 2019:. 1993:. 1962:. 1936:. 1878:, 1855:65 1853:. 1762:. 1707:, 1703:, 1533:, 1529:, 1525:, 1521:, 1393:. 1315:, 1280:. 1252:, 1205:- 1172:- 1065:- 1038:, 1002:. 899:ɑː 890:ɑː 855:; 850:AH 839:ɑː 833:ɑː 795:iː 789:,- 786:eɪ 774:uː 561:SK 556:QC 551:ON 546:MB 541:BC 524:FN 178:, 158:, 95:, 63:c. 3929:) 3925:( 3884:) 3880:( 3834:) 3830:( 3774:) 3770:( 3699:) 3695:( 3634:) 3630:( 3579:) 3575:( 3529:) 3525:( 3442:) 3438:( 3402:) 3398:( 3352:) 3348:( 3312:) 3308:( 3237:) 3233:( 3202:) 3198:( 3157:) 3153:( 3107:) 3103:( 3042:) 3038:( 3002:) 2998:( 2967:) 2963:( 2937:) 2933:( 2897:) 2893:( 2837:) 2833:( 2797:) 2793:( 2449:e 2442:t 2435:v 2288:. 2127:. 2075:. 2005:. 1978:. 1948:. 1185:( 902:/ 896:k 893:n 887:s 884:ˈ 881:ə 878:k 875:/ 871:( 860:: 842:/ 836:h 830:n 827:ˈ 824:ʌ 821:t 818:/ 814:( 798:/ 792:n 783:n 780:ə 777:t 771:k 768:ˈ 765:/ 761:( 746:e 739:t 732:v 217:, 162:) 154:( 107:) 103:( 91:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

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