Gudrun - Knowledge (XXG)

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the Burgundians arrive, Grimhild demands the hoard from them, but Högni replies that it was left behind. Grimhild attempts to convince Atli's brother Bloedel and Thidrek (Dietrich von Bern) to help her take revenge, but both refuse. Finally, she provokes a fight by bringing her and Atli's son into the hall, seating him across from Högni, and telling the son to hit Högni. Högni reacts to a second blow by cutting off the prince's head, leading to a terrible massacre. After severe fighting, Gunnar is captured, and Grimhild tells Atli to throw him in a tower full of snakes. Högni now leads the Burgundians, who lock themselves in the king's hall. Grimhild orders the hall set on fire, and in the following battle Gisler and Gernoz die. Grimhild sticks a piece of flaming wood into her dead brothers' mouths to see if they are dead, causing an enraged Thidrek to kill her.

768:(c. 1250), Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gibeche. She possesses a rose garden that is guarded by twelve heroes, including her fiancé, Siegfried. Desiring to see whether Siegfried can beat Dietrich von Bern in combat, she challenges Dietrich to bring twelve of his own heroes for a day of tournaments in the rose garden. The winner will receive a garland and a kiss from her as a reward. Dietrich accepts the challenge, and the heroes come to Worms. Eventually, all of the Burgundian heroes are defeated, including Siegfried, who flees to Kriemhild's lap in fear when Dietrich starts breathing fire. Dietrich's warrior Ilsan, a monk, punishes Kriemhild for her haughtiness in challenging Dietrich by demanding so many kisses from Kriemhild that his rough beard causes her face to bleed. In one version of the poem, Hagen curses Kriemhild for having provoked the combat. 597: 644:

impenetrable Siegfried may be wounded. Once Siegfried is murdered while hunting with Hagen and Gunther, his body is thrown in front of Kriemhild's bedroom door. Kriemhild quickly realizes that Siegfried was murdered by Gunther and Hagen. Kriemhild sees to Siegfried's burial and refuses to return to Xanten with Siegfried's father, instead remaining in Worms near her family and Siegfried's tomb. Eventually, Gunther and his brothers are able to reconcile with Kriemhild, but she refuses to forgive Hagen. Kriemhild has the hoard of the Nibelungen, which she has inherited after Siegfried's death, brought to Worms. She uses the hoard to acquire warriors; Hagen, realizing that she is dangerous, conspires to steal the hoard and sink it in the Rhine.

732:, Grimhild (Kriemhild) is the daughter of king Aldrian of Niflungaland and Oda, sister of king Gunnar (Gunther), Gisler (Giselher), and Gernoz (Gernot), and half sister of Högni (Hagen). When Sigurd (Siegfried) comes to Gunnar's kingdom one day, he marries Grimhild and suggests that Gunnar marry Brunhild. Some time later, Grimhild and Brunhild argue over precedent in the king's hall. Brunhild accuses Grimhild of not even being married to a man of noble birth, whereupon Grimhild reveals that Sigurd and not Gunnar took Brunhild's virginity, showing a ring that Sigurd had given her as proof. Brunhild then agitates for Sigurd's murder; once Grimhild's brothers have murdered Sigurd, they place his corpse in her bed. 640:

get along, but in the private while they are watching a tournament, they soon argue over which of them has the highest ranking husband. Brunhild accuses Kriemhild of being married to a vassal. The queens part in anger. Later, the two queens encounter each other before entering the cathedral at Worms for mass. Brunhild and Kriemhild each insist that they should be allowed to enter the church before the other. Brunhild repeats her accusation that Kriemhild is married to a vassal publicly. Kriemhild then declares that Siegfried, and not Gunther, has taken Brunhild's virginity, displaying Brunhild apparent proof. Kriemhild then enters the church before Brunhild.

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for five years. After that time he will marry her and they will travel to hell together. Kriemhild prays to avoid this fate. Finally, Siegfried (Seyfrid) arrives to save her, but the dragon appears. The dragon forces Siegfried and Kriemhild to flee into the depths of the mountain, where they find the treasure of the Nibelungen and a sword that can cut through the dragon's skin. Siegfried defeats the dragon, and Kriemhild and Siegfried return to Worms, where they are married and Siegfried rules together with Kriemhild's brothers. Her brothers, however, resent how powerful Siegfried has become and after seven years, they murder him.

