Kori bustard - Knowledge (XXG)

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in coloration, with less black on the female's crest. There is a white eye stripe above the eye. The chin, throat and neck are whitish with thin, fine black barring. A black collar at the base of the hind-neck extends onto the sides of the breast. The feathers around the neck are loose, giving the appearance of a thicker neck than they really have. The belly is white and the tail has broad bands of brownish-gray and white coloration. Their feathers contain light sensitive porphyrins, which gives their feathers a pinkish tinge at the base- especially noticeable when the feathers are shed suddenly. The head is large and the legs are relatively long. The eye is pale yellow, while the bill is light greenish horn coloured, relatively long, straight and rather flattened at the base. The legs are yellowish. The feet have three forward facing toes. Females are similar in plumage but are much smaller, measuring about 20–30% less in linear measurements and often weighing 2–3 times less than the male. The female is visibly thinner legged and slimmer necked. The juvenile is similar in appearance to the female, but is browner with more spotting on the mantle, with shorter crest and neck plumes. Male juveniles are larger than females and can be the same overall size as the adult male but tends to be less bulky with a thinner neck, shorter head crest, paler eyes and a darker mantle.

1113: 845: 1079:, the rectrices being held vertically and their undertail coverts fluffed out. They enhance their performance with an exaggerated bouncing gait. When displaying they stride about with their necks puffed out, their tail fanned and their wings planed and pointed downward. They also emit a low-pitched booming noise when the neck is at maximum inflation and snap their bills open and shut. Several males dispersed over a wide area gather to display but usually one is dominant and the others do not display in his presence and move away. The displaying males are visited by the females who presumably select the male with the most impressive display. Occasionally fights between males can be serious during the mating season when display areas are being contested, with the two competitors smashing into each other's bodies and stabbing each other with their bills. They may stand chest-to-chest, tails erect, bills locked and "push" one another for up to 30 minutes. 1087:

measure 300–450 mm (12–18 in) in diameter and be almost completely covered by the female when she's incubating. Due to their ground location, nests are often cryptic and difficult for a human to find, unless stumbled onto by chance. The same site is sometimes reused in successive years. The kori bustard is a solitary nester and there is no evidence of territoriality amongst the females. Usually two eggs are laid, though seldom 1 or 3 may be laid. Clutch size is likely correlated to food supply. They are cryptically colored with the ground color being dark buff, brown or olive and well marked and blotched with shades of brown, grey and pale purple. Eggs are somewhat glossy or waxy and have a pitted-looking surface. Egg size is 81 to 86 mm (3.2 to 3.4 in) in height and 58 to 61 mm (2.3 to 2.4 in) width. The eggs weigh individually about 149 g (5.3 oz), with a range of 121 to 178 g (4.3 to 6.3 oz).

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sign of danger; at other times they can be completely fearless of humans. They have a hesitant, slow manner of walking, and when they detect an intruder they try to escape detection by moving off quietly with the head held at an unusual angle of between 45° and 60°. Being a large and heavy bird, it avoids flying if possible. When alarmed it will first run and, if pushed further, will take to the air on the run with much effort, its wings making heavy wingbeats. Once airborne it flies more easily with slow, measured wingbeats, with the neck extended and the legs folded. It usually remains low and lands again within sight. When they land, kori bustards keep their wings spread and only fold them when the bird has slowed down to a walking speed. Kori bustards have no preen gland, so to keep clean, they produce a powder down. Sunbathing and dust bathing are practiced. This bird has a loud, booming

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parts are tawny and black with 3 black lines running along the back. The underparts are whitish. When the chicks hatch, the mother brings them a steady stream of food, most of it soft so the chicks can eat it easily. Captive hatchlings weigh 78 to 116 g (2.8 to 4.1 oz) on their first day but grow quickly. The precocial chicks are able to follow their mother around several hours after hatching. After a few weeks, the young actively forage closely with their mothers. They fledge at 4 to 5 weeks old, but are not self-assured fliers until 3 to 4 months. On average, around 67% of eggs successfully hatch (testimony to the effective camouflage of nests) and around one of the two young survive to adulthood. In

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impressive and elaborate, successfully advertising their presence to potential mates. The males hold their heads backwards, with cheeks bulging, the crest is held erect, the bill open and they inflate their gular pouches, forming a white throat "balloon". During this display the oesophagus inflates to as much as four times its normal size and resembles a balloon. They also puff out their frontal neck feathers which are splayed upwards showing their white underside. The white may be visible up to 1 km (0.62 mi) away during display. Their wings are drooped and their tails are raised upwards and forwards onto their backs like a

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earth-colored, which makes her well camouflaged. She occasionally picks up pieces of vegetation and drops them on her back to render her camouflage more effective. If they need to feed briefly, the females go to and from the nest with a swift, silent crouching walk. If approached the incubating bird either slips unobtrusively from the nest or sits tight, only flying off at the last moment. The incubation period is 23 to 30 days, though is not known to exceed 25 days in wild specimens. The young are

1018: 107: 582:), both of which they sometimes forage with, by their greyer appearance and by their lack of a tawny red hind-neck and upper mantle. In flight it can be distinguished from both of these somewhat smaller bustards by not displaying any white markings on the upperwing, which is uniformly grey here. Both Stanley's and Ludwig's bustards lack the kori's dark crest. More similar to, and nearly the same size as, the kori is the closely related 732:

foraging ungulates, in order to pick their various foods out of the short grasses. They may also be found in cultivated areas, especially wheat fields with a few scattered trees. This bustard is not found in well-wooded and forested areas due to the fact that it needs a lot of open space in which to take off. In arid grassland areas it is found along dry watercourses where patches of trees offer shade during the heat of the day.

1033: 736: 1104:, breeding success has been found to be greatly reduced during times of drought. Most young leave their mothers in their second year of life, but do not start breeding until they are fully mature at three to four years old in both sexes in studies conducted both of wild and captive bustards. The lifespan of wild kori bustards is not known but they may live to at least 26 or possibly 28 years old in captivity. 749: 65: 31: 384: 858:

watering holes. In groups, birds are often fairly far apart from each other, often around a distance of 100 m (330 ft). Foraging groups are often single-sex. Such groups do not last long and often separate after a few days. These groups are believed advantageous both in that they may ensure safety in numbers against predation and may bring the bustards to prime food sources.

