2428:
2012:
188:
1479:
442:
2027:
5025:
3934:. Therefore, it is natural that several tribes or ethnoses descending from them have the names derived from a single stem. The Colchian Aphaz, Apsil, Apšil and north Caucasian Apsua, Abazaha, Abaza, existing in the 1st millennium, were the names denoting different tribes of a common origin. Some of these tribes (Apsils, Apshils) disappeared, others mingled with kindred tribes, and still others have survived to the present day." (Putkaradze, T.
1487:
6247:
5173:
5648:
36:
3907:, tome 1, 1985, p. 20). However, this claim is controversial and no academic consensus has yet been reached. Other scholars suggest that these ethnonyms instead reflect a common regional origin, rather than emphasizing a distinct and separate ethnic and cultural identity in antiquity. For example, Tariel Putkaradze, a Georgian scholar, suggests, "In the 3rd-2nd millennia BC the
1884:
considered the
Colchians part of Sesostris' army. I myself guessed it, partly because they are dark-skinned and woolly-haired; though that indeed counts for nothing, since other peoples are, too; but my better proof was that the Colchians and Egyptians and Ethiopians are the only nations that have from the first practised circumcision.
1223:, the Greeks may have applied the name to a different region (and/or cultures) than the preceding Urartians had. Further confusion rests in possible differences in the Greeks' own usage of the name Colchis in political and mythological contexts (i.e. the relationship between "Aia-Colchis" and "the land of Colchis").
1978:, a battle was fought between them and the Colchis in which the latter were decisively defeated. The influence exerted on Colchis by the vast Achaemenid Empire with its thriving commerce and wide economic and commercial ties with other regions accelerated the socio-economic development of the Colchian land.
4183:
Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine Sea: Translated and
Accompanied with a Geographical Dissertation and Maps: to which are Added Three Discourses, I. On the Trade to the East Indies by Means of the Euxine Sea, II. On the Distance which the Ships of Antiquity Usually Sailed in Twenty-four Hours, III. On
1673:
was the main staple crop in
Colchis. Wheat grew in certain regions and was also imported by sea. Similarly, local wines were produced and some wines were brought from overseas. The Colchian plain provided ample grazing land for cattle and horses, with the name of Phasis associated with fine horses.
3864:
Lordkipanidzé Otar, Mikéladzé Teimouraz. La
Colchide aux VIIe-Ve siècles. Sources écrites antiques et archéologie. In: Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Grecs : sources écrites et archéologie. Symposium de Vani (Colchide), septembre-octobre 1987. Besançon : Université de Franche-Comté, 1990. pp.
1234:
Colchis appears as the first
Caucasian State to have achieved the coalescence of the newcomer. Colchis can be justly regarded as not a proto-Georgian, but a Georgian (West Georgian) kingdom. ... It would seem natural to seek the beginnings of Georgian social history in Colchis, the earliest
3992:
The
Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old and New World: Records of Pilgrimages in Many Lands, and Researches Connected with the History of Places Remarkable for Memorials of the Dea, Or Monuments of a Sacred Character; Including Notices of the Funeral Customs of the Principal Nations, Ancient and
1883:
For it is plain to see that the
Colchians are Egyptians; and what I say, I myself noted before I heard it from others. When it occurred to me, I inquired of both peoples; and the Colchians remembered the Egyptians better than the Egyptians remembered the Colchians; the Egyptians said that they
1888:
These claims have been widely rejected by modern historians. It is in doubt if
Herodotus had ever been to Colchis or Egypt, and no Egyptian army ever set foot in the Caucasus, a region shielded by states to the south of the Caucasus too powerful for any Egyptian army to pass through, such as
2291:
Colchian coins, the oldest of which were dated to the middle of the 6th century BC, served as the primary source of evidence for the
Colchian state. A reassessment of the coins, however, has revealed that these early "Colchian" coins actually represent the production of a
1719:(fifteenth to eighth century BC) saw the development of significant skill in the smelting and casting of metals. Sophisticated farming implements were made, and fertile, well-watered lowlands and a mild climate promoted the growth of progressive agricultural techniques.
3482:
Peoples and languages of the
Caucasus. Monthly literary and scientific journal No. 1 (June/July), 1921. Peoples and Languages of the Caucasus. No. 1, 1921 (cover). Tiflis: State Publishing House under the People's Commissariat of Education of the SSR of Georgia,
2011:
2833:
The tribes in Colchis consolidated during the 13th century BCE. This was at this period mentioned in Greek mythology as Colchis as the destination of the Argonauts and the home of Medea in her domain of sorcery. She was known to Urartians as Qulha (Kolkha or
5056:
1678:
were exported to Rome and became a symbol of excess condemned by Roman moralists. The Colchian hinterland lacked salt and demand was satisfied partially by local production on the coast and partially by imports from the northern coast of the Black Sea.
1397:
mentions many others by name, but they would seem to have been little more than mountain torrents: the most important of them were Charieis, Chobus or Cobus, Singames, Tarsuras, Hippus, Astelephus, Chrysorrhoas, several of which are also noticed by
4709:
Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (2022). "Classical Archeology of the Pontus in the Archaic Period: Some Current Problems and Prospective Solutions". In Colombi, Camilla; Parisi, Valeria; Dally, Ortwin; Guggisberg, Martin; Piras, Giorgio (eds.).
2192:, to tour Colchis and Iberia. Arrian depicted a turbulent fluctuation of tribal powers and boundaries, with various hostile and anarchic tribes in the area. The Laz controlled most of coastal Colchis, while other tribes such as the
5049:
2000:
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze explains that although Colchis and neighboring Iberia were once viewed as not having been under Achaemenid rule, "ever more evidence is emerging to show that they were, forming a lesser part of the
5042:
6929:
2427:
6934:
1014:. It was also described as a land rich with gold, iron, timber and honey that would export its resources mostly to ancient Hellenic city-states. Colchis likely had a diverse population. According to Greek and
4448:
Known in Old Georgian as Egrisi, this realm gained legendary repute with the Greek myth of Jason and the Argonauts whose adventure brought them to ;Colchis' (i.e., Egrisi) in pursuit of the Golden Fleece.
3002:
Christansen, Birgit (2019). "Granaries in Urartu and Neighboring States and the Monumentalization of Administrative Records". In Avetisyan, Pavel S.; Dan, Roberto; Grekyan, Yervand H. (eds.).
2026:
2279:. By the first century BC, the Lazica (or the Laz) kingdom was established in the region. Lazica became known as Egrisi in 66 BC when Egrisi became a vassal of the Roman Empire after the
5273:
4813:
1526:; most of that lies on the elevation below 20 m (66 ft) above sea level. Marginal parts of the region are mountains of the Great and the Lesser Caucasus and Likhi Range.
4703:
A small percentage of the Colchian Type В hemidrachms are complete with Greek letters. The Greek language was widespread in Colchis and decrees were even issued in that language.
1604:, annual rainfall level reaches 4,000 mm (160 in), which is the absolute maximum for continental western Eurasia. The dominating natural landscapes of Colchis are
5857:
2165:
Despite the fact that all major fortresses along the sea coast were occupied by the Romans, their rule was relatively loose. In 69, the people of Pontus and Colchis under
2496:
According to the Greek mythology, Colchis was a fabulously wealthy land situated on the mysterious periphery of the heroic world. Here in the sacred grove of the war god
1298:
to be the extreme northern settlement point of Colchians (in an ethnic sense), nevertheless "they consider it as a point located on the territory of non-Colchian tribes (
1158:
group inhabited the entire space of the western half of the Caucasus from the Black Sea province through the whole of Colchis in a continuous strip to the sources of the
1985:
Authority, and to have formed an independent state. According to Ronald Suny this western Georgian state was federated to Kartli-Iberia, and its kings ruled through
1385:) and was, according to some writers the southern boundary of Colchis, but more probably flowed through the middle of that country from the Caucasus west into the
6480:
2143:
and other Greek settlements of the coast did not fully recover after the wars of 60-40 BC and Trebizond became the economical and political centre of the region.
1150:
At the beginning of the XX century, a researcher of ancient history Peter Ushakov notes: "In ancient times, during the 15th-18th centuries BC, the tribes of the
6367:
6362:
6354:
782:
6103:
3903:
1970:, while the northern tribes submitted "voluntarily" and had to send to the Persian court 100 girls and 100 boys every five years. In 400 BC, shortly after the
6327:
3528:
Kemalettin Köroğlu. "The Northward Expansion of the Kingdom of Urartu and the Historical Geography of the Land of Qulha." Aralık 2000, Cilt LXIV - Sayı 241.
1715:. In at least some parts of Colchis, the process of urbanization seems to have been well advanced by the end of the second millennium BC. The Colchian Late
6864:
5870:
4618:
2933:
2816:
6772:
6383:
5266:
4806:
1932:
constituted the dominant ethnic and cultural presence in the region in antiquity, and hence played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of the modern
1131:, the ethnic makeup of Colchis is "obscure" and Kartvelian names "are conspicuously absent from the few anthronyms found in Colchian burials." Instead,
6292:
3692:
187:
6287:
6215:
845:
4289:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire
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6709:
6551:
6343:
798:
5224:
3827:
3541:
Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday.
