Kragujevac massacre - Knowledge (XXG)

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Tomasevich noted that some estimates of the number of those killed were as high as 7,000, but that the foremost authority on German terror in Serbia, Venceslav Glišić, placed the figure at about 3,000. In 2007, Pavlowitch wrote that inflated figures of 6,000–7,000 victims were advanced and widely believed for many years, but that German and Serbian scholars had recently agreed on the figure of 2,778. In the same year, the curator of the 21st October Museum at Kragujevac, Staniša Brkić, published a book listing the names and personal data of 2,794 victims. Of the total killed, 144 were high school students, and five of the victims were 12 years old. The last living survivor of the massacre, Dragoljub Jovanović, died in October 2018 at the age of 94. He survived despite sustaining eleven bullet wounds and had to have one of his legs amputated. After the war, he was appointed the inaugural director of the 21st October Museum.

804:, where another German unit was involved in heavy fighting with the guerrillas. Fiedler decided to redirect the III. Battalion to Rudnik to relieve the unit. Assuming he would have to pass through Gornji Milanovac on his way back, he decided to postpone the taking of hostages in Gornji Milanovac and the razing of the town until his return from Rudnik. Contrary to Fiedler's expectations, the battalion was ordered back to Kragujevac immediately after relieving the unit at Rudnik, and was thus unable to raze Gornji Milanovac. Böhme was furious, and on 15 October, he sent the III. Battalion back to Gornji Milanovac to carry out his original orders. The battalion returned to Gornji Milanovac the same day, but now only forty people could be found to be taken as hostages. The town was then razed. This time, no attempt to exchange the hostages was made. 1030:

Serbs. The scale of the massacres in Kragujevac and Kraljevo resulted in no quarter being given to German POWs by the guerrillas. "The enemy changed his attitude toward German prisoners," one senior Wehrmacht officer reported. "They are now usually being maltreated and shot." By the time Böhme was relieved as Plenipotentiary Commanding General in December 1941, between 20,000 and 30,000 civilians had been killed in German reprisal shootings. The ratio of 100 executions for each soldier killed and 50 executions for each soldier wounded was reduced by half in February 1943, and removed altogether later in the year. Henceforth, each individual execution had to be approved by Special Envoy

445: 761: 581: 39: 1082:. Mistaking him for König, who by some accounts had given Renner a cigarette case engraved with his name, the Partisans executed Renner as a war criminal. For almost fifty years, it was widely believed that König, and not Renner, had been killed by the Partisans. In 1952, a plaque was erected at the place where König was purported to have been killed, and a song was written about the incident. In the 1980s, it was conclusively proven that the German officer executed by the Partisans in November 1941 was not König. A new plaque was thus dedicated in 1990. 1051:

effect on Mihailović." "The tragedy gave to Nedić convincing proof that the Serbs would be biologically exterminated if they were not submissive," Djilas wrote, "and to the Chetniks proof that the Partisans were prematurely provoking the Germans". Mihailović's decision to refrain from attacking the Germans led to a rift with Tito and the Partisans. The Chetniks' non-resistance made it easier for the Germans to confront the Partisans, who for much of the remainder of the war could not defeat them in open combat.

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to the guerrillas. The ultimatum was rejected. Thirty minutes later, a second Chetnik envoy appeared, guaranteeing the 6th Company unmolested passage to Čačak on the condition that it left Gornji Milanovac the same day. He further requested that the town and its inhabitants be spared from any possible reprisals. The commander of the 6th Company agreed and evacuated the garrison. Around 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) outside Gornji Milanovac, the 6th Company was surrounded by the guerrillas and forced to surrender.

924: 1034:. The massacres in Kragujevac and Kraljevo caused German military commanders in Serbia to question the efficacy of such killings, as they pushed thousands of Serbs into the hands of anti-German guerrillas. In Kraljevo, the entire Serbian workforce of an airplane factory producing armaments for the Germans was shot. This helped convince the OKW that arbitrary shootings of Serbs not only incurred a significant political cost but were also counterproductive. 491:, whereby the Yugoslav monarchy—and, by extension, Serb political hegemony—would be restored. Communist resistance commenced in early July, shortly after the invasion of the Soviet Union, targeting both the Germans and the puppet authorities. By late August 1941, the Partisans and Chetniks were carrying out joint attacks against the Germans. The Partisans were well organised and many of their commanders had ample military experience, having fought in the 645:, though an identical policy had already been implemented in Serbia as early as 28 April 1941, aimed at deterring guerrilla attacks. Attacks against the Germans increased in the first half of the year and Serbia once again became a war zone. German troops fanned through the countryside burning villages, taking hostages and establishing concentration camps. The first mass executions of hostages commenced in July. 1265: 1139: 1060: 743:, became aware of the Partisan plans and decided to join in the attack to avoid the significant loss of prestige that would result from allowing the Partisans to attack alone. The insurgents launched a morning attack against the school. Although they were successful in overrunning the sentry posts, the Germans' heavy 1212:("A Bloody Fairy Tale"). The poem was later included in the Yugoslav secondary school curriculum and schoolchildren were required to memorise it. It ranks among the most famous Serbian-language poems. Recitations of it form the centerpiece of the annual commemoration ceremonies at Šumarice. In 1965, the Belgian poet 240:. Contemporary German military records indicate that 2,300 hostages were shot. After the war, inflated estimates ranged as high as 7,000 deaths, but German and Serbian scholars have now agreed on the figure of nearly 2,800 killed, including 144 high school students. As well as Serbs, massacre victims included Jews, 906:

shot by German troops at the barracks and courtyard where they were being held. Simultaneously, males between the ages of 16 and 60 were arrested within Kragujevac itself. They were detained in the barracks of a former motorised battalion at Stanovija Field. Over 7,000 hostages were assembled. German troops and

1172:) that attracts thousands of attendees every year. The park contains several monuments, including the Interrupted Flight monument to the murdered high school students and their teachers, and the monuments Pain and Defiance, One Hundred for One, and Resistance and Freedom. The site sustained damage during the 915:

members of a vital profession or trade, and those who were members of Ljotić's movement. When too few adult males could be located, high school students were also rounded up. Also seized were priests and monks from the city's churches. Each hostage was registered and his belongings noted meticulously.

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were involved in the round-up, as was the 5th Regiment of the SDK, under the command of Marisav Petrović. According to von Bischofhausen, König permitted several classes of males to be excluded from the round-up, including those with a special pass issued by von Bischofhausen's district headquarters,

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The 6th Company's disappearance caused unease in the German ranks. A reconnaissance flight was dispatched to locate it, to no avail. The occupational authorities were unaware of the 6th Company's fate until a German officer escaped and informed them of what had transpired. He reported that the German

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The killings at Kragujevac and Kraljevo exacerbated tensions between the Partisans and Chetniks. They also convinced Mihailović that active resistance was futile for as long as the Germans held an unassailable military advantage in the Balkans, and that killing German troops would only result in the

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On the morning of 21 October, the assembled men and boys were marched to a field outside the town. Over a period of seven hours, they were lined up in groups of 50 to 120 and shot with heavy machine guns. "Go ahead and shoot", said an elderly teacher, "I am conducting my class". He was shot together

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The hostages were held overnight on a public plaza in the town. In his version of events, von Bischofhausen claimed that he made objections to König, but the latter insisted that his orders, which had been issued by the commander of the 749th Infantry Regiment, were to be carried out. Shortly before

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Knowing the Germans would be far more likely to carry out negotiations with royalists than with communists, the Partisans allowed the Chetniks to conduct the negotiating in order to lure the garrison out of the town. A Chetnik envoy delivered an ultimatum to the garrison, demanding that it surrender

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that further attacks against the Germans would only result in more Serb civilian deaths. The Germans soon found mass executions of Serbs to be ineffectual and counterproductive, as they tended to drive the population into the arms of insurgents. The ratio of 100 executions for one soldier killed and

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after the war. One German soldier was shot for refusing to participate in the killings. A German report stated: "The executions in Kragujevac occurred although there had been no attacks on members of the Wehrmacht in this city, for the reason that not enough hostages could be found elsewhere." Even

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in Kragujevac, along with some communists, were arrested according to lists, totalling 70 persons. As this constituted far too few hostages to meet the quota of 2,300, it was proposed to collect the balance by arrests on the streets, squares and houses of Kragujevac, in an operation to be conducted

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and 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Gornji Milanovac. On 15 October, troops of the 717th Infantry Division shot 300 civilians from Kraljevo in reprisal. These reprisal killings continued over the following days, and by 17 or 20 October, German troops had rounded up and shot 1,736 men and 19

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became the first senior German government official to attend the annual commemoration at Šumarice. "My intention in attending was to underline that we will not let the crimes of the Nazis and the Wehrmacht be forgotten," she remarked, "and that, building on that remembrance, we want to foster good

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prisoners were being humanely treated, but when Böhme became aware of the situation, he decided that retaliation was needed. He ordered the III. Battalion of the 749th Infantry Regiment to burn down Gornji Milanovac and take hostages in order to expedite the recovery of the captured German troops.