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defenses, are regularly picked off by jackals and leopards at night. Up to 82% of kori bustard chicks die in their first year of life. When found with carmine bee-eaters, the smaller birds may incidentally provide some protection from predators due to their vigilance. The display of the adult male may make it more conspicuous to larger predators, such as hyenas or lions.

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and very well camouflaged. The lores are tawny, the crown tawny mottled black. A broad white supercilium bordered with black meets on the nape, extending down the centre of the nape. The neck is white with irregular black stripes from behind the eye and from the base of the lower mandibles. The upper

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had appreciably higher weights, however, averaging 12.2 kg (27 lb). The larger excepted males can scale up to 16 to 19 kg (35 to 42 lb) and a few exceptional specimens may weigh up to at least 20 kg (44 lb). Reports of outsized specimens weighing 23 kg (51 lb),

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breeding habits, in which one male displays to attract several females, and mates with them all. Males display at regularly used sites, each male utilizing several dispersed leks or display areas. These displays usually take place in the mornings and evenings. The courtship displays of the males are

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which is often uttered just before dawn and can be heard from far away. Mostly residential, kori bustards may engage in nomadic movements. These migratory movements are probably influenced by rainfall and there is no evidence suggesting any regular pattern. These local migrations take place at night

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This species, like most bustards, is a ground-dwelling bird and an opportunistic omnivore. Male kori bustards, which can be more than twice as heavy as the female, attempt to breed with as many females as possible and then take no part in the raising of the young. The nest is a shallow hollow in the

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The kori bustard is cryptically coloured, being mostly grey and brown, finely patterned with black and white coloring. The upper parts and neck are a vermiculated black and greyish-buff colour. The ventral plumage is more boldly colored, with white, black and buff. The crest on its head is blackish

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Following the display, the copulation begins with the female lying down next to the dominant displaying male. He stands over her for 5–10 minutes, stepping from side to side and pecking her head in a slow, deliberate fashion, tail and crest feathers raised. She recoils at each peck. He then lowers

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During the mating season, these birds are usually solitary but for the breeding pair. Otherwise, they are somewhat gregarious, being found in groups often including 5 to 6 birds but occasionally groups can number up to 40 individuals. Larger groups may be found around an abundant food source or at

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The male kori bustard has a length of 105 to 135 cm (3 ft 5 in to 4 ft 5 in) and a wingspan of 230 to 275 cm (7 ft 7 in to 9 ft 0 in). Male birds may typically weigh between 7 and 18 kg (15 and 40 lb). The average weight of adult males of

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As with all bustards, the female makes no real nest. The female kori bustard lays her eggs on the ground in a shallow, unlined hollow, rather than the typical scrape. This nest is usually located within 4 m (13 ft) of a tree or shrub, termite mound or an outcrop of rocks. The hollow may

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Kori bustards spend most of their time on the ground, with up to 70% of their time being on foot, although they do occasionally forage in low bushes and trees. This bustard is a watchful and wary bird. Their behavior varies however, and they are usually very shy, running or crouching at the first

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weighed a mean of 5.9 kg (13 lb). Females in the Serengeti averaged slightly lighter at 5.15 kg (11.4 lb). Female length is from 90 to 112 cm (2 ft 11 in to 3 ft 8 in) while their wingspan is around 177 to 220 cm (5 ft 10 in to 7 ft

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killed 22 kori bustards during a five-month period. Kori bustards tend to avoid areas used heavily by humans. Nonetheless, because it has such a large range and its rate of decline is thought to be relatively slow, the kori bustard is not currently listed in a threatened category on the IUCN Red

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call, repeated several times for up to 10 minutes. This call carries long distances. This call is most often given by females with young and males during agonistic encounters. Chicks as young as two weeks will also emit this alarm call when startled. The male's mating call is a deep, resonant

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and semi-desert. Where this species occurs, annual rainfall is quite low, between 100 and 600 mm (3.9 and 23.6 in). Breeding habitat is savanna in areas with sparse grass cover and scattered trees and shrubs. When nesting they sometimes use hilly areas. They follow fires or herds of

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When alarmed, kori bustards make barking calls and bend forward and spread their tail and wings to appear larger. Adults will growl when their young are threatened by predators. Chicks tend to be the most vulnerable to predators by far. Many, despite their cryptic camouflage and the mother's

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The female, who alone does all the brooding behavior without male help, stays at the nest 98% of the time, rarely eating and never drinking. Occasionally she stretches her legs and raises her wings overhead. The female regularly turns the eggs with her bill. The female's plumage is drab and

434:) achieve similarly high weights (the mean mass of males in these species is roughly the same) making the male kori and great not only the two largest bustards but also arguably the heaviest living flying animals, with the kori bustard being Africa's second largest bird after the 1172:) perching on their backs in a similar manner. Kori bustards have been observed to behave aggressively to non-threatening animals at watering holes, as they may raise their crests, open their wings and peck aggressively. They have been seen acting aggressively towards 1083:

himself onto his tarsi and continues pecking her until he shuffles forward and mounts with wings spread. Copulation lasts seconds after which both stand apart and ruffle their plumage. The female then sometimes barks and the male continues with his display.

797:. Additionally, adult and juvenile males move after the breeding season, whereas females do not appear to do so. Generally the kori bustard feeds during the morning and in the evening, spending the rest of the day standing still in any available shade. 1448:

due to overgrazing by livestock and agricultural development. Poisons used to control locusts may also effect and collisions with overhead power wires regularly claim kori bustards. One 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch of overhead powerlines in the

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The species is prominent in many native African cultures, variously due to its imposing, impressive size, spectacular displays by adult males or the cryptic nature of the nesting female. The kori bustard features in dances and songs of the

462:), in which the larger males might match the average weight of the largest bustards and may weigh more on average between the sexes as they are less sexually dimorphic in mass than the giant bustards. Other than a 23 kg (51 lb) 837:. This call ends with the bill snapping which is only audible at close range. Outside of the breeding display, kori bustards are often silent. A high alarm call, generally uttered by females, is sometimes heard. They may utter a deep 502:) lag slightly behind these on average. The female kori bustard weighs an average of 4.8 to 6.1 kg (11 to 13 lb), with a full range of 3 to 7 kg (6.6 to 15.4 lb). Females of the nominate race (35 specimens) in 1204:). When kept in captivity, kori bustards have been kept together with numerous other (typically African) species in close quarters. Fifteen other bird species and 12 mammals successfully cohabitated with them (including 1008:

or, literally translated, "gum peacock". They drink regularly when they can access water but they can be found as far as 40 km (25 mi) from water sources. Unusually, they suck up rather than scoop up water.