3625: 632:. Her brothers are Gunther, Gernot, and Giselher, with Gunther being the king. The poem opens when Kriemhild has a dream that she raised a falcon only to see it killed by two eagles. Her mother explains to her that this means she will love a man very much, but he will be killed. One day, Siegfried comes to the Burgundian court, intending to woo Kriemhild. The two do not speak for a year, but once Siegfried has helped the Burgundians in a war the two are allowed to see each other for the first time. They fall deeply in love and see each other daily. Once Siegfried has helped Kriemhild's brother king Gunther acquire 1267:

captured. Gudrun and Atli then accuse each other of causing the slaughter. Atli kills Gunnar and Högni and then tells Gudrun. She curses him, and he offers her some form of compensation, which she refuses. Gudrun pretends to have reconciled herself with the situation, but secretly kills her sons and feeds them to Atli. She tells Atli what he has eaten then kills Atli with the help of Högni's son Hniflung. While he dies, Atli claims to have treated Gudrun well and accuses her of being cruel. Gudrun defends herself and promises to bury Atli appropriately, and tries to kill herself.

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and a daughter named Svanhild. Some time later, Gudrun and Brunhild have a quarrel while washing their hair in a river: Brunhild says that she cannot have the water that touched Gudrun's hair touch hers, for she is married to the braver husband. The fight leads Gudrun to reveal that it was Sigurd in Gunnar's shape who rode through the flames to woo Brunhild, producing a ring that Sigurd had taken from Brunhild as proof. This knowledge leads Brunhild to agitate for Sigurd's murder, which is performed by Gudrun's half-brother Guthorm, who also kills the young Sigmund.

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Gudrun's brothers. He invites them to his hall intending to kill them for the gold. Gudrun warns them, but the warning is ignored. When the brothers arrive, Gudrun first attempts to mediate between the two sides, but afterwards fights with her brothers until they are captured and then killed. During the preparations for the funeral feast for her brothers, Gudrun kills Atli's sons. She feeds their flesh to Atli. Then she kills Atli in his bed with the help of Högni's son Niflung. Finally, they set the palace on fire and kill everyone inside.

62: 977: 245:, Gunther's wife, over their respective ranks. In both traditions, once Sigurd has been murdered, Gudrun is married to Etzel/Atli, the legendary analogue of Attila the Hun. In the Norse tradition, Atli desires the hoard of the Nibelungen, which the Burgundians had taken after murdering Sigurd, and invites them to his court; intending to kill them. Gudrun then avenges her brothers by killing Atli and burning down his hall. The Norse tradition then tells of her further life as mother of 70: 54: 1359:

queens continue their quarrel in the king's hall the next day. Brunhild then persuades Gunnar and Högni to have Sigurd killed, claiming that Sigurd slept with her. The murder is carried out by their younger brother Guthorm. Guthorm attacks Sigurd while he is asleep in bed with Gudrun; Sigurd is mortally wounded, but kills Guthorm. He then assures Gudrun that he never deceived Gunnar and dies. Gudrun then cries out loudly, which Brunhild answers with a loud laugh.

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mockingly asks Hagen whether he has brought her what he stole at Worms. Later, Kriemhild confronts Hagen with a group of Huns, and Hagen provokes her by bragging that he killed Siegfried. None of the Huns is brave enough to attack, and the Burgundians prevent an attack that Kriemhild had planned for that night. The next day, Kriemhild convinces Etzel's brother Bloedelin to attack the Burgundians' supplies; this occurs while Etzel, Kriemhild, and their son

1093:, Gudrun lies besides Sigurd's corpse but is unable to weep. Two other women attempt to comfort her by telling of their own grief, but it is only when Gudrun's sister Gullrönd uncovers Sigurd's body and tells her to kiss it that she is able to weep. Gudrun now accuses Gunnar of the murder and denies him any right to Sigurd's treasure. She warns that she will avenge her husband. It is implied that if Gudrun had been unable to weep, she may have died. 38: 1038:, a collection of heroic and mythological Nordic poems, appears to have been compiled around 1270 in Iceland, and assembles mythological and heroic songs of various ages. As elsewhere in the Scandinavian tradition, Gudrun is portrayed as the sister of Gunnar and Högni. Depending on the poem Guthorm is either her full brother, step-brother, or half-brother. A sister Gullrönd also appears in one poem. 1229:, Atli invites Gudrun's brothers Högni and Gunnar to his hall with the intent of killing them. The brothers come, although Gudrun has sent them a warning. Once Gunnar and Högni are dead, Gudrun offers Atli a drink and invites him and the Huns to a feast. After all are drunk, she reveals that Atli has eaten his sons, kills him, then sets the hall on fire, killing everyone within, including herself. 82: 661:

separates the two and demands that Hagen give back to her what he has taken from her. Hagen says he cannot tell her where the hoard is as long as his lord Gunther lives; Kriemhild then has Gunther decapitated. Hagen then reveals that the hoard is in the Rhine; Kriemhild takes Siegfried's sword, which Hagen had stolen, and beheads him with it herself. Dietrich's mentor