1920:, and put to fight, by the king of Colchis, which if true, that the Colchians not only had kings in those times, but were a very powerful people.
3004:
Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday
1757:, "What could be conceived as the proto Georgian statehood emerged mainly in the Western parts of today's Georgia, with the kingdom of Colchis (
6909:
6739:
6526:
6337:
6225:
5850:
3662:
2204:, were becoming powerful and their king with the Romanised name Julianus was recognized by Trajan. Arrian listed the following peoples in his
6715:
6567:
6231:
5685:
5259:
4799:
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4223:
425:
6914:
6694:
6465:
6317:
6205:
5282:
5189:
5088:
830:
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2119:
retained possession of Colchis as well as of Pontus, although the kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power. Her son and successor,
6904:
6332:
6322:
662:
6307:
6272:
6149:
5005:
4675:
1967:
1037:(1245–1209 BC) when he mentions "40 kings by the Upper Sea". Colchis territory is mostly assigned to what is now the western part of
794:
4434:
Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Subsidia
3962:
6804:
6726:
6599:
6453:
6433:
6118:
5999:
5843:
4655:
4547:
4500:
4472:
4441:
4416:
3635:
3398:
3321:
3275:
3082:
2971:
2943:
2855:
2826:
976:: "one of the most important elements in the modern Georgian nation, the Colchians were probably established in the Caucasus by the
770:
626:
119:
3588:
4742:
6516:
6458:
5157:
6169:
3781:"Late Bronze and Early Iron Age copper smelting technologies in the South Caucasus: the view from ancient Colchis c. 1500–600BC"
6761:
6674:
6475:
6448:
6394:
6056:
6046:
5741:
4732:
4007:, Volume 10, George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton, p. 136 B.II.
1764:
Colchis was inhabited by a number of tribes whose settlements lay along the shore of the Black Sea. Chief among those were the
4510:
Travel Fact and Travel Fiction: Studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing
379:
354:
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6561:
6438:
6282:
6255:
6134:
5582:
5214:
5000:
4113:
3763:
3738:
3438:
3426:
3410:
786:
686:
57:
5024:
1478:
1310:", it should be remembered that Byzantine sources saw the northern limit of the spread of Laz people somewhere between the
6699:
6421:
4854:
3688:"Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia (Transcaucasia)"
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2520:
was punished by being chained to a mountain while an eagle ate at his liver for revealing to humanity the secret of fire.
678:
4782:
6857:
6582:
6556:
6504:
6443:
6159:
6144:
5878:
5602:
5219:
5137:
4826:
4055:
2280:
2156:
855:
790:
674:
526:
433:
6019:
5898:
2173:, which ended unsuccessfully. The lowlands and coastal area were frequently raided by fierce mountain tribes, with the
642:
458:
6924:
6541:
6531:
6267:
6210:
6041:
5240:
1518:, connecting the Greater and the Lesser Caucasus. The central part of the region is Colchis Plain, stretching between
840:
658:
582:
100:
5162:
1746:
kings, who conquered it in 744 or 743 BC before the Urartians and their territories were themselves conquered by the
72:
6873:
6766:
6704:
6679:
6200:
5953:
4747:
3034:
2205:
1608:, yet degraded in the plain part of the region; wetlands (along the coastal parts of Colchis Plain); subalpine and
825:
666:
550:
522:
495:
441:
1916:
The Colchians were governed by their own kings in the earliest ages, that Sesostris king of Egypt was overcome in
6809:
6490:
6470:
6108:
6081:
5678:
5142:
4990:
4942:
763:
750:
734:
638:
538:
6024:
5199:
650:
530:
6878:
6521:
6220:
6066:
6009:
5943:
5105:
5034:
4947:
4909:
3627:
2256:
2152:
2100:
2080:
2058:
2033:
850:
738:
518:
79:
53:
5903:
4650:, 659, Editeurs: M. Clavel-Lévêque, E. Geny, P. Lévêque. Paris: Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises, 1999.
3948:
2893:
Colchis was mainly inhabited by Megrelian-Laz speaking tribes. Then Colchians conquered the land of the Svans.
462:
4507:
Fehling, Detlev (1994). "The art of Herodotus and the margins of the world". In von Martels, Z.R.W.M. (ed.).
1121:
134:
6824:
6546:
6071:
5994:
5209:
5204:
4957:
4893:
3897:, 3, 13-18, Chicago, 1991; Hewitt, B. G., "The valid and non-valid application of philology to history", in
2751:
730:
610:
594:
46:
4685:
Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (1993). "On the numismatics of Colchis: the classical archaeologist's perspective".
2275:
and looking for new homes, raided Colchis in 253, but were repulsed with the help of the Roman garrison of
5969:
4877:
2706:
2405:
2366:
2076:
2066:
2046:
1939:
1639:
1034:
912:
646:
578:
307:
86:
6076:
5597:
4952:
2116:
2050:
2018:
1993:'s account, the native Colchian dynasty continued ruling the country in spite of its fragmentation into
983:
It has been described in modern scholarship as "the earliest Georgian formation", which, along with the
872:
726:
3099:
1655:
3780:
6485:
5979:
5671:
5194:
4667:
4662:
Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (2021). "The Northern Black Sea". In Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (eds.).
4582:
3792:
3619:
3543:
eds. Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan and Yervand H. Grekyan. Archaeopress Archaeology. 2019. p. 242.
2757:
2447:
2120:
1635:
1605:
957:
699:
586:
1377:, but don't make explicit references to a Kolchis nation or region. The main river was known as the
68:
6659:
6636:
6297:
6139:
6113:
6036:
5989:
5893:
5627:
5518:
4882:
4752:
4408:
3554:
3020:
2353:
2104:
1813:
1747:
1491:
1240:
1136:
973:
868:
654:
614:
514:
451:
239:
2057:, king of Bosporus and Colchis, who held his power, but only for a short period. On the defeat of
1825:
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6164:
6093:
6061:
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6014:
5984:
5974:
5152:
4974:
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4937:
4932:
4914:
4598:
4535:
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2244:
2002:
1723:
1499:
1466:
mentions also Mala or Male, which he, in contradiction to other writers, makes the birthplace of
1463:
1439:
1264:
1252:
988:
835:
802:
774:
722:
718:
710:
630:
602:
590:
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2188:
Under Hadrian, the Romans established relations with Colchian tribes. Hadrian sent his advisor,
4215:
3866:
3204:
Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoteritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus-Cases of Georgia
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6645:
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6004:
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5866:
5798:
5632:
5577:
5098:
5010:
4964:
4904:
4762:
4671:
4651:
4559:
4543:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4496:
4468:
4437:
4412:
4219:
4109:
3847:
3808:
3759:
3734:
3711:
3641:
3631:
3434:
3422:
3406:
3394:
3317:
3311:
3271:
3265:
3078:
3077:. Droz: École pratique des hautes études: Sciences historiques et philologiques. p. 182.
2967:
2939:
2851:
2822:
2548:
2396:
2378:
2293:
2255:. A change in burial patterns in the 3rd century was possibly due to Christian influence. The
2166:
2108:
1683:
1626:
plants and animals, with the closest relatives in distant parts of the world: five species of
1530:
1178:
1140:
1038:
1030:
984:
977:
946:
932:
714:
622:
606:
510:
400:
220:
3924:
3878:
1989:(royal governors) who received a staff from the king. According to David Braund's reading of
6899:
6814:
6619:
6594:
6302:
6195:
5913:
5908:
5296:
5147:
5083:
4694:
4590:
4514:
4460:
4203:
3839:
3800:
3701:
3453:
2659:
2619:
2248:
2112:
1722:
The earliest attestations of the name of Colchis can be found in the 8th century Greek poet
1704:
1650:
1623:
1507:
1094:
882:
820:
563:
546:
474:
470:
359:
3912:
3544:
2049:, who, soon being suspected in having plotted against his father, was executed. During the
2045:
Mithridates VI quelled an uprising in the region in 83 BC and gave Colchis to his son
6836:
6312:
6174:
6154:
6098:
5948:
5488:
5418:
5399:
5115:
4995:
4887:
4769:
4188:
3928:
2763:
2624:
2455:
2340:
2103:, whom Caesar subsequently sent against him. His triumph was, however, short-lived. Under
1909:
1631:
1511:
1486:
1403:
1284:
1244:
1227:
1144:
1128:
1086:
1026:
999:
778:
742:
682:
670:
542:
2127:
to abdicate the throne, and both Pontus and Colchis were incorporated in the Province of
4586:
3796:
6631:
5587:
5384:
4612:
3706:
3687:
2712:
2689:
2252:
1982:
1754:
1609:
1514:
in Georgia and Eastern Black Sea (Karadeniz) Mountains in Turkey, and from the east by
1378:
1306:)". Since in a later era the name "Colchians" was organically connected with the name "
1132:
746:
706:
634:
618:
224:
3607:
They sailed in a long ship to Aea, a city of the Colchians, and to the river Phasis...
