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422:. Because the wreck can usually be dated with some degree of certainty, its contents provides a clear snapshot of production at the moment the vessel went down. Moreover, its location can also indicate its destination point, thus revealing much about international trade routes and outposts at the time. In contrast to the other major European imports of the time (for example textiles or spices), ceramics are able to withstand exposure to water, thus making it the ideal merchandise to serve as
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17:
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78:
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producing. Rinaldi comes to a more even-handed conclusion, noting that it "forms a middle category between much heavier wares, often coarse, and definitely finer wares with well levigated clay and smooth glaze that does not shrink on the rim..." Thus looking at ceramic production in China at the time from a larger prospective, Kraak ware falls between the best examples and a typical provincial output, such as the contemporary
99:
346:
267:
collection, which houses the most extensive selection of Kraak ware of all. Noting the importance of soups and stews in
European diet, Rinaldi proposes that klapmusten were developed to satisfy a foreign demand, noting that the heavy, long-handled, metal spoon that is common in Europe would have
85:
The quality of the porcelain used to form Kraak ware is much disputed among scholars; some claim that it is surprisingly good, in certain cases indistinguishable from that produced on the domestic market; others imply that it is a dismal shadow of the truly fine ceramics China was capable of
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cargo in the great ships. Yet from another perspective, porcelain's durability in this sense, even withstanding centuries of submersion at the bottom of the sea, means that it has been the good that has endured (sometimes even intact) to tell these tales.
286:
255:. A klapmuts is somewhat akin to what we would today call a soup-bowl—a broader-based, rimmed style that was new in the Chinese repertoire, and seems to have been exclusively exported to Europe. (Two such examples are at the center of de Heem's
545:
262:
The specialist Maura
Rinaldi suggests that the latter type was designed specifically to serve a European clientele, since there do not seem to be many surviving examples elsewhere in the world, even in the spectacular
232:. However, most characteristic of Kraak decoration is the use of foliated radial panels. In other words, the surface of the porcelain is divided into segments, each containing its own discrete image.
70:. Strictly defined, it "is distinguished by the arrangement of its ornament into panels; these usually radiate to a bracketed rim notorious for its liability to chip". It is a sub-class of
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1418:
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2017:
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395:—to which Dutch merchants turned when, after the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, Chinese originals were no longer available—and ultimately in
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glaze have survived. It is often decorated with variations on the more traditional motifs found on
Chinese porcelain, such as stylized flowers (
74:, mostly made as "deep bowls and wide dishes", decorated with motifs from nature, in a style not used on wares for the domestic Chinese market.
2023:
1588:
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1880:
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163:—a characteristic that certainly is common among Kraak wares. Moreover, the term refers to the type of shelves that often displayed import
1962:
1748:
1256:
243:. Kraak ware bowls fall into roughly two types; the first is a deep, unrimmed Chinese style bowl, taking roughly the same shape as the
1952:
1730:
568:
Vinhais L and Welsh J: Kraak
Porcelain: the Rise of Global Trade in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Jorge Welsh Books 2008, p. 17
1984:
1700:
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55:(1627–1644). It was among the first Chinese export wares to arrive in Europe in mass quantities, and was frequently featured in
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The wares have "suffered from imprecise terminology", sometimes being loosely used for many varieties of
Chinese export
759:
China for the West: Chinese
Porcelain and other Decorative Arts for Export, Illustrated from the Mottahedeh Collection
1874:
310:
1957:
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147:, meaning simply merchant vessels. Although the link with Carrak ships is generally accepted as the root of the name
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399:. As noted above, it made a frequent appearance in the sumptuous Dutch paintings of the seventeenth century (
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151:, other origins of the label have also been proposed. For example, Rinaldi points out that in
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Kraak dish. Porcelain decorated with underglaze blue. 1591–1613 CE. From
Jingdezhen, China.
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Jingdezhen dish of typical shape. Width: 18 5/8 in. (47.3 cm). For profile view see below.
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Porcelain for the Dutch Market: Chinese
Porcelain with Coats of Arms of Dutch Families
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834:, early 17th century; Chinese for the European market; Hard paste; Diam. 11
790:: Centraal Bureau voor Generalogie and Zwolle: Waanders Publishers, 2007.