3498: 837: 1162:, but ignores Brunhild and includes the detail that Gudrun went into the woods to mourn over Sigurd's body. The inclusion of the figure of Thiodrek points to continental influence on the poem. The last stanza is incomplete, and scholars debate whether the poem originally also included Gudrun's killing of Atli and his sons. 1130:

make her forget about Sigurd first. Some time later Atli invites Gunnar and Högni intending to betray them and take their gold. Gudrun attempts to warn her brothers, but they come anyway. After they are taken prisoner by Atli, she asks her sons to intervene with their father on Gunnar and Högni's behalf, but they refuse.

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Gudrun will afterwards lose him due to conflict. When Sigurd comes to the court, Gudrun's mother Grimhild gives Sigurd a potion to forget his betrothal to Brunhild, and he marries Gudrun. Sigurd then helps Gunnar woo Brunhild, using a spell taught them by Grimhild, and for a time Brunhild and Gudrun share Gjuki's court.

1210:. Michael Curschmann argues that the poem is a transformation of a continental Germanic legend in which Dietrich (Thjodrek) is accused of sleeping with Etzel's wife Helche (Herkja), with whom he had a close relationship; an Old Norse poet then made Herkja into a concubine and accuser and made Gudrun into the accused. 1018:). When Atli invites Gudrun's brothers and kills them for their gold, Gudrun kills her two sons by Atli. She makes their skulls into drinking goblets and cooks their hearts, giving them to Atli to eat. She then tells Atli what she has done, and later kills Atli together with Högni's son. She then burns down the hall. 1041:

Generally, none of the poems in the collection is thought to be older than 900 and some appear to have been written in the thirteenth century. It is also possible that apparently old poems have been written in an archaicizing style and that apparently recent poems are reworkings of older material, so

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The author of the saga has made a number of changes to create a more or less coherent story out of the many oral and possibly written sources that he used to create the saga. The author mentions alternative Scandinavian versions of many of these same tales, and appears to have changed some details to

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In the saga, Gudrun is the daughter of Gjuki, sister to Gunnar and Högni, and Guthorm. Gudrun is introduced to the saga having a bad dream; she chooses to go to Brunhild to have this dream interpreted. Brunhild explains that Gudrun will marry Sigurd, even though he is betrothed to Brunhild, and that

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The poem proper starts after Gudrun has learned of Svanhild's death: she stirs up her three sons to kill Jormunrek and avenge their sister. The brothers agree, warning her, however, they will surely die. This leads Gudrun to tell them of her own woes in life. Once she is left alone, Gudrun calls for

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retells the story of Sigurd's life from his arrival at Gunnar's court to his murder. Gudrun plays a passive role in the poem. She is shown to wake up in a pool of blood from the dying Sigurd, who then makes a short speech to her blaming Brunhild, predicting the murder of their son, assuring her that

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Siegfried is forced to publicly deny the accusation to Gunther, and beats Kriemhild to punish her. Brunhild is not satisfied, however, and Hagen convinces Gunther to have Siegfried murdered. Under the pretext that he wants to protect Siegfried, Hagen convinces Kriemhild to reveal the only spot where

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is a Scandinavian innovation that brings this legend into direct contact with the more famous legend of Sigurd. Edward Haymes and Susan Samples believe that it is a relatively late development. Other scholars date it to the tenth century, however, on the basis of a version of the story cited in the

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Scholars are generally in agreement that Gudrun's original role in the destruction of Burgundians was that of the Scandinavian tradition, in which she avenges her brothers. Her role then altered in the continental tradition once the story of the destruction of the Burgundians became attached to the

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and tells the story of her tribulations leading to her marriage to Atli. She recounts how Sigurd was killed and how she then wandered to Denmark, where she stayed with King Half for three and a half years. Then her family came for her, and her mother Grimhild gave her a potion to forget her sorrow.