6893:
6794:
6689:
6666:
6624:
6536:
6407:
5652:
5550:
5127:
5093:
4791:
4211:
4204:
4056:
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2
3826:
Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.; Gilmour, Brian J. J.; Khakhutaishvili, Nana (2017-09-01).
3779:
Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.; Gilmour, Brian J. J.; Khakhutaishvili, Nana (2014-09-01).
2872:
Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562
2629:
2505:
2467:
2443:
2136:
2088:
2084:
1868:, a custom which he claims that the Colchians inherited from remnants of the army of
1857:
1708:
1423:
1311:
1271:. The westward extent of the country is considered differently by different authors:
1090:
1011:
216:
211:
93:
4465:
The Geography of Ananias of Širak (Ašxarhac῾oyc῾): The Long and the Short Recensions
6819:
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6604:
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5066:
4757:
3931:
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3327:
3281:
2471:
2240:
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1971:
1876:
1865:
1829:
1627:
1582:
1411:
1171:
1015:
506:
5534:
4493:
Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC–AD 562
4106:
Georgia in Antiquity. A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC AD 562
3756:
Georgia in Antiquity. A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC AD 562
3731:
Georgia in Antiquity. A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC AD 562
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6789:
5718:
5622:
5369:
5326:
5172:
5122:
4637:
3920:
2601:
2439:
1929:
1659:
1515:
1382:
1288:
1155:
1117:
570:
35:
17:
5251:
1025:
According to Rayfield, the first mention of Colchis is during the reign of the
6831:
5771:
5756:
5723:
5526:
5473:
5413:
5408:
5354:
5344:
5311:
3890:
3843:
3804:
3024:
2517:
2217:
2209:
2132:
2096:
1925:
1840:. The ancients assigned various origins to the tribes that inhabited Colchis.
1793:
1765:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1620:
1451:
1307:
1256:
1185:
1151:
289:
4313:
Celebrate the Divine Feminine: Reclaim Your Power with Ancient Goddess Wisdom
3851:
3812:
3715:
3645:
3168:
Early Christianity in Contexts: An Exploration Across Cultures and Continents
1204:(Colchís) originally referred to a land to the west of Georgia. Others argue
149:
136:
6744:
6277:
5824:
5808:
5694:
5607:
4822:
4260:
3908:
3663:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α, αἶα, αἶα"
3584:
2634:
2577:
2568:
2513:
2475:
2435:
2065:, who captured one of the local chiefs (sceptuchus) Olthaces, and installed
1933:
1872:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1644:
1534:
1503:
1419:
1334:
1248:
1159:
1116:
polity; the name of the Colchians was used as the collective term for early
1113:
1042:
1003:
992:
961:
942:
574:
293:
275:
2724:
Colchis was not an established and structurally institutionalized monarchy.
2537:
2501:
2459:
1943:
1348:
4698:
4026:
Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States
2454:
From the fifth century B.C.E. onwards, Colchis was identified as Aea, the
6799:
6402:
5791:
5786:
5776:
5761:
5592:
5433:
5359:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5132:
4897:
4352:
The Trojan War: Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present
2572:
2560:
2531:
2387:
2323:
2276:
2260:
2213:
2178:
2054:
1959:
1955:
1894:
1861:
1801:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1699:
The eastern Black Sea region in antiquity was home to the well-developed
1675:
1578:
1550:
1523:
1431:
1299:
1066:
598:
235:
3529:
2185:, they created their own kingdoms and enjoyed significant independence.
6372:
5923:
5813:
5746:
5617:
5612:
5556:
5546:
5538:
5483:
5447:
5423:
5404:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5348:
5316:
4844:
4646:
Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. "Pichvnari and Its Environs, 6th c BC–4th c A".
3882:
2552:
2545:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2371:
2225:
2221:
2201:
2197:
2174:
2140:
2128:
2092:
2071:
1975:
1942:, a 1st-century BC Greek geographer, citing the poet Eumelos, assigned
1917:
1902:
1898:
1869:
1837:
1809:
1616:
1570:
1554:
1538:
1519:
1455:
1435:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1295:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1209:
1163:
1058:
1046:
1019:
478:
466:
262:
201:
4602:
6609:
6377:
5938:
5918:
5817:
5803:
5766:
5751:
5561:
5542:
5530:
5513:
5493:
5463:
5438:
5306:
5301:
4859:
4253:
3893:(Chirikba, V., "On the etymology of the ethnonym apswa 'Abkhaz'", in
3886:
3506:
M. Salvini, Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer (Darmstadt, 1995) 70f.
2614:
2541:
2414:
2272:
2229:
2193:
2189:
2160:
2062:
1990:
1963:
1890:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1777:
1743:
1733:
1670:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1546:
1394:
1386:
1358:
1338:
1303:
1272:
1189:
1167:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1054:
924:
920:
534:
482:
410:
405:
372:
4712:
Comparing Greek Colonies: Mobility and Settlement Consolidation from
1529:
Its territory mostly corresponds to what is now the western part of
5835:
4594:
3431:
Soviet Disunion. A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR
1506:
coast, restricted from the north by the southwestern slopes of the
5781:
5708:
5522:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5468:
5428:
5394:
5389:
5340:
3686:
Denk, Thomas; Frotzler, Norbert; Davitashvili, Nino (2001-02-01).
2595:
2589:
2583:
2564:
2556:
2509:
2463:
2431:
2268:
2233:
1789:
1590:
1558:
1542:
1485:
1477:
1467:
1459:
1390:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1007:
965:
4513:. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History Volume 55. Leiden, NL:
3865:
167-187. (Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 427);
1333:) is first used to describe a geographic area in the writings of
987:, would later contribute significantly to the development of the
5713:
5442:
2497:
2182:
2124:
1566:
1447:
1443:
1427:
1315:
969:
5839:
5667:
5255:
5038:
4795:
1981:
Subsequently, the Colchis people appear to have overthrown the
5663:
4611:
4237:
4235:
3166:
Haas, Christopher (November 18, 2014). "Chapter 3: Caucasus".
29:
3015:
3013:
2699:
2693:
1847:
1727:
1369:
1352:
1342:
1328:
1322:
3867:
https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_1990_act_427_1_1252
3405:, p. 163, the University of Michigan Free Fress, US (1975),
2592:, Queen of Colchis, mother of Medea, Chalciope, and Absyrtus
2267:
would, however, remain widespread until the fourth century.
2181:
being the most powerful of them. Paying a nominal homage to
6930:
States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC
3995:, Volume 1, Richard Robert Madden, Newby, 1851, p. 293
3197:
3195:
3179:
3177:
2032:
Colchian pendants, riders and horses on wheeled platforms,
3650:
Kolchian Aia lies at the furthest limits of sea and earth,
2668:
2527:, passim). The main mythical characters from Colchis are:
2115:. After the death of Polemon (8 BC), his second wife
1946:, the mythological first king of Colchis, a Greek origin.
1105:
Colchis, Kolkha, Qulḫa, or Kilkhi, which existed from the
891:
6935:
States and territories established in the 13th century BC
4163:
4161:
3470:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 59, 75, 76–88.
3247:
3245:
3243:
2848:
History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day
2677:
2481:
Colchis also is thought to be a possible homeland of the
1686:
and Colchian slaves are also attested in Ancient Greece.
900:
3515:
Bremmer, J. N. (2007). "The Myth of the Golden Fleece".
3161:
3159:
2915:
2913:
4005:
An Universal History, From the Earliest Account of Time
3877:
According to some scholars, ancient tribes such as the
1924:
Many modern theories suggest that the ancestors of the
1674:
The wetlands were a home for waterfowl, while Colchian
4467:. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 125.
4301:
World Mythology: An Anthology of Great Myths and Epics
1533:
and encompasses the present-day Georgian provinces of
1120:
which populated the eastern coast of the Black Sea in
1041:
and encompasses the present-day Georgian provinces of
3417:, Volume 7, p.197, Macmillan, (1973); Ori Z. Soltes.
3186:
The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus
3134:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 75, 76–88.
3104:. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 314-315.
2882:
2880:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2107:, the son and heir of Zenon, Colchis was part of the
1502:, Colchis is usually defined as the area east of the
1177:
The name Colchis is thought to have derived from the
1018:
sources, between 70 and 300 languages were spoken in
956:, are generally thought to have been mainly an early
903:
897:
888:
4648:
Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté
4573:
Melamid, Alexander (January 1993). "Colchis Today".
3828:"Copper production landscapes of the South Caucasus"
2962:
Assatiani, Nodar; Bendianachvili, Alexandre (1997).
