707:. Kim dispatched members Ch'oe Heung-sik in late March and Yu Sang-kŭn on 27 April to Dalian, in Manchuria. Kim dispatched Ch'oe a month earlier than Yu, in order to have him scope out the area before the attack. Yu, carrying weapons and a canteen bomb, similar to a bomb used by Yun at Hongkou Park, arrived at Dalian on 4 May. However, a telegram they had sent at the Dalian post office days prior was intercepted by the Japanese. Ch'oe was found in his hideout, tortured for the whereabouts of Yu, and executed. Yu was caught on 25 May, sentenced to life imprisonment, and died on 14 August 1945, a day before the liberation of Korea.
421:
61:
492:) and made Kim the leader of the group. The name was apparently changed because while Kim Ku was asleep, a child tore up the piece of paper that had the name written on it, so Kim created his own name for the group. The KPO was allocated half of the budget of the entire KPG and given relative autonomy on how to execute its missions. Other members included Kim Suk, Ahn Gong-geun, Lee Su-bong, and Lee Yu-pil. The group had around 80 members.
554:
744:
772:
607:
758:
724:), an enormous sum for that time. The Japanese police authorities rushed to arrest key figures of the KPG. Many KPG officials, including Kim, went on the run, relocating numerous times until 1939. The existence of the overall group remained a secret until October 1932, which Kim published a statement on how the attacks were organized.
466:, it sensationalized a minor dispute between Chinese and Korean farmers in order to stir up anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea and Japan. This even led to violent clashes between Koreans and Chinese in their respective countries. On September 18, 1931, the Empire of Japan staged the Liutiaohu incident (bombing of a Manchu railroad) and
478:
Information about when and how the Korean
Patriotic Organization (KPO) was founded is sparse. According to Kim's later writings, Kim decided to create the KPO after his conversation with Lee and the Wanpaoshan Incident. He felt that the Korean independence movement was stagnating and that Chinese and
731:
However, the KPG did somewhat benefit from the attacks. It significantly improved
Chinese-Korean ties. Before 1932, the KPG did not have a source of stable revenue, and largely worked off of donations. The Kuomintang began providing funding and protection for the KPG in 1934, and continued doing so
500:
There was some conflict over the group's funding. In
November 1931, Jo received support money from the Chinese government, but instead of handing half of it over to Kim Ku (who was the treasurer of the KPG at that time), kept it for his own purposes. Jo used the funds to establish his own militant
618:, Shanghai. He had a second bomb, that he had intended to use to kill himself, but it failed to go off. He was almost lynched by the crowd, but arrested and whisked away by the Japanese military before that could happen. The event drew significant publicity and made the Kim and the KPG infamous.
727:
The KPG's activities were severely disrupted, and it did not resume regular activities until 1939. As a result, the KPO largely ceased to exist after 1932. The attacks also led to the assassination of Ok Kwan-bin and several other
Japanese sympathizers of Korean descent in China.
715:
After the
Shanghai bombings in late April, the KPG and Kim especially became infamous. Kim's role in planning the attacks were published by newspapers in Shanghai. Various Japanese government bodies put bounties on him worth a combined 60,000 Dayang
1543:
638:
between China and Japan, Kim developed a plan to use Korean laborers to sabotage
Japanese airplane hangars and ammunition dumps with explosives. However, China was defeated before the mission began.
1553:
302:
626:, said of the incident "One Korean succeeding in accomplishing what a million Chinese soldiers failed to do". Chiang would then provide funding and protection for the KPG until 1945.
1548:
672:. If Yun had not been captured, he would have been on this mission. However, the mission failed; Yu was arrested around April 24–28, and Yi was arrested afterwards in
444:, was formed in Shanghai. However, the group was plagued with infighting and financial difficulties for much of its history. By 1931, it was on the verge of collapse.
437:
306:
76:
436:. The movement was violently suppressed, and numerous Koreans fled the peninsula and continued resisting the Japanese from abroad. A month afterwards, the
1538:
455:, a prominent figure in the KPG. Lee asked if he could join the KPG, but Kim said it wouldn't be worth it, as the group was unstable and lacked power.