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Gudrun is introduced as the daughter of Gjúki and Grimhild, full sister to Gunnar and Högni, and half-sister to Guthorm. Gudrun marries Sigurd when he comes to Gjúki's kingdom. When Sigurd returns from aiding Gunnar in his wooing of Brunhild, Sigurd and Gudrun have two children, a son named Sigmund

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In the middle of the ballad, a dragon abducts Kriemhild from her home in Worms. The dragon holds Kriemhild captive for years in his lair of mount Trachenstein (dragon stone), treating her well. One day it lays its head in her lap and transforms into a man, explaining that she needs to stay with him

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Some time later, Atli (Etzel) woos Grimhild to be his new wife. Seven years later Grimhild convinces Atli to invite the Burgundians (called Niflungs) to visit her by mentioning the hoard of the Nibelungen which her brothers had stolen from her. Atli is seized by greed for the hoard and agrees. Once

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Some years pass, and Kriemhild and Siegfried have a son whom they name Gunther. One day, Brunhild, who had been convinced that Siegfried was Gunther's vassal rather than an equal king, convinces Gunther to invite his sister and Siegfried to stay with them at Worms. Initially, Brunhild and Kriemhild

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Jan-Dirk Müller, however, argues that we cannot know for sure which version of Gudrun's role is more original, as neither resembles the actual historical destruction of the Burgundians or the end of Etzel's kingdom. He suggests that the change in roles may be because of the continental tradition's

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Gudrun afterwards flees to the Danish king Half, but is later retrieved by her family. Grimhild gives her daughter a potion to make her forget her anger against her brothers, then convinces a reluctant Gudrun to marry Atli. Atli and Gudrun are not happily married, and Atli soon desires the gold of

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One day Gudrun and Brunhild quarrel while washing their hair; Brunhild insists that her husband Gunnar is a higher-ranking man than Sigurd. This causes Gudrun to reveal that it was Sigurd in Gunnar's shape who won Brunhild, and she shows Brunhild a ring that Brunhild had given Sigurd as proof. The

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with several important differences. Gudrun tries to warn her brothers of Atli's betrayal, but they decide to come anyway. Gudrun greets her brothers when they arrive and tries to negotiate between them and Atli, but when she sees that this is not possible she fights together with them until she is

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Afterwards, Gudrun tries to drown herself in the sea, but she washes ashore in the land of King Jonak. Jonak marries her and has three sons with her, Sorli, Hamdir, and Erp. Svanhild, Sigurd's daughter, is also raised there, before being married to king Jormunrek. When Jormunrek kills Svanhild for

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In the Heldenbuch-Prosa, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gibeche and married to Siegfried. She arranges for the disaster at Etzel's hall in order to take vengeance on Dietrich von Bern for having killed Siegfried in the rose garden. She provokes the fighting by having her and Etzel's son brought

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is proceeded by a brief prose interlude that explains that tried to drown herself in the sea after killing Atli, but was instead taken to the land of King Jonak, who married her and with whom she had three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp, and where she also raises Svanhild, her daughter with Sigurd.

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is a short prose section connecting the death of Sigurd to the following poems about the Burgundians (Niflungs) and Atli (Attila). Atli, who is Brunhild's brother, blames Gunnar for Brunhild's death, and in order to placate him Gunnar marries Gudrun to Atli. Gudrun must be given a magic potion to

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arranges for Kriemhild and Etzel to leave the hall. Kriemhild later demands that Gunther surrender Hagen to her, but he refuses: she then has the hall set on fire. Eventually, Dietrich von Bern captures Gunther and Hagen as the last survivors in the hall, handing them over to Kriemhild. Kriemhild

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Victor Millet notes that the detail of the potion of forgetting helps explain why Gudrun does not seek to avenge Sigurd; he connects this to a possible attempt to discount the continental version of the story, which the poet appears to have known. The use of the name Grimhild for her mother, the

1397:, most scholars believe that the destruction of the Burgundians and the murder of Sigurd were originally separate traditions. Gudrun's two names may result from the merging of two different figures, one who was the wife of Sigurd, and one who was the brother of the Burgundians killed by Attila. 1076:

is only preserved fragmentarily: the surviving part of the poem tells the story of Sigurd's murder. The poem briefly shows Gudrun's surprise and grief at Sigurd's death, as well as her hostility to Brunhild. She is portrayed as a less important character than Brunhild. The lost part of the poem

