407:
735:
398:
29:
472:. Lithuanian sources published 16 names of flogged men, but claimed that they numbered 69. Using the excuse of searching for escaped church defenders, the Cossacks were allowed to plunder the town and surrounding villages for two weeks. They raped women – a source from 1933 counted 24 women, including two pregnant women and a 12-year old gang raped by eight Cossacks. Dozens were injured. Nine people died due to beatings and other injuries. There were rumors of people drowning in the nearby
617:, devoted significant attention to the events. They exaggerated casualties and claimed, for example, that 300 Lithuanians were killed or that 600 women were raped. The press attacked the popular notion of "good Tsar, bad bureaucrats" and praised Kražiai defenders as martyrs and an inspirational example for others to follow. The Lithuanian press also covered the trial, publishing defense attorney speeches and special prayers for the defendants. Soon separate booklets were published in
496:
642:
180:
508:
337:. Orzhevsky was a strong supporter of the various Russification policies and perhaps hoped that his strict stance would gain him favor in Saint Petersburg and restart his political career. The Tsar ordered the monastery and church closed and demolished on 22 June 1893; the stones and bricks were to be used to construct an agricultural school.
468:, and stones. The Cossacks aimed their blows to the head and face as those wounds would be easily spotted later and would help searching for those who managed to escape. The Cossacks freed Klingenberg who ordered the town surrounded and every Catholic, regardless of age or sex, arrested. The arrested men were flogged with
256:) local residents attempted to protest and resist the closures. The monastery and church in Kęstaičiai were guarded by locals, but closed using a Cossack unit and demolished in 1887. According to the memoirs of Kražiai survivors, they had received tips from people involved in defending the Kęstaičiai monastery.
583:
and some other items to the parish church in Kražiai, but many other items were looted. The church was left essentially empty and was closed, but not demolished. It was returned to the parish in 1908 and, after extensive repairs, reopened on 4 September 1910. Other monastery buildings, except for the
812:
published a two-volume historical novel about the events. There were other plans for commemorating the events with special medals, monument, or enlarged museum all aimed at the anticipated grand ceremony in 1943, the 50th anniversary. However, any such plans were interrupted by World War II and the
141:
monastery in Kražiai. The locals petitioned to keep the monastery's Church of the
Immaculate Conception open and transform it into a parish church. The Tsar ordered the monastery closed and demolished in June 1893. The locals started a constant vigil inside the church, protecting it from members of
442:
to showcase their loyalty to the Tsar and pleading him to wait for the Tsar to respond to their latest petition. Klingenberg brought about 70 policemen and ordered them to remove the residents (about 300–400 people) from the church. Lithuanians resisted and overpowered the police. Chief of the
340:
The
Benedictine nuns attempted to delay their move to Kaunas using various excuses, including lack of warm clothing and ill health. Due to poor health, Aleksandra Sieliniewska, Benedykta Choromańska, Salomea Siemaszkówna, and Abbess Michalina Paniewska remained in Kražiai. They were visited by
345:
and two doctors to inspect their health. When the nuns would not allow the men into their monastery, they broke down the doors and forcibly removed the nuns escorting them to Kaunas. The nuns were forcibly removed on 25 October 1892 and 4 May 1893. This galvanized town residents who started a
302:
on 7 February 1892. They sent many other petitions, including a total of eight petitions to the Tsar himself, asking to convert the monastery church into a parish church and transform the crumbling wooden parish Church of the
Archangel Michael into a cemetery chapel. Governor-General
785:, and visited 136 cities and towns raising money. The film was not produced due to financial difficulties (it received no support from the government) and Vaičkus' death in 1935. In 1934, exhibition about Kražiai and religious repressions in Russian Empire in general was shown in
715:, pointed out that it forced Tsarist authorities to make concessions and relax restrictions on the Catholic Church and that the pope urged obedience only as much as it did not go against religious beliefs and freedom. After the debate, most of the clergy withdrew their support to
669:
into just Polish or
Lithuanian national identities and separation of the Lithuanian National Revival into two main branches (conservative Catholic and liberal secular). Polish press also covered the events, often claiming that the defenders were Poles organized and led by Polish
533:
742:
The official
Catholic hierarchy did not promote the memory of the event because the clergy was very passive if not supportive of the Tsarist authorities. The event was remembered in 1933, the 40th anniversary of the massacre. At the time, the authoritarian regime of
429:
191:
154:
486:
The deceased were buried immediately, thrown into a pit meant for slaking lime at the local cemetery. The priests were forbidden from recording the names of the victims and performing funeral rites, including sprinkling the ground with holy water.