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Kraak ware collection in the
Princesshof Museum, Leeuwarden Netherlands
2011:
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Blue and White: Chinese
Porcelain and Its Impact on the Western World
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For a fascinating recent account, brilliantly illustrated, see Jörg,
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For a study on foreign objects in Dutch paintings, see Hochstrasser,
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Blue and White Ceramics in the Victoria and Albert Museum, 1501–1738
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in Italian or Spanish—is itself believed to be a derivative of the
1129:
218:
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97:
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15:
775:. Ed. Craig Clunas. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1987.
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Kraak was copied and imitated all over the world, by potters in
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1425:
1417:
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Porcelain from the Vung Tau wreck: The Hallstrom Excavation
109:, second half of 17th century; Oil on canvas, 75 Ă— 105 cm;
90:, also made for export, but to South-East Asia and Japan.
410:
Today a great deal is learned about Kraak ware through
259:, above: one holds fruit, and the other a shaved ham.)
754:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007.
213:, although a few examples of dishes over-painted with
814:. Weinstadt: Verlag Bernhard Albert Greiner, 2014.
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1940:
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761:. London and New York: Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1978.
431:
Gallery of Kraak ware imitations made outside China
268:toppled and chipped the high-walled Chinese bowl.
120:Kraak porcelain is believed to be named after the
795:Kraak Porcelain: A Moment in the History of Trade
694:Crowe, p. 20; and Howard, p. 6 of "Introduction."
1422:Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi
859:Pair of Chinese Blue and White Kraak Ware Dishes
377:Still life with a large Kraak ware dish of fruit
771:Kerr, Rosemary. “Early Export Ceramics.” In
1250:
900:
663:Crowe, p. 22; Howard, p. 7 of "Introduction."
8:
752:Still Life and Trade in the Dutch Golden Age
595:Howard, p. 1 of "Introduction;" Crowe, p. 11
804:, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
136:term for the type of trading ships used in
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1515:
1441:
1276:
1257:
1243:
1235:
907:
893:
885:
870:, London: Lot 478/Sale 5093, 29 March 2007
128:), in which it was transported. Carrak—or
768:. Singapore: Sun Tree Publishing, 2001.
707:. A very brief online summary is here:
61:still life subjects with foreign luxuries
371:
199:Kraak ware is almost all painted in the
561:
434:
340:Kraak porcelain plate 20 cm across
270:
1589:Chinese porcelain in European painting
809:The Origins of Kraak Porcelain in the
368:Chinese porcelain in European painting
1297:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
81:Profile view of Jingdezhen dish above
7:
725:. Exhibition Catalogue. Chicago:
507:"Possibly German", late 17th-century
958:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
881:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
209:style that was perfected under the
171:, in the north of the Netherlands.
47:reign (1573–1620), but also in the
1953:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
495:, for the European market, c. 1670
14:
1398:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1143:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
705:Porcelain from the Vung Tau wreck
401:see also the detail of de Heem's
107:Still Life with Fruit and Lobster
2012:Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics
1430:Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735
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757:Howard, David and John Ayers.
879:A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics
727:David and Alfred Smart Gallery
251:). The second type are called
1:
2018:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
1963:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
802:Chinese Pottery and Porcelain
797:. London: Bamboo Pub, 1989.
773:Chinese Export Art and Design
2000:Dresden Porcelain Collection
745:Victoria & Albert Museum
631:Rinaldi, p. 60; Kerr, p. 38.
111:Museum Boymans-van Beuningen
39:produced mainly in the late
2098:
2042:Victoria and Albert Museum
365:
354:Victoria and Albert Museum
57:Dutch Golden Age paintings
2048:Museum of Royal Worcester
2024:Musée des Arts Décoratifs
1989:Percival David Foundation
1983:British Museum (London):
1457:Japanese export porcelain
1415:
1066:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
946:
493:Japanese export porcelain
480:, Conrade factory, 1630s
183:Relatively unusual Kraak
165:blue and white porcelains
1958:Johann Friedrich Böttger
1292:Chinese export porcelain
280:Jingdezhen, Wanli period
207:blue and white porcelain
37:Chinese export porcelain
1431:
1423:
764:Jörg, Christiaan J.A.
750:Hochstrasser, Julie.
384:
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117:
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68:blue and white pottery
21:
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654:Rinaldi, pp. 11, 118.
