1088:("Contribution to Wargaming," 1876) expresses many sentiments similar to the criticisms levied by Meckel: that when a student of military sciences suggests playing a wargame, an all-too-common response is, "We have no one here who knows how to conduct the game properly." Probing more deeply into the root causes of this, he found the defect to "lie chiefly in the purely technical part of the conduct of the game, the novice failing to understand the rules, or the use of the dice and the table of losses"—this last table referring to the computation of points of damage against units. Verdy du Vernois therefore proposes the obvious: to simply remove those entirely from the game, and to allow the umpire's assessment of the tactical situation to determine the outcome of any encounter."
1125:, p. 278: "During the wars of German unification, Prussian wargaming appears to have provided a significant advantage. How else can Prussia's lopsided victories be explained? Prussian forces were more often than not outnumbered, weapon advantages were mixed, and training methods were similar, though some think Prussia had an advantage in the education of staff officers. At this time, though, the Prussian military had a monopoly on second-generation wargaming and had integrated it into its staff education and its staff planning methods, especially at the higher levels."
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1288:"These troop symbols and the map must be to the same scale, and the scale must be large enough for the smallest tactical units to be instantly recognizable. Troops and maps have been prepared to the scale 1:8000 so that 1 Decimal Zoll = 400 paces. Let me stress again that the troop symbols and map must be to the same scale, so that troops only occupy the distance on the map that they would occupy in reality, and so that one move only produces the same results for marches, battles, etc., as two minutes of real time would produce."
1070:"For von Verdy the reason for wargaming's lack of popularity lay "in the numerous difficulties that beginners run against in handling tables, calculating losses, and the like." He argued strongly that "it would add to the usefulness of the game to be rid of these numerous rules and tables." The essence of von Verdy's approach can be described as the transformation of the umpire from computer to "God." But he was not to be a capricious god, but a conscientious one who would explain his actions and assessments after the game."
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when unfolded and placed on top of the cabinet, provided a gaming surface about six feet by six feet in size. Instead of sculpted sand, the battlefield was made out of porcelain tiles, upon which terrain features were depicted in painted bas-relief. The tiles were modular and could be arranged on the table surface to create a custom battlefield. The scale was 1:2373. Troop formations were represented by little porcelain blocks. The blocks could be moved across the battlefield in a free-form manner;
627:". The number of hitpoints a unit has is determined by the type of unit, the number of men in it, and their formation. For instance, a cavalry squadron with 90 riders has 60 hitpoints. A line infantry half-battalion with 450 men has 90 hitpoints. Individual cavalry riders are "tougher" than infantrymen (1.5 hitpoints per rider vs 0.2 hitpoints per infantryman) because they moved faster and in looser formations, which meant a barrage of fire inflicted fewer casualties on them.
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938:"In addition to establishing the general idea and the composition of the opposing forces, the umpire serves as an intermediary for virtually all actions in the game: all movements, all communications and all attacks channel through the umpire, in writing. The players transmit written orders, authored to their units in the persona of a commander, and for the most part the umpire enjoys significant leeway in deciding how these orders will be interpreted."
192:, where the umpire would place on the map blocks only for the troops which were in visual range of both sides. The umpire kept a mental track of where the hidden troops were located, and only deployed blocks for them when they came into view of the enemy. The umpire arbitrated situations which the rules did not explicitly cover, which plugged any gaps in Reisswitz Jr.'s system. This required the umpire to be an impartial and experienced officer.
223:. This was interpreted as a banishment: allegedly, he had made offensive remarks about his superiors. He committed suicide in 1827. This disgrace was detrimental to the progression of his wargame for obvious reasons. It wasn't until 1860 that the game was widely played in the military. Until then, it survived thanks to the efforts of a small number of wargaming clubs. The earliest of these clubs was the Berlin Wargame Association.
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removed from the map, or in the case of line infantry, is replaced with an exchange piece. For instance: if a cavalry squadron suffers 10 points of damage, the umpire will move the corresponding pin ten dots down the cavalry column. If the pin reaches the 60th dot in the column, the cavalry unit has suffered a fatal level of casualties, and the umpire will then remove the corresponding piece from the map.
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In the early 19th century, officers in the field communicated over long distances through messengers. There was no radio in those days. Messengers needed time to reach the recipient, and could be delayed or intercepted by the enemy. The umpire can simulate this problem by holding on to a player's message for a round or two before giving it to the recipient, never giving it, or even give it to the enemy.
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273:: 1) the rules constrain the umpire, preventing him from applying his expertise; 2) the rules are too rigid to realistically model all possible outcomes in a battle, because the real world is complex and ever-changing; 3) the computations for casualties slow down the game and have a minor impact on a player's decisions anyway; 4) few officers are willing to make the effort to learn the rules.