363:. The two races are separated by the miombo woodlands of central Africa. This race has a more boldly patterned head and slightly more black and white patterning on the wings. The two races are similar in size, though 2468:

Melville, H. I. A. S., J. du P. Bothma, and M. G. L. Mills. "Prey selection by caracal in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." South African Journal of Wildlife Research-24-month delayed open access 34.1 (2004):

594:). However, the Arabian species has white-tipped wing coverts, a browner back and very fine neck vermiculations and also lacks the black base to the neck and the black in the wing coverts as seen in the kori. 426:

34 kg (75 lb) and even "almost" 40 kg (88 lb) have been reported, but none of these giant sizes have been verified and some may be from unreliable sources. Among bustards, only male

1112: 844: 1466:, and paintings of these bustards feature in ancient San rock art. It was associated with royalty in Botswana since they reserved it for their own consumption, and since 2014 it is also the 866:

Walking slowly and sedately, they forage by picking at the ground with their bills and are most active in the first and last hours of daylight. Kori bustards are quite omnivorous birds.

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holds the greatest diversity of bustards anywhere, including some other quite large species, and these have the potential to cause confusion. Kori bustards are distinguished from

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being most often taken. They may follow large ungulates directly to catch insects flushed out by them or to pick through their dung for edible invertebrates. During outbreaks of

2059: 3265: 2049:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 3410: 1441:, they are indicated as game as they are called the "Christmas turkey" and in South Africa, the "Kalahari Kentucky". Hunting of bustards is difficult to manage. 3304: 3445: 1342:) can be a serious natural enemy even for adult males of at least twice their own weight. Chicks of up to largish size may be vulnerable to raptors such as 2587: 1974: 672:. Kori bustards are absent from the coastal lowlands along the south and east of South Africa and from high mountainous areas. This species is common in 1794: 688:. A geographically disjunct population also occurs in the deserts and savanna of northeastern Africa. Here, the species ranges from extreme southeast 820:

Less vocal than other bustards, the kori bustard is generally silent but, when alarmed, both sexes emit a loud growling bark. This is described as a

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Being a large, ground-dwelling bird species, the kori bustard has to face many of Africa's myriad of formidable terrestrial predators, including

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The kori bustard is now generally uncommon outside major protected areas. Habitat destruction is a major problem for the species, compounded by

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breeds from September to February. Breeding is closely tied with rainfall, and in drought years, may be greatly reduced or not even occur.

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lists the status of the nominate race as Vulnerable, estimating that in the next three generations, it is expected to decline by 10% in

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spp.). While large predators such as big cats usually don't target kori bustard often since they typically hunt larger mammalian prey,

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The kori bustard is often found in areas with a large quantity of antelope and other game. In Tanzania, kori bustards regularly attend

1051:. A chick travels with its mother for more than a year, and may cover a kilometre a day while she rears it on grasshoppers and beetles. 2631: 1619: 2063: 3425: 2536: 2246: 1636: 781:

woodland to open grassland plains and returning again the following season. Trial satellite tagging of one male kori bustard by the

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Alden, P.C., Estes, R.D., Schlitter, D. and McBride, B. (1996) Collins Guide to African Wildlife. HarperCollins Publishers, London.

3440: 3430: 470:), the maximum size of the large bustards exceeds that of other flying birds. Other flying African birds (excluding rare vagrant 2515:

Population trends of large non-migratory wild herbivores and livestock in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, between 1977 and 1997

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they are generally sparse but locally common, particularly on the central plateau. Their distribution range extends along the

3283: 3420: 723:, and short grass usually near the cover of isolated clumps of trees or bushes. It may be found in plains, arid plateaus, 713: 1152:) riding on their backs as they stride through the grass. The bee-eaters make the most of their walking perch by hawking 1433:) but in these areas, the birds are hunted. They have been much reduced by hunting, having been traditionally snared in 1048: 1026: 556: 2431: 1685: 1124:– the head is lowered, the wings are opened with their upper surface angled forward, and the tail is raised and fanned. 3177: 3374: 3143: 2347:

Lichtenberg, Elinor M.; Hallager, Sara (2007). "A description of commonly observed behaviors for the kori bustard (

1145: 1137: 3309: 929: 712:. Kenya may hold the largest population of kori bustards of any country and it can even border on abundant in the 562:

The size and dark crest are generally diagnostic amongst the bustards found in the kori bustard's range. However,

404: 782: 106: 2585: 551: 1445: 1121: 677: 1798: 1413:. In protected areas, they can be locally common. Viable populations exist in unprotected areas as well (e.g. 1235: 1978: 2827: 2599: 1359: 1136:) herds and feed on the small mammals and insects disturbed by them. Sometimes kori bustards are found with 685: 422: 3164: 3078: 2692: 2683: 2624: 1467: 1307:

occasionally ambush roosting adults in particular regions. Additionally, there is a report that a pair of

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from 16 to 19.5 cm (6.3 to 7.7 in). Body mass can vary considerably based upon rain conditions.

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The kori bustard is found throughout southern Africa, except in densely wooded areas. They are common in

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Mmassy, E. C., May, R., Jackson, C., Kleven, O., Nygård, T., Bevanger, K., & Røskaft, E. (2019).