271:). The church was considered the "nobles' church," meaning it was the most frequently attended by the local nobility. The nuns also mostly came from noble backgrounds and spoke Polish in their daily lives. The liturgy was conducted in
751:. Therefore, the struggle against government oppression for religious freedom was once again relevant. According to contemporary press reports, some 10,000 people attended the anniversary events in Kražiai, organized by the
328:
689:
and in support of the dual Polish-Lithuanian identity. Lithuanian press denied any involvement of Poles while Polish press blamed
Lithuanians for fracturing the united front against the Tsarist regime. In March 1894,
167:. 71 persons were put on trial for rioting and disobeying police orders, but the cruelty of the Cossacks caused a public outcry and the people received a pardon from the Tsar. The event became a rallying cry of the
309:
459:
453:
The scuffle continued through the night. Lithuanians attempted to negotiate with
Klingenberg and force him to write a protocol admitting his wrongdoings. As prearranged, about 300 Cossacks from the
159:
personally arrived to the town to supervise the closure. Lithuanians resisted and overpowered 70 policemen that
Klingenberg brought with him. The next morning, about 300 Don Cossacks arrived from
1363:
767:. Other events were held in other cities and towns, organized by other Lithuanian organizations. Schools were ordered to devote one lesson on 22 November to discussing the massacre.
711:
attacked the encyclical because the pope urged compliance and obedience to the
Tsarist regime and thus "betrayed the blood spilled in Kražiai". Defenders of the encyclical, including
515:
In total, 330 people were interrogated and 71 (34 peasants, 27 nobles, and 10 city residents; 55 men and 16 women) were arrested and put on trial in
Vilnius. They were defended
1216:
267:
women's monastery in Kražiai dated since 1639. In 1757–1763, the monastery constructed the brick church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (architect
561:. Following the letter of the law, 36 people were acquitted while 35 people were found guilty and received various sentences, including four men who received 10 years of
318:
to transfer the churches. However, on 1 January 1893, Kakhanov who was implicated in a corruption scandal (accused of misappropriating funds collected for a monument to
163:
and were given a free rein to loot and brutalize. According to official data, nine people died and 54 were injured. At least 24 women were raped and 16 men flogged with
1283:
315:
283:, while the sermons were delivered exclusively in Samogitian. The nuns communicated with the local population in Samogitian and were respected and liked by them.
1521:
1440:[The slaughter of Catholics in Kroże. Contribution to the history of the struggle of Poles and Lithuanians against tsarist rule in the 19th century].
1536:
988:
350:, but were stopped by the locals. The residents sent letters not only to the central Russian authorities but also to the governments of foreign countries:
1531:
378:. The local nobility assisted in drafting these letters. Activists of the Lithuanian national revival, particularly those associated with the journal
721:
572:
The church interior was almost fully demolished. Sculptures were smashed, paintings had bullet holes. Priests moved two side altars to the church in
380:
1467:
1133:
1364:"Catholicism and Nationalism in the Views of the Younger Generation of Lithuanian Clergy in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"
569:
to pardon the people and commute the 10-year katorga to one year in prison. A collection of court documents was published in Polish in 1895.