2671:
1259:. On its east it bordered the Kingdom of Iberia and
894:
6782:
6725:
6581:
6503:
6420:
6393:
6353:
6254:
6188:
6127:
5962:
5886:
5877:
5734:
5701:
5570:
5456:
5289:
5233:
5180:
5074:
4983:
4923:
4868:
4837:
3895:
The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia
3206:(doctoral thesis). Uppsala University. p. 130.
2662:
2516:. Colchis was also the land where the mythological
2200:escaped Roman jurisdiction. Other tribes, like the
2017:Second century BC Greek bronze torso from Colchis,
1454:), Macheiresis, and Cyta or Cutatisium or Aia (now
1243:sources, Colchis was bordered on the south-west by
1162:and were divided into four branches: the people of
885:
393:
317:
304:
286:
272:
259:
249:
231:
207:
197:
166:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4339:Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
1642:, eight endemic species of lizards from the genus
1251:, as far as the river Corax. To its north was the
4542:. Geographica Historica 15. Franz Steiner, 2000.
2523:Apollonius of Rhodes named Aea as the main city (
2208:written in 130-131 (from south to north): Sanni,
1112:to the 1st centuries BC, is regarded as an early
4622:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 662–663.
4391:Apollonius of Rhodes and the Spaces of Hellenism
3365:Archaeology at the North-east Anatolian Frontier
1208:may have been located in the south, near modern
4279:, John E. Thorburn "Colchian Bulls" p. 145
4206:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
3963:"Herodotus, the Histories, Book 2, chapter 104"
2442:tells the myth of their voyage to retrieve the
1966:) were incorporated into Persia and formed the
1914:
1881:
1852:) and woolly-haired" and calls them Egyptians.
1510:, from the south by the northern slopes of the
1418:) on the seaboard of the Euxine, Sarapana (now
1232:
1215:According to Levan Gordeziani, while the Greek
227:(widespread, decrees, numismatics), many others
4405:The Orthodox Christian World: Routledge Worlds
4277:The Facts on File Companion to Classical Drama
3184:Burney, Charles; Lang, David Marshall (2001).
2850:. University of Michigan: Petite. p. 17.
2243:began to spread in the early first century by
1737:
1226:According to the scholar of Caucasian studies
936:
5851:
5679:
5267:
5050:
4807:
3949:"Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon"
3143:
3141:
3119:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. p. 59.
783:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
8:
4664:A companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
4241:
4128:
3899:Revue des Etudes Georgiennes et Caucasiennes
2904:
1682:Colchis provided slaves as a tribute to the
4629:Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia
3889:, 2nd century CE) correspond to the modern
3539:Levan Gordzeiani. "Some Remarks on Qulḫa."
3393:, p. 10, Greenwood, US (December 1, 2008),
3075:Les philoi royaux dans l'Asie hellenistique
2334:his name is found on a coin issued by him.
2053:, Mithridates VI made another of his sons,
1954:The tribes living in the southern Colchis (
1341:. Earlier writers speak of the "Kolchian" (
1196:on a stele; however, the exact location of
6587:
6509:
6426:
6260:
5883:
5858:
5844:
5836:
5686:
5672:
5664:
5274:
5260:
5252:
5057:
5043:
5035:
4834:
4814:
4800:
4792:
3904:Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse
2761:chronicles. In the Old Armenian geography
2306:
2304:Little is known of the rulers of Colchis.
1666:Economy, agriculture and natural resources
1200:is disputed. Some scholars argue the name
420:
186:
163:
4722:, Tbilisi, 1984 (in Russian and English).
3979:
3881:(mentioned by Pliny, 1st century CE) and
3705:
3693:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3517:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
2987:Asatiani, Nodar; Janelidże, Otar (2009).
2950:they absorbed part of Diaokh (c.750 BCE)
2846:Asatiani, Nodar; Janelidże, Otar (2009).
1846:regarded the Colchians as "dark-skinned (
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4167:
4152:
4079:
4067:
3343:, Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov, p. 75
3251:
3047:
2919:
2426:
1482:Colchis and its eastern neighbor Iberia.
960:tribe ancestral to contemporary western
251:• Consolidation of Colchian tribes
4737:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
4639:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 1
4636:Thordarson, Fridrik (1993). "COLCHIS".
4558:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3975:
3572:History and culture of ancient Abkhazia
2807:
2645:
2061:in 65 BC, Colchis was occupied by
2007:
1294:Although some ancient authors consider
432:
4763:Golden graves, archeological evidences
4039:Studies in Christian Caucasian History
3927:tribes must have been part of a great
3832:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
3403:Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities
3341:The Pre-history of the Armenian People
3299:. Indiana University Press. p. 8.
3150:Studies in Christian Caucasian History
2711:
2540:, King of Colchis, son of the sun-god
1389:, and the Anticites or Atticitus (now
1219:etymologically descends from Urartian
941:) located on the eastern coast of the
4540:Phasis: The River and City of Colchis
671:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
316:
303:
285:
271:
258:
248:
244:
7:
4720:The Country of the Enchantress Media
4378:The Return of the Serpents of Wisdom
2169:staged a major uprising against the
1856:states that the Colchians, with the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4687:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne Année
4393:"Apollonius of Rhodes", p. 130
4094:, 2nd Ed., Ronald Grigor Suny, p 13
3938:, 2005, translated by Irene Kutsia)
3624:Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica
3391:Culture and Customs of the Caucasus
2075:(63–47 BC). On the fall of Pompey,
1474:Physical-geographic characteristics
6150:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
4380:"The Amazons, The Female Serpents"
4267:, George Stanley Faber p. 409
4184:the Measure of the Olympic Stadium
3733:. Calendon Press. pp. 54–58.
3707:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01318.x
3429:; Bohdan Nahaylo, Victor Swoboda.
2966:. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 31.
2821:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 99.
2446:. This painting is located in the
2239:According to traditional accounts
1695:Prehistory and earliest references
945:, centered in present-day western
795:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
25:
6000:Unification of the Georgian realm
4180:Arrian; Falconer, Thomas (1805).
4092:The Making of the Georgian Nation
3785:Journal of Archaeological Science
3433:, p. 11, Hamish Hamilton (1990),
3297:The Making of the Georgian Nation
3098:Avery, Catherine B., ed. (1962).
3061:The Making of the Georgian Nation
3023:; Charlesworth, Martin Percival;
1711:, that emerged toward the Middle
1615:Colchis has a high proportion of
1458:), the traditional birthplace of
1347:) people and their mythical king
1267:). The south of Colchis bordered
771:Georgia within the Russian Empire
627:Unification of the Georgian realm
6245:
6119:Absorption by the Russian Empire
5646:
5171:
5023:
4365:A New Companion to Greek Tragedy
3316:. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
3270:. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
3219:A history of the Georgian people
2889:A History of the Georgian Nation
2658:
2025:
2010:
1600:The climate is mild humid; near
1184:. In the mid-eighth century BC,
881:
440:
377:
352:
34:
4739:(1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD)
4610:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911).
4108:. Calendon Press. p. 154.
3593:, book 1, chapter 2, section 2"
3570:Anchabadze, Zurab Vianorovich.
2784:
2770:
2474:and was the destination of the
1323:
45:needs additional citations for
6920:Former monarchies of West Asia
6135:Democratic Republic of Georgia
5001:Democratic Republic of Georgia
4263:PMG545 (Schol. Eur. Med. 19);
3758:. Calendon Press. p. 67.
3421:, p.30, Bloomsbury US (1999),
3234:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
3101:New Century Classical Handbook
2991:. Tbilisi: Petite. p. 16.
1707:, related to the neighbouring
787:Democratic Republic of Georgia
687:Collapse of the Georgian realm
663:Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)
1:
6910:Former countries in West Asia
4303:, Donna Rosenberg p. 218
3466:Lang, David Marshall (1966).
3450:The Cambridge Ancient History
3419:National Treasures of Georgia
3188:. Phoenix Press. p. 194.
3130:Lang, David Marshall (1966).
3115:Lang, David Marshall (1966).
3073:Savalli-Lestrade, I. (1998).
3030:The Cambridge Ancient History
1864:, were the first to practice
1490:Map of Colchis and Iberia by
1283:, on the other hand, extends
1192:, inscribed his victory over
1106:
679:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
6395:Russian-occupied territories
6226:Timeline of Georgian history
5283:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
4265:The Origin of Pagan Idolatry
3367:, Claudia Sagona, p. 35
3006:. Archaeopress. p. 141.
2700:
2281:Caucasian campaign of Pompey
2157:Caucasian campaign of Pompey
1761:) in the sixth century BC."
1738:
1630:and other evergreen shrubs,
1020:Dioscourias (modern Sukhumi)
791:Red Army invasion of Georgia
675:Timurid invasions of Georgia
27:Historical region of Georgia
6915:Former monarchies of Europe
5241:Borders of the Roman Empire
4785:at the Piano (amarcord.be)
4495:. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
3901:, 6-7, 1990-1991, 247-263;
3310:Morritt, Robert D. (2017).