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or a cavalry squadron. The players command their troops by writing their orders on paper and giving them to the umpire. The umpire will then read these orders and move the blocks across the map according to how he judges the imaginary troops would interpret and execute their orders. The outcomes of combat are determined either by simple mathematical calculations or the umpire's judgement.
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1301:(2016), p. 13: "Verdy du Vernois also eschewed the written order in favor of a dialogue between players and referee. Substituting a conversation for written orders also reflected the changing technologies of the time, for it was the dawn of the telephone (and soon, the radio), the beginning of an era when spoken orders could be conveyed in real time across a vast distance."
1056:, p. 259: "The central idea of instructions, remarkable in many ways, was to emancipate the umpire from all rules; but, as on the other hand, it imposed upon him the necessity, above all, of taking into account the losses by fire in his decisions, so it still preserved a set of rules for estimating them, and the dice and tables of losses."
230:. These clubs continued to develop Reisswitz's game, but they avoided mentioning his name in their publications. In 1828, the Berlin Wargame Association published a limited expansion to Reisswitz's system. In 1846, they released a fresh wargaming manual which received a second edition in 1855. These updates sought to make
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unit it represents, cavalry, infantry, etc., and the team it belongs to. The dimensions of each piece match the dimensions of the actual troop formation it represents, to the same scale as the map. Thus, each piece occupies an area on the map proportional to the space the actual troop formation would occupy in the field.
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The exchange pieces are commensurately smaller in length. So if a half-battalion piece in a line of such pieces is replaced with an exchange piece, this will create a gap in the line. A half-battalion piece is removed from the map when it loses half of its hitpoints, because a half-battalion that had
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Players do not speak to each other. Instead, they communicate with their teammates and the umpire through written messages. This is so that the enemy team cannot hear their plans. This is also so that the umpire can delay or block messages if he feels the circumstances on the battlefield warrant it.
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The map represents the battlefield. Troop formations on the battlefield are represented on the map by little rectangular pieces. In
Reisswitz's time, these pieces were made of lead, but modern reconstructions typically use plastic or wood. Each piece is painted with markings that denotes what kind of
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Reisswitz's wargame was an instructional tool designed to teach battlefield tactics to
Prussian officers. It therefore aimed for maximum realism. The participants were expected to be well-versed in how battles were waged in the early 19th century. This was particularly true for the umpire, who had to
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had a special function in early 19th century warfare. On the battlefield, infantry stood close together in long lines facing the enemy. A key tactical purpose of a line of infantry was to obstruct the advance of enemy troops. When the line suffered casualties, this resulted in the formation of gaps,
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The game is played between two teams and one umpire. Either team can have any number of players. Reisswitz recommended 4 to 6 players each and that they be equal in size. The players in a team will divide command of the troops between them and establish a hierarchy. Only the umpire needs to be fully
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The fourth issue was the most serious, as the
Prussian military struggled to meet the growing demand for umpires. Meckel proposed dispensing with some of the rules and giving the umpire more discretion to arbitrate events as he saw fit. The only things he kept were the dice and the losses tables for
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Reisswitz Jr.'s great innovation, however, was the introduction of an umpire. The players did not directly control the troop blocks on the game map. Rather, they wrote down their orders for their troops and gave them to the umpire. The umpire would then move the blocks across the game map according
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Reisswitz Jr.'s game was designed to be played on accurate, large-scale (1:8,000) topographical maps. The
Prussian army had recently begun using such maps, which were the product of new advances in cartography and printing. These maps may have not been available to Reisswitz Sr. and previous wargame
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stick one pin for each piece on the map in the first dot of the appropriate column. For instance, if the Red Army begins with three infantry pieces and two cavalry pieces, the umpire will stick three pins in the first dot in the infantry column and two pins in the first dot in the cavalry column.
