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the various ceremonial and mortuary monuments than in homes for themselves, an approach common to most pre-modern societies across the world. Archaeological surveys have established that during the Pre-Ceramic Period, at least 11 settlements had grown up throughout the
Tablachaca Canyon, being concentrated on both sides of the river for at least 8 km near to the modern village of la Galgada. This led one of the head excavators, Terence Grieder, to comment that the La Galgada site must be seen as "one of the most important ceremonial and burial areas in a larger, well-populated district, which in Pre-ceramic terms must be considered virtually a metropolitan center".
125:
291:, Peru. Situated in the mountainous Andean region, it is at a relatively low altitude of 1,100 metres above sea level. The archaeologists who excavated at the site in the late 1970s and early 1980s decided to call the monument "La Galgada" after the nearest town, a coal-mining settlement about 2 kilometres to the north, although local people instead referred to it as "San Pedro".
32:
246:, the "father of Peruvian archaeology", who visited it in 1935 as a part of his wider general survey of the Huallaga basin. Although he did not undertake any excavation at the site, he did collect pottery shards from the surface. Two years later, in 1937, the site was then visited by Donald Collier of the
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The site around la
Galgada was first occupied about 3000 BCE by agricultural communities who constructed small chambers that were different from their houses, presumably in which to perform ceremonial activities. It is clear from the archaeological evidence that they spent more effort in constructing
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In 1976, Grieder and his fellow archaeologist
Alberto Bueno Mendoza returned to the site, and after realizing that the site was Preceramic in date - far older than they had previously suspected - began to raise funds for an excavation. In 1978 this began, with the project continuing on until 1985.
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By the 1960s, la
Galgada had become a busy mining town, and the site had come under threat from looters who wanted to dig up the site in search of valuable artefacts. However, the town governor, Teodoro E. LĂłpez Trelles, recognised the importance of the site for its archaeological value, and
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Some Kotosh elements show links with the ChavĂn culture. For example; stirrup spouts, plain rocker stampings, and curvilinear ceramic designs. There are also similarities in black paint on red ceramics. Kotosh Black
Polished Incised pottery is similar to Classical ChavĂn pottery.
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The Kotosh Period strongly maintained the traditions of the preceding
Wairajirca Period, including the ceramic tradition. The Kotosh Period culture stratum was situated directly beneath the ChavĂn culture stratum.
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265:, Japan on an excavation of the site from 1 July to 3 October 1960, as a part of their wider Andean Research Program, which had been going on since 1958. Their findings were then published in English in 1963.
226:- it is situated at the longitude of 76°16'30" and a latitude of 9°56' south. Sitting on one of the lower terraces of this mountainous region, it was built along the right bank of the
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Archaeologists have identified and excavated a number of these ritual centers; the first of these to be discovered was that at
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Another prominent example of a Kotosh
Religious Tradition center was that at La Galgada, located on the eastern bank of the
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The "type site" of the Kotosh
Religious Tradition is found at Kotosh, about 5 kilometres from the city of modern
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Three cultural phases which preceded the ChavĂn culture were identified at Kotosh, and at other related sites.
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instituted measures to protect it from looters. In 1969, he gave a tour of the site to
Terence Grieder of the
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At the la
Galgada ceremonial site, the most prominent architectural features were the North and South Mounds.
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In 1958, the Japanese archaeologist Seiichi Izumi visited the site, accompanied by Julio Espejo Núñez of the
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was first built. The image of crossed arms is characteristic for the Kotosh temple iconography.
287:. The site sits at a south latitude of 8°28' and a west longitude of 78°9', in what is now the
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to refer to the ritual buildings that were constructed in the mountain drainages of the
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Mito tradition was the earliest. This was a preceramic tradition. During this period,
144:, among others. These sites are all located in highland zones that are lower than the
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Grieder, Terence; Bueno Mendoza, Alberto; Earle Smith, C.; Malina, Robert M. (1988).