572:. Bong-chang arrived in Tokyo in early January 1932. On January 8, Hirohito exited the royal palace for a military review in a Tokyo suburb alongside
1503:
1533:
592:
that missed
Hirohito's carriage. Lee was sentenced to death in a closed trial on September 30. He was executed in Ichigaya Prison on October 10.
1528:
1497:
1245:
577:
1318:
528:). Jo then sought approval from the KPG for that group, but it was ultimately rejected due to the strong protests of Kim. According to
351:
314:
90:
623:
1057:
451:
came to
Shanghai. Lee was a Korean man who could pass as Japanese, but had experienced discrimination in Japan. Lee met with
254:
189:
666:
432:
formally colonized Korea. In 1919, protests were held throughout Korea against
Japanese rule, in what became known as the
420:
415:
362:
102:
97:
1292:
1266:
1026:
800:
548:
333:
115:
1446:
1400:
1192:
1172:
1119:
999:
1464:
1101:
1052:
982:
1418:
1105:
949:
795:
696:
785:
401:
688:
518:
523:
1487:
700:
268:
203:
601:
120:
635:
463:
441:
366:
749:
433:
396:
1235:
529:
377:
1403:[Korea Patriotic Organization, saved Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea].
1493:
1374:
1326:
913:
835:
704:
905:
717:
684:
337:
1558:
1238:[<Liberation 60th Anniversary Special> #3: Unknown Independence Activists],
669:
619:
467:
429:
322:
292:
141:
692:
482:
Kim proposed the group's creation to the rest of the KPG, and the KPG agreed to fund it.
347:) in April 1932. After May 1932, the group largely stopped its activities and disbanded.
553:
424:
State
Council Commemorative of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, 1919
1423:
954:
777:
763:
557:
534:
448:
392:
382:
371:
606:
1522:
680:
585:
318:
790:
615:
614:
On April 29, 1932, KPO member Yun Bong-gil detonated a bomb at a Japanese rally in
589:
388:
354:
government, although it provoked a crackdown on KPG activities from the Japanese.
1240:
344:
771:
739:
350:
The organization ultimately improved the relationship between the KPG and the
1072:
917:
539:, there are unconfirmed rumors that the group disbanded around January 1932.
893:
581:
483:
459:
1197:
1177:
1124:
1004:
909:
569:
340:
310:
86:
983:"Naver, Good morning Media : Korean Patriotic Organization (한인애국단)"
634:
On 3 March, the KPO planned a mission but did not execute it. After the
259:
194:
1489:
Project Eagle: The American Christians of North Korea in World War II
1211:한국독립운동사편찬위원회, 《한국 독립운동의 역사 27 : 의열투쟁 2》 (한국독립운동사편찬위원회, 2009) 254
1162:한국독립운동사편찬위원회, 《한국 독립운동의 역사 27 : 의열투쟁 2》 (한국독립운동사편찬위원회, 2009) 253
894:"Background to the March First Movement: Koreans in Japan, 1905–1919"
452:
358:
222:
157:
32:
1544:
Organizations of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
673:
565:
552:
419:
238:
173:
66:
1348:
679:
On 26 May 1932, the KPO failed another mission. The targets were
699:
Governor Mannosuke Yamaoka. The targets were going to appear at
573:
517: Korean Volunteers Army; not to be confused with the 1938
470:, which increased anti-Japanese sentiment amongst the Chinese.
610:
Kim and Yun, in front of the flag of the KPG (April 27, 1932)
343:
in January 1932 and a successful attack in Hongkou Park (now
952:[Son Sae-il's Comparative Critical Biography (50)].
703:
on 26 May at 7:40 pm, for a meeting with delegates from the
1449:[Heroic Corps and Korean Patriotic Organization].
273:
208:
1554:
Militant Korean independence activist organizations
267:
253:
237:
221:
216:
202:
188:
172:
156:
151:
137:
129:
108:
96:
82:
72:
54:
46:
38:
28:
23:
687:, Japanese Foreign Minister and President of the
1220:
1150:
665:) were sent to Korea to assassinate Japanese
479:Korean people needed to unify against Japan.