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gum baits and traps. Although no longer classified as game birds, they are still sometimes eaten. In

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Internet searching of bird–bird associations: a case of bee-eaters hitchhiking large African birds

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from 20 to 24.7 cm (7.9 to 9.7 in). Meanwhile, the female's standard measurements are a

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from the bustard's back that are disturbed by the bustard's wandering. This is regularly seen in

388: 101: 3348: 961:, especially from large animals killed in veld fires. Plant material is also an important food. 3270: 2478:

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984), Cry of the Kalahari, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 54–5, 62–3

763:. They are arguably the largest or one of the largest flying birds and living animals in males. 3415: 3330: 3296: 3200: 2617: 2573: 2242: 2013: 1938: 1915: 1632: 1430: 898:, kori bustards are sometimes found feeding on them in numbers. Other insect prey can include 786: 540: 524: 475: 471: 439: 2459:

Sunquist, Mel, and Fiona Sunquist. Wild cats of the world. University of chicago press, 2017.

2274:. Annual Report of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism Permit Office, Namibia. Feb. 1998. 1055:

The breeding seasons of the two subspecies of Kori bustards are distinguishable. In general,

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to northernmost Africa) rival the average weight between the sexes of Kori bustards, namely

250: 3369: 3169: 2241:(7th ed.). Cape Town: Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. pp. 295–296. 3317: 3028: 2858: 2767: 2716: 2644: 2603: 2591: 2579: 1129: 720: 583: 296: 69: 2220:

Harrison, J., D. Allan, L. Underhill, M. Herremans, A. Tree, V. Parker, C. Brown. 1997.

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This species occurs in open grassy areas, often characterized by sandy soil, especially

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manage to take down an adult male kori bustard. Other mammalian predators, including

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A comprehensive illustrated field guide : Birds of Africa south of the Sahara

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A kori bustard is tall enough to feed from shrubs and small trees from the ground.

3361: 3252: 3110: 2758: 1426: 1351: 911: 895: 887: 879: 875: 794: 769: 689: 591: 563: 383: 352: 254: 3387: 2562: 1208:). However, the bustards sometimes injure or kill the young of everything from 3382: 2446: 2364: 1704: 1205: 1071: 1067: 998: 645: 334: 3101: 2528: 2791: 1624: 1209: 1181: 1092: 942: 915: 463: 266: 258: 118: 1546: 800: 1334:

While too large to be prey for most predatory birds, it is known that the

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Ottichilo, W., De Leeuw, J., Skidmore, A., Prins, H., and Said, M. 2000.

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Newman's Birds of Southern Africa : Expanded Edition, Fourth Edition

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these birds have been recorded moving up to 85 km (53 mi) from

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The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

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but has only been reported once elsewhere. There is also one record of

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earth, often disguised by nearby obstructive objects such as trees.

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Resource utilization by the Kori bustard in the Serengeti ecosystem

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Nesting Birds : The breeding habits of southern African birds

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are perhaps the most prominent plant foods, but they may also eat

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weighed a mean of 5.62 kg (12.4 lb), while females from

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males were found to average 10.9 kg (24 lb). Males in

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In older literature the species is named 'Large Crested Pauw' (

2594:, Smithsonian National Zoological Park Kori Bustard factsheet 2395:

A review of African birds feeding in association with mammals

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Some Merops-Ardeotis Perching Associations in Northern Kenya

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3 in). The standard measurements of the male include a

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The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 1: Non-passerines

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Satellite Tracking of Kori bustards Ardeotis kori in Kenya

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The Birds Around Us - Birds of the Southern African Region

1795:"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute- Kori Bustard" 1004:. This liking has given rise to the Afrikaans common name 870:

are an important food source, with common species such as

652:. In South Africa they are also infrequent to rare in the 957:) and bird eggs and nestlings. They may occasionally eat 937:

Small vertebrates may also be taken regularly, including

590:) (despite its name, the latter species ranges well into 291:

described the kori bustard in 1822. The specific epithet

2582:, Smithsonian National Zoological Park Kori Bustard News 2151:

Ginn P.J., McIlleron W.G. & Milstein P. le S. 1989.

261:. It is one of the four species (ranging from Africa to 2189:

A Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds

2036:. Southern Book Publishers (Pty) Limited, Johannesburg. 519:

measures from 35.8–44.7 cm (14.1–17.6 in), a

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may be slightly larger. This may be a distinct species.

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Hockey, P. A. R.; Dean, W. R. J.; Ryan, P. G. (2005).

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The kori bustard is generally a somewhat scarce bird.

1732:. Southern Book Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Halfway House. 1977:. National Zoo, FONZ: Washington D.C. Archived from 523:

from 9.5 to 12.4 cm (3.7 to 4.9 in) and a

417:(20 specimens) was 11.3 kg (25 lb), while 3085: 3041: 3019: 2997: 2946: 2904: 2871: 2849: 2789: 2756: 2705: 2672: 2656: 2563:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

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Kori Bustard Species Survival Plan Husbandry Manual