3264:Morritt, Robert D. (2017).
3202:Cornell, Svante E. (2002).
1081:districts; and present-day
659:Mongol invasions of Georgia
583:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
6951:
6905:Former countries in Europe
5954:Christianization of Iberia
4315:, Joy Reichard p. 169
4291:, Trevor Bryce p. 171
3559:History of ancient Georgia
3493:O, Lordkipanidze. (1991).
3035:Cambridge University Press
2791:
2777:
2694:
2206:Periplus of the Euxine Sea
2150:
1848:
1728:
1494:printed in Leipzig in 1706
1370:
1353:
1343:
1329:
1002:as the destination of the
916:
667:Kingdom of Western Georgia
551:Christianization of Iberia
523:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
6851:
6590:
6512:
6429:
6263:
6243:
6109:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
6082:Principality of Mingrelia
5641:
5169:
5065:Territories with limited
5021:
4991:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
4943:Principality of Mingrelia
4833:
4627:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
4486:General and cited sources
4202:West, Barbara A. (2009).
3844:10.1016/j.jaa.2017.03.003
3805:10.1016/j.jas.2014.03.034
3415:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2598:, daughter of King Aeëtes
2580:, daughter of King Aeëtes
2470:, and the fire-breathing
2438:arriving at Colchis. The
2123:, was induced by Emperor
1414:called Sebastopolis, now
1006:, as well as the home to
937:
751:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
735:Principality of Mingrelia
639:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
539:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
331:
327:
245:
185:
180:
6363:Administrative divisions
6104:Shah Abbas I's invasions
6067:Principality of Abkhazia
6010:First Kingdom of Kakheti
5077:partially or temporarily
4975:Principality of Samtskhe
4948:Principality of Abkhazia
4910:First Kingdom of Kakheti
4554:Marincola, John (2001).
3628:Harvard University Press
3355:, Volume 1, p. 1040
3217:Allen, W. E. D. (1932).
2489:also were said to be of
2257:Hellenistic civilization
2153:Georgia in the Roman era
2101:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus
2059:Mithridates VI of Pontus
2034:Georgian National Museum
1410:or Dioscuris (under the
739:Principality of Abkhazia
519:Georgia in the Roman era
274:• Two invasions of
6072:Principality of Svaneti
5995:Kingdom of the Iberians
5899:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
4958:Principality of Svaneti
4619:Encyclopædia Britannica
4575:The Geographical Review
4436:. Peeters. p. 10.
4143:, Nic Fields p. 29
4028:, James Minahan, p. 116
3574:. Moscow -1964. P. 132.
3413:; Aleksandr Prokhorov.
3353:Encyclopædia Britannica
2932:Morritt, R. D. (2010).
2815:Morritt, R. D. (2010).
2767:, it is referred to as
2752:The Georgian Chronicles
2586:, sister of King Aeëtes
2508:until it was seized by
2395:under the authority of
2377:under the authority of
2091:, and reduced Colchis,
1406:. The chief towns were
1275:makes Colchis begin at
1122:Greco-Roman ethnography
731:Principality of Svaneti
643:Byzantine–Georgian wars
611:Kingdom of the Iberians
459:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
5970:Principality of Iberia
5069:occupation and contact
4878:Principality of Iberia
4491:Braund, David (1994).
4104:David, Braund (1994).
4016:Plin, I, xxxiii, c. 3.
3754:David, Braund (1994).
3729:David, Braund (1994).
3452:, John Anthony Crook,
3027:; Bury, John Bernard.
2964:Histoire de la Géorgie
2938:. Cambridge Scholars.
2887:Javakhishvili, Ivane.
2451:
1922:
1886:
1648:, the Caucasus adder (
1640:Caucasian parsley frog
1495:
1483:
1237:
1101:Geography and toponyms
1035:Middle Assyrian Empire
647:Great Turkish Invasion
579:Principality of Iberia
319:• Disestablished
181:13th century BC–131 AD
6114:1795 Persian Invasion
6077:Principality of Guria
4953:Principality of Guria
4699:10.3406/dha.1993.2084
4668:John Wiley & Sons
4389:William G. Thalmann,
4326:Innocence and Anarchy
4052:Description of Greece
3667:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3495:Archeology in Georgia
2891:. Book I. pp. 44–47.
2493:origin from Colchis.
2430:
2331:end of the 4th c. BC
2117:Pythodorida of Pontus
2051:Third Mithridatic War
2019:Cinquantenaire Museum
1879:). Herodotus writes:
1703:culture known as the
1606:temperate rainforests
1489:
1481:
1450:), Archaeopolis (now
1247:, on the west by the
873:Greco-Roman geography
727:Principality of Guria
208:Common languages
6710:World Heritage Sites
6293:Environmental issues
5735:Historical subgroups
4753:Herodotus on Colchis
4714:. Walter de Gruyter.
4670:, Inc. p. 665.
4409:Taylor & Francis
4403:Casiday, A. (2012).
4376:Mark Amaru Pinkham,
4187:. J. Cooke. p.
3620:Apollonius of Rhodes
3059:Ronald Grigor Suny,
3021:Cook, Stanley Arthur
2758:Conversion of Kartli
2448:Palace of Versailles
2121:Polemon II of Pontus
2083:, took advantage of
1636:Caucasian salamander
998:Colchis is known in
952:Its population, the
700:Early modern history
651:Georgian–Seljuk wars
587:Arab rule in Georgia
531:Iberian–Armenian War
54:improve this article
6160:Independent Georgia
5990:Kingdom of Abkhazia
5904:Kura–Araxes culture
5894:Prehistoric Georgia
4883:Kingdom of Abkhazia
4587:1993GeoRv..83...79M
4432:Rapp, S.H. (2003).
4350:Diane P. Thompson,
3797:2014JArSc..49..147E
3630:. pp. II.417.
3555:Giorgi Melikishvili
3376:Robert D. Morritt,
2907:, p. 235, 240.
2131:(63) and later, in
2095:, and some part of
1748:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1492:Christoph Cellarius
1318:) and Dioscurias".
1255:, beyond which was
1235:Georgian formation.
1147:names are present.
1114:ethnically Georgian
974:David Marshall Lang
958:Kartvelian-speaking
869:classical antiquity
655:Georgian Golden Age
615:Kingdom of Abkhazia
515:Pharnavazid dynasty
463:Kura–Araxes culture
452:Prehistoric Georgia
306:• Conquest of
261:• Conquest of
240:Classical antiquity
146: /
6925:Historical regions
6552:Telecommunications
6180:Russo-Georgian War
6094:Kingdom of Kakheti
6062:Kingdom of Imereti
6057:Turkmen incursions
6052:Samtskhe atabegate
6015:Kingdom of Georgia
5985:Emirate of Tbilisi
5975:Bagrationi dynasty
5220:Sub-Saharan Africa
4970:Kingdom of Kakheti
4938:Kingdom of Imereti
4933:Kingdom of Georgia
4915:Emirate of Tbilisi
4892:Principalities of
4825:states throughout
4768:2017-10-06 at the
4536:Otar Lordkipanidze
4337:Margaret Meserve,
3152:. pp. 69, 84.
3148:Toumanoff, Cyril.
3025:Bury, John Bagnell
2989:History of Georgia
2604:, sister of Aeëtes
2452:
2271:, dwelling in the
2265:Mithraic Mysteries
2245:Andrew the Apostle
2087:being occupied in
1724:Eumelus of Corinth
1656:Robert's snow vole
1585:); and the modern
1500:physical geography
1496:
1484:
1357:), as well as his
1239:According to most
989:Kingdom of Georgia
803:Russo-Georgian War
799:Georgia since 1991
775:1832 Georgian plot
723:Kingdom of Imereti
719:Kingdom of Kakheti
711:Samtskhe-Saatabago
631:Kingdom of Georgia
603:Bagrationi dynasty
591:Emirate of Tbilisi
527:Campaign of Pompey
434:History of Georgia
192:Colchis and Iberia
6887:
6886:
6847:
6846:
6740:Ethnic minorities
6669:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6577:
6576:
6499:
6498:
6481:Political parties
6444:Foreign relations
6416:
6415:
6241:
6240:
6145:Red Army invasion
6089:Kingdom of Kartli
6047:Timur's invasions
6030:Battle of Didgori
6005:Kingdom of Hereti
5934:Kingdom of Iberia
5833:
5832:
5661:
5660:
5653:Turkey portal
5249:
5248:
5225:Equatorial Africa
5099:Byzantine Armenia
5089:Caucasian Albania
5032:
5031:
5019:
5018:
4996:Republic of Guria
4965:Kingdom of Kartli
4905:Kingdom of Hereti
4748:Strabo on Colchis
4718:Akaki Urushadze.
4693:: 233–256 (235).
4642:. pp. 41–42.
4631:. Reaktion Books.