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wrote that, despite German official sources stating 2,300 hostages had been shot, both the Partisans and Chetniks had agreed that the number of victims was about 7,000. He further stated that careful investigation by the scholar Jovan Marjanović in 1967 had put the figure at about 5,000. In 1975,

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On the evening of 19 October, von Bischofhausen again met with König and was told that the original proposal was to be implemented the following day in order to collect the 2,300 hostages. The following evening, the male Jews and communists, who had been held without food since their arrest, were

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Paul König, that instead of using the population of Kragujevac, the required hostages be gathered from surrounding villages which were known to be "completely strewn with communists". According to von Bischofhausen's account, this suggestion was initially accepted by König, and on 19 October, the

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headquarters. Hudson witnessed the aftermath of the massacre and noted the psychological toll it exacted. "Morning and night was the most desolating atmosphere," he recounted, "because the women were out in the fields, and every sunrise and sunset you would hear the wails. This had a very strong

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recalled in his memoirs how the Kragujevac massacre gripped all of Serbia in "deathly horror". Throughout the war, local collaborators pressured the Germans to implement stringent vetting procedures to ensure that "innocent civilians" were not executed, though only when the hostages were ethnic

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officials to scrutinise the hostages. Over 3,000 individuals, those identified as being "genuine nationalists" and "real patriots", were excluded from the execution lists as a result of Ljotić's intervention. Those who were not extracted from the hostage pool were accused of being communists or

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The III. Battalion started its advance on 5 October, fighting its way along the 40-kilometre (25 mi) road to Gornji Milanovac and sustaining casualties in the process. Upon entering Gornji Milanovac, it gathered between 120 and 170 male hostages, among them a Chetnik commander who had been

708:, which he thought could only be rectified by the reprisal shooting of Serbian civilians. "Your objective", Böhme declared, "is to be achieved in a land where, in 1914, streams of German blood flowed because of the treachery of the Serbs, men and women. You are the avengers of those dead." 420:. The occupied territory covered about 51,000 km (20,000 sq mi) and had a population of 3.8 million. Hitler had briefly considered erasing all existence of a Serbian state, but this was quickly abandoned and the Germans began searching for a Serb suitable to lead a 1168:, and covers 353 hectares (870 acres) encompassing the area that contains the mass graves. The 21st October Museum was founded within the park on 15 February 1976. Šumarice is the site of a televised annual commemoration known as the Grand School Lecture (Serbian: 739:(local defence) Battalion. The 6th Company's garrison was based out of a local school. The guerrillas did not expect to capture the garrison, but undertook the attack in order to generate new recruits from the surrounding area. The local Chetnik commander, 598:

Nedić's inability to crush the Partisans and Chetniks prompted the military commander in Serbia to request German reinforcements from other parts of the continent. In mid-September, they transferred the 125th Infantry Regiment from Greece and the

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by the III. Battalion of the 749th Infantry Regiment and the I. Battalion of the 724th Infantry Regiment, part of the 704th Infantry Division. In response to this proposal, von Bischofhausen claimed that he suggested to the garrison commander,

871:, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Belgrade, and 37 kilometres (23 mi) east of Gornji Milanovac. It had a population of more than 40,000 in 1941, and was the headquarters of a German military district. The city was also home to 403:

Yugoslavia was quickly overwhelmed by the combined strength of the Axis powers and surrendered in less than two weeks. The government and royal family went into exile, and the country was occupied and dismembered by its neighbours. The

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and the co-located 21 October Museum, and has been the subject of several poems and feature films. The anniversary of the massacre is commemorated annually in Serbia as the Day of Remembrance of the Serbian Victims of World War II.

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soon stopped the assault. In 90 minutes of fighting, ten Germans were killed and 26 wounded. The two insurgent groups judged that continuing the assault would be too costly and Vučković suggested negotiating with the Germans.

827:"communist" women from the city and its outskirts, despite attempts by local collaborationists to mitigate the punishment. These executions were personally supervised by the commander of the 717th Infantry Division, 561:, a former colonel in the Royal Yugoslav Army, whom Nedić appointed on 6 October 1941. In the early stages of the occupation, the SDK formed the bulk of Nedić's forces, which numbered around 20,000 men by late 1941. 640:

were to be "regarded as being of communist origin", and that 100 hostages were to be shot for every German soldier killed and 50 were to be shot for every German soldier wounded. It was intended to apply to all of

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and members of other nationalities. Following the massacre, the Wehrmacht held a military parade through the city centre. On 31 October, Böhme sent a report to the acting Wehrmacht commander in Southeast Europe,

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unnecessary deaths of tens of thousands of Serbs. He therefore decided to scale back Chetnik guerrilla attacks and wait for an Allied landing in the Balkans. The killings occurred only a few days before Captain

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has never officially apologized for any of the mass executions committed by the Wehrmacht in the occupied territory of Serbia during World War II, including the Kragujevac massacre. On 21 October 2021,

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began placing heavy pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Axis. On 25 March 1941, after some delay, the Yugoslav government conditionally signed the pact. Two days later, a group of pro-Western,

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of the subsequent Nuremberg trials. One of the crimes specifically listed in Count 1 of the indictment was the massacre of 2,300 hostages in Kragujevac. Böhme committed suicide before his

483:. The two movements had widely divergent goals. Whereas the Partisans sought to turn Yugoslavia into a communist state under Tito's leadership, the Chetniks sought a return to the pre-war 1109:, having been demoted for refusing to shoot deserters in Ukraine. The 717th Infantry Division was reorganised as the 117th Jäger Division later in the war and its troops took part in the 4386: 725:

had effectively been cut off from the rest of German-occupied Serbia by the frequent disruption of road and rail transport leading to and from it. On 29 September, elements of the

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Jovan Byford, it was never intended or likely to reduce the overall number of hostages killed in reprisal, and served only to ensure the exclusion of those that were deemed by

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who had been arrested in Kragujevac were killed. Simultaneously, males between the ages of 16 and 60, including high school students, were assembled by German troops and local

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in 1948, but was released due to ill health in December 1952. Despite this, he lived until June 1971. Keitel was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the

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to be shot was calculated as a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded, a formula devised by

353:. Yugoslavia was by then almost completely surrounded by the Axis powers and their satellites, and its neutral stance toward the war became strained. In late February 1941, 236:, and the victims were selected from amongst them. The selected males were then marched to fields outside the city, shot with heavy machine guns, and their bodies buried in 1332:(POWs) went to the Chetniks. The POWs were put to work clearing rubble in Čačak over the next several days. They were then dispatched to Ravna Gora and later to Požega. 2720:

Byford, Jovan (2011b). "Willing Bystanders: Dimitrije Ljotić, "Shield Collaboration" and the Destruction of Serbia's Jews". In Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (eds.).

688:. He was allocated additional forces to assist him in doing so, reinforcing the three German occupation divisions already in the territory. These divisions were the 4690: 3644: 700:. Böhme boasted a profound hatred of Serbs and encouraged his predominantly Austrian-born troops to exact "vengeance" against them. His primary grievances were the 357:

joined the pact. The following day, German troops entered Bulgaria from Romania, closing the ring around Yugoslavia. Intending to secure his southern flank for the

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Markovich, Slobodan G. (2014). "Memories of Victimhood in Serbia and Croatia from the 1980s to the Disintegration of Yugoslavia". In El-Affendi, Abdelwahab (ed.).