2083:. Fontein Publishing Company (Pty) Ltd., Parklands. 1937:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), 1914:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), 2005: 539:from 7 to 10.4 cm (2.8 to 4.1 in) and a 535:of 30.7 to 39.5 cm (12.1 to 15.6 in), a 531:of 58.5 to 66.5 cm (23.0 to 26.2 in), a 2332:The Kalahari: Survival in a Thirstland Wilderness 1525:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691928A93329549.en 1835:Robert's Birds of Southern Africa. Sixth Edition 664:, extending southwards into the interior of the 515:of 69.5 to 83 cm (27.4 to 32.7 in), a 2097:Sinclair I., Hockey P. & Tarboton W. 1997. 1482:- ornithologist who specializes in kori bustard 727:, arid scrub, lightly wooded savanna, open dry 1969: 1967: 1935:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition 2625: 2075: 2073: 1797:. The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 8: 2183: 2181: 1617:del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J (1996). 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2153:The Complete Book of southern African birds 2008:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 1596: 1594: 1397:in 1915, illustrating the bird's huge size. 739:A close-up of the plumage of a captive male 3073: 2632: 2618: 2610: 2606:Kori Bustard Species Survival Plan website 2434:Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa 2425:Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa 2393:Dean W.R.J. & MacDonald, I.A.W. 1991. 2334:. Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town. 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2191:. Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town. 2101:. Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town. 2034:Kalahari: Life's Variety in Dune and Delta 1869: 1867: 1837:. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town. 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1688:Elephant-Hunting in East Equatorial Africa 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 257:and are restricted in distribution to the 63: 29: 20: 2517:. African Journal of Ecology 38: 202-216. 2419:This behaviour was (first?) described by 1953: 1951: 1873:Hancock, P., & Weiersbye, I. (2015). 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1586:Collins Field Guide: Birds of East Africa 1523: 1216:and may be killed by larger species from 848:A kori bustard taking a dust or sand bath 313:– the relatively pale nominate race from 306:Two subspecies are currently recognized: 2568:Kori Bustard videos, photos & sounds 2342: 2340: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2093: 2091: 2089: 1754:. Macmillan, Johannesburg, South Africa. 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 926:may be taken opportunistically as well. 382: 2406:Mikula, P. & Tryjanowski, P. 2016. 2232: 2230: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2045:Collar, N. and E. F. J. Garcia (2020). 1999: 1997: 1995: 1930: 1928: 1877:(Vol. 103). Princeton University Press. 1492: 2410:. Biodiversity Observations 7.80: 1-6. 2272:Ecology of the Kori bustard in Namibia 2224:. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1845: 1843: 3411:IUCN Red List near threatened species 2529:"Department unveils national symbols" 2330:Dennis N., Knight M., Joyce P. 1997. 2060:"Entity Display : Ardeotis kori" 933:A kori bustard feeding in grassy area 438:. As a whole, other species, such as 7: 2539:from the original on 27 October 2017 2527:Pelontle, Kedirebofe (13 May 2014). 1605:Bustards: Stalkers of the Dry Plains 3446:Taxa named by William John Burchell 1511:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1059:breeds from December to August and 785:demonstrated a migration along the 343:– the "Somali kori" distributed in 16:Species of bustard native to Africa 3065:26 living species in eleven genera 2200:Njoroge, P. and Launay, F.. 1998. 1620:Handbook of the Birds of the World 1407:2000 Eskom Red Data Book for Birds 997:. This bustard is very partial to 14: 2429:Distant, W.L., ed. (March 1898). 1912:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 1851:"ADW: Ardeotis kori: INFORMATION" 1331:) may eat eggs and small chicks. 804:Female of the nominate race near 773:but have not been mapped. In the 632:and marginally into southwestern 2535:. Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). 2239:Roberts Birds of Southern Africa 1666:Sinclair I. & Ryan P. 2003. 1243:, seemingly ignoring one another 253:, which all belong to the order 105: 3436:Near threatened biota of Africa 2298:Hallager, S., J. Boylan. 2004. 2155:. Struik Winchester, Cape Town. 1670:. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 1500:BirdLife International (2016). 1393:holds a shot kori bustard near 2570:, The Internet Bird Collection 2099:Sasol Birds of Southern Africa 1888:"Kori Bustard {Ardeotis Kori}" 1239:A kori bustard walking near a 1: 2445:. 4. Vol. 2 – via 2270:Osborne, T. and Osborne, L.. 2047:Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 1961:. Plos one, 14(9), e0221035. 1049:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 1027:Ngorongoro Conservation Area 557:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 341:Ardeotis kori struthiunculus 269:) in the large-bodied genus 2321:. Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg. 1752:Birdlife in southern Africa 1690:By Arthur H. Neumann" 1588:. HarperCollins, Hong Kong. 1146:northern carmine bee-eaters 1138:southern carmine bee-eaters 648:and the eastern lowveld of 3462: 2500:Barnes, K. N. (ed.) 2000. 704:(except coastal regions), 628:, extending into southern 3063: 2365:10.1007/s10164-006-0030-z 2012:. Guinness Superlatives. 1703:(3): 136–137 – via 1108:Interspecies interactions 835:wum, wum, wum, wum, wummm 783:National Museums of Kenya 207: 200: 102:Scientific classification 100: 83: 61: 52: 37: 28: 23: 3426:Birds of Southern Africa 2693:Southern black korhaan ( 2684:Northern black korhaan ( 2504:. Birdlife South Africa. 1518:: e.T22691928A93329549. 