420:marine archaeologists
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366:Further information:
328:Last piece from below
182:
101:
80:
19:
1994:The David Collection
1917:Overglaze decoration
1907:Hard-paste porcelain
1902:Soft-paste porcelain
940:Green-glazed pottery
844:in. (28.6 cm);
674:Still Life and Trade
613:Rinaldi, pp. 12, 67.
51:(1620–1627) and the
1851:Bing & Grøndahl
1815:Dihl & Guérhard
1713:Villeroy & Boch
846:Metropolitan Museum
103:Jan Davidsz de Heem
2060:Ludwigsburg Palace
2054:Walters Art Museum
1452:Japanese porcelain
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1322:(16th century BCE)
551:Iran, 18th-century
403:Banquet Still Life
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230:auspicious emblems
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185:armorial porcelain
118:
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2082:Chinese porcelain
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1968:Dmitry Vinogradov
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1579:List of companies
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1370:(14th century on)
1364:(14th century on)
1358:(11th century on)
1287:Chinese porcelain
1232:
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1035:Tang tomb figures
811:Late Ming Dynasty
793:Rinaldi, Maura.
732:Crowe, Yolande.
721:Carswell, John.
685:Carswell, p. 168.
537:Chelsea porcelain
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1677:Saint Petersburg
1584:French porcelain
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1526:Korean porcelain
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35:) is a type of
29:Kraak porcelain
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1368:Blanc de Chine
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247:enameled cup (
223:chrysanthemums
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33:Kraakporselein
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2030:Palace Museum
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1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1594:Armorial ware
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:(6th century)
1339:
1336:
1334:(2nd century)
1333:
1330:
1328:(1st century)
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:Proto-celadon
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1302:Fonthill Vase
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:Kilns, shapes
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
956:
951:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Proto-celadon
928:
927:
925:
921:
917:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
891:
890:
887:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:
856:
854:
852:, 1995.268.1
851:
850:New York City
847:
833:
830:
829:
825:
821:
820:3-86705-074-0
817:
813:
812:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
783:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
740:
736:
731:
728:
724:
720:
719:
715:
709:
706:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
675:
669:
666:
660:
657:
651:
648:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
562:
556:
547:
542:
538:
531:
526:
522:
515:
510:
503:
498:
494:
488:
483:
479:
472:
467:
463:
456:
451:
447:
440:
435:
430:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
378:
374:
369:
361:
355:
348:
343:
336:
331:
324:
319:
316:Bowl, c. 1600
312:
307:
304:Bowl, c. 1600
300:
295:
288:
283:
276:
271:
269:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:, bowls, and
238:
233:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
202:
194:
190:
186:
181:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Mediterranean
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
91:
89:
79:
75:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
18:
1996:(Copenhagen)
1932:Factory mark
1895:Technologies
1803:Clignancourt
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1152:
1135:
1128:
1116:
1085:
1076:Transitional
858:
831:
808:
801:
794:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
743:. London:
737:and China:
733:
722:
704:
699:
690:
681:
673:
668:
659:
650:
636:
627:
618:
609:
604:Kerr, p. 38.