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Byford, Jovan (2011a), "The Collaborationist Administration and the Treatment of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Serbia", in Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.),

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and was directly occupied by the Germans for the key rail and riverine transport routes that passed through it, as well as its valuable resources, particularly

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After a punitive operation was conducted in the surrounding villages, during which over 400 males were shot and four villages burned down, another 70 male

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In Yugoslav popular memory, the massacre at Kragujevac came to symbolise the brutality of the German occupation. It has drawn comparisons to the Germans'

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or former members of the Royal Yugoslav Army. They boasted around 20,000 fighters in the German-occupied territory of Serbia at the time of the massacre.

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50 executions for one soldier wounded was reduced by half in February 1943, and removed altogether later in the year. The massacre is commemorated by the

5105: 3913: 3637: 1228:, is based on the poet's experiences while visiting Kragujevac in 1985, when a blue butterfly landed on his hand at the entrance to the memorial museum. 1101:, and subsequently hanged. Hoffmann, whom the local population dubbed the "butcher of Kraljevo and Kragujevac", was promoted to command the more capable 1085:

List and Böhme were both captured at the end of the war. On 10 May 1947, they were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the

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officials told them they were not "worth saving" because they had "infected the younger generation with their leftist ideas." The Germans considered

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was appointed as Plenipotentiary Commanding General in Serbia, with direct responsibility for quelling the revolt, bringing with him the staff of

511: 2771:. History of the Literary Cultures of East–Central Europe. Vol. 4. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 391–402. 321:, Yugoslavia came to share its northwestern border with Germany and fell under increasing pressure as its neighbours aligned themselves with the 70: 5098: 4976: 2608:. Vol. Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. Nuremberg, Allied-occupied Germany: Nuremberg Military Tribunals. 523: 5594: 3619: 3595: 3574: 3553: 3527: 3506: 3485: 3440: 3419: 3398: 3357: 3333: 3279: 3260: 3238: 3162: 3127: 3108: 3079: 3055: 3034: 3013: 2988: 2963: 2942: 2898: 2840: 2819: 2797: 2776: 2755: 2731: 2711: 2690: 2669: 2589: 2565: 433: 4932: 2554:

Antić, Ana (2012). "Police Force Under Occupation: Serbian State Guard and Volunteers' Corps in the Holocaust". In Horowitz, Sara R. (ed.).

464:, although during 1941, within the occupied territory, even the Partisans consisted almost entirely of Serbs. The Partisans were led by the 6037: 5746: 5336: 3824: 334: 5667: 444: 3772: 4802: 1165: 1143: 1102: 697: 693: 689: 600: 288: 6007: 5439: 4704: 1039: 884:

Otto von Bischofhausen, immediately after the massacre. This report was addressed to Böhme, and was later tendered in evidence at the

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III. Battalion "mopped up" the villages of Mečkovac and Maršić and the I. Battalion conducted a similar operation in the villages of

5738: 5487: 5480: 5186: 2639: 5813: 793:. Fearing that such an action would jeopardize the recovery of the German prisoners, Fiedler decided not to raze Gornji Milanovac. 557:. It was originally intended to have a strength of 3,000–4,000 troops, but this number eventually rose to 12,000. It was headed by 338: 5997: 5905: 5714: 5615: 5537: 5423: 5076: 5069: 4404: 3308:[The Last Surviving Victim of the Šumarice Executions Has Died] (in Serbian). Radio Television of Serbia. 22 October 2018 3289: 519: 507: 6032: 5967: 5833: 5722: 4983: 3741: 1278: 1189: 652:. The commanders who bore the most responsibility for these atrocities were primarily of Austrian origin and had served in the 392:, on the throne and brought to power a "government of national unity" led by the head of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force, General 4795: 330: 5972: 5523: 5352: 5320: 5148: 5062: 3368: 2765:

Daković, Nevena (2010). "Love, Magic and Life: Gypsies in Yugoslav Cinema". In Cornis-Pope, Marcel; Neubauer, John (eds.).

629:; OKW) issued Hitler's order on the suppression of "Communist Armed Resistance Movements in the Occupied Areas", signed by 5770: 5762: 5675: 4189: 3937: 3817: 621:

commander in Southeast Europe, ordering him to suppress all resistance in that part of the continent. That same day, the

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Several senior German military officials were tried and convicted for their involvement in the reprisal shootings at the

6012: 5992: 5982: 5629: 5407: 5328: 5304: 5202: 4955: 4774: 4266: 4014: 3885: 1043: 789:) Fiedler, the III. Battalion's commanding officer, hoped to use this man to contact the Chetnik command and organize a 685: 637: 63: 760: 38: 6002: 5754: 5170: 5055: 885: 326: 264: 3717: 3089:

Mazower, Mark (2004). "Military Violence and the National Socialist Consensus: The Wehrmacht in Greece, 1941–44". In

3324:; Lazić, Sladjana (2011). "The Collaborationist Regime of Milan Nedić". In Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.). 1164:

To commemorate the victims, the whole of Šumarice was designated as a memorial park in 1953. It is now known as the

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particular about whom they shot in reprisal, especially in the Balkans, where the populace were deemed subhuman."

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At least 31 mass graves were discovered in Kragujevac and its surroundings after the war. In 1969, the historian

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passed a law declaring 21 October the Day of Remembrance of the Serbian Victims of World War II. Germany's

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On 15–16 October, ten German soldiers were killed and 14 wounded during a joint Partisan-Chetnik attack on

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The strengthening of Germany's military presence in Serbia resulted in a new wave of mass executions and

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from France to help put down the uprising in Serbia. On 16 September, Hitler issued Directive No. 312 to

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district that resulted in the deaths of ten German soldiers and the wounding of 26 others. The number of

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The Origins Of The Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

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Those excluded on the basis of their profession included medical personnel, pharmacists and technicians.

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On 11 November 1941, the Partisans captured a Wehrmacht officer named Renner, the area commander in

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Partisan detachments attacked Gornji Milanovac, which was defended by the 6th Company of the 920th

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German troops registering people from Kragujevac and its surrounding areas prior to their execution

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Juraga, Dubravka (2002) . "Maksimović, Desanka". In Willhardt, Mark; Parker, Alan Michael (eds.).

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was furious when his orders to burn down Gornji Milanovac and take hostages were not carried out.

705: 677: 457: 417: 342: 272: 5842: 3006:"Serbia is free of Jews": Military Occupation Policy and Extermination of Jews in Serbia 1941/42 2850:

Jorgić, Kristina (2013). "The Kragujevac Massacres and the Jewish Persecution of October 1941".

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Manoschek, Walter (2000). "The Extermination of the Jews in Serbia". In Herbert, Ulrich (ed.).

3001:"Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42 902:

and Milatovac. A total of 422 men were shot in these four villages, without any German losses.

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formation to help quell anti-German resistance. In effect, the SDK was the military arm of the

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Parachutes, Patriots and Partisans: The Special Operations Executive and Yugoslavia, 1941–1945

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National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies

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The material spoils were divided evenly between the Chetniks and the Partisans, while all 62

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On 29 August, the Germans replaced Aćimović with another fervent anti-communist, the former

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Report to Commanding Officer in Serbia, 20 October 1941 Concerning Severe Reprisal Measures

5891: 5233: 4760: 4746: 4524: 4456: 4274: 4161: 4022: 3951: 3450: 3292:[One Šumarice is Enough] (in Serbian). Radio Television of Serbia. 21 October 2012 2741: 1150: 1121: 990: 966: 469: 346: 245: 5898: 5856: 5558: 5026: 4853: 4725: 4697: 4668: 4556: 4449: 4338: 4322: 4298: 4213: 4177: 4169: 4121: 3930: 1086: 1067: 1026: 946: 868: 767: 681: 642: 633: 587: 515: 429: 5956: 5012: 4816: 4711: 4610: 4587: 4113: 3542: 3094: 2928: 2879: 2575: 1270: 1093:. List was found guilty on Count 1, as well as on another count. He was sentenced to 1009: 975: 610: 137: 3629: 5399: 3137: 3065: 2807: 1192: 1063: 958: 894: 872: 845: 830: 614: 535: 366: 362: 314: 218: 206: 198: 3216:. Vol. 11. Nuremberg, Allied-occupied Germany: Nuremberg Military Tribunals. 495:. Within several months of the invasion, they had 8,000 fighters spread across 21 3609: 3585: 3564: 3517: 3496: 3458: 3430: 3409: 3388: 3347: 3098: 3069: 3045: 3024: 2999: 2978: 2958:. The Crisis of Genocide. Vol. 2. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2953: 2932: 2888: 2830: 2787: 2766: 2745: 2723:

In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe

2721: 2701: 2680: 2625: 2579: 2555: 271:. It exacerbated tensions between the two guerrilla movements, the communist-led 4646: 4081: 3231:

Anthems and the Making of Nation States: Identity and Nationalism in the Balkans

3090: 2768:

Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Types and Stereotypes

1138: 1090: 899: 744: 730: 500: 409: 322: 186: 133: 3047:

Genocidal Nightmares: Narratives of Insecurity and the Logic of Mass Atrocities

927:

German public notification announcing the shooting of hostages, 21 October 1941

4428: 2264: 2262: 1260: 1059: 962: 888:. According to von Bischofhausen, in the late evening of 18 October, all male 486: 237: 194: 52: 3468: 3221: 3192: 2910:"Bundestag Vice President Says Nazi Crimes In The Balkans Won't Be Forgotten" 2871: 2649: 2613: 85: 72: 4485: 4421: 4282: 1114: 971: 781: 649: 618: 308: 229: 159: 499:

in Serbia alone. Many Chetniks were either veterans of the Balkan Wars and

2863: 1978: 1976: 1974: 4781: 4153: 3660: 3498:

War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration

3463:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 59–118. 1075: 998: 823: 819: 461: 279: 253: 214: 169: 2031: 2029: 2027: 1814: 1812: 333:. At the outbreak of World War II, the Yugoslav government declared its 325:. In April 1939, Italy opened a second frontier with Yugoslavia when it 4442: 878:

A report was written by the military district commander in Kragujevac,

539: 473: 221:

with the intent of suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe.

2557:

Back to the Sources: Re-examining Perpetrators, Victims and Bystanders

4753: 4435: 4354: 3998: 3664: 2560:. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. 13–36. 1154: 1079: 726: 704:

and subsequent Austro-Hungarian military defeats at the hands of the

377: 3519:

Parleying with the Devil: Prisoner Exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941‒1945

636:. This decree specified that all attacks against the Germans on the 1942: 1940: 1938: 1137: 1058: 922: 759: 665: 579: 443: 190: 121: 3306:"Preminuo poslednji đak koji je preživeo streljanje u Šumaricama" 875:, which had between 7,000 and 8,000 workers before the invasion. 594:

issued Hitler's order regarding the ratio of hostages to be shot.

396:. The coup enraged Hitler, who immediately ordered the country's 4414: 3668: 2937:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2832:

Voices in the Shadows: Women and Verbal Art in Serbia and Bosnia

889: 225: 120:

Men and boys of Kragujevac and the surrounding district, mostly

3633: 3210:

Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals

3174:"Serbian Poetry and Pictorial Representations of the Holocaust" 1738: 1736: 1445: 1443: 1196:

and friendly relations with our Serbian friends and partners."

522:. In September, the Nedić government was permitted to form the 2812:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999

1460: 1458: 797: 591: 3460:

Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment

2662:

Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution

1012:, reporting that 2,300 hostages had been shot in Kragujevac. 452:

Two resistance movements emerged following the invasion: the

2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2091: 1586: 1584: 3369:"When Nazis killed 100 Serbs per dead German in Yugoslavia" 2983:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 2584:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1613: 1611: 1220:("Children with Cricket Voices"), also about the massacre. 978:

historian Mark Levene writes, "Germans in uniform were not

932:

the executions commenced, Ljotić obtained approval for two

2750:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 2441: 2388: 2102: 2100: 1844: 1842: 1768: 1766: 1753: 1751: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1688: 1686: 267:. The massacre had a profound effect on the course of the 3478:

War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks

3390:

Terror in the Balkans: German Armies and Partisan Warfare

3253:

Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia

3207:

Nuremberg Military Tribunals (1950). "The Hostage Case".

3181:

Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies

3100:

War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II

2852:

Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies

2747:

Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History

2706:, London, England: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 109–127, 2165: 2163: 1161:

in the French village of Oradour-sur-Glane in June 1944.

1105:

in November 1941. He ended the war as the commander of a

2980:

The Most Important Art: Eastern European Film After 1945

2835:. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. 2075: 2073: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1571: 1569: 1358: 1356: 1231:

The massacre has been the subject of two feature films:

3328:. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–42. 3187:(2). Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers: 96–107. 3157:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3008:] (in German). Munich, Germany: Oldenbourg Verlag. 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1829: 1827: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1078:, who was taking part in an anti-Partisan sweep around 3393:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2858:(1). Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers: 79–82. 1532: 1530: 466:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia

209:, and came as a reprisal for insurgent attacks in the 3569:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 3522:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 3453:(1969). "Yugoslavia During the Second World War". In 3411:

Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich

2599:

von Bischofhausen, Otto (1950) . "The Hostage Case".

2413: 2411: 2409: 985:

Victims of the mass executions included Serbs, Jews,

3272:

Serbia Under the Swastika: A World War II Occupation

3138:"History of the October in Kragujevac Memorial Park" 2632:

A Quarter of a Century of French Poetry from Belgium

822:, a city about 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of 5832: 5805: 5690: 5643: 5579: 5501: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5375: 5296: 5217: 5162: 5140: 5090: 5040: 5004: 4997: 4947: 4903: 4867: 4831: 4682: 4660: 4624: 4595: 4586: 4403: 4258: 4251: 4188: 4057: 3912: 3877: 3870: 3799: 3764: 3709: 3682: 3675: 3501:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 3480:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 3274:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 3103:. New York City: Berghahn Books. pp. 146–174. 3029:. New York City: Berghahn Books. pp. 163–186. 2685:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 945:s involvement to be a "nuisance". According to the 779:scheduled to meet his superiors the following day. 165: 155: 147: 127: 116: 101: 62: 48: 23: 4387:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 3587:The Holocaust Sites of Europe: An Historical Guide 3541: 3155:The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance 2726:. London, England: I.B. Tauris. pp. 295–312. 2634:] (in French). Brussels, Belgium: A. Manteau. 3414:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 3352:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 3229:Pavković, Aleksandar; Kelen, Christopher (2016). 2477: 1946: 1929: 1917: 2934:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country 201:soldiers on 21 October 1941. It occurred in the 3050:. New York City: Bloomsbury. pp. 117–141. 2627:Quart de siècle de poésie française de Belgique 349:, aligning themselves with the Axis, and Italy 5731:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 2955:Annihilation: The European Rimlands, 1939–1953 3645: 3435:. New York City: Cambridge University Press. 3120:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe 2006: 8: 3255:. New York City: Columbia University Press. 879: 828: 734: 669: 306: 2893:. London, England: Routledge. p. 204. 2890:Who's Who in Twentieth-Century World Poetry 2792:. Valencia, Spain: University of Valencia. 2465: 1025:The Partisan commander and later historian 484: 5829: 5640: 5576: 5498: 5469: 5462: 5372: 5293: 5214: 5159: 5137: 5087: 5037: 5001: 4944: 4900: 4864: 4828: 4679: 4657: 4621: 4592: 4400: 4255: 4185: 3914:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 3909: 3874: 3796: 3706: 3679: 3652: 3638: 3630: 2537: 2453: 2364: 2205: 2154: 2035: 1905: 1818: 1791: 1665: 1653: 1641: 1617: 1602: 1590: 1548: 1521: 1488: 1464: 1449: 1434: 1422: 1398: 1374: 974:were inadvertently killed. "Clearly", the 37: 20: 3349:Tito, Mihailović and the Allies 1941–1945 2501: 2376: 2253: 2142: 2106: 2064: 2047: 1757: 1742: 1727: 1692: 1253:; 1969), named after the eponymous poem. 961:, many hostages sang the patriotic song " 702:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 3734:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 3544:Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia 2429: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2241: 2217: 2181: 1848: 1803: 1772: 1677: 1476: 1055:Legal proceedings and casualty estimates 460:, and the royalist, Serbian nationalist 5928:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 3432:A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples 2525: 2513: 2229: 2193: 2169: 2130: 2118: 1982: 1860: 1575: 1410: 1386: 1362: 1352: 1289: 1208:wrote a poem about the massacre titled 1142:The Interrupted Flight monument at the 656:during World War I. Most were ardently 424:in Belgrade. They initially settled on 337:. Between September and November 1940, 301:Encirclement and invasion of Yugoslavia 2489: 2417: 2352: 2079: 1965: 1893: 1881: 1833: 1704: 937:spreading "communist propaganda". The 873:Yugoslavia's largest armaments factory 796:Around this time, Fiedler received an 256:, and members of other nationalities. 16:1941 massacre by Nazi forces in Serbia 5595:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 3429:Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). 3326:Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two 3140:. October in Kragujevac Memorial Park 2908:Komarcevic, Dusan (2 November 2021). 2703:Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two 2664:. New York City: Holmes & Meier. 1994: 1629: 1560: 1536: 1509: 1307: 957:with his students. As they faced the 7: 5747:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 5337:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 3548:. New York City: Caroll & Graf. 2581:A Concise History of the Third Reich 2400: 2018: 1046:officer, met with Mihailović at his 756:III. Battalion's punitive expedition 721:By late September 1941, the town of 1166:October in Kragujevac Memorial Park 1144:October in Kragujevac Memorial Park 755: 623:Supreme Command of the Armed Forces 406:German-occupied territory of Serbia 400:, which commenced on 6 April 1941. 289:October in Kragujevac Memorial Park 203:German-occupied territory of Serbia 57:German-occupied territory of Serbia 3367:Roscic, Dijana (21 October 2021). 3172:Milojković-Djurić, Jelena (1997). 1113:of hundreds of Greek civilians at 547:Združena borbena organizacija rada 388:. They placed his teenage nephew, 189:of between 2,778 and 2,794 mostly 14: 5739:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 5488:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 5481:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 3614:. Cambridge, England: Routledge. 2679:Browning, Christopher R. (2007). 2305:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950 2293:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950 2281:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950 2269:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950 2092:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 1950 660:, a prejudice that the historian 5715:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 5616:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 5538:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 1263: 1066:is handed the indictment in the 5834:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 4933:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 3742:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 3590:. London, England: I.B.Tauris. 3290:"Dosta su svetu jedne Šumarice" 3233:. London, England: I.B.Tauris. 3122:. London, England: Allen Lane. 3074:. New York City: Random House. 2914:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2442:Radio Television of Serbia 2012 2389:Radio Television of Serbia 2018 1279:List of massacres in Yugoslavia 1190:Vice President of the Bundestag 1153:of the Czechoslovak village of 664:links to the Nazis' wider anti- 376:officers deposed the country's 282:, and convinced Chetnik leader 6028:Violence against men in Europe 6023:Serbia under German occupation 5524:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 5353:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 4363:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 1300: 1: 5771:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 5440:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 965:", which became Yugoslavia's 508:Minister of the Army and Navy 479:, an officer in the interwar 448:Map of German-occupied Serbia 436:in late 1939 and early 1940. 5723:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 5630:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 5408:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 3848:Massacres at London and York 3071:The Balkans: A Short History 2814:. London, England: Penguin. 2786:Derrick, Paul Scott (2015). 1204:The Serbian poet and writer 1044:Special Operations Executive 717:Surrender of the 6th Company 532:Srpska dobrovoljačka komanda 434:minister of internal affairs 6038:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5171:Night of the Murdered Poets 3153:Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). 2829:Hawkesworth, Celia (2000). 2789:Lines of Thought: 1983–2015 1181:National Assembly of Serbia 886:Subsequent Nuremberg trials 712:Clashes at Gornji Milanovac 546: 531: 472:; the Chetniks were led by 432:who served as Yugoslavia's 265:subsequent Nuremberg trials 6054: 5602:Davidka Square bus bombing 5313:Antwerp summer camp attack 5187:Shafrir synagogue shooting 4890:Operation Harvest Festival 3999:Massacre of the Assumption 3563:Williams, Heather (2003). 3270:Prusin, Alexander (2017). 2998:Manoschek, Walter (1995). 2094:, pp. 767 & 1277. 1174:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 811: 627:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 573: 543:Yugoslav National Movement 512:Chief of the General Staff 329:and occupied neighbouring 31:World War II in Yugoslavia 6008:Nazi war crimes in Serbia 5668:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 5623:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 5545:Hebrew University bombing 5266:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 5226:Avivim school bus bombing 5149:Menarsha synagogue attack 5113:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 3611:Who's Who in Nazi Germany 3584:Winstone, Martin (2010). 3495:Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). 3476:Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). 3408:Shepherd, Ben H. (2016). 2007:Pavković & Kelen 2016 765:General der Gebirgstruppe 672:General der Gebirgstruppe 668:racism. On 19 September, 576:Uprising in Serbia (1941) 524:Serbian Volunteer Command 440:Occupation and resistance 105:21 October 1941 36: 28: 5795:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 5779:Poway synagogue shooting 5676:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 5510:Ghriba synagogue bombing 5432:Island of Peace massacre 4883:Kielce cemetery massacre 2658:Browning, Christopher R. 698:717th infantry divisions 374:Royal Yugoslav Air Force 5998:Massacres in Yugoslavia 5329:Vienna synagogue attack 5305:Paris synagogue bombing 4549:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 3516:Trifković, Gaj (2020). 