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of the Huns seeks Kriemhild's hand in marriage, and she reluctantly agrees. Thirteen years after her arrival in Etzel's kingdom, she convinces Etzel to invite her brothers to a feast. Gunther agrees and the Burgundians and their vassals arrive at Etzel's court. Kriemhild greets her brothers but

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Gudrun now attempts to drown herself, but she is instead washed up in the land of king Jonak, who marries her. They have three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp. Gudrun's daughter with Sigurd, Svanhild, is also raised at Jonak's court. Svanhild marries King Jormunrek, but kills her on suspicion of

1281: 1058:, a prophecy that Sigurd receives about his future life and deeds, it is mentioned that Gudrun will be his wife, and that Brunhild will feel insulted by this. The prophecy ends shortly after describing Gudrun's grief and blaming her mother Grimhild for the whole debacle. 253:. In the continental tradition, Kriemhild instead desires revenge for her brothers' murder of Siegfried, and invites them to visit Etzel's court intending to kill them. Her revenge destroys both the Huns and the Burgundians, and in the end she herself is killed. 1186:

to prove her innocence. To perform the ordeal, she puts her hand into the kettle of boiling water, and because she is innocent, she is unscathed. Herkja is then forced to perform the same ordeal and burns herself. As a punishment, she is killed by being

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into the hall and having the child provoke Hagen, who kills him. This leads to an outbreak of hostilities in which many heroes die. When Dietrich takes Gunther and Hagen prisoner, she cuts off their heads, causing Dietrich to cut her to pieces.

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Some of the differences and similarities between Gudrun and Kriemhild in the Scandinavian and continental Germanic traditions can be seen in the following two stanzas taken from original sources. The first is Kriemhild's introduction in the

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for Kriemhild, as she develops from a relatively mild-manner courtly lady into a forceful and ferocious avenger of her dead husband. Various versions of the text judge her actions differently; in the A and B versions, she is condemned as a

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Then she was forced to marry Atli. One night, Atli awoke and told Gudrun that he had had a dream that she would kill him and cause him to eat his sons. Gudrun interprets the dream in a way that makes it seem harmless.

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in 436/437, possibly with the help of Hunnish mercenaries. The downfall of this kingdom was blamed on Attila and combined with his death at the hands of his wife at some early point in the development of the legend.

610:(c. 1200): she is the first character to be introduced and the romance ends with her death. The poem is even called "Kriemhild" in at least one manuscript. It has even been argued that the epic represents a sort of 1096:

The poem focuses entirely on Gudrun's grief at the death of Sigurd, omitting almost all details surrounding his death. The three women, including Gudrun's sister Gullrönd, are probably inventions of the poet.

959:. In this version, in which "Jarmericus" is a Danish king, Gudrun appears as a powerful sorceress who casts spells on the weapons of the brothers coming to avenge Svanhild's death that make them invincible. 542:, her husband. In the oral tradition, Brunhilda's name has become attached to the murderer rather than the wife. The second element of Fredegund's name, meanwhile, corresponds with the first in Gudrun's. 522:

In the first instance, Gudrun's quarrel with Brunhild, which results in Sigurd's death at the urging of the latter, is widely thought to have its origins in the quarrel between the two historical

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match the stories known by his Scandinavian audience. The saga's version of the downfall of the Burgundians represents a unique mix of elements known from the Norse and continental traditions.

693:, Kriemhild was acting out of true love for Siegfried and the true treachery was that of Hagen. This is underlined by having Hildebrand specifically blame Hagen for the disaster, calling him a 1511:

saga. In this version she willingly gives up the Nibelungs' ring and gold after Siegfried's death, having realized the deadly curse they bring on all who would try to claim them for their own.

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Although the poem is placed before the poems about Atli's death in the codex, references to Gudrun being without kin seem to indicate that it takes place after the death of the Burgundians.

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is the earliest attestation of the full Scandinavian version of Gudrun's life, dating to around 1220. Snorri tells the story of Gudrun in several chapters of the section of the poem called

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This version of the poem makes the destruction of the Burgundians look like the result of a feud between Atli and Gudrun; Atli is even said to execute Gunnar and Högni to hurt his wife.

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version m includes a version of Siegfried's freeing of Kriemhild from a dragon, meaning the legend developed by 1400. The earliest surviving copy of the ballad itself is from 1530.

2899:, Issue 7, Winter 1992. "In Norway, the oskorei is led by Sigurd Svein and Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail")—the Sigurdhr Fáfnisbani and Gudhrun Gjúkadottir of the Eddic lays." 1022:

adultery, Gudrun tells her sons to kill him, giving them special weapons that could not be pierced by iron. The sons die in the attempt, leading to the extinction of Gjúki's line.