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The umpire uses dice to determine how much damage that attacking units inflict upon the enemy. The dice designed by
Reisswitz are of unique design, with each face displaying a multitude of numbers and symbols that denoted different damage scores, measured in points, for different situations. There
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The players themselves may be represented on the battlefield with pieces that represent officers and their bodyguards. The positions of the officers on the battlefield affects how the players can communicate with each other and the troops. Officers can be slain in battle like any other soldier, and
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The second group is the
Southern California Kriegsspiel Society, based in Los Angeles. They meet at the Strategicon conventions in Los Angeles for face-to-face games. The third group is the International Kriegsspiel Society (IKS), established in 2021 by Marshall Neal as an outgrowth of the Southern
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involve at least two teams of players and one umpire gathered around a map. The map represents a battlefield. Each team is given command of an imaginary army which is represented on the map using little painted blocks. Each block represents some kind of troop formation, such as an artillery battery
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was very much like
Reisswitz's version, but it incorporated new advances in technologies and tactics. For instance, by 1862 the Prussian army had transitioned from muskets to breech-loading rifles and hence troops could inflict casualties at up to 900 paces instead of 400. Whereas Reisswitz used a
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The course of the game is divided into turns, which are executed simultaneously for both sides. A turn represents two minutes of time. In a turn the troops can perform as many actions as they realistically could in two minutes of time, and
Reisswitz's manual provides some guidelines. There is, for
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The umpire places pieces on the map only for troops which he judges are visible to both sides. If a unit disappears from the enemy army's line of sight, the umpire will remove the piece from the map and keep it aside. This means the participants must keep a mental track of the positions of troops
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Reisswitz did not want to present the king a table of damp sand, so he set about constructing a more impressive apparatus. In 1812, Reisswitz presented to the king a wooden table-cabinet. The cabinet's drawers stored all the materials to play the game. The cabinet came with a folding board which,
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Tschischwitz's game did not use line infantry exchange blocks. By 1862, Prussian battle doctrine had moved away from line infantry tactics to an emphasis on wider deployments. To represent this, the 1862 game represents infantry companies individually with their own blocks, so exchange blocks for
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If the defender didn't have reserve infantrymen with which to plug the gaps, this was a disaster, as then the enemy could move through the gaps to isolate and flank his troops. To represent this phenomenon on the game map, the game provides "exchange pieces" for infantry half-battalion pieces. An
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The
International Kriegsspiel Society has modified the original rules of Kriegsspiel to allow for shorter games that can be played with larger numbers of players. Because Kriegsspiel requires a lot of effort from players and adjudication from umpires, the game is almost unplayable in its original
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has undergone a minor revival in the
English-speaking world thanks to translations of the original rulebooks by a British wargaming enthusiast named Bill Leeson. At least three major, non-military, enthusiast groups play Kriegsspiel around the world. The game is also played for fun by other small
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manual in 1862 that incorporated new technological advances such as railroads, telegraph, and breech-loading cannons; and which used conventional gaming dice. It also greatly simplified the rules, making the wargame even simpler than Reisswitz's original version. Tschischwitz's rules went through
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To track hitpoint loss, Reisswitz's original manual provided a sheet of paper called the "losses table". The losses table is divided into columns for line infantry, tirailleurs, jagers, cavalry, and artillery. Each column has a series of numbered dots. At the start of the game, the umpire shall
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The umpire establishes the scenario of the game. He decides what the tactical objectives of the respective teams are, what troops they are provided with and how those troops are initially deployed on the battlefield. The umpire will then assign each team the appropriate troop pieces for their
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was a junior officer in the Prussian army. He took over the development of his father's wargame after his father lost interest in it. He developed the game with the help of a circle of junior officers in Berlin. The prince eventually heard of Reisswitz Jr.'s project and, having fond memories of
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Generally, the dot a pin is stuck in represents how many damage points the corresponding unit has accumulated. When a unit takes damage, the umpire will move the corresponding pin down its column to the appropriate dot. If a pin reaches the bottom of the column, then the corresponding piece is
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is an open-ended game with no fixed victory conditions. The objectives of the respective teams are determined by the umpire, and typically resemble the goals that an army might pursue in a real battlefield situation, such as expelling the enemy from a certain defensive position or inflicting a
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The royal family was delighted by Reisswitz's game, and frequently played it. However, it was not adopted by army instructors nor sold commercially. The apparatus that Reisswitz made for the king was too expensive for mass-production. Additionally, his system was not complete and required some
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These early wargames were not realistic enough to satisfy the military. The pieces were constrained to move across a grid in chess-like fashion: only a single piece could occupy a square, even if that square represented, say, a square mile, and the pieces had to move square by square. This, of
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Likewise, the players command their imaginary troops through written orders which they submit to the umpire. The players are not allowed to manipulate the pieces on the map themselves — that is for the umpire to do. The umpire will move the pieces across the map according to how he judges the
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Reisswitz first experimented with a table covered in a layer of damp sand. He sculpted the sand into a three-dimensional model battlefield, with hills and valleys. He used little wooden blocks to represent troop formations. The Prussian princes heard about Reisswitz's project and asked for a
1044:: "In 1872 the war game received a great impetus; and, as it was largely played, a great many umpires were required. Certainly there was no lack of officers capable of this function, but there were few with sufficient courage to study and assimilate the complicated rules governing the game."
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Whereas Reisswitz's manual prescribed just one map around which all the participants were gathered, Tschischwitz's manual proposed the option of having multiple maps: one for the umpire which displayed the positions of all troops, and one for each team displaying only those troops which the
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Therefore, the original rules are modified to preserve the critical components of Kriegsspiel, specifically, the games are umpired, double-blind, use simultaneous movement, emphasize fog of war, and feature delayed communications and execution of orders. The aim is to preserve realism while
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In the earlier wargames of Hellwig and Venturini, units were like chess pieces in that when attacked, they were simply killed and removed from play, even if the pieces represented groups of soldiers. By contrast, units in Reisswitz's game could suffer partial losses yet still remain on the
334:. Many credited the Prussian army's superior performance to its wargaming tradition. The Prussian army did not have any significant advantage in weaponry, numbers, or troop quality, but it was the only army in the world that practiced wargaming. This led to great worldwide interest in
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battlefield. A unit might withstand several rounds' worth of enemy attacks before finally collapsing. Reisswitz's game was thus the first to incorporate unit hitpoints. It also modeled variable damage: The casualties inflicted by an attacker on his enemy were determined using dice.