996:
886:
814:
748:
346:
constant vigil inside the church to protect it and its valuables on 13 September 1893. Several times, local priests attempted to remove the
439:
1506:
752:
686:
205:
1541:
1267:
734:
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personally arrived to the town in the late evening of 21 November. He was met by Lithuanians holding up two large portraits of Tsar
450:
was beaten and almost hanged, but freed by the Russian policemen, while Klingenberg barricaded himself in a church choir balcony.
406:
621:(where Lithuanian publishing concentrated) and United States, including a play by Juozapas Žebrys. The events caused a stir among
232:. The government often closed churches and chapels attached to manors or cemeteries as well as monasteries and their churches. In
685:
wrote a play about the events. Lithuanians protested such attempts to usurp and appropriate the events in the spirit of the old
1516:
625:
who collected donations, held lectures, and organized protest rallies. The largest rallies were held on 28 January 1894 in
1511:
842:
1016:
764:
662:
168:
28:
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666:
630:
524:
334:
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295:
201:
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539:
1438:"Rzeź katolików w Krożach. Przyczynek do dziejów walki Polaków i Litwinów przeciwko rządom carskim w XIX wieku"
1437:
454:
397:
435:
287:
1017:"Lithuania 1863-1893: Tsarist Russification and the Beginnings of the Modern Lithuanian National Movement"
802:
760:
712:
424:
186:
149:
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260:
229:
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1104:
755:. The union encouraged people to follow the example of Kražiai defenders and continue to fight for the
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807:
747:
attempted to lessen the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and thus weaken its main opponent, the
727:
622:
323:
225:
771:
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on the church in Poland sparking a fierce debate between Catholic and secular Lithuanian activists.
661:
Historian Nerijus Udrėnas summarized that the events in Kražiai accelerated two major trends of the
384:, which had been published since 1890 in Tilsit, also became involved in the defense of the church.
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304:
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280:
111:
980:
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Collage of portraits of Kražiai defenders. Top center: four men who received 10-year sentences in
1277:
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520:
573:
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arrived to the town early next morning. They easily overpowered Lithuanians armed with sticks,
290:
ordered the monastery closed and nine remaining nuns transferred to a Benedictine monastery in
236:, authorities closed some 46 Catholic monasteries, and 22 churches and chaples. In five towns (
1388:
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1028:
992:
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46:
1160:
Kražių Švč. M. Marijos Nekaltojo Prasidėjimo bažnyčios kompleksas. Kultūrinės vertės aspektas
591:
News of the event quickly spread across Lithuania and reached international press, including
1378:
268:
217:
548:
249:
776:
744:
351:
272:
798:
241:
588:, did not survive. The wooden Church of the Archangel Michael burned down in June 1941.
495:
1128:
756:
702:
646:
367:
209:
127:
50:
1298:
801:. A small memorial museum in Kražiai was opened in summer 1938. The same year, writer
1500:
1217:"Kražių skerdynės: moterų vienuolyno iškeldinimas, virtęs beatodairiškomis žudynėmis"
1158:
934:
691:
355:
221:
134:
122:
regiment on Lithuanians protesting the planned closure of a Roman Catholic church in
1406:
237:
1460:
Two-volume historical novel on the massacre by Jonas Marcinkevičius (in Lithuanian)
618:
478:
99:
1166:(Master's Thesis) (in Lithuanian). Vytautas Magnus University. pp. 24–26, 43.
607:
245:
415:
Interior of the Church of the Immaculate Conception before and after the massacre
794:
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138:
119:
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42:
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233:
1332:
1036:
578:
1220:
671:
585:
1413:(in Lithuanian). Lituanistikos tradicijų ir paveldo įprasminimo komisija
557:
and did not know Russian. The trial was held on 20–29 September 1894 in
196:
who personally supervised the closure of the monastery church in Kražiai
626:
562:
558:
500:
469:
375:
164:
160:
786:
707:
601:
363:
291:
1260:
Michał Węsławski. Biography of the President of Vilnius in 1905-1916
1333:"Endurance of Homeland Support by Lithuanians in the United States"
640:
506:
494:
465:
447:
359:
276:
178:
781:
wanted to produce an epic film on the massacre, one of the first
1067:
1065:
633:(estimated 7,000 Lithuanians and 3,000 of other nationalities).