1985:, pp. 126–127, note 35. 1218:Kinderen met krekelstem 1103:352nd Infantry Division 694:714th Infantry Division 690:704th Infantry Division 601:342nd Infantry Division 408:was limited to the pre- 6033:World War II massacres 5968:Antiziganism in Europe 5652:Beersheba bus bombings 5258:Kiryat Shmona massacre 5179:Scorpion Pass massacre 4876:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4307:Second Kishinev pogrom 4047:Portuguese Inquisition 3699:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 3387:Shepherd, Ben (2012). 3118:Mazower, Mark (2008). 2538:Liehm & Liehm 1977 2478:Milojković-Djurić 1997 1947:von Bischofhausen 1950 1930:von Bischofhausen 1950 1918:von Bischofhausen 1950 1522:Ramet & Lazić 2011 1435:Ramet & Lazić 2011 1309:[krǎɡujeʋat͡s] 1224:, a book of poetry by 1169: 1146: 1071: 928: 880: 829: 771: 735: 670: 595: 485: 449: 307: 5973:Collective punishment 5552:Rishon LeZion bombing 5274:Coastal Road massacre 4275:First Kishinev pogrom 4066:Chmielnicki massacres 3983:Schaffhausen Massacre 3902:Armleder persecutions 3856:Rintfleisch massacres 3249:Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 2952:Levene, Mark (2013). 2864:10.1353/ser.2013.0010 1157:in June 1942 and the 1141: 1062: 1008:(lieutenant general) 926: 763: 654:Austro-Hungarian Army 583: 534:; SDK), an auxiliary 520:new puppet government 447: 174:collective punishment 86:44.02139°N 20.89417°E 5787:Jersey City shooting 5660:Ashdod Port bombings 5242:Lod Airport massacre 5203:Purge of Polish Jews 5127:Kfar Etzion massacre 4633:Częstochowa massacre 4394:1920 Nebi Musa riots 4214:Fourth Odessa pogrom 4170:Second Odessa pogrom 1107:prisoner-of-war camp 1005:General der Pioniere 953:to be worth saving. 686:XVIII Mountain Corps 662:Stevan K. Pavlowitch 631:Generalfeldmarschall 606:Generalfeldmarschall 585:Generalfeldmarschall 570:Anti-German uprising 6013:October 1941 events 5993:Massacres in Serbia 5983:Mass murder in 1941 5609:Café Hillel bombing 4977:Tripolitania pogrom 4775:Kamianets-Podilskyi 4299:Fifth Odessa pogrom 4237:1898 Algerian riots 4178:Third Odessa pogrom 4122:First Odessa pogrom 4007:Spanish Inquisition 3991:Moroccan revolution 3871:14th – 19th century 3801:Rhineland massacres 3606:Wistrich, Robert S. 2516:, pp. 170–171. 2355:, pp. 492–493. 1932:, pp. 981–982. 1806:, p. 306, note 109. 1745:, pp. 158–159. 1707:, pp. 491–492. 1491:, pp. 118–123. 1452:, pp. 177–178. 1251:A Bloody Fairy Tale 1226:Richard Berengarten 800:signal from nearby 481:Royal Yugoslav Army 456:-led, multi-ethnic 371:Serbian nationalist 305:Following the 1938 277:Serbian nationalist 183:Kragujevac massacre 82: / 24:Kragujevac massacre 6003:Massacres of Serbs 5707:Burgas bus bombing 5392:Crown Heights riot 5345:Ras Burqa massacre 5056:Haifa Oil Refinery 4912:Ardeatine massacre 4847:Dzyatlava massacre 4267:Częstochowa pogrom 3886:Shepherds' Crusade 3691:Alexandrian pogrom 3676:1st – 13th century 3455:Vucinich, Wayne S. 3344:Roberts, Walter R. 3202:on 10 August 2016. 2379:, p. 139, note 17. 2343:, p. 100, note 86. 2038:, p. 370, note 74. 1821:, p. 146, note 92. 1233:Prozvan je i 1222:The Blue Butterfly 1206:Desanka Maksimović 1170:Veliki školski čas 1147: 1117:in December 1943. 1072: 929: 772: 706:Royal Serbian Army 678:lieutenant general 596: 450: 418:non-ferrous metals 365:, German dictator 275:and the royalist, 91:44.02139; 20.89417 5988:Massacres in 1941 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5922: 5921: 5763:Halamish stabbing 5755:Tel Aviv shooting 5686: 5685: 5639: 5638: 5575: 5574: 5531:Passover massacre 5497: 5496: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5416:Beit Lid massacre 5371: 5370: 5292: 5291: 5282:Nahariya massacre 5213: 5212: 5158: 5157: 5136: 5135: 5086: 5085: 5049:Fajja bus attacks 5036: 5035: 4993: 4992: 4943: 4942: 4899: 4898: 4863: 4862: 4827: 4826: 4678: 4677: 4656: 4655: 4620: 4619: 4604:Tiberias massacre 4533:Constantine riots 4480: 4479: 4405:Russian Civil War 4247: 4246: 4223: 4222: 3967:Brussels massacre 3961: 3960: 3866: 3865: 3834: 3833: 3760: 3759: 3750:Battle of Khaybar 3726:Bar Kokhba revolt 3621:978-1-136-41381-0 3597:978-0-85773-028-2 3576:978-0-299-19494-9 3555:978-0-7867-0191-9 3529:978-1-94966-810-0 3508:978-0-8047-3615-2 3487:978-0-8047-0857-9 3442:978-0-521-27485-2 3421:978-0-300-17903-3 3400:978-0-674-04891-1 3359:978-0-8223-0773-0 3335:978-0-230-34781-6 3322:Ramet, Sabrina P. 3281:978-0-25209-961-8 3262:978-1-85065-895-5 3240:978-0-85773-969-8 3164:978-0-8018-1589-8 3129:978-0-7139-9681-4 3110:978-1-57181-493-7 3081:978-0-8129-6621-3 3057:978-1-62892-073-4 3036:978-1-57181-751-8 3015:978-3-486-56137-1 2990:978-0-520-03157-9 2975:Liehm, Antonín J. 2965:978-0-19-150555-3 2944:978-0-521-77401-7 2900:978-0-41516-356-9 2842:978-963-9116-62-7 2821:978-0-14-023377-3 2799:978-84-370-9951-4 2778:978-90-272-3458-2 2757:978-0-89096-760-7 2733:978-1-84511-697-2 2713:978-0-230-27830-1 2692:978-0-8032-0392-1 2671:978-0-8419-0967-0 2622:Bourgeois, Pierre 2591:978-0-520-23489-5 2567:978-0-8101-2862-0 2480:, p. 106, note 5. 2367:, p. 62, note 15. 1656:, pp. 97–98. 1644:, pp. 60–61. 1551:, pp. 58–59. 1467:, pp. 59–60. 1437:, pp. 19–20. 1401:, pp. 10–13. 1200:Depictions in art 1095:life imprisonment 1032:Hermann Neubacher 863:Kragujevac is an 837:brigadier general 814:Kraljevo massacre 808:Kraljevo massacre 791:prisoner exchange 741:Zvonimir Vučković 545:(Serbo-Croatian: 493:Spanish Civil War 422:puppet government 414:Kingdom of Serbia 384:, in a bloodless 269:war in Yugoslavia 179: 178: 142:summary execution 6045: 5939: 5936:Dagestan attacks 5931: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5830: 5825: 5822:Beersheba attack 5817: 5798: 5790: 5782: 5774: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5641: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5577: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5499: 5490: 5483: 5470: 5463: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5395: 5387: 5384:Cairo bus attack 5373: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5308: 5294: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5250:Ma'alot massacre 5245: 5237: 5229: 5215: 5206: 5198: 5190: 5182: 5174: 5160: 5151: 5138: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5088: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5038: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5002: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4963:Topoľčany pogrom 4958: 4956:Deutsch Schützen 4945: 4936: 4928: 4926:Sărmașu massacre 4921: 4914: 4901: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4865: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4840:Dünamünde Action 4829: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4803:Kaunas (October) 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4680: 4671: 4658: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4622: 4613: 4606: 4593: 4579: 4577: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4502: 4489: 4486:Zavirtcha pogrom 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4318: 4315:Białystok pogrom 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4256: 4240: 4232: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4186: 4181: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4149: 4141: 4133: 4125: 4117: 4109: 4106:Algiers massacre 4101: 4093: 4090:Massacre of Uman 4085: 4077: 4069: 4050: 4042: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3905: 3897: 3889: 3875: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3797: 3792: 3789:Granada massacre 3784: 3776: 3773:Córdoba massacre 3753: 3745: 3737: 3729: 3721: 3718:The Great Revolt 3707: 3702: 3694: 3680: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3601: 3580: 3559: 3547: 3533: 3512: 3491: 3472: 3451:Tomasevich, Jozo 3446: 3425: 3404: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3363: 3339: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3285: 3266: 3244: 3225: 3215: 3203: 3201: 3195:. Archived from 3178: 3168: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3133: 3114: 3085: 3061: 3040: 3019: 2994: 2969: 2948: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2904: 2883: 2846: 2825: 2803: 2782: 2761: 2742:Cohen, Philip J. 2737: 2716: 2696: 2675: 2653: 2617: 2607: 2595: 2571: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2466:Hawkesworth 2000 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2068: 2062: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1969: 1963: 1950: 1944: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1837: 1831: 1822: 1816: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1776: 1770: 1761: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1731: 1725: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1453: 1447: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330:prisoners of war 1326: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1297:Serbian Cyrillic 1294: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1242: 1236: 1214:Karel Jonckheere 1099:Nuremberg Trials 947:social scientist 883: 849: 834: 738: 723:Gornji Milanovac 675: 555:Dimitrije Ljotić 490: 477:Draža Mihailović 359:impending attack 312: 284:Draža Mihailović 261:Nuremberg trials 211:Gornji Milanovac 193:men and boys in 112: 110: 97: 96: 94: 93: 92: 87: 83: 80: 79: 78: 75: 41: 21: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6042: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5382: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5321:Antwerp bombing 5319: 5311: 5303: 5288: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5234:Munich massacre 5232: 5224: 5209: 5201: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5169: 5154: 5147: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4823: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4674: 