967:"To convert this to a mass-market venture, the younger Reiswitz organized a workshop to manufacture the game, which included a tin foundry, painters and carpenters, as well as the support of the Royal Lithographic Institute to manufacture maps of the appropriate scale."
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streamlining minutiae that can slow the game without adding value to the experience. The society also hosts games that play by post, meaning players submit orders online by message (email or Discord chat) and the turns are processed by an umpire on a regular basis.
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In early 1824, the prince invited Reisswitz Jr. to present his wargame to the king and his senior generals at Berlin Castle. They were impressed and officially endorsed his game as a training tool for the officer corps. The Chief of the General Staff,
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It is characterized by high realism, an emphasis on the experience of decision-making rather than on competition, and the use of an umpire to keep the rules flexible and manage hidden information. After Prussia's impressive victory over France in the
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In August 2021, the International Kriegsspiel Society ran what is likely the largest online, civilian Kriegsspiel up until then, with 48 participants. Six master umpires worked with 12 assistants to manage the game. The battle was inspired by the
924:: "Few, and entirely incomplete terrain maps had been published, and even those, with a few exceptions such as the 1:10,000 maps of Saxony, did not give terrain in a large enough scale to allow smaller units to be properly represented."
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instance, a table which lists movement rates for the various troop types under different conditions, e.g. in a turn, a cavalry squadron can move 400 paces over open ground, 250 paces through light forest, and 100 paces up inclines.
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to how he judged the imaginary troops would interpret and carry out the players' orders. When the troops engaged the enemy on the map, it was umpire who rolled the dice, computed the effects, and removed slain units from the map.
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units. If there are multiple players in a team, the teammates will divide control of their troops and establish a hierarchy of command in a way that should resemble Prussian military doctrine, subject to the umpire's approval.
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improvisation on the part of the players. For instance, the rules for resolving the effects of hand-to-hand combat and terrain advantage were not fully worked out. Reisswitz may have been too distracted by the upheavals of the
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familiar with the rules, as he manipulates the pieces on the map and computes the outcomes of combat, whereas the players describe what they want their troops to do as if they were issuing orders to real troops in the field.
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form unless a large number of trained umpires or a small number of players participate. Small games with a single umpire and a few players are possible, but larger games can run slowly as the workload for umpires increases.
869:"...Reiswitz's wargame was not intended as a commercial offering, like that of Hellwig or Venturini—it was a lavish, custom-built gift for a monarch, with an apparatus fit for a museum; cost-effective manufacturing of the
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Die I is used to determine ranged damage inflicted by line infantry and skirmishers fighting in the open, hand-to-hand combat results when both sides are even, and whether a howitzer attack sets a village on
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of 1870 broke a long period of peace for the German states, which made many officers feel a pressing need to better familiarize themselves with the conduct of war. This led to a surge in interest in
890:"The rules for deciding hand-to-hand attacks, and the method for determining terrain advantage had not been fully worked out, and there were still difficulties with deciding effects from gunfire."
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designers, but they were available by the 1820s and Reisswitz Jr. took advantage of them. Using topographical maps allowed for more natural terrain and the play of battles in real locations.
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course, did not represent how real troops maneuvered in the field. The grid system also forced the terrain to take unnatural forms, such as rivers flowing in straight lines and right angles.
98:" is a strategy game that attempts to realistically represent warfare. The earliest wargames were invented in the German states around the turn of the 19th century. They were derivatives of
1588:(formerly the Southern California Kriegsspiel Society) Online community dedicated to hosting Kriegsspiel games in person and online using various systems including traditional and modified.
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and Verdy's approach is that the players had conversations with the umpire instead of communicating with written messages. Verdy's insight was that the only elements that were essential to
1537:"The Original War Game: The invention of Kriegsspiel, a detailed tabletop simulation of battle, revolutionized 19th-century warfare and laid the groundwork for today's role playing games"
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296:) and was well-received by the officer corps because it was easier to learn and allowed umpires to apply their own expertise. Verdy's insight was that all that was truly essential for
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Each unit has a point value, which represents how many points of damage the unit in question can absorb before "dying". In modern gaming parlance, this "point value" is analogous to "
363:. In 1873, a group of students and teachers at Oxford University founded the University Kriegspiel Club, which was the world's first recreational wargaming club for civilians.