4565:978-0-19-922501-9
4528:978-90-04-10112-8
4461:Hewsen, Robert H.
4324:John Canzanella,
4242:Tsetskhladze 2022
4225:978-0-8160-7109-8
4129:Tsetskhladze 2021
4037:Cyril Toumanoff,
3921:Circassian-Adyghe
3597:perseus.tufts.edu
3389:Peter L. Roudik,
3378:Stones that Speak
3313:Stones that Speak
3267:Stones that Speak
2935:Stones that Speak
2905:Tsetskhladze 1993
2818:Stones that Speak
2713:[kolkʰís]
2641:Explanatory notes
2420:
2419:
1858:Ancient Egyptians
1742:mentioned by the
1684:Achaemenid Empire
1118:Kartvelian tribes
1031:Tukulti-Ninurta I
985:Kingdom of Iberia
978:Middle Bronze Age
923:for the Georgian
865:
864:
715:Kingdom of Kartli
623:Duchy of Kldekari
607:Kingdom of Hereti
599:Duchy of Klarjeti
511:Kingdom of Iberia
467:Legend of Kartlos
419:
418:
389:
388:
385:
384:
365:
364:
221:Georgian language
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6942:
6867:
6860:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6588:
6510:
6427:
6368:Cities and towns
6303:Greater Caucasus
6261:
6249:
6211:Military history
6196:Names of Georgia
6042:Mongol invasions
5914:Colchian culture
5909:Trialeti culture
5884:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5837:
5702:Ethnic subgroups
5688:
5681:
5674:
5665:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5253:
5175:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5027:
4835:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4788:
4779:
4758:Pliny on Colchis
4715:
4705:
4681:
4643:
4632:
4623:
4615:
4606:
4569:
4556:Greek Historians
4532:
4479:
4478:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4400:
4394:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4348:
4342:
4335:
4329:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4209:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4070:, p. 18-19.
4065:
4059:
4048:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3983:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3581:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3537:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3497:, Weinheim, 110.
3491:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3454:Elizabeth Rawson
3447:
3441:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3295:Suny, Ronald G.
3292:
3286:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2812:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2731:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2650:
2620:Caucasian Iberia
2563:, and father of
2307:
2249:Simon the Zealot
2147:Under Roman rule
2113:Bosporan Kingdom
2029:
2014:
2003:Armenian satrapy
1851:
1850:
1741:
1732:and earlier, in
1731:
1730:
1705:Colchian culture
1651:Vipera kaznakovi
1508:Greater Caucasus
1373:
1372:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1253:Greater Caucasus
1111:
1108:
940:
939:
918:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
841:Military history
815:History by topic
547:Chosroid dynasty
475:Colchian culture
471:Trialeti culture
444:
421:
381:
380:
369:
368:
360:Colchian culture
356:
355:
349:
348:
333:
332:
190:
164:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
18:Kolkhida Lowland
6950:
6949:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6843:
6778:
6721:
6695:Public holidays
6573:
6537:Lari (currency)
6495:
6466:Law enforcement
6412:
6389:
6349:
6328:Protected areas
6313:Lesser Caucasus
6250:
6237:
6184:
6175:Rose Revolution
6170:War in Abkhazia
6155:April 9 tragedy
6123:
6099:Safavid Georgia
5958:
5949:Sasanian Iberia
5873:
5864:
5834:
5829:
5730:
5697:
5692:
5662:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5637:
5566:
5452:
5285:
5280:
5250:
5245:
5229:
5182:
5176:
5167:
5076:
5070:
5063:
5033:
5028:
5015:
4979:
4925:
4919:
4888:Bagratid Iberia
4870:
4864:
4829:
4820:
4786:
4777:
4770:Wayback Machine
4729:
4708:
4684:
4678:
4661:
4635:
4626:
4613:"Colchis"
4609:
4572:
4566:
4553:
4529:
4506:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4336:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4049:
4045:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3986:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3936:The Kartvelians
3929:Ibero-Caucasian
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3638:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3601:
3599:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3492:
3488:
3480:Peter Ushakov.
3479:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3448:
3444:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3324:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3278:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3241:
3232:Wilson, Nigel.
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2764:Ashkharhatsuyts
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2705:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2643:
2611:
2551:(a daughter of
2534:, son of Aeëtes
2425:
2302:
2289:
2163:
2151:Main articles:
2149:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2015:
1952:
1910:Pliny the Elder
1697:
1692:
1668:
1512:Lesser Caucasus
1476:
1430:), Pityus (now
1321:The Greek name
1265:Lesser Caucasus
1261:Montes Moschici
1228:Cyril Toumanoff
1143:, and possibly
1129:Donald Rayfield
1109:
1103:
1000:Greek mythology
993:Georgian nation
972:. According to
884:
880:
861:
860:
816:
808:
807:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
779:Gurian Republic
777:
773:
766:
756:
755:
749:
745:
743:Safavid Georgia
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
692:
691:
685:
683:Duchy of Aragvi
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
619:Theme of Iberia
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
556:
555:
549:
545:
543:Sasanian Iberia
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
496:Ancient history
488:
487:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
415:
378:
353:
320:
310:
297:
279:
265:
255:13th century BC
252:
215:
193:
176:
172:
169:
154:
152:
148:
145:
140:
137:
135:
133:
132:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6948:
6946:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6892:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6869:
6868:
6861:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6547:Stock Exchange
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6491:Prime Minister
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6323:National parks
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6022:
6020:Byzantine wars
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5811:
5806:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5337:Hurrian States
5334:
5332:Hittite Empire
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Canary Islands
5186:
5184:
5181:Contacts &
5178:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5039:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4780:
4772:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Colchian coins
4740:
4728:
4727:External links
4725:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4706:
4682:
4677:978-1119174288
4676:
4659:
4644:
4633:
4624:
4607:
4595:10.2307/215382
4570:
4564:
4551:
4533:
4527:
4504:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4452:
4442:
4424:
4417:
4411:. p. 59.
4395:
4382:
4369:
4363:Andrew Brown,
4356:
4343:
4330:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4246:
4244:, p. 534.
4231:
4224:
4194:
4172:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4131:, p. 665.
4121:
4114:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4060:
4043:
4030:
4018:
4009:
3997:
3984:
3980:Marincola 2001
3978:, p. 13;
3968:
3954:
3940:
3885:(mentioned by
3870:
3857:
3818:
3771:
3764:
3746:
3739:
3721:
3700:(2): 287–332.
3678:
3654:
3636:
3611:
3576:
3563:
3547:
3532:
3521:
3508:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3458:
3442:
3382:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3322:
3302:
3287:
3276:
3256:
3239:
3236:. p. 149.
3224:
3221:. p. 123.
3209:
3191:
3173:
3155:
3137:
3122:
3107:
3090:
3083:
3065:
3063:, 2nd ed., p 7
3052:
3040:
3037:. p. 350.
3009:
2994:
2979:
2972:
2954:
2944:
2924:
2909:
2897:
2876:
2870:David Braund.
2863:
2856:
2838:
2827:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2733:Also known as
2732:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2709:pronunciation:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2555:), brother of
2535:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2253:Saint Matthias
2148:
2145:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2009:
1951:
1948:
1755:Svante Cornell
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1667:
1664:
1658:, and endemic
1610:alpine meadows
1475:
1472:
1188:, the King of
1102:
1099:
863:
862:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
767:
764:Modern history
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
747:Childir Eyalet
707:Duchy of Ksani
703:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
635:Duchy of Racha
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
499:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
455:
450:
449:
446:
445:
437:
436:
430:
429:
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
397:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
375:
366:
363:
362:
357:
345:
344:
339:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:Mithridates VI
305:
302:
301:
298:
287:
284:
283:
280:
273:
270:
269:
266:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
233:
232:Historical era
229:
228:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
191:
183:
182:
178:
177:
170:
167:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6947:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:Bolnisi cross
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6409:
6408:South Ossetia
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6248:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5654:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Armenia Minor
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:Classical Age
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Assuwa League
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5174:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5094:Roman Armenia
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5026:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:Modern period
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:High and Late
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4656:2-913322-42-5
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4548:3-515-07271-3
4545:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4501:0-19-814473-3
4498:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4476:
4474:3-88226-485-3
4470:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:9789042913189
4439:
4435:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4418:9781136314841
4414:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4341:, p. 250
4340:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4259:4.11, 4.212;
4258:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4212:Facts on File
4208:
4207:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4176:
4173:
4170:, p. 33.
4169:
4168:Rayfield 2012
4164:
4162:
4158:
4155:, p. 28.
4154:
4153:Rayfield 2012
4149:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4082:, p. 19.
4081:
4080:Rayfield 2012
4076:
4073:
4069:
4068:Rayfield 2012
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3982:, p. 34.
3981:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3637:0-674-99001-3
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:The Histories
3586:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3468:The Georgians
3462:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:9780313348853
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3323:9781443821766
3319:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3277:9781443821766
3273:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3254:, p. 15.