1446:woody plant encroachment 1429:and in the foothills of 1122:Pilanesberg Game Reserve 1066:Kori bustards engage in 678:Ngorongoro National Park 598:Distribution and habitat 246:. It is a member of the 238:) is the largest flying 3441:Birds described in 1822 3431:Near threatened animals 2883:Black-bellied bustard ( 2801:White-bellied bustard ( 2487:Jackson, T.H.E.. 1945. 1975:"Kori Bustard Research" 686:Serengeti National Park 662:Northern Cape Provinces 423:Serengeti National Park 2925:Buff-crested bustard ( 2837:Little brown bustard ( 2735:Great Indian bustard ( 1853:. Animal Diversity Web 1750:Newman, K. (ed) 1971. 1607:. Zoonooz 63(7): 4-11. 1398: 1244: 1186:Antidorcas marsupialis 1125: 1052: 1040: 1029: 934: 849: 812: 764: 740: 714:North Eastern Province 670:Eastern Cape Provinces 617: 559: 500:Bugeranus carunculatus 409: 392: 3344:Paleobiology Database 2934:Red-crested korhaan ( 2647:: Otidiformes · 2397:. Ostrich 52:135-155. 2079:Liversidge, R. 1991. 2004:Wood, Gerald (1983). 1584:Williams, J.G. 1995. 1391:Richard Meinertzhagen 1389: 1360:Verreaux's eagle-owls 1340:Polemaetus bellicosus 1238: 1134:Connochaetes taurinus 1115: 1046: 1035: 1020: 932: 847: 803: 751: 738: 644:valley into southern 605: 554: 484:Pelecanus onocrotalus 413:the nominate race in 407: 386: 299:name for this bird – 289:William John Burchell 3421:Birds of East Africa 2892:Hartlaub's bustard ( 2777:MacQueen's bustard ( 2744:Australian bustard ( 2421:Arthur Henry Neumann 1833:Maclean, G.L. 1993. 1683:, ed. (March 1898). 1547:"Appendices | CITES" 1403:Appendix II of CITES 1309:black-backed jackals 1289:African rock pythons 1178:Eupodotis ruficrista 1174:red-crested korhaans 1070:. All bustards have 1057:A. k. struthiunculus 1023:A. k. struthiunculus 806:Etosha National Park 775:Etosha National Park 682:Kitulo National Park 607:A. k. struthiunculus 508:A. k. struthiunculus 480:great white pelicans 419:A. k. struthiunculus 365:A. k. struthiunculus 295:is derived from the 43:Etosha National Park 2976:Heuglin's bustard ( 2828:Rüppell's korhaan ( 2491:. Ibis 87: 284-286. 2353:Journal of Ethology 2204:. Scopus 20: 19-22. 1166:fork-tailed drongos 1158:Chobe National Park 1021:Male kori bustard ( 827:woum-woum-woum-woum 391:illustration (1912) 287:English naturalist 55:Conservation status 39:Nominate subspecies 2967:Denham's bustard ( 2958:Ludwig's bustard ( 2916:Savile's bustard ( 2602:2021-04-22 at the 2590:2010-02-06 at the 2578:2006-09-09 at the 2187:Tarboton W. 2001. 1601:Johnsgard, Paul A. 1399: 1245: 1170:Dicrurus adsimilis 1126: 1053: 1041: 1030: 935: 850: 813: 765: 753:Ardeotis kori kori 741: 725:highveld grassland 618: 560: 555:A kori bustard in 410: 393: 389:C. G. Finch-Davies 311:Ardeotis kori kori 3398: 3397: 3331:Open Tree of Life 3079:Taxon identifiers 3070: 3069: 3029:Lesser florican ( 2859:Bengal florican ( 2768:Houbara bustard ( 2717:Arabian bustard ( 2019:978-0-85112-235-9 1943:978-1-4200-6444-5 1920:978-0-8493-4258-5 1892:www.sa-venues.com 1875:Birds of Botswana 1728:Newman, K. 1992. 1431:Mount Kilimanjaro 1348:Aquila verreauxii 1317:Phacochoerus spp. 1142:Merops nubicoides 1116:Shock display of 793:and southeastern 460:Cygnus buccinator 444:Pelecanus crispus 440:Dalmatian pelican 226: 225: 95: 78: 3453: 3391: 3390: 3378: 3377: 3365: 3364: 3352: 3351: 3339: 3338: 3326: 3325: 3313: 3312: 3300: 3299: 3287: 3286: 3274: 3273: 3261: 3260: 3248: 3247: 3235: 3234: 3222: 3221: 3209: 3208: 3196: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3173: 3172: 3160: 3159: 3157:4FC41CA0DC1B12AF 3147: 3146: 3134: 3133: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3074: 3051:Little bustard ( 2985:Nubian bustard ( 2634: 2627: 2620: 2611: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2438: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2344: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2317:Steyn, P. 1996. 2315: 2302: 2296: 2275: 2268: 2253: 2252: 2234: 2225: 2218: 2205: 2198: 2192: 2185: 2156: 2149: 2102: 2095: 2084: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2062:. Archived from 2056: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2011: 2001: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1971: 1962: 1955: 1946: 1932: 1923: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1847: 1838: 1831: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1793:Hallager, Sara. 1790: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1726: 1709: 1708: 1692: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1643: 1642: 1614: 1608: 1598: 1589: 1582: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1497: 1344:Verreaux's eagle 1269:Acinonyx jubatus 1222:Struthio camelus 1038:Museum Wiesbaden 1036:Egg, Collection 1025:) displaying in 576:Ludwig's bustard 568:Denham's bustard 492:Gyps coprotheres 213: 110: 109: 89: 72: 67: 66: 33: 21: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3373: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3318:Observation.org 3316: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3277: 3269: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3230: 3225: 3217: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3081: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3037: 3015: 3007:Great bustard ( 2993: 2942: 2900: 2885:L. melanogaster 2867: 2845: 2819:Karoo korhaan ( 2812:E. caerulescens 2803:E. senegalensis 2785: 2752: 2701: 2668: 2652: 2638: 2604:Wayback Machine 2592:Wayback Machine 2580:Wayback Machine 2561:Kori Bustard - 2558: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2428: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2305: 2297: 2278: 2269: 2256: 2249: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2219: 2208: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2159: 2150: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2071: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2032:Main, M. 1987. 2031: 2027: 2020: 2003: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1956: 1949: 1933: 1926: 1910: 1899: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1865: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1832: 1813: 1804: 1802: 1792: 1791: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1712: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1646: 1639: 1623:. Vol. 3. 