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234:; the term means "a heap of stones", referring to the two stony mounds at the site.
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INTRODUCTION, Bulletin No.3: EXCAVATIONS AT SHILLACOTO, HUANUCO, PERU.
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Museo Nacional de ArqueologĂa, AntropologĂa e Historia del PerĂş
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The first archaeologist to investigate the site at Kotosh was
683:. ShĹŤzĹŤ Masuda (translator). Tokyo: Kadokawa Publishing Co.
261:. Following on from this visit, Izumi led a team from the
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Buildings and structures completed in the 30th century BC
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La Galgada, Peru: A Preceramic Culture in Transition
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155:that emerged at most of these sites subsequently.
443:The University Museum, University of Tokyo, 1972
432:Seiichi IZUMI, Pedro J. CUCULIZA, Chiaki KANO,
151:Kotosh tradition shows numerous links with the
113:between circa 3000 and c. 1800 BCE, during the
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316:, who was then involved in the excavations at
612:Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilisation
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128:Model of the Kotosh site in the Kotosh Museum
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681:Andes 2: Excavations at Kotosh, Peru, 1960
183:This is when the first pottery appeared.
704:Archaeological cultures of South America
679:Izumi, Seiichi; Sono, Toshihiko (1963).
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222:- which is geographically known as the
413:Templo de las Manos Cruzadas de Kotosh
257:and Professor Luis G. Lumberas of the
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664:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
218:. Located on the eastern side of the
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259:San CristĂłbal of Huamanga University
729:2nd-millennium BC disestablishments
394:Art and Archaeology of Ancient Peru
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283:, the principal tributary of the
275:La Galgada (archaeological site)
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734:1935 archaeological discoveries
709:Indigenous peoples of the Andes
248:Field Museum of Natural History
173:The Temple of the Crossed Hands
699:Archaic period in the Americas
631:The Incas and their Ancestors
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636:. London: Thames and Hudson.
614:. London: Thames and Hudson.
314:University of Texas at Austin
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629:Moseley, Michael E. (2001).
423:Izumi and Sono, 1963, p. 155
307:Archaeological investigation
238:Archaeological investigation
117:, or Late Archaic period of
610:Burger, Richard L. (1992).
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230:. Named "Kotosh" by local
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100:Kotosh Religious Tradition
232:Huallaga Quechua speakers
344:Caral-Supe civilization
159:Archaeological context
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492:Izumi and Sono 1963
480:Izumi and Sono 1963
468:Izumi and Sono 1963
263:University of Tokyo
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653:Excavation reports
589:Grieder et al 1988
574:Grieder et al 1988
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538:Grieder et al 1988
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509:Grieder et al 1988
439:2003-01-13 at the
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102:is a term used by
22:Geographical range
719:Andean preceramic
643:978-0-500-28277-9
621:978-0-500-27816-1
339:Andean preceramic
289:Pallasca Province
179:Wairajirca Period
115:Andean preceramic
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382:Burger 1992
334:Asana, Peru
285:Santa River
167:Mito period
87:Followed by
81:Norte Chico
77:Preceded by
693:Categories
403:utexas.edu
350:References
269:La Galgada
138:La Galgada
603:Overviews
591:. p. vii.
372:. p. 109.
355:Footnotes
66:Type site
576:. p. 24.
564:. p. 11.
540:. p. 19.
437:Archived
397:Archived
384:. p. 45.
328:See also
228:Higueras
108:Peruvian
552:. p. 9.
528:. p. 4.
511:. p. 1.
482:. p. i.
470:. p. 1.
212:Huánuco
26:Huánuco
714:Mounds
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640:
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318:Patash
206:Kotosh
200:Kotosh
142:Piruru
134:Kotosh
91:Chavin
71:Kotosh
44:Period
35:
17:Kotosh
220:Andes
111:Andes
54:Dates
666:ISBN
638:ISBN
616:ISBN
216:Peru
146:Puna
98:The
38:Peru
214:in
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58:c.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