600:
591:
586:Vainker, 147
582:
577:Vainker, 147
573:
564:
409:
404:
400:
389:Arita, Japan
386:
376:
261:
256:
252:
248:
234:
211:Ming dynasty
198:
160:
156:
148:
144:
129:
119:
106:
84:
65:
41:Ming dynasty
32:
28:
24:
23:
2056:(Baltimore)
2050:(Worcester)
1977:Collections
1743:Ludwigsburg
1725:Frankenthal
1701:Nymphenburg
1695:FĂĽrstenberg
1671:Capodimonte
1623:Saint-Cloud
1176:Mantou kiln
1171:Dragon kiln
464:, 1580-1630
448:, 1580-1630
381:Osias Beert
189:Wittelsbach
138:Renaissance
88:Swatow ware
2038:(Istanbul)
1912:Bone china
1797:Copenhagen
1791:Loosdrecht
1773:Wallendorf
1356:Jingdezhen
1110:Decoration
868:Christie's
716:References
642:"- Errors"
521:Arita ware
416:shipwrecks
412:excavation
405:, at right
257:Still Life
253:klapmutsen
201:underglaze
187:, for the
149:Kraak ware
122:Portuguese
43:, in the
25:Kraak ware
2032:(Beijing)
2008:(Toronto)
2002:(Dresden)
1875:Porsgrund
1869:Rosenthal
1809:Hollóháza
1719:Worcester
1659:Vincennes
1647:Chantilly
1641:Rörstrand
1484:Nabeshima
1266:Porcelain
1148:Ash glaze
1044:Porcelain
535:England,
383:, c. 1610
362:Influence
169:Friesland
155:the verb
115:Rotterdam
53:Chongzhen
2076:Category
2044:(London)
2014:(Moscow)
1948:Chinamen
1881:Augarten
1761:Wedgwood
1707:Plymouth
1572:General:
1519:General:
1489:Kakiemon
1445:General:
1280:General:
788:Den Haag
782:Armorial
780:Chinese
356:, London
227:Buddhist
191:family;
161:to break
145:qaraquir
126:carracks
2026:(Paris)
2020:(Paris)
1927:Biscuit
1857:Zsolnay
1833:Doulton
1821:Mintons
1785:Limoges
1683:Mennecy
1665:Chelsea
1629:Meissen
1350:Qingbai
1326:Celadon
1216:Meiping
1209:Hunping
1061:Qingbai
975:Yaozhou
970:Celadon
866:Reign;
839:⁄
747:, 2002.
739:Safavid
729:, 1985.
519:Japan,
476:French
462:Isfahan
446:Isfahan
424:ballast
249:at left
219:peonies
143:trade:
130:caracca
124:ships (
31:(Dutch
1941:People
1883:(1923)
1877:(1885)
1871:(1879)
1865:(1877)
1859:(1853)
1853:(1853)
1847:(1826)
1845:Herend
1841:(1822)
1839:Lichte
1835:(1815)
1829:(1814)
1823:(1793)
1817:(1781)
1811:(1777)
1805:(1775)
1799:(1775)
1793:(1774)
1787:(1771)
1781:(1768)
1775:(1764)
1769:(1763)
1767:Berlin
1763:(1759)
1757:(1760)
1755:Retiro
1751:(1759)
1745:(1758)
1739:(1757)
1733:(1756)
1731:Sèvres
1727:(1755)
1721:(1751)
1715:(1748)
1709:(1748)
1703:(1747)
1697:(1747)
1691:(1747)
1685:(1745)
1679:(1744)
1673:(1743)
1667:(1743)
1661:(1740)
1655:(1735)
1653:Doccia
1649:(1730)
1643:(1726)
1637:(1718)
1635:Vienna
1631:(1710)
1625:(1693)
1619:(1673)
1613:(1575)
1611:Medici
1604:Types:
1564:Europe
1549:Joseon
1543:Goryeo
1536:Types:
1499:Hirado
1494:Kutani
1467:Types:
1404:Canton
1392:Kangxi
1386:Tianqi
1380:Swatow
1313:Types:
1304:(1338)
1223:Gaiwan
1154:An hua
1137:Doucai
1118:Sancai
1101:Canton
1096:Tianqi
1091:Swatow
1081:export
1030:Shiwan
1025:Yixing
1010:Jizhou
985:Cizhou
818:
735:Persia
393:Persia
237:dishes
225:) and
204:cobalt
159:means
157:kraken
134:Arabic
49:Tianqi
1779:Revol
1749:Weesp
1737:Derby
1617:Rouen
1512:Korea
1479:Imari
1474:Arita
1438:Japan
1374:Kraak
1273:China
1202:Guang
1130:Wucai
1086:Kraak
1071:Dehua
864:Wanli
557:Notes
397:Delft
241:vases
195:reign
193:Wanli
175:Style
153:Dutch
45:Wanli
1344:Ding
1338:Xing
1195:Ding
1188:Cong
1180:The
1056:Ding
1051:Xing
1005:Jian
1000:Guan
990:Ding
816:ISBN
391:and
245:Qing
221:and
94:Name
27:or
1689:Bow
1332:Yue
1015:Jun
965:Yue
786:.
418:by
414:of
407:).
379:by
167:in
59:of
2078::
1987:/
1020:Ru
995:Ge
862:,
848:,
113:,
105:,
63:.
1258:e
1251:t
1244:v
908:e
901:t
894:v
841:4
837:1
676:.
644:.
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