33:
Poster of the Kražiai massacre published by Lithuanian Americans
1256:
Michał Węsławski. Biografia prezydenta Wilna w latach 1905-1916
1109:(in Lithuanian). Žurnalistų ir rašytojų būrelis. pp. 2–12.
259:
Kražiai was a small town with 1,761 residents according to the
371:
538:
and Poles Jan Maurycy Kamiński, Leon Dunin-Szostakowski, and
137:
efforts, the Tsarist government decided to close the women's
1137:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
565:. However, the judges themselves petitioned the new Tsar
935:"Kražių skerdynės: nuo įvykio iki laisvės kovų simbolio"
553:, served as an interpreter for peasants who spoke only
483:
river. The Cossacks confiscated 225 sticks and flails.
294:. Town residents sent the first petitions to the Tsar,
1299:"Puoselėti ir naikinti Kražių sakraliniai paminklai"
95:
87:
79:
71:
56:
38:
21:
979:Manelis, Eugenijus; Račis, Antanas, eds. (2011).
763:. 38 of the surviving defenders were awarded the
738:People in Kražiai on the 40th anniversary in 1933
142:the clergy who tried to comply with the orders.
629:(estimated 6,000 people) and on 4 March 1894 in
1436:Dąbrowski, Przemysław; Gaidis, Ryszard (2012).
1241:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1071:
1056:
966:
1331:Wolkovich-Valkavičius, William (Winter 1998).
881:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 156.
316:Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Empire
314:investigated the issue and recommended to the
8:
511:Defenders of the victims of Kražiai massacre
523:, Konstantin Bialy, Alexander Turchaninov,
1282:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1262:] (in Polish). Opole. pp. 56–60.
27:
18:
1382:
985:Lietuvos istorija. Enciklopedinis žinynas
942:Acta humanitarica universitatis Saulensis
1211:
1209:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1027:(42). Translated by Saulius Sužiedėlis.
989:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
733:
655:From their graves the avengers will rise
16:1893 massacre in Kražiai, Russian Empire
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826:
1275:
841:Mažonas, Vygantas (26 November 2013).
220:, Tsarist authorities enacted various
208:in 1795, Lithuania became part of the
749:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
7:
649:. Inscription on obverse in Polish:
279:, the gospel was read in Polish and
753:Union for the Liberation of Vilnius
1537:1893 murders in the Russian Empire
878:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania
14:
1127:Mulevičius, Leonas (2006-08-31).
651:The Lord God is tardish, but fair
1532:Resistance to the Russian Empire
1522:History of Lithuania (1795–1918)
1134:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
719:and instead focused on Catholic
645:Commemorative medal designed by
405:
396:
228:and various restrictions on the
1103:Klimaitis, Pranas, ed. (1933).
875:Suziedelis, Saulius A. (2011).
1254:Wołkanowski, Waldemar (2015).
987:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I.
815:Soviet occupation in June 1940
687:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
599:. Lithuanian press, including
542:. Michał Węsławski along with
206:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1442:Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne
1371:Lithuanian Historical Studies
722:Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga
519:by eight attorneys, Russians
381:Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga
118:) was an attack by a Russian
1407:"Vincas Kudirka ir "Varpas""
1362:Žaltauskaitė, Vilma (2000).
1015:Stražas, A. S. (Fall 1996).
981:"Kęsgailų bažnyčios gynimas"
212:. In response to the failed
1242:Dąbrowski & Gaidis 2012
1201:Dąbrowski & Gaidis 2012
1189:Dąbrowski & Gaidis 2012
1177:Dąbrowski & Gaidis 2012
1072:Dąbrowski & Gaidis 2012
1057:Dąbrowski & Gaidis 2012
967:Dąbrowski & Gaidis 2012
933:Mačiulis, Dangiras (2013).