3253:
3252:Rayfield 2012
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3132:The Georgians
3126:
3123:
3118:
3117:The Georgians
3111:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3084:9782600002905
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3050:, p. 17.
3049:
3048:Rayfield 2012
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2973:2-7384-6186-7
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:9781443821766
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2922:, p. 14.
2921:
2920:Rayfield 2012
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2857:9789941906367
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2828:9781443821766
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2788:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2707:Ancient Greek
2702:
2691:
2685:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Roman Georgia
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:Golden Fleece
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:Colchis bulls
2469:
2468:Golden Fleece
2465:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2444:Golden Fleece
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2413:appointed by
2412:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:, Zudreitae,
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:Julius Caesar
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1908:According to
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:Soani (Suani)
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:According to
1751:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Koban culture
1706:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:Rhododendrons
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:; the modern
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Classical-era
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1166:, Colchians,
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:According to
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Golden Fleece
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
913:Ancient Greek
908:
878:
874:
870:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
812:
811:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
768:
765:
760:
759:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:
704:
701:
696:
695:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
500:
497:
492:
491:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
456:
453:
448:
447:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
396:
394:Today part of
392:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
361:
358:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
309:
299:
295:
291:
281:
277:
267:
264:
254:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:Svan language
213:
212:Zan languages
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
189:
184:
179:
175:
165:
162:
159:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6820:Saint George
6805:Coat of arms
6771:
6727:Demographics
6714:
6600:Architecture
6566:
6522:Central bank
6454:Human rights
6434:Constitution
6382:
6355:Subdivisions
6342:
6230:
6140:Armenian War
5928:
5519:Neo-Hittites
5478:
5183:explorations
5111:Roman Crimea
5067:Roman Empire
5006:Georgian SSR
4849:
4736:
4719:
4711:
4702:
4690:
4686:
4663:
4647:
4638:
4628:
4617:
4581:(1): 79–83.
4578:
4574:
4555:
4539:
4509:
4492:
4464:
4455:
4447:
4433:
4427:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4385:
4377:
4372:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4338:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4257:Pythian Odes
4256:
4249:
4210:. New York:
4205:
4197:
4182:
4175:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4124:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3976:Fehling 1994
3971:
3957:
3943:
3935:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3873:
3860:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3755:
3749:
3730:
3724:
3697:
3691:
3681:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:
3657:
3649:
3623:
3614:
3606:
3600:. Retrieved
3596:
3590:
3589:"Herodotus,
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3449:
3445:
3430:
3418:
3414:
3402:
3401:; Zev Katz,
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:Google Books
3326:– via
3312:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3282:Google Books
3280:– via
3266:
3259:
3233:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3203:
3185:
3167:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3100:
3093:
3074:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3043:
3029:
3003:
2997:
2988:
2982:
2963:
2957:
2949:
2934:
2927:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2874:. pp. 5,180.
2871:
2866:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2817:
2810:
2782:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2720:
2653:
2648:
2524:
2522:
2495:
2480:
2453:
2423:In mythology
2322:
2303:
2290:
2241:Christianity
2238:
2187:
2171:Roman Empire
2164:
2099:, defeating
2077:Pharnaces II
2070:
2044:
2041:Under Pontus
1999:
1995:skeptoukhies
1994:
1986:
1980:
1972:Ten Thousand
1968:19th satrapy
1953:
1950:Persian rule
1938:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1887:
1882:
1877:Senusret III
1866:circumcision
1842:
1830:Melanchlaeni
1763:
1758:
1752:
1721:
1698:
1681:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1614:
1599:
1583:Tao-Klarjeti
1528:
1497:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1320:
1293:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:Göle, Turkey
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1181:
1176:
1149:
1126:
1104:
1024:
997:
982:
953:
951:
928:
876:
866:
595:Duchy of Tao
507:Aryan Kartli
502:
342:Succeeded by
341:
336:
173:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6762:Health care
6517:Agriculture
6288:Earthquakes
6025:Seljuk wars
5719:Mingrelians
5695:Kartvelians
5623:Paphlagonia
5327:Hayasa-Azzi
5210:Scandinavia
5143:Netherlands
5138:Mesopotamia
4926:Middle Ages
4871:Middle Ages
4778:(in German)
4517:. pp.
4354:p. 193
4214:. pp.
4050:Pausanias,
3838:: 109–126.
3791:: 147–159.
2525:Argonautica
2440:Argonautica
2406:Aristarchus
2367:Mithridates
2345:325–280 BC
2287:Numismatics
2081:Mithridates
2067:Aristarchus
2047:Mithridates
1930:Mingrelians
1736:records as
1660:cave shrimp
1597:districts.
1577:provinces (
1516:Likhi Range
1289:Rioni River
1110: 13th
1097:provinces.
571:Iberian War
564:Middle Ages
337:Preceded by
313:After 70 BC
153: /
6894:Categories
6832:Saint Nino
6660:Mingrelian
6641:Languages
6476:Parliament
6449:Government
6037:Golden Age
5772:Mossynoeci
5757:Machelones
5724:Laz people
5598:Cappadocia
5578:Antigonids
5527:Carchemish
5474:Cimmerians
5414:Purushanda
5409:Sagalassos
5345:Kizzuwatna
5312:Carchemish
5290:Bronze Age
4787:(in Dutch)
4367:p. 66
4328:p. 58
4115:0198144733
3909:Kartvelian
3891:Abkhazians
3765:0198144733
3740:0198144733
3672:2020-04-07
3602:2020-04-07
3519:, 6, 9–38.
3439:0029224012
3427:0856675016
3411:0029170907
2518:Prometheus
2392:fl. 65 BC
2358:2nd c. BC
2294:Achaemenid
2210:Machelones
2141:Dioscurias
2133:Cappadocia
2097:Cappadocia
1987:skeptoukhi
1862:Ethiopians
1849:μελάγχροες
1794:Mossynoeci
1766:Machelones
1717:Bronze Age
1713:Bronze Age
1701:Bronze Age
1621:Palaeogene
1452:Nokalakevi
1408:Dioscurias
1296:Dioscurias
1186:Sarduri II
1156:Circassian
856:Chronology
296:invasions
282:744/743 BC
278:of Urartu
80:newspapers
6745:Georgians
6735:Education
6685:Mythology
6562:Transport
6527:Companies
6486:President
6439:Elections
6338:Volcanoes
6278:Black Sea
6256:Geography
6165:Civil War
5980:Arab rule
5944:Roman era
5825:Misimians
5809:Saspeires
5742:Colchians
5608:Commagene
4838:Antiquity
4733:"Colchis"
4261:Simonides
3852:0278-4165
3813:0305-4403
3716:0024-4066
3646:249603642
3585:Herodotus
2802:Citations
2635:Zygopolis
2578:Chalciope
2569:Chalciope
2514:Argonauts
2504:hung the
2476:Argonauts
2436:Argonauts
2410:63–47 BC
2321:1. Akes (
2296:satrapy.
2105:Polemon I
2079:, son of
1940:Pausanias
1934:Georgians
1873:Sesostris
1854:Herodotus
1844:Herodotus
1676:pheasants
1645:Darevskia
1535:Samegrelo
1504:Black Sea
1420:Shorapani
1359:eponymous
1335:Aeschylus
1314:(modern.
1263:(now the
1249:Black Sea
1160:Euphrates
1152:Abkhazian
1137:Anatolian
1069:; modern
1043:Samegrelo
1004:Argonauts
964:, namely
962:Georgians
954:Colchians
943:Black Sea
919:) was an
821:Etymology
575:Lazic War
290:Cimmerian
276:Sardur II
150:42°N 42°E
69:"Colchis"
6874:Category
6800:Borjgali
6755:Diaspora
6700:Religion
6646:Georgian
6637:Gambling
6595:Alphabet
6471:Military
6422:Politics
6403:Abkhazia
6298:Glaciers
6201:Monarchs
6189:By topic
5871:articles
5799:Iberians
5792:Zydretae
5787:Tibareni
5777:Phasians
5762:Macrones
5628:Pergamon
5593:Bithynia
5457:Iron Age
5297:Ahhiyawa
5234:See also
5158:Scotland
5153:Slovakia
5075:Occupied
4898:Klarjeti
4823:Georgian
4766:Archived
4463:(1992).
3622:(2006).
3561:. P. 64.
3456:, p. 255
3380:, p. 143
3170:. Baker.
2834:Kilkhi).
2609:See also
2602:Pasiphaë
2573:Absyrtus
2561:Pasiphae
2544:and the
2532:Absyrtus
2512:and the
2491:Scythian
2458:home of
2456:mythical
2434:and the
2388:Machares
2354:Saulaces
2324:Basileus
2277:Pitsunda
2261:paganism
2259:, local
2214:Heniochi
2179:Heniochi
2167:Anicetus
2111:and the
2055:Machares
1976:Trapezus
1974:reached
1956:Macrones
1860:and the
1798:Macrones
1786:Tibareni
1782:Chalybes
1774:Zydretae
1770:Heniochi
1759:Kolkheti
1744:Urartian
1734:Urartian
1632:wingnuts
1579:Lazistan
1551:Abkhazia
1524:Kobuleti
1432:Pitsunda
1300:Heniochi
1279:, while
1257:Sarmatia
1179:Urartian
1067:Abkhazia
1027:Assyrian
1022:alone.