462:in Northeast China in 1931. In the July 1931
8:
868:
862:
856:
850:
660:
654:
648:
642:
564:In late 1931, Kim Ku sent Lee Bong-chang to
508:
502:
487:
296:
244:
228:
179:
163:
514:
1375:"[레저]일제에 맞서 韓·中 애국지사들 사랑과 우정 꽃피웠다"
20:
1549:Paramilitary organizations based in China
1419:"孫世一의 비교 評傳 (54) 한국 민족주의의 두 類型 - 李承晩과 金九"
1405:History of Korea Independence Activities
1096:
1094:
605:
458:Japan began creating pretexts to invade
16:1931–1932 Korean militant activist group
1102:"Korean Patriotic Organization (한인애국단)"
1000:"Korean Patriotic Organization (한인애국단)"
994:
992:
977:
975:
973:
884:
812:
334:nearly successful assassination attempt
321:military and government leaders of the
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
1137:
1135:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
332:Most notably, the group was behind a
7:
819:Name is sometimes translated as the
641:In April 1932, members Yu Chin-sik (
1234:Jo, Seong-hyeon (August 10, 2005),
1506:from the original on June 23, 2023
1248:from the original on April 2, 2023
325:. The group also went by the name
14:
1539:Organizations established in 1931
1122:[Hongkou Park Incident].
732:the liberation of Korea in 1945.
1349:"37살의 나이 차, 백범과 중국 여인의 '특별한 동거'"
1236:"<광복 60주년 특집> ③무명의 독립운동가들"
1141:이정식, 《대한민국의 기원》(일조각, 2006) 63페이지
770:
756:
742:
568:to assassinate Japanese Emperor
496:Funding conflict and rival group
486:initially dubbed it Ŭisaenggun (
59:
1534:Organizations based in Shanghai
1053:"Sakuradamon Incident (이봉창 의거)"
365:. Its executives were Kim Suk,
1058:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
869:
863:
857:
851:
661:
655:
649:
643:
509:
503:
488:
297:
245:
229:
180:
164:
1:
1381:(in Korean). October 16, 2009
438:Korean Provisional Government
307:Korean Provisional Government
289:Korean Patriotic Organization
77:Korean Provisional Government
24:Korean Patriotic Organization
1529:Military history of Shanghai
1427:(in Korean). August 25, 2006
416:Korean independence movement
363:Korean independence movement
361:, a prominent member of the
103:Korean independence movement
801:Korean National Association
578:emperor of the Qing dynasty
549:Sakuradamon incident (1932)
387:. Notable members included
274:
260:
209:
195:
1575:
1355:(in Korean). June 23, 2015
892:Wells, Kenneth M. (1989).
599:
546:
413:
357:It was founded and led by
1106:Academy of Korean Studies
1073:"BOMB THROWN In Shanghai"
839:
796:Assassination (2015 film)
721:
667:Governor-General of Korea
474:Creation and organization
281:
147:
1467:[Yun Bong-gil].
1492:, U of Nebraska Press,
1486:Kim, Robert S. (2017),
1195:[Yoo Jin-man].
825:Korean Patriotic Legion
689:South Manchuria Railway
1175:[Lee Duk-ju].
948:손, 세일 (May 15, 2006).
821:Korean Patriotic Corps
611:
561:
519:Korean Volunteers Army
425:
406:, and Choi Heung-sik.
1221:Kim, Robert S. (2017)
1151:Kim, Robert S. (2017)
1077:Sydney Morning Herald
630:Other failed missions
609:
602:Hongkou Park Incident
596:Hongkou Park Incident
556:
423:
317:in 1931. It aimed to
309:(KPG) and founded in
303:militant organization
121:Hongkou Park Incident
910:10.1353/ks.1989.0007
786:Japan–Korea disputes
580:and then Emperor of
543:Sakuradamon Incident
255:Revised Romanization
190:Revised Romanization
116:Sakuradamon incident
1329:on January 28, 2012
636:January 28 incident
560:under arrest (1932)
464:Wanpaoshan Incident
442:government in exile
376:, Lee Su-bong, and
1401:"한인애국단, 임시정부를 구하다"
750:South Korea portal
653:) and Yi Dŏk-chu (
612:
584:. In front of the
562:
434:March 1st Movement
426:
1499:978-1-61234-930-5
1223:, pp. 43–44.