765:Order of Vytautas the Great
663:Lithuanian National Revival
169:Lithuanian National Revival
91:Russian Imperial government
60:November 22, 1893
1558:
1507:1893 in the Russian Empire
1384:10.30965/25386565-00501007
1157:Žukauskas, Darius (2013).
667:Polish-Lithuanian identity
631:Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
335:Special Corps of Gendarmes
333:, former commander of the
286:On 12 December 1891, Tsar
1542:Anti-Lithuanian sentiment
665:– separation of the dual
320:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
296:Governor-General of Vilna
26:
1297:Baužienė, Morta (2010).
455:3rd Don Cossack Regiment
224:policies, including the
130:, on 22 November 1893.
436:Alexander III of Russia
341:Russian policemen from
288:Alexander III of Russia
1517:Massacres in Lithuania
761:Second Polish Republic
739:
658:
597:Kölnische Volkszeitung
512:
504:
197:
115:
1483:55.60028°N 22.69472°E
737:
644:
567:Nicholas II of Russia
510:
498:
261:Russian Empire Census
230:Roman Catholic Church
182:
1512:November 1893 events
803:Jonas Marcinkevičius
674:. Polish journalist
623:Lithuanian Americans
226:Lithuanian press ban
1479: /
783:films in Lithuanian
614:Vienybė lietuvninkų
593:New York World News
425:Nikolay Klingenberg
300:Bishop of Samogitia
187:Nikolay Klingenberg
150:Nikolay Klingenberg
126:, then part of the
1488:55.60028; 22.69472
1223:. 27 November 2013
1203:, p. 131-132.
1129:"Kražių skerdynės"
1059:, p. 130-131.
843:"Kražių skerdynės"
759:disputed with the
740:
659:
653:; on the reverse:
529:Vladimir Zhukovsky
521:Sergey Andreyevsky
513:
505:
422:Governor of Kaunas
322:) was replaced by
198:
184:Governor of Kaunas
147:Governor of Kaunas
1527:Massacres in 1893
1411:Lietuviškas žodis
1308:(in Lithuanian).
1219:(in Lithuanian).
998:978-5-420-01689-3
944:(in Lithuanian).
888:978-0-8108-7536-4
849:(in Lithuanian).
544:Stanislovas Raila
214:uprisings in 1831
133:As part of wider
105:
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47:Kovno Governorate
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1106:Kražių skerdynės
1100:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1035:. Archived from
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964:
958:
957:
948:: 25–35, 40–42.
939:
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713:Pranciškus Bučys
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525:Alexander Urusov
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440:Maria Feodorovna
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409:
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332:
313:
269:Thomas Zebrowski
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145:On 21 November,
116:Kražių skerdynės
108:Kražiai massacre
67:
65:
31:
22:Kražiai massacre
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991:. p. 818.
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637:Cultural impact
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770:Film director
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1501:Categories
1474:22°41′41″E
1471:55°36′01″N
1417:19 October
1227:19 October
1043:2018-10-19
821:References
696:encyclical
584:chapel of
555:Samogitian
281:Samogitian
250:Kęstaičiai
200:After the
175:Background
112:Lithuanian
96:Assailants
64:1893-11-22
1393:1392-2343
1349:0024-5089
1318:1392-2610
1278:cite book
1033:0024-5089
954:1822-7309
859:1392-9518
799:Panevėžys
699:Caritatis
608:Ūkininkas
574:Maironiai
491:Aftermath
445:Raseiniai
348:Eucharist
343:Raseiniai
246:Tytuvėnai
242:Šešuoliai
234:Samogitia
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474:Kražantė
470:nagaikas
388:Massacre
165:nagaikas
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694:issued
627:Chicago
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559:Vilnius
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376:Denmark
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238:Dūkštas
204:of the
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366:, the
364:France
298:, and
292:Kaunas
273:Polish
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