966:. Victor Millet nevertheless believes that Saxo is of little value as a source for authentic heroic traditions, as he appears to have thoroughly altered whatever sources he used. 4123: 3085:

Curschmann, Michael (1988). "Eddic poetry and continental heroic legend: the case of the third lay of Guðrún (Guðrúnarqviða)". In Calder, Daniel G; Christy, T. Craig (eds.).

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of Diebolt von Hanowe and afterwards contained in printings until 1590, is considered one of the most important attestations of a continued oral tradition outside of the

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Saxo probably completed his history before 1208, making this the earliest version of the Scandinavian tradition to have survived and roughly contemporary with the

270:. As Wagner's cycle ends with Siegfried's funeral and its immediate aftermath, it does not include her marriage to Atli/Etzel or revenge for Siegfried's death. 861:

and the Scandinavian tradition as well. This is taken as evidence that these elements of the tradition existed in oral story-telling into the late Middle Ages.

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fairly closely, although there is no indication that the author knew the other text. The author appears to have been working in Norway and to have known the

3520: 470:), the cognate name to Kriemhild. Victor Millet suggests that the name, along with the mother's wickedness, may derive from the continental tradition. 4191: 923:) is mentioned as a popular story that the German courtly public enjoyed hearing, along with tales of Sigurd's death and the hoard of the Nibelungs. 3875: 1113:

he has not slept with Brunhild, and noting that he brothers still live. After this, she disappears from the poem and is only mentioned by Brunhild.

1463:, who lived in the tenth century, although other scholars date it instead to around 1000 and believe that the attribution to Bragi is incorrect. 3238:

Das Nibelungenlied und die Klage. Nach der Handschrift 857 der Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen. Mittelhochdeutscher Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar

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Gudrun is believed to have her origins in two historical figures who featured in two originally independent traditions, one about the death of

3447: 3329: 3302: 3283: 3245: 3156: 3122: 621:(fiend) for her bloody revenge, but the C version emphasizes her love for her dead husband as her motivation and absolves her of most blame. 588: 3550: 916:

The phrase "Kriemhilden hôchzît" (Kriemhild's festival) is attested in other medieval German works to denote an especially bloody battle.

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shows knowledge of continental traditions with the figure of Thiodrek. In addition, Herkja corresponds to the German Helche (in the

653: 186: 128: 5258: 1459:: the narrator there refers to Ermanaric's killers as descendants of Gjúki, Gudrun's father. This poem is attributed to the poet 600:

Kriemhild, holding Gunther's head, prepares to kill Hagen with Siegfried's sword while Hildebrand watches. Hundeshagenscher Kodex

1404:. This is also the first secure attestation of a combined legend of the death of Sigurd and the destruction of the Burgundians. 656:

are seated in the hall with Burgundians. Upon hearing of the attack, Hagen decapitates the Hunnish prince. Fighting erupts, but

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McKinnell, John (2014). "Female Reactions to the Death of Sigurðr". In McKinnell, John; Kick, Donata; Shafer, John D. (eds.).

853:, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gybich and sister of Gunther, Gyrnot (Gernot), and Hagen. The name Gybich agrees with the 5253: 3466: 3226: 3094: 1108: 849: 5152: 4104: 1499: 1367:

adultery. Gudrun then rallies her sons to avenge their half-sister, giving them armor that cannot be cut through by iron.

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The destruction of the Burgundian kingdom derives from the destruction of a historical Burgundian kingdom, ruled by king

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as his bride, Kriemhild and Siegfried are also married. The couple then leaves from Siegfried's own kingdom at Xanten.

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Quinn, Judy (2015). "Scenes of vindication. Three Icelandic heroic poems in relation to the continental traditions of

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Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names

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The name of Kriemhild's father, Gibeche, corresponds to Gjúki in the Scandinavian tradition, and is also found in the

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cognate name for Kriemhild, and that character's manifest wickedness may also derive from the continental tradition.