1153:, pp. 42–43.
950:"孫世一의 비교 評傳 (50)"
705:League of Nations
624:Republic of China
352:Republic of China
285:
284:
269:McCune–Reischauer
204:McCune–Reischauer
133:Around 80 members
91:Republic of China
1566:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1325:. Archived from
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1079:. April 30, 1932
1069:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1023:
1010:
1009:
996:
987:
986:
979:
968:
967:
965:
963:
945:
922:
921:
889:
873:
872:
871:
866:
865:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
842:
841:
833:
827:
817:
780:
775:
774:
766:
761:
760:
759:
752:
747:
746:
745:
723:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
651:
646:
645:
622:, leader of the
538:
527:
516:
512:
511:
506:
505:
491:
490:
405:
386:
375:
300:
299:
277:
263:
248:
247:
232:
231:
212:
198:
183:
182:
167:
166:
65:
63:
62:
21:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1319:"백범김구선생 기념사업협회"
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1297:terms.naver.com
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1271:terms.naver.com
1265:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1031:terms.naver.com
1025:
1024:
1013:
998:
997:
990:
981:
980:
971:
961:
959:
947:
946:
925:
891:
890:
886:
882:
877:
876:
849:
845:
834:
830:
818:
814:
809:
776:
769:
762:
757:
755:
748:
743:
741:
738:
713:
670:Kazushige Ugaki
632:
620:Chiang Kai-shek
604:
598:
551:
545:
532:
521:
498:
476:
468:Mukden Incident
430:Empire of Japan
418:
412:
399:
380:
369:
323:Empire of Japan
249:
233:
184:
168:
142:Empire of Japan
125:
109:Notable attacks
60:
58:
29:Founding leader
17:
12:
11:
5:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1498:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1438:
1424:Monthly Chosun
1410:
1392:
1366:
1340:
1310:
1284:
1258:
1225:
1213:
1204:
1184:
1164:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1111:
1090:
1064:
1044:
1011:
988:
969:
955:Monthly Chosun
923:
898:Korean Studies
883:
881:
878:
875:
874:
843:
828:
811:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
782:
781:
778:Society portal
767:
764:History portal
753:
737:
734:
712:
709:
701:Dalian station
631:
628:
600:Main article:
597:
594:
588:, Lee threw a
558:Lee Bong-chang
547:Main article:
544:
541:
497:
494:
475:
472:
449:Lee Bong-chang
411:
408:
393:Lee Bong-chang
283:
282:
279:
278:
271:
265:
264:
257:
251:
250:
243:
241:
235:
234:
227:
225:
219:
218:
217:Alternate name
214:
213:
210:Hanin Aeguktan
206:
200:
199:
196:Hanin Aegukdan
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
170:
169:
162:
160:
154:
153:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
124:
123:
118:
112:
110:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1323:백범김구선생 기념사업협회
1320:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1244:(in Korean),
1243:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
984:
978:
976:
974:
970:
957:
956:
951:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
879:
847:
844:
837:
832:
829:
826:
822:
816:
813:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
779:
773:
768:
765:
754:
751:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
719:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Honjō Shigeru
682:
681:Kwantung Army
677:
675:
671:
668:
639:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
608:
603:
595:
593:
591:
587:
586:Sakurada Gate
583:
579:
576:, the former
575:
571:
567:
559:
555:
550:
542:
540:
536:
531:
525:
520:
495:
493:
485:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
447:In May 1931,
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:In 1910, the
422:
417:
409:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
384:
379:
373:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
342:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
290:
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
242:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
215:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
161:
159:
155:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
1508:, retrieved
1488:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1447:"의열단과 한인애국단"
1441:
1431:February 24,
1429:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1385:February 24,
1383:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1359:February 24,
1357:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1333:February 20,
1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1322:
1313:
1303:February 23,
1301:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1277:February 23,
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
1250:, retrieved
1239:
1228:
1216:
1207:
1196:
1187:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1146:
1123:
1114:
1083:February 23,
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1056:
1047:
1037:February 23,
1035:. Retrieved
1030:
1003:
960:. Retrieved
953:
901:
897:
887:
846:
831:
824:
820:
815:
791:Heroic Corps
730:
726:
714:
693:Uchida Kōsai
678:
640:
633:
616:Hongkou Park
613:
590:hand grenade
563:
499:
481:
477:
457:
446:
427:
389:Yun Bong-gil
367:An Gong-geun
356:
349:
331:
326:
288:
286:
83:Headquarters
18:
1451:통합논술 개념어 사전
1299:(in Korean)
1273:(in Korean)
1241:Yonhap News
1033:(in Korean)
958:(in Korean)
904:(1): 5–21.