1616: 1615: 1611: 1599: 1592: 1583: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1476: 1384: 1368:Cape eagle-owls 1285:Crocuta crocuta 1261:Caracal caracal 1253:Panthera pardus 1130:blue wildebeest 1110: 1015: 864: 855: 818: 746: 700:through all of 600: 584:Arabian bustard 572:Neotis denhamii 549: 547:Similar species 402: 381: 285: 222: 215: 209: 196: 104: 96: 79: 70:Near Threatened 68: 64: 57: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3459: 3457: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3353: 3340: 3327: 3314: 3301: 3288: 3275: 3262: 3249: 3236: 3223: 3210: 3197: 3187: 3174: 3161: 3148: 3135: 3122: 3107: 3091: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2861:H. bengalensis 2855: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2810:Blue korhaan ( 2807: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2726:Kori bustard ( 2723: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2556:External links 2554: 2551: 2550: 2519: 2506: 2493: 2480: 2471: 2461: 2452: 2412: 2399: 2386: 2336: 2323: 2303: 2276: 2254: 2247: 2226: 2206: 2193: 2157: 2103: 2085: 2069: 2066:on 2020-04-13. 2051: 2038: 2025: 2018: 1991: 1963: 1947: 1924: 1897: 1879: 1863: 1839: 1811: 1756: 1743: 1734: 1710: 1672: 1644: 1637: 1609: 1590: 1562: 1538: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1383: 1380: 1336:martial eagles 1150:Merops nubicus 1109: 1106: 1014: 1011: 863: 860: 854: 851: 817: 814: 745: 742: 721:Kalahari sands 599: 596: 588:Ardeotis arabs 580:Neotis luwigii 548: 545: 496:wattled cranes 456:trumpeter swan 452:Vultur gryphus 428:great bustards 401: 398: 380: 377: 373:Eupodotis kori 369: 368: 338: 284: 281: 224: 223: 216: 205: 204: 198: 197: 190: 188: 184: 183: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 98: 97: 84: 81: 80: 62: 59: 58: 53: 50: 49: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3458: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3389: 3388:Ardeotis-kori 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144:ardeotis-kori 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131:Ardeotis_kori 3127: 3123: 3118: 3117:Ardeotis kori 3112: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3087:Ardeotis kori 3084: 3080: 3075: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2936:L. ruficrista 2932: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2894:L. hartlaubii 2890: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2830:E. rueppellii 2826: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2442:The Zoologist 2437: 2435: 2427:(1898). See: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2349:Ardeotis kori 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248:0-620-34053-3 2244: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1981:on 2016-08-19 1980: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1801:on 2013-07-26 1800: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1696:The Zoologist 1691: 1689: 1686:"(review of) 1682: 1681:Distant, W.L. 1676: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638:84-87334-20-2 1634: 1630: 1629:Lynx Edicions 1626: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1504:Ardeotis kori 1496: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1480:Sara Hallager 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1470:of Botswana. 1469: 1468:national bird 1465: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1372:Bubo capensis 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281:spotted hyena 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1047:Chick in the 1045: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:hymenopterans 909: 905: 901: 900:bush-crickets 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 861: 859: 852: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 815: 811: 807: 802: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 762: 758: 754: 750: 743: 737: 733: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 642:Limpopo River 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 616: 612: 608: 604: 597: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 558: 553: 546: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:Cape vultures 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448:Andean condor 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 420: 416: 406: 399: 397: 390: 385: 378: 376: 374: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 309: 308: 307: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 282: 280: 276: 274: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 249: 245: 241: 237: 236: 235:Ardeotis kori 231: 220: 214: 212: 211:Ardeotis kori 206: 203: 202:Binomial name 199: 195: 194: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 108: 103: 99: 93: 87: 82: 76: 71: 60: 56: 51: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 24:Kori bustard 22: 19: 3086: 3052: 3042: 3030: 3020: 3008: 2998: 2986: 2978:N. heuglinii 2977: 2968: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2850: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2790: 2779:C. macqueeni 2778: 2769: 2757: 2746:A. australis 2745: 2737:A. nigriceps 2736: 2727: 2725: 2718: 2706: 2695:E. afraoides 2694: 2685: 2673: 2663: 2541:. Retrieved 2532: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2488: 2483: 2474: 2464: 2455: 2440: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2389: 2359:(1): 17–34. 2356: 2352: 2348: 2331: 2326: 2318: 2299: 2271: 2238: 2221: 2201: 2196: 2188: 2152: 2098: 2080: 2064:the original 2054: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2007: 1983:. Retrieved 1979:the original 1958: 1934: 1911: 1891: 1882: 1874: 1855:. Retrieved 1834: 1803:. Retrieved 1799:the original 1751: 1746: 1737: 1729: 1700: 1694: 1687: 1675: 1667: 1618: 1612: 1604: 1585: 1554:. Retrieved 1550: 1541: 1529:. Retrieved 1515: 1509: 1503: 1495: 1456: 1443: 1434: 1411:South Africa 1406: 1400: 1376: 1371: 1364:Bubo lacteus 1363: 1356:Aquila rapax 1355: 1352:tawny eagles 1347: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1316: 1300: 1293:Python sebae 1292: 1284: 1277:Panthera leo 1276: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1246: 1229: 1221: 1202:Oryx gazella 1201: 1194:Equus quagga 1193: 1190:plains zebra 1185: 1177: 1169: 1149: 1141: 1133: 1127: 1118:A. kori kori 1117: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1022: 1005: 999: 953:(especially 936: 903: 896:caterpillars 888:caterpillars 883: 880:dung beetles 876:grasshoppers 865: 856: 841:on takeoff. 