1072: 424:, meaning battle or conflict. There is no consensus about the first element though, and it is also variously spelled 4938: 4184: 3993: 1258: 1178: 553:, who was rumored to have murdered him. The written form Ildico is generally taken to represent the Germanic name 5248: 5015: 3940: 868:

It has been suggested that Siegfried's liberation of Kriemhild may be a repurposing of a lost German story about

74: 1182:, Atli's concubine Herkja accuses Gudrun of sleeping with Thiodrek. Gudrun denies the charges and engages in an 1142: 857:

and corresponds to the Old Norse Gjúki, and the fact that Hagen is one of Kriemhild's brothers accords with the

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Kriemhild tells her mother Ute of a dream that predicts her tragic love for Siegfried. Hundeshagenscher Kodex

4896: 4025: 3861: 3594: 1239:, possibly dating from the ninth century. Gudrun feeding Atli his sons may derive from the antique story of 262: 61: 31: 455:, meaning terrible. Yet another theory derives the first element from a verb similar to Middle High German 5138: 4798: 3509: 527: 223: 207: 5187: 4994: 4756: 4007: 3827: 717:(c. 1250) is written in Old Norse, the majority of the material is translated from German (particularly 4088: 4053: 3502: 976: 407:, meaning secret. On the continent, this name is only attested for an apparently unrelated figure (see 241:

and marries the hero Siegfried/Sigurd. Both traditions also feature a major rivalry between Gudrun and

5078: 4952: 4917: 4833: 4826: 4812: 4000: 3935: 3606: 764: 754:

Dietleib and Walther both receive a garland of roses from Kriemhild. Image from a text of the Berlin

919:

In a song of the mid-thirteenth-century wandering lyric poet Der Marner, "whom Kriemhild betrayed" (

233:

In both the Continental (German) and Scandinavian traditions, Gudrun/Kriemhild is the sister of the

5085: 5057: 4717: 4479: 3536: 1206:, Erka), the first wife of Etzel (Atli) in the continental tradition. She only appears here in the 219: 69: 53: 473:

Scholarly opinion diverges as to which name is more original: either both names are old, the name

5092: 5008: 4924: 4910: 3669: 3354: 685:, the poem nevertheless goes to great lengths to absolve her of blame for the catastrophe of the 628:, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Dancrat and queen Ute of Burgundy, a kingdom centered around 392: 137: 42: 4444: 4297: 3396: 1491: 451:

with a short vowel represents an alteration of the original root to be more similar to the word

750: 5120: 5064: 4931: 4791: 4409: 4046: 3925: 3814: 3808: 3462: 3443: 3344: 3325: 3298: 3279: 3260: 3241: 3222: 3203: 3171: 3152: 3118: 3090: 1147: 906: 713: 657: 779:(fiend) and she derives great joy from watching the knights fight in at times brutal combat. 5071: 4973: 4770: 4749: 4619: 4598: 4346: 4332: 4150: 3986: 3791: 3613: 3560: 1335: 1125: 996: 946: 927: 892: 151: 99: 1280: 5219: 5201: 4889: 4556: 4514: 4200: 3972: 3581: 3324:. Translated by Larrington, Carolyne (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University. 2014. 1477: 1183: 771:

The poem takes a highly critical judgment of Kriemhild. As in the A and B versions of the

677: 5022: 4696: 4689: 4388: 4325: 3514: 3145:

Gentry, Francis G.; McConnell, Winder; Müller, Ulrich; Wunderlich, Werner, eds. (2011) .

1455: 1312: 1054: 1425:

story of Sigurd's murder. These changes occurred sometime before the composition of the

930:(late thirteenth-century) records that Attila the Hun was killed by his wife Kriemhild. 5226: 5166: 5159: 5145: 5029: 4882: 4868: 4605: 4563: 4360: 4234: 4080: 4062: 4039: 3910: 3885: 3834: 3664: 1508: 1482: 1460: 1417: 1297: 629: 606: 592:

Kriemhild finds Siegfried's corpse in front of her bedroom door. Hundeshagenscher Kodex

257: 215: 46: 2895:

Kveldulf Hagen Gundarsson, "The Folklore of the Wild Hunt and the Furious Host", from

5242: 5173: 5050: 5043: 5001: 4500: 4486: 4032: 3600: 955: 902: 897: 840:

The dragon lays its head in Kriemhild's lap. Woodcut for an early modern printing of

612: 1247:, however. The poem is particularly notable in that Sigurd is not mentioned at all. 665:, outraged that a woman has killed a great warrior, then hacks Kriemhild to pieces. 5113: 5099: 4987: 4731: 4640: 4353: 3358: 1451: 1413: 37: 4276: 3750: 3709: 1316:: she encourages her sons to avenge Svanhild, which they reluctantly agree to do. 1225: 315: 81: 3146: 3087:

Germania : comparative studies in the old Germanic languages and literatures

1146:, Gudrun is at Atli's court. She laments of her fate to Thiodrek (Þjódrekr, i.e. 57:

Kriemhild discovers Siegfried's corpse. Painting by Johann Heinrich Füssli, 1817.