533: [
522: [
400: [
397:Lee Deok-ju
381: [
370: [
345:Lu Xun Park
319:assassinate
295::
152:Korean name
1523:Categories
962:August 17,
880:References
530:Son Sae-il
414:See also:
410:Background
378:Lee Yu-pil
327:Ŭisaenggun
305:under the
275:Ŭisaenggun
261:Uisaenggun
73:Allegiance
39:Foundation
1252:March 16,
1120:"훙커우공원의거"
918:1529-1529
711:Aftermath
582:Manchukuo
484:Jo So-ang
460:Manchuria
440:(KPG), a
138:Opponents
47:Dissolved
1510:June 23,
1504:archived
1246:archived
1198:Doopedia
1178:Doopedia
1125:Doopedia
1005:Doopedia
836:Japanese
736:See also
697:Kwantung
691:company
683:general
570:Hirohito
341:Hirohito
311:Shanghai
301:) was a
98:Ideology
87:Shanghai
50:May 1932
1479:Sources
1027:"한인애국단"
718:Chinese
501:group (
338:Emperor
55:Country
1559:Kim Ku
1496:
1469:시사상식사전
916:
867:;
855:;
720::
695:, and
659:;
647:;
513:;
507:;
453:Kim Ku
359:Kim Ku
293:Korean
223:Hangul
158:Hangul
64:
33:Kim Ku
1465:"윤봉길"
1293:"유상근"
1267:"최흥식"
1193:"유진만"
1173:"이덕주"
840:山岡萬之助
807:Notes
674:Haeju
566:Tokyo
537:]
526:]
510:韓國義勇隊
504:한국의용대
404:]
385:]
374:]
315:China
298:한인애국단
239:Hanja
181:韓人愛國團
174:Hanja
165:한인애국단
67:Korea
1512:2023
1494:ISBN
1433:2023
1387:2023
1379:남도일보
1361:2023
1353:ㅍㅍㅅㅅ
1335:2023
1305:2023
1279:2023
1254:2023
1085:2023
1039:2023
964:2023
914:ISSN
861:and
574:Puyi
515:lit.
287:The
130:Size
42:1931
906:doi
870:柳相根
864:유상근
858:崔興植
852:최흥식
823:or
662:李德柱
656:이덕주
650:兪鎭植
644:유진식
489:의생군
336:on
246:義生團
230:의생군
1525::
1502:,
1421:.
1377:.
1351:.
1321:.
1295:.
1269:.
1232:*
1134:^
1104:.
1093:^
1075:.
1055:.
1029:.
1014:^
1002:.
991:^
972:^
926:^
912:.
902:13
900:.
896:.
838::
722:大洋
676:.
535:ko
524:ko
402:ko
395:,
391:,
383:ko
372:ko
329:.
313:,
89:,
1471:.
1453:.
1435:.
1407:.
1389:.
1363:.
1337:.
1307:.
1281:.
1201:.
1181:.
1128:.
1108:.
1087:.
1061:.
1041:.
1008:.
985:.
966:.
920:.
908::
716:(
291:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.