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three editions between 1862 and 1869. In 1869, Colonel Thilo von Trotha published his own wargaming treatise which went through three editions and had more complicated rules.
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declared: "this is no ordinary sort of game, this is schooling for war. I must and will recommend it most warmly to the army." The king ordered that every regiment receive a
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groups and individuals, but because of the effort involved, such events are uncommon. The senior of the three major groups is The Kriegsspiel Society located in the town of
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literally means "wargame" in German, but in the context of the English language it refers specifically to the wargames developed by the Prussian army in the 19th century.
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respective team could see. The teams would be placed in separate rooms with their respective maps, so that they could not see the other team's map or the umpire's map.
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match in Berlin and commissioned a translation of Reisswitz's manual which was submitted to the French army in March 1829. A Dutch translation appeared in 1836.
102:, but the pieces represented real military units, cavalry, infantry, artillery, etc. and the squares were color-coded to represent different types of terrain.
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Lieutenant Wilhelm Jacob Meckel published a treatise in 1873 and another in 1875 in which he expressed four complaints about the overcomplicated rules of
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Players gather around a map for a debriefing by the umpire. Note the umpire's use of plastic that allows the recording of orders and other information.
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to perfect his game. By 1816, Reisswitz seemed to have lost interest in wargaming altogether. The development of the wargame was continued by his son,
433:, was the largest civilian online Kriegsspiel ever run. as another "Grand Battle", the IKS is preparing "Grand Leipzig 1813" for October 28, 2023.
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proposed dispensing with all the rules and tools completely and allowing the umpire to arbitrate the game entirely as he saw fit. This form of
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set. Reisswitz established a workshop by which he could mass-produce and distribute it. He sold the game's material in a box-set priced at 30
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by E. Baring, based on the system of Wilhelm von Tschischwitz, was published in 1872 for the British army and received a royal endorsement.
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unique set of dice, Tschischwitz used conventional gaming dice. His manual provided tables to translate dice rolls into combat outcomes.
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On July 15, 2023, the IKS ran an even larger game online. With 96 participants, of which 22 were umpires, "Grand Waterloo", based on the
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Die V is used to determine damage inflicted by artillery under bad conditions, and hand-to-hand combat results when the odds are 4:1.
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Die II is used to determine ranged damage by skirmishers firing from cover, and hand-to-hand combat results when the odds are 3:2.
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One face of Die I, which is used to determine ranged damage by infantry, and hand-to-hand combat results when the odds are even.
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set out to develop a more realistic wargame wherein the units could move about in a free-form manner over more natural terrain.
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Reisswitz used the Prussian imperial system of measurement, wherein 1 pace is 2 feet or 20 decimal inches, approximately 63 cm.
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was the first wargaming system to have been adopted by a military organization as a serious tool for training and research.
1020:: preserved the primitive method of Reisswitz, but adopted less complicated and more practical rules for computing losses."
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to coordinate and play games. As of 2024, the group has over 2,250 members, and hosts multiple games on a weekly basis.
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Taktisches Kriegs-Spiel oder Anleitung zu einer mechanischen Vorrichtung um taktische Manoeuvres sinnlich darzustellen
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Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures, from Chess to Role-playing Games
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attracted little attention outside of Prussia before 1870. Reisswitz Jr. travelled to Russia where he demonstrated
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demonstration. He showed it to them in 1811, and they enthusiastically recommended the game to their father, King
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In most cases, a piece is simply removed from the map when it has lost all its hitpoints. An exception to this is
208:. This was thus the first wargame to be widely adopted by a military as a serious tool for training and research.
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battalions are no longer required. Rules for deploying skirmishers were updated to reflect the newer tactics.
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lost half of its men was considered ineffective in combat, and typically the men just fled the battlefield.
663:, which signifies that the half-battalion in question has lost either one sixth or two sixths of its men.
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1511:. Translated by H. O. S. Heistand. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1898. pp. 233–289.
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The losses table, which appears in Reisswitz's manual, is the primary method for tracking casualties.
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was the umpire and concealed information, with an emphasis on the fog of war and delayed messaging.
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1446:[The Reiswitzian Wargame from its Inception until the death of the inventor in 1827].
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Tactical War Game - or, instruction to a mechanical device to simulate tactical maneuvers
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exchange piece resembles a regular half-battalion piece, but is marked with the fraction
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Instructions for the Representation of Military Maneuvers with the Kriegsspiel Apparatus
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became popular and Reisswitz's rigid style fell out of favor in professional circles.
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In response to these criticisms, a Prussian nobleman and wargaming enthusiast named
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1316:"On Wargaming: How Wargames Have Shaped History and How They May Shape the Future"
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to the Russian court, but he failed to win them over. In 1825, the French general
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Die III is used to determine damage inflicted by artillery under good conditions.