4667: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4525:Campbell pogrom 4523: 4517:Hebron massacre 4515: 4507: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4369: 4361: 4353: 4345: 4337: 4329: 4321: 4313: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4283:Zablotov pogrom 4281: 4273: 4265: 4243: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4162:Damascus affair 4160: 4152: 4144: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4064: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4023:Lisbon massacre 4021: 4013: 4005: 3997: 3989: 3981: 3973: 3965: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3908: 3900: 3892: 3884: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3756: 3748: 3740: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3671: 3658: 3628: 3622: 3604: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3515: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3475: 3449: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3407: 3401: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3342: 3336: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3269: 3263: 3247: 3241: 3228: 3213: 3206: 3199: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3117: 3111: 3088: 3082: 3064: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3022: 3016: 2997: 2991: 2972: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2886: 2849: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2800: 2785: 2779: 2764: 2758: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2714: 2699: 2693: 2678: 2672: 2656: 2642: 2620: 2605: 2598: 2592: 2574: 2568: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2454:Komarcevic 2021 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2365:Pavlowitch 2007 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2307:, p. 1318. 2303: 2299: 2295:, p. 1274. 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2206:Pavlowitch 2007 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2161: 2155:Tomasevich 2001 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2071: 2063: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2036:Tomasevich 1969 2034: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1972: 1964: 1953: 1945: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1906:Tomasevich 2001 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1832: 1825: 1819:Tomasevich 1975 1817: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1792:Pavlowitch 2007 1790: 1779: 1771: 1764: 1756: 1749: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1666:Tomasevich 1975 1664: 1660: 1654:Tomasevich 1975 1652: 1648: 1642:Pavlowitch 2007 1640: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1618:Pavlowitch 2007 1616: 1609: 1603:Tomasevich 1975 1601: 1597: 1591:Tomasevich 1975 1589: 1582: 1574: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1549:Pavlowitch 2007 1547: 1543: 1535: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1495: 1489:Tomasevich 1975 1487: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1465:Pavlowitch 2007 1463: 1456: 1450:Tomasevich 2001 1448: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1423:Pavlowitch 2007 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1399:Pavlowitch 2007 1397: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1375:Pavlowitch 2007 1373: 1369: 1365:, pp. 6–7. 1361: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1304: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1240: 1234: 1216:wrote the poem 1202: 1185:Federal Cabinet 1136: 1131: 1122:Jozo Tomasevich 1057: 1023: 1018: 967:national anthem 921: 910:units from the 865:industrial city 861: 856: 843: 816: 810: 758: 719: 714: 578: 572: 567: 518:, who formed a 470:Josip Broz Tito 442: 412:borders of the 347:Tripartite Pact 303: 298: 130: 108: 106: 90: 88: 84: 81: 76: 73: 71: 69: 68: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5963:1941 in Serbia 5955: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5559:Matzuva attack 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5436: 5428: 5424:Purim massacre 5420: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5379: 5377: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5361:Purim stabbing 5357: 5349: 5341: 5333: 5325: 5317: 5309: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5278: 5270: 5262: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5230: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5199: 5195:Tripoli pogrom 5191: 5183: 5175: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5142: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5120:Cairo bombings 5116: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5092: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4919:Luduș massacre 4915: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4854:Sarny massacre 4850: 4843: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4669:Dorohoi pogrom 4664: 4662: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4640:Dynów massacre 4636: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4561: 4557:Przytyk pogrom 4553: 4545: 4541:Thrace pogroms 4537: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4509:Safed massacre 4505: 4490: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4408: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4351: 4343: 4335: 4327: 4323:Siedlce pogrom 4319: 4311: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4193: 4190:Russian Empire 4183: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4146:Safed massacre 4142: 4134: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4102: 4098:Tétouan pogrom 4094: 4086: 4078: 4074:Safed massacre 4070: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4035: 4027: 4019: 4011: 4003: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3971: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3917: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3894:Navarre pogrom 3890: 3881: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3804: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3710:Jewish revolts 3704: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3602: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3534: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3473: 3447: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3384: 3373:Deutsche Welle 3364: 3358: 3340: 3334: 3318: 3302: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3245: 3239: 3226: 3204: 3169: 3163: 3150: 3134: 3128: 3115: 3109: 3095:Naumann, Klaus 3086: 3080: 3062: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3020: 3014: 2995: 2989: 2970: 2964: 2949: 2943: 2929:Lampe, John R. 2925: 2905: 2899: 2884: 2847: 2841: 2826: 2820: 2804: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2762: 2756: 2738: 2732: 2717: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2676: 2670: 2654: 2640: 2618: 2596: 2590: 2576:Benz, Wolfgang 2572: 2566: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2540:, p. 431. 2530: 2528:, p. 393. 2518: 2506: 2502:Bourgeois 1970 2494: 2492:, p. 204. 2482: 2470: 2468:, p. 209. 2458: 2446: 2434: 2432:, p. 408. 2422: 2405: 2403:, p. 206. 2393: 2381: 2377:Markovich 2014 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2331:, p. 137. 2321: 2319:, p. 159. 2309: 2297: 2285: 2283:, p. 767. 2273: 2271:, p. 759. 2258: 2254:Trifković 2020 2246: 2244:, p. 200. 2234: 2232:, p. 483. 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2184:, p. 344. 2174: 2172:, p. 154. 2159: 2147: 2145:, p. 178. 2143:Manoschek 2000 2135: 2133:, p. 120. 2123: 2121:, p. 306. 2111: 2107:Trifković 2020 2096: 2084: 2082:, p. 493. 2069: 2052: 2050:, p. 194. 2048:Singleton 1985 2040: 2023: 2021:, p. 112. 2011: 1999: 1987: 1970: 1951: 1949:, p. 982. 1934: 1922: 1920:, p. 981. 1910: 1908:, p. 624. 1898: 1886: 1884:, p. 492. 1865: 1853: 1851:, p. 140. 1838: 1823: 1808: 1796: 1777: 1775:, p. 343. 1762: 1758:Trifković 2020 1747: 1743:Manoschek 1995 1732: 1728:Trifković 2020 1709: 1697: 1693:Trifković 2020 1682: 1680:, p. 199. 1670: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1632:, p. 215. 1622: 1607: 1605:, p. 140. 1595: 1593:, p. 146. 1580: 1565: 1553: 1541: 1526: 1514: 1512:, p. 217. 1493: 1481: 1479:, p. 198. 1469: 1454: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1334: 1321: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1258: 1255: 1201: 1198: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1087:Hostages Trial 1068:Hostages Trial 1056: 1053: 1027:Milovan Djilas 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 920: 917: 869:Central Serbia 860: 857: 855: 852: 812:Main article: 809: 806: 757: 754: 736:Landesschützen 718: 715: 713: 710: 643:Eastern Europe 634:Wilhelm Keitel 588:Wilhelm Keitel 574:Main article: 571: 568: 566: 563: 528:Serbo-Croatian 441: 438: 430:anti-communist 426:Milan Aćimović 351:invaded Greece 302: 299: 297: 294: 177: 176: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 131: 128: 125: 124: 118: 114: 113: 103: 99: 98: 66: 60: 59: 50: 46: 45: 42: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6050: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6018:The Holocaust 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885:Netiv HaAsara 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850:Ein HaShlosha 5847: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5699:Itamar attack 5696: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5567: 5566:Hebron ambush 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517:Hadera attack 5514: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4970:Kraków pogrom 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4818: 4817:The Holocaust 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796:Švenčionėliai 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4712:Kaunas (June) 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4648: 4647:Silc massacre 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4612: 4611:Kristallnacht 4608: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4495: 4494:Oradea pogrom 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371:Kielce pogrom 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4331:Shiraz pogrom 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4138:Hebron pogrom 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114:Hep-Hep riots 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031:Hebron pogrom 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3538:West, Richard 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3307: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066:Mazower, Mark 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2973:Liehm, Mira; 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:Glenny, Misha 2805: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2641:9789022302750 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2504:, p. 68. 