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 766: 755:flying near 752: 718: 650:South Africa 619: 606: 587: 579: 571: 561: 507: 499: 491: 483: 467: 459: 451: 443: 431: 418: 411: 394: 372: 370: 364: 340: 331:South Africa 310: 305: 300: 292: 286: 277: 270: 234: 233: 230:kori bustard 229: 227: 210: 208: 193:A. kori 192: 191: 179: 18: 3253:iNaturalist 3111:Wikispecies 3021:Sypheotides 2960:N. ludwigii 2927:L. gindiana 2851:Houbaropsis 2821:E. vigorsii 2770:C. undulata 2759:Chlamydotis 2651:: Otididae) 2432:"review of 1531:19 November 1427:Lake Natron 831:oom-oom-oom 795:South Sudan 787:Rift Valley 770:mating call 690:South Sudan 592:East Africa 564:East Africa 468:Cygnus olor 379:Description 353:South Sudan 325:, southern 255:Otidiformes 159:Otidiformes 88:Appendix II 41:, taken in 3405:Categories 3383:Xeno-canto 3031:S. indicus 2969:N. denhami 2918:L. savilei 2839:E. humilis 2447:Wikisource 2373:10088/6028 1985:2013-07-26 1857:2019-11-21 1805:2013-08-30 1705:Wikisource 1556:2022-01-14 1487:References 1460:San people 1329:Papio ssp. 1206:rhinoceros 1072:polygynous 1068:lek mating 1061:A. k. kori 993:and green 965:and their 943:chameleons 904:Tettigonia 886:ssp.) and 884:Scarabaeus 658:North West 654:Free State 646:Mozambique 529:wing chord 513:wing chord 432:Otis tarda 335:Mozambique 242:native to 3053:T. tetrax 2792:Eupodotis 2533:DailyNews 1625:Barcelona 1551:cites.org 1421:, and in 1218:ostriches 1210:waterfowl 1182:springbok 1093:precocial 920:Scorpions 916:solifuges 853:Sociality 822:ca-caa-ca 744:Behaviour 464:mute swan 267:Australia 259:Old World 187:Species: 125:Kingdom: 119:Eukaryota 3416:Ardeotis 3357:Species+ 3297:22691928 3271:11228056 3232:45513862 3170:22691928 3165:BirdLife 3096:Wikidata 3009:O. tarda 2907:Lophotis 2874:Lissotis 2719:A. arabs 2708:Ardeotis 2641:Bustards 2600:Archived 2588:Archived 2576:Archived 2537:Archived 2381:40134974 1474:See also 1464:Botswana 1423:Tanzania 1415:Ethiopia 1405:and the 1321:mongoose 1313:warthogs 1305:caracals 1265:cheetahs 1257:caracals 1249:Leopards 1214:dik-diks 1162:Botswana 1102:Tanzania 1013:Breeding 949:, small 945:, small 924:molluscs 908:termites 791:Tanzania 789:between 757:Windhoek 729:bushveld 706:Tanzania 698:Ethiopia 692:, north 674:Tanzania 638:Zimbabwe 622:Botswana 611:Amboseli 494:) while 476:vultures 472:pelicans 361:Tanzania 345:Ethiopia 319:Zimbabwe 315:Botswana 283:Taxonomy 272:Ardeotis 219:Burchell 180:Ardeotis 169:Otididae 165:Family: 139:Chordata 135:Phylum: 129:Animalia 115:Domain: 75:IUCN 3.1 3245:2474909 3219:korbus1 3193:korbus1 3152:Avibase 3102:Q686287 2987:N. nuba 2728:A. kori 2686:E. afra 2675:Afrotis 2665:Species 2543:12 July 2436:" 2423:in his 1439:Namibia 1425:around 1395:Nairobi 1325:baboons 1297:jackals 1295:), and 1241:leopard 1232:spp.). 1198:gemsbok 1196:), and 1154:insects 1098:Namibia 989:, wild 987:flowers 975:berries 963:Grasses 959:carrion 955:rodents 951:mammals 939:lizards 906:ssp.), 892:locusts 872:locusts 868:Insects 862:Feeding 810:Namibia 761:Namibia 694:Somalia 666:Western 626:Namibia 504:Namibia 436:ostrich 415:Namibia 323:Namibia 248:bustard 221:, 1822) 175:Genus: 155:Order: 145:Class: 90: ( 73: ( 47:Namibia 3349:400020 3336:521837 3284:176429 3139:ARKive 3043:Tetrax 2949:Neotis 2649:family 2469:67-75. 2379: 2245: 2016: 1941: 1918: 1635: 1603:1990. 1454:List. 1435:Acacia 1382:Status 1366:) and 1226:zebras 1144:) and 1077:turkey 1006:Gompou 1000:Acacia 995:leaves 991:melons 947:snakes 779:mopane 710:Uganda 634:Zambia 630:Angola 574:) and 541:tarsus 537:culmen 525:tarsus 521:culmen 486:) and 454:) and 349:Uganda 327:Angola 297:Tswana 251:family 244:Africa 3323:72698 3310:89386 3266:IRMNG 3214:eBird 3190:BOW: 3183:95420 2658:Genus 2645:order 2377:S2CID 1699:. 4. 1451:Karoo 1419:Sudan 1301:Canis 1273:lions 1230:Equus 1224:) to 983:bulbs 979:roots 971:seeds 967:seeds 816:Voice 702:Kenya 636:. In 615:Kenya 357:Kenya 301:Kgori 263:India 92:CITES 86:CITES 3375:2248 3362:7019 3305:NCBI 3292:IUCN 3279:ITIS 3240:GBIF 3206:GCMR 3178:BOLD 2999:Otis 2545:2016 2351:)". 2243:ISBN 2014:ISBN 1939:ISBN 1916:ISBN 1633:ISBN 1533:2021 1516:2016 1417:and 1323:and 1100:and 922:and 914:and 894:and 708:and 684:and 668:and 660:and 624:and 533:tail 517:tail 474:and 400:Size 359:and 333:and 293:kori 240:bird 228:The 149:Aves 3370:TSA 3258:115 3227:EoL 3201:CoL 3126:ADW 2369:hdl 2361:doi 1520:doi 1462:of 1374:). 1358:), 1350:), 1319:), 1287:), 1279:), 1271:), 1263:), 1255:), 1212:to 1188:), 1180:), 1120:at 1002:gum 839:vum 833:or 829:or 676:at 609:in 446:), 375:). 265:to 3407:: 3385:: 3372:: 3359:: 3346:: 3333:: 3320:: 3307:: 3294:: 3281:: 3268:: 3255:: 3242:: 3229:: 3216:: 3203:: 3180:: 3167:: 3154:: 3141:: 3128:: 3113:: 3098:: 2531:. 2439:. 2375:. 2367:. 2357:26 2355:. 2339:^ 2306:^ 2279:^ 2257:^ 2229:^ 2209:^ 2160:^ 2106:^ 2088:^ 2072:^ 1994:^ 1966:^ 1950:^ 1927:^ 1900:^ 1890:. 1866:^ 1842:^ 1814:^ 1759:^ 1713:^ 1693:. 1647:^ 1631:. 1627:: 1593:^ 1565:^ 1549:. 1514:. 1508:. 1160:, 985:, 981:, 977:, 973:, 941:, 918:. 910:, 878:, 874:, 808:, 759:, 696:, 680:, 656:, 613:, 387:A 355:, 351:, 347:, 329:, 321:, 317:, 303:. 45:, 3055:) 3033:) 3011:) 2989:) 2980:) 2971:) 2962:) 2938:) 2929:) 2920:) 2896:) 2887:) 2863:) 2841:) 2832:) 2823:) 2814:) 2805:) 2781:) 2772:) 2748:) 2739:) 2730:) 2721:) 2697:) 2688:) 2643:( 2633:e 2626:t 2619:v 2547:. 2449:. 2383:. 2371:: 2363:: 2251:. 2022:. 1988:. 1945:. 1922:. 1894:. 1860:. 1808:. 1707:. 1701:2 1641:. 1559:. 1535:. 1522:: 1506:" 1502:" 1370:( 1362:( 1354:( 1346:( 1338:( 1327:( 1315:( 1299:( 1291:( 1283:( 1275:( 1267:( 1259:( 1251:( 1228:( 1220:( 1200:( 1192:( 1184:( 1176:( 1168:( 1148:( 1140:( 1132:( 902:( 882:( 586:( 578:( 570:( 498:( 490:( 482:( 466:( 458:( 450:( 442:( 430:( 337:. 232:( 217:( 94:) 77:)

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