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This summary is based on an English translation of a wargaming manual written by
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Jon Peterson, "A Game Out of All Proportions: How a Hobby Miniaturized War", in
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This article is about the 19th century Prussian wargame. For chess variant, see
1444:"Das Reißwissche Kriegsspiel von seinem Beginn bis zum Tode des Erfinders 1827"
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Anleitung zur Darstellung militairische Manover mit dem Apparat des Kriegsspiel
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In 1826, Reisswitz was transferred away from Berlin to the provincial city of
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912:, 1816), so his son assumed charge over the ongoing development of the game."
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How to Play Kriegsspiel - A Primer for the International Kriegsspiel Society
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How to Play Kriegsspiel - A Primer for the International Kriegsspiel Society
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Literärisch-kritische Nachrichten über die Kriegsspiele der Alten und Neuern
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arbitrate situations which the rules did not cover using his own expertise.
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Selected Professional Papers Translated from European Military Publications
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Peter Perla's The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists
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History of Operations Research in the United States Army, V. 1, 1942-1962
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Die IV is to determine hand-to-hand combat results when the odds are 3:1.
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1627:
1355:
Board Games Studies: International Journal for the Study of Board Games
95:
57:
in the 19th century to teach battlefield tactics to officers. The word
1135:
497:
Supplemental sheets of paper to track casualties and other information
712:
with a long transcript of a game. A noted difference between classic
476:
Rectangular pieces that represented various kinds of troop formations
220:
205:
1486:
Verdy's Free Kriegspiel Including the Victorian Army's 1896 War Game
1348:"Eine Anleitung zur Anleitung. Das Takstische Kriegsspiel 1812-1824"
614:
543:
imaginary troops would interpret and execute the players' orders.
398:, UK. The group plays face-to-face games several times per year.
381:
373:
157:
99:
31:
1163:
173:
playing Reisswitz Sr.'s wargame, joined the son's gaming circle.
1579:
1600:
904:"The elder Reiswitz's interests seem to have drifted away from
234:
more realistic, but they also made the rules more complicated.
908:
after the standalone publication of his history of wargaming (
551:
if that happens the player ceases to participate in the game.
1669:
453:
was written by officers for other officers, not for laymen.
1596:
1585:
1149:
226:
Another prominent club was the Magdeburg Club, managed by
1582:
Web site dedicated to the original game of Kriegsspiel
1516:
Pat Harrigan; Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, eds. (2016).
1478:] (in German). Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.
1211:
International Kriegsspiel Society (28 August 2021).
386:
The emblem of the International Kriegsspiel Society.
2029:
1993:
1986:
1904:
1762:
1725:
1718:
1680:
1634:
1384:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz (1824).
1556:"How games and game theory have changed the world"
1245:International Kriegsspiel Society (15 July 2023).
1228:International Kriegsspiel Society (15 July 2023).
1194:International Kriegsspiel Society (26 Oct 2021).
1177:International Kriegsspiel Society (26 Oct 2021).
488:A topographical map (recommended scale is 1:8000)
359:in 1880. In 1882, William R. Livermore published
1337:Wilhelm von Tschischwitz. Richard Clarke (ed.).
639:through which enemy troops could slip through.
2099:Games and sports introduced in the 19th century
1002:
1000:
977:
975:
973:
402:California Kriegsspiel Society. The group uses
1450:. Vol. 59, no. 56. pp. 527–532.
708:, Verdy du Vernois illustrated his concept of
1612:
1341:. Translated by Bill Leeson. Too Fat Lardies.
1283:
921:
882:
853:
8:
1461:Jahrbücher für die deutsche Armee und Marine
1518:Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming
1164:"Rules - International Kriegsspiel Society"
134:and rulers were used to regulate movement.
2089:Military education and training in Germany
1990:
1722:
1619:
1605:
1597:
1404:Peter P. Perla (2012) . John Curry (ed.).
700:Verdy du Vernois' flexible approach (1876)
443:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz
170:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz
144:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz
1442:Heinrich Ernst Dannhauer (11 July 1874).
992:
947:
1110:
1079:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1006:
981:
962:
951:
933:
899:
873:cabinet was simply out of the question."
864:
720:were the umpire and hidden information.
330:In 1870, Prussia defeated France in the
1122:
846:
740:
699:
2021:Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers
1592:Modern publishers of Kriegsspiel rules
1357:(in German) (3): 59–78. Archived from
308:The spread of wargaming beyond Germany
2011:International Federation of Wargaming
1339:The von Tschischwitz Kriegsspiel 1862
1065:
750:
344:Rules for the Conduct of the War-Game
237:Wilhelm von Tschischwitz published a
7:
1468:Julius von Verdy du Vernois (1876).
1408:. The History of Wargaming Project.
1369:George Leopold von Reiswitz (1812).
1322:(43). Naval War College Press (US).
820:Julius von Verdy du Vernois (1876).