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430:Winstone 2010 2426: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2341:Browning 1985 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329:Wistrich 2013 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317:Wistrich 2013 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2256:, p. 42. 2255: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2242:Shepherd 2016 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2220:, p. 61. 2219: 2218:Williams 2003 2214: 2211: 2208:, p. 63. 2207: 2202: 2199: 2196:, p. 31. 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2182:Browning 2007 2178: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2157:, p. 69. 2156: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2109:, p. 41. 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:Memorial Park 2061: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2009:, p. 56. 2008: 2003: 2000: 1997:, p. 29. 1996: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1968:, p. 97. 1967: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1896:, p. 79. 1895: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849:Shepherd 2012 1845: 1843: 1839: 1836:, p. 84. 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Shepherd 2012 1800: 1797: 1794:, p. 62. 1793: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773:Browning 2007 1769: 1767: 1763: 1760:, p. 37. 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1730:, p. 36. 1729: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1695:, p. 35. 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:Shepherd 2016 1674: 1671: 1668:, p. 96. 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1620:, p. 61. 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1578:, p. 28. 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1563:, p. 37. 1562: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1539:, p. 38. 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1524:, p. 22. 1523: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477:Shepherd 2016 1473: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1425:, p. 49. 1424: 1419: 1416: 1413:, p. 15. 1412: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1389:, p. 12. 1388: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271:Serbia portal 1261: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243:is Called Out 1237: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1179:In 2012, the 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1140: 1134:Commemoration 1133: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1070:, 12 May 1947 1069: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1010:Walter Kuntze 1007: 1006: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:Romani people 983: 981: 977: 973: 968: 964: 960: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 925: 918: 916: 913: 909: 908:ethnic German 903: 901: 896: 891: 887: 882: 876: 874: 870: 866: 858: 853: 851: 847: 842: 841:Paul Hoffmann 838: 833: 832: 825: 821: 815: 807: 805: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 783: 776: 769: 766: 762: 753: 749: 746: 742: 737: 732: 728: 724: 716: 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 673: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 639: 638:Eastern Front 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 611:field marshal 608: 607: 602: 593: 589: 586: 582: 577: 569: 564: 562: 560: 559:Kosta Mušicki 556: 552: 548: 544: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 489: 488: 482: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 446: 439: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 401: 399: 395: 394:Dušan Simović 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 310: 300: 295: 293: 290: 285: 281: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:Romani people 239: 235: 234:collaborators 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 175: 171: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 138:mass shooting 135: 132: 126: 123: 119: 115: 104: 100: 95: 67: 65: 61: 58: 54: 51: 47: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5814:Israel riots 5806:2020–present 5459:21st century 5400:AMIA bombing 4984:Cairo pogrom 4565:Brest pogrom 4355:Skver pogrom 4252:20th century 4229:Corfu pogrom 4130:Tzfat pogrom 4039:Safed pogrom 4015:Arles pogrom 3975:1391 pogroms 3840:Ham massacre 3781:Fez massacre 3610: 3586: 3565: 3543: 3518: 3497: 3477: 3459: 3431: 3410: 3389: 3376:. Retrieved 3372: 3348: 3325: 3310:. Retrieved 3294:. Retrieved 3271: 3252: 3230: 3209: 3197:the original 3184: 3180: 3154: 3142:. Retrieved 3119: 3099: 3091:Heer, Hannes 3070: 3046: 3025: 3005: 3000: 2979: 2954: 2933: 2917:. Retrieved 2913: 2889: 2855: 2851: 2831: 2811: 2788: 2767: 2746: 2722: 2702: 2681: 2661: 2631: 2626: 2601: 2580: 2556: 2533: 2526:Daković 2010 2521: 2514:Derrick 2015 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2249: 2237: 2230:Mazower 2008 2225: 2213: 2201: 2194:Milazzo 1975 2189: 2177: 2170:Mazower 2004 2150: 2138: 2131:Byford 2011b 2126: 2119:Byford 2011a 2114: 2087: 2043: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1983:Byford 2011a 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1863:, p. 7. 1861:Mazower 2002 1856: 1799: 1700: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1598: 1576:Milazzo 1975 1556: 1544: 1517: 1484: 1472: 1430: 1418: 1411:Roberts 1973 1406: 1394: 1387:Roberts 1973 1382: 1377:, p. 8. 1370: 1363:Roberts 1973 1337: 1324: 1292: 1250: 1247:Krvava bajka 1246: 1245:; 1962) and 1239: 1232: 1230: 1221: 1217: 1210:Krvava bajka 1209: 1203: 1193:Claudia Roth 1178: 1163: 1148: 1119: 1084: 1073: 1064:Wilhelm List 1036: 1024: 1003: 984: 979: 970:some German 959:firing squad 955: 950: 942: 938: 933: 930: 904: 877: 862: 831:Generalmajor 817: 795: 780: 777: 773: 764: 750: 745:machine guns 729:Chetnik and 720: 647: 630: 626: 615:Wilhelm List 604: 597: 584: 550: 536:paramilitary 505: 451: 428:, a staunch 402: 367:Adolf Hitler 363:Soviet Union 315:Nazi Germany 304: 258: 223: 219:Adolf Hitler 207:World War II 182: 180: 156:Perpetrators 18: 5163:1950s–1960s 4935:(1944–1945) 4819:(1941–1945) 4568: [ 4497: [ 4407:(1918–1920) 4379:Lwów pogrom 4347:Lwów pogrom 4291:Kiev pogrom 4192:(1881–1884) 4082:Mawza Exile 4068:(1648–1657) 3916:(1348–1350) 3904:(1336–1339) 3850:(1189–1190) 3312:15 November 2490:Juraga 2002 2418:Roscic 2021 2353:Glenny 2001 2080:Glenny 2001 1966:Prusin 2017 1894:Jorgić 2013 1882:Glenny 2001 1834:Levene 2013 1705:Glenny 2001 1151:destruction 1091:arraignment 1040:Bill Hudson 995:Macedonians 844: [ 768:Franz Böhme 682:Franz Böhme 516:Milan Nedić 501:World War I 497:detachments 386:coup d'état 382:Prince Paul 345:joined the 323:Axis powers 250:Macedonians 238:mass graves 187:mass murder 151:2,778–2,794 134:Mass murder 129:Attack type 89: / 64:Coordinates 5978:Kragujevac 5957:Categories 5020:Kunmadaras 4429:Justingrad 3945:Strasbourg 3378:7 November 3296:12 January 2919:7 November 2547:References 1995:Antić 2012 1630:Lampe 2000 1561:Cohen 1996 1537:Cohen 1996 1510:Lampe 2000 1305:pronounced 1301:Крагујевац 1048:Ravna Gora 972:informants 963:Hey, Slavs 919:Executions 650:war crimes 553:), led by 514:, General 487:status quo 410:Balkan War 335:neutrality 296:Background 230:communists 195:Kragujevac 109:1941-10-21 77:20°53′39″E 74:44°01′17″N 53:Kragujevac 5691:2010–2019 5644:2004–2009 5466:2000–2009 4998:1946–1999 4719:Szczuczyn 4691:Bucharest 4588:1938–1945 4464:Proskurov 4422:Radomyshl 4339:The Tritl 4259:1900–1937 4058:1600–1899 3878:1300–1599 3765:1000–1299 3744:(614–617) 3736:(351–352) 3728:(132–136) 3661:Massacres 3469:652337606 3222:312464743 3193:0742-3330 3144:2 January 2931:(2000) . 2880:148010825 2872:0742-3330 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666:Slavic 617:, the 378:regent 199:German 166:Motive 148:Deaths 117:Target 5906:Re'im 5899:Nirim 5857:Holit 5376:1990s 5297:1980s 5218:1970s 4705:Gabès 4576:] 4501:] 4450:Pinsk 4436:Skver 3931:Basel 3811:Worms 3683:1–999 3214:(PDF) 3200:(PDF) 3177:(PDF) 3004:[ 2876:S2CID 2630:[ 2606:(PDF) 1285:Notes 943:Zbor' 912:Banat 895:Major 848:] 731:Čačak 390:Peter 122:Serbs 5580:2003 5502:2002 5473:2001 5141:1949 5091:1948 5063:Aden 5041:1947 5005:1946 4948:1945 4904:1944 4868:1943 4832:1942 4733:Lviv 4726:Iași 4683:1941 4661:1940 4625:1939 4596:1938 4471:Kiev 4415:Lida 4200:Kiev 3701:(66) 3693:(38) 3669:Jews 3616:ISBN 3592:ISBN 3571:ISBN 3550:ISBN 3524:ISBN 3503:ISBN 3482:ISBN 3465:OCLC 3437:ISBN 3416:ISBN 3395:ISBN 3380:2021 3354:ISBN 3330:ISBN 3314:2018 3298:2017 3276:ISBN 3257:ISBN 3235:ISBN 3218:OCLC 3189:ISSN 3159:ISBN 3146:2017 3124:ISBN 3105:ISBN 3076:ISBN 3052:ISBN 3031:ISBN 3010:ISBN 2985:ISBN 2960:ISBN 2939:ISBN 2921:2021 2895:ISBN 2868:ISSN 2837:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2794:ISBN 2773:ISBN 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