1010:and the
991:and the
933:Georgian
826:Monarchs
426:a series
424:Part of
294:Scythian
236:Iron Age
110:May 2024
6900:Colchis
6858:Outline
6783:Symbols
6620:Cuisine
6583:Culture
6557:Tourism
6505:Economy
6378:Regions
6373:Tbilisi
6318:Mammals
6283:Climate
6268:Borders
6221:Battles
5929:Colchis
5924:Diauehi
5879:History
5867:Georgia
5818:Taochoi
5814:Diauehi
5747:Byzeres
5618:Osroene
5613:Galatia
5603:Cilicia
5583:Armenia
5557:Phrygia
5539:Kammanu
5535:Ḫilakku
5484:Diauehi
5479:Colchis
5448:Zalpuwa
5424:Shupria
5405:Pisidia
5380:Miletus
5365:Kussara
5355:Kalašma
5349:Mitanni
5317:Hapalla
5215:Somalia
5205:Ireland
5133:Germany
5128:Georgia
5116:Cherson
5106:Assyria
5011:Georgia
4850:Colchis
4845:Diauehi
4827:history
4783:Colchis
4775:Colchis
4735:in the
4583:Bibcode
3925:Vaynakh
3883:Abasgoi
3879:Absilae
3793:Bibcode
2771:Kołk῾is
2701:Kolkhís
2654:Kolchis
2553:Oceanus
2549:Perseis
2546:Oceanid
2500:, King
2487:Amazons
2483:Amazons
2226:Abasgoi
2222:Apsilae
2202:Apsilae
2198:Abasgoi
2175:Svaneti
2129:Galatia
2093:Armenia
1983:Persian
1918:Scythia
1903:Mitanni
1899:Assyria
1870:Pharaoh
1818:Sanigae
1810:Apsilae
1729:Κολχίδα
1690:History
1617:Neogene
1571:Trabzon
1555:Svaneti
1539:Imereti
1531:Georgia
1520:Sukhumi
1456:Kutaisi
1436:Apsaros
1416:Sukhumi
1400:Ptolemy
1344:Κολχίδα
1324:Kolchís
1287:to the
1281:Ptolemy
1277:Trabzon
1269:Armenia
1217:Colchis
1164:Mitanni
1141:Iranian
1095:Trabzon
1059:Svaneti
1047:Imereti
1039:Georgia
1033:of the
947:Georgia
877:Colchis
851:Battles
836:Tbilisi
503:Colchis
479:Diauehi
401:Georgia
288:•
263:Diauehi
198:Capital
168:Colchis
94:scholar
6879:Portal
6790:Anthem
6705:Sports
6615:Cinema
6610:Chokha
6542:Mining
6532:Energy
6333:Rivers
6206:States
6128:Modern
5963:Middle
5939:Lazica
5919:Mushki
5869:
5804:Gugars
5767:Marres
5752:Drilae
5633:Pontus
5562:Urartu
5543:Kummuh
5531:Gurgum
5514:Mushki
5494:Etiuni
5464:Aeolia
5439:Wilusa
5360:Kaskia
5302:Arzawa
5148:Persia
5084:Arabia
4896:&
4860:Lazica
4855:Iberia
4674:
4654:
4603:215382
4601:
4562:
4546:
4525:
4499:
4471:
4440:
4415:
4254:Pindar
4222:
4141:Pompey
4112:
4041:, p 80
3993:Modern
3932:ethnos
3887:Arrian
3850:
3811:
3762:
3737:
3714:
3644:
3634:
3437:
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3409:
3397:
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3274:
3081:
2970:
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2854:
2825:
2778:Կողքիս
2695:Κολχίς
2625:Pontus
2615:Lazica
2571:, and
2542:Helios
2538:Aeëtes
2502:Aeëtes
2466:, the
2460:Aeëtes
2415:Pompey
2397:Pontus
2379:Pontus
2374:80 BC
2316:Notes
2313:Reign
2310:Ruler
2300:Rulers
2273:Crimea
2251:, and
2234:Zilchi
2230:Sanigs
2194:Sanigs
2190:Arrian
2161:Lazica
2159:, and
2137:Phasis
2135:(81).
2109:Pontus
2072:dynast
2063:Pompey
1991:Strabo
1964:Marres
1962:, and
1960:Moschi
1944:Aeëtes
1895:Hittia
1891:Urartu
1834:Geloni
1822:Coraxi
1814:Abasci
1806:Marres
1802:Moschi
1671:Millet
1624:relict
1602:Batumi
1595:Tuapse
1587:Russia
1575:Artvin
1563:Turkey
1547:Adjara
1464:Scylax
1444:Surium
1424:Phasis
1412:Romans
1395:Arrian
1387:Euxine
1379:Phasis
1354:Αἰήτης
1349:Aeëtes
1339:Pindar
1330:Κολχίς
1312:Phasis
1304:Sanigs
1285:Pontus
1273:Strabo
1245:Pontus
1190:Urartu
1172:Ubykhs
1168:Abasgi
1145:Abkhaz
1093:, and
1087:Artvin
1083:Turkey
1079:Tuapse
1071:Russia
1055:Adjara
938:ეგრისი
935::
929:Egrisi
925:polity
921:exonym
917:Κολχίς
831:States
535:Lazica
483:Mushki
428:on the
411:Turkey
406:Russia
373:Lazica
323:131 AD
300:720 BC
268:750 BC
174:Egrisi
171:ეგრისი
155:42; 42
96:
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82:
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67:
6865:Index
6837:cross
6825:cross
6815:Motto
6767:Women
6690:Names
6680:Music
6675:Media
6632:Dance
6308:Lakes
6273:Birds
5887:Early
5782:Sanni
5709:Svans
5551:Tabal
5523:Atuna
5509:Lydia
5504:Lycia
5499:Ionia
5489:Doris
5469:Caria
5434:Urumu
5429:Urshu
5395:Nairi
5390:Mysia
5375:Luwia
5370:Lukka
5341:Isuwa
5322:Hatti
5200:India
5195:China
5163:Sudan
5123:Dacia
4869:Early
4599:JSTOR
4515:Brill
3917:Abaza
3913:Abhaz
3483:1921.
2781:) or
2747:Egros
2743:Eguri
2690:Greek
2596:Medea
2590:Idyia
2584:Circe
2565:Medea
2557:Circe
2510:Jason
2464:Medea
2432:Jason
2269:Goths
2089:Egypt
2069:as a
1790:Tubal
1739:Qulḫa
1591:Sochi
1559:Racha
1543:Guria
1468:Medea
1460:Medea
1446:(now
1440:Gonio
1438:(now
1426:(now
1404:Pliny
1391:Kuban
1383:Rioni
1381:(now
1367:Aia (
1361:city
1221:Qulḫa
1206:Qulḫa
1202:Qulḫa
1198:Qulḫa
1194:Qulḫa
1182:Qulḫa
1133:Greek
1075:Sochi
1063:Racha
1051:Guria
1029:king
1016:Roman
1008:Medea
966:Svans
225:Greek
101:JSTOR
87:books
6810:Flag
6773:more
6750:List
6716:more
6667:Svan
6625:Wine
6568:more
6459:LGBT
6384:more
6344:more
6232:more
6216:Wars
5714:Zans
5547:Quwê
5443:Troy
5419:Seha
5400:Pala
5385:Mira
4691:19–1
4672:ISBN
4652:ISBN
4560:ISBN
4544:ISBN
4523:ISBN
4519:1–15
4497:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4438:ISBN
4413:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4110:ISBN
3923:and
3848:ISSN
3809:ISSN
3760:ISBN
3735:ISBN
3712:ISSN
3642:OCLC
3632:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3272:ISBN
3079:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2792:Եգեր
2785:Eger
2755:and
2745:and
2735:Egri
2559:and
2498:Ares
2341:Kuji
2263:and
2232:and
2218:Lazi
2196:and
2183:Rome
2177:and
2125:Nero
1901:and
1836:and
1826:Coli
1778:Lazi
1619:and
1593:and
1573:and
1567:Rize
1522:and
1448:Vani
1428:Poti
1402:and
1337:and
1316:Poti
1308:Lazi
1170:and
1091:Rize
1077:and
970:Zans
968:and
871:and
846:Wars
292:and
141:42°E
138:42°N
73:news
6653:Laz
6605:Art
4894:Tao
4695:doi
4591:doi
4216:461
3840:doi
3801:doi
3702:doi
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2739:Egr
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2326:Aku
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1371:Αἶα
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