1150:"International Kriegsspiel Society"
282:General Julius von Verdy du Vernois
14:
2016:International Wargames Federation
1586:International Kriegsspiel Society
777:Wilhelm von Tschischwitz (1862).
596:Kriegsspiel dice, modern replicas
547:whose pieces are not on the map.
1656:Western Approaches Tactical Unit
1398:translation by Bill Leeson, 1989
1270:Reisswitz Jr. (25 Feb 1824), in
601:
589:
518:
509:
472:The materials required include:
356:Strategos, the American War Game
110:Reisswitz Sr.'s prototype (1812)
109:
2059:World Boardgaming Championships
1554:Clancy, Kelly (June 24, 2024).
1535:Clancy, Kelly (June 16, 2024).
2006:Game Manufacturers Association
810:("Instructions for Wargaming")
460:certain number of casualties.
1:
16:19th century Prussian wargame
2001:Castle & Crusade Society
1346:Phillip von Hilgers (2000).
1314:Caffrey, Matthew B. (2019).
1200:(video) – via YouTube.
1183:(video) – via YouTube.
796:Studien über das Kriegsspiel
292:(counterpart to Reisswitz's
188:The game could simulate the
116:George Leopold von Reisswitz
25:Kriegsspiel (disambiguation)
1747:Julius von Verdy du Vernois
1379:] (in German). Gädicke.
766:Berliner Kriegsspiel-Verein
215:after Reisswitz Jr.'s death
2115:
783:Instructions for Wargaming
683:Tschischwitz's version of
351:Charles Adiel Lewis Totten
18:
1667:
1476:Contribution to Wargaming
1455:Thilo von Trotha (1874).
1084:"Verdy du Vernois in his
828:Contribution to Wargaming
808:Anleitung zum Kriegsspiel
779:Anleitung zum Kriegsspiel
706:Contribution to Wargaming
679:Tschischwitz rules (1862)
257:among Prussian officers.
2037:Charles S. Roberts Award
1136:"Kriegsspiel News Forum"
361:The American Kriegsspiel
1471:Beitrag zum Kriegsspiel
1248:"Grand Waterloo part 2"
1231:"Grand Waterloo part 1"
1086:Beitrag zum Kriegsspiel
871:Taktisches Kriegs-Spiel
823:Beitrag zum Kriegsspiel
752:[ˈkʁiːksˌʃpiːl]
150:Reisswitz Jr. perfects
1753:William McCarty Little
1690:Recreational wargaming
1674:
1644:Professional wargaming
1274:no. 402 (6 March 1824)
620:
437:Reisswitz rules (1824)
387:
379:
349:In the United States,
277:assessing casualties.
166:
41:
23:. For other uses, see
1673:
1423:Jon Peterson (2012).
798:("Study of Wargames")
618:
385:
377:
211:
161:
124:Frederick Wilhelm III
35:
1284:Reisswitz Jr. (1824)
922:Reisswitz Jr. (1824)
883:Reisswitz Jr. (1824)
854:Reisswitz Jr. (1824)
830:]. E.S. Mittler.
424:Battle of Gettysburg
288:came to be known as
198:General von Müffling
40:session in progress.
1741:Georg von Reisswitz
1695:Miniature wargaming
1541:Wall Street Journal
1505:"Foreign War Games"
1483:John Curry (2008).
1463:. pp. 180–193.
1448:Militär-Wochenblatt
1272:Militär-Wochenblatt
730:Military simulation
342:manual in English,
332:Franco-Prussian War
251:Franco-Prussian War
247:Austro-Prussian War
163:Georg von Reisswitz
71:Franco-Prussian War
1796:Charles S. Roberts
1675:
1427:. Unreason Press.
1394:] (in German).
1320:The Newport Papers
1261:Bill Leeson (1989)
1214:"Grand Gettysburg"
704:In his 1876 book,
621:
431:Battle of Waterloo
408:Tabletop Simulator
388:
380:
370:in the present day
321:Auguste de Marmont
228:General von Moltke
167:
94:By definition, a "
42:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2047:Origins Game Fair
1982:
1981:
1868:Larry Harris, Jr.
1802:Allan B. Calhamer
1457:"Zum Kriegsspiel"
1415:978-1-4716-2242-7
1329:978-1-935352-65-5
294:rigid Kriegsspiel
53:developed by the
2106:
1991:
1820:Redmond Simonsen
1784:Don Featherstone
1723:
1705:Computer wargame
1672:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1580:Kriegsspiel News
1569:
1567:
1566:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1531:
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1464:
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1302:
1299:Zones of Control
1295:
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1275:
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1097:Shrader (2006).
1095:
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993:Dannhauer (1874)
990:
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948:Dannhauer (1874)
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787:
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763:
757:
754:
749:
745:
710:free Kriegsspiel
662:
661:
657:
652:
651:
647:
605:
593:
522:
513:
396:Little Gaddesden
302:Free Kriegsspiel
290:free Kriegsspiel
263:free Kriegsspiel
249:of 1866 and the
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2025:
1978:
1906:
1900:
1895:Gilbert Roberts
1884:Stephen V. Cole
1850:S. Craig Taylor
1764:
1758:
1727:
1714:
1710:Naval wargaming
1682:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1661:Sigma war games
1636:
1630:
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1562:
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1111:Heistand (1898)
1109:
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1096:
1092:
1083:
1080:Peterson (2012)
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1054:Heistand (1898)
1052:
1048:
1042:Heistand (1898)
1040:
1036:
1030:Heistand (1898)
1028:
1024:
1018:Heistand (1898)
1016:
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1007:Heistand (1898)
1005:
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991:
987:
982:Peterson (2012)
980:
971:
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963:Peterson (2012)
961:
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952:Peterson (2012)
946:
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934:Peterson (2012)
932:
928:
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900:Peterson (2012)
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865:Peterson (2012)
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756:"kreegs-shpeel"
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659:
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613:
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564:are five dice:
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140:Napoleonic Wars
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2018:
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1971:
1969:Martin Wallace
1966:
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1954:Mark Simonitch
1951:
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1944:Rick Priestley
1941:
1939:Joseph Miranda
1936:
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1914:Craig Besinque
1910:
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1889:Greg Costikyan
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1879:Frank Chadwick
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1862:Marc W. Miller
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1856:Paddy Griffith
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1574:External links
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1364:on 2009-07-10.
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1166:. 9 July 2022.
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2094:Prussian Army
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2052:Origins Award
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1987:Organizations
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1560:The Economist
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1527:9780262334938
1523:
1520:. MIT Press.
1519:
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1496:9781409227960
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530:Order of play
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1959:Jerry Taylor
1929:James M. Day
1924:Richard Borg
1832:Richard Berg
1826:Jim Dunnigan
1681:Recreational
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1635:Professional
1563:. Retrieved
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1544:. Retrieved
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1489:. Lulu.com.
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1964:Dan Verssen
1897:(1900–1986)
1891:(born 1959)
1870:(born 1948)
1864:(born 1947)
1858:(1947–2010)
1852:(1946–2012)
1846:(born 1945)
1840:(1945–2015)
1834:(1943–2019)
1828:(born 1943)
1822:(1942–2005)
1816:(1938–2008)
1810:(born 1932)
1808:Phil Barker
1804:(1931–2013)
1798:(1930–2010)
1792:(1926–2000)
1786:(1918–2013)
1780:(1916–1988)
1778:Jack Scruby
1774:(1866–1946)
1772:H. G. Wells
1755:(1845–1915)
1749:(1832–1910)
1743:(1794–1827)
1737:(1743–1831)
1650:Kriegsspiel
906:Kriegsspiel
718:Kriegsspiel
714:Kriegsspiel
685:Kriegsspiel
479:Rulers and
457:Kriegsspiel
451:Kriegsspiel
391:Kriegsspiel
368:Kriegsspiel
340:Kriegsspiel
336:Kriegsspiel
325:Kriegsspiel
317:Kriegsspiel
313:Kriegsspiel
298:Kriegsspiel
286:Kriegsspiel
271:Kriegsspiel
255:Kriegsspiel
239:Kriegsspiel
232:Kriegsspiel
213:Kriegsspiel
202:Kriegsspiel
152:Kriegsspiel
78:Kriegsspiel
63:Kriegsspiel
59:Kriegsspiel
46:Kriegsspiel
38:Kriegsspiel
2078:Categories
1934:Mike McVey
1814:Gary Gygax
1565:2024-06-24
1546:2024-06-24
494:Note paper
491:A rulebook
353:published
190:fog of war
90:Precursors
21:Kriegspiel
1974:Matt Ward
1838:John Hill
1790:Tony Bath
1683:wargaming
1637:wargaming
736:Footnotes
625:hitpoints
468:Materials
445:in 1824.
280:In 1876,
165:(the son)
51:wargaming
2084:Wargames
1919:Ty Bomba
1628:Wargames
1251:(video).
1234:(video).
1217:(video).
1101:, p. 113
724:See also
481:dividers
265:movement
132:dividers
2042:Gen Con
1907:century
1765:century
1728:century
888:trans.:
748:German:
658:⁄
648:⁄
404:Discord
206:thalers
96:wargame
85:History
2030:Events
1994:Groups
1719:People
1524:
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1326:
785:].
559:Combat
221:Torgau
154:(1824)
1474:[
1390:[
1375:[
1362:(PDF)
1351:(PDF)
826:[
781:[
569:fire.
100:chess
1905:21st
1763:20th
1726:19th
1522:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1324:ISBN
485:Dice
406:and
261:The
245:The
653:or
2080::
1558:.
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999:^
972:^
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36:A
1620:e
1613:t
1606:v
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27:.
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