4980: 4724: 4654: 4647: 4626: 4570: 4507: 4416: 4367: 3979: 3781: 3587: 3366: 3219:

Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles

2694: 2692: 2338: 2336: 1504: 1292:

Svanhild is married to Jormunrek, who later kills her on suspicion of jealousy.

1034: 984: 539: 437: 234: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 721:) oral tales, as well as possibly some from German written sources such as the 383:) is straightforward: it consists of two elements. The first is Proto-Germanic 4903: 4861: 4819: 4668: 4633: 4584: 4577: 4549: 4465: 4458: 4423: 4395: 4311: 4304: 4269: 4142: 3930: 3786: 3719: 1473: 1385:, Gudhrun Gjúkadottir is referred to as Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail"). 992: 885: 811: 807: 718: 662: 535: 504: 65:

Kriemhild accuses Hagen of murdering Siegfried. Painting by Emil Lauffer, 1879

1077:

probably shows Gudrun to reveal Sigurd and Gunnar's deception in the wooing.

4945: 4703: 4493: 4248: 3714: 1446: 1442: 1382: 1376: 950: 531: 250: 246: 227: 3740: 545:

In the case of the destruction of the Burgundians, Gudrun can be traced to

3497: 17: 4959: 4875: 4777: 4710: 4675: 4535: 4437: 4430: 4374: 4290: 4283: 4262: 4241: 4227: 3950: 3945: 3920: 3674: 3644: 1323:, but more recent scholarship suggests it may actually be fairly recent. 1188: 888:

records that Attila's wife killed him to avenge the death of her father.

869: 633: 463: 242: 3477: 3409: 3383: 3370: 3186: 3133: 3073: 836: 443:) meaning mask. Another theory connects it an otherwise unattested root 4847: 4612: 4591: 4542: 4528: 4472: 4381: 4255: 3915: 3735: 3694: 3684: 3659: 3649: 3575: 909:

by singing of "the famous treachery of Grimhild against her brothers" (

491: 238: 5194: 5106: 5036: 4966: 4763: 4661: 4521: 4451: 4402: 3955: 3900: 3704: 3639: 1529: 1244: 1240: 1015: 1003:. His presentation of the story is very similar to that found in the 901:

that a Saxon minstrel tried unsuccessfully to warn the Danish prince

648: 550: 546: 523: 516: 489:

was created to share the same first element as the other Burgundians

409: 211: 203: 3760: 3528: 697:(fiend), the male counterpart to the accusation that Kriemhild is a 1351:

is dated to sometime in the second half of the thirteenth century.

1300:

to see her. They will then burn together on the same funeral pyre.

4805: 4682: 4339: 4169: 3765: 3745: 3699: 3679: 1784:, p. 91, "Ditz Puech heysset Chrimhilt." Ambraser Heldenbuch. 1648: 1646: 1644: 1522: 1279: 975: 835: 749: 595: 587: 579: 519:

and another about the destruction of the Burgundians by the Huns.

80: 68: 60: 52: 36: 3853: 1429:(c. 1200), the first text to securely attest either development. 313:

And this is how Gudrun is described at the end of the Eddic poem

3755: 3689: 3513: 3425:. Translated by Byock, Jesse L. New York, London: Penguin Books. 1158:. Its account of Sigurd's death generally follow the account in 675:

Although Kriemhild does not appear as a living character in the

4173: 3857: 3532: 2811: 2698: 2342: 2192: 2093: 1715: 1618: 3484:. Vol. 28. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 424–426. 3416:. Vol. 16. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 149–153. 3377:. Vol. 24. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 112–117. 3193:. Vol. 13. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 473–476. 3140:. Vol. 26. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 549–554. 1400:

The first attestation of Kriemhild or Gudrun, however, is the

321: 280: 163: 3480:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3412:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3390:. Vol. 4. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 231–235. 3386:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3373:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3189:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3136:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 3080:. Vol. 1. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 465–467. 3076:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). 953:)'s death that includes Gudrun (as Guthruna) in Latin in his 117: 3842:

The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs

1687: 1685: 1235:

is commonly supposedly to be one of the oldest poems in the

49:' work, Sigurd the Volsung. (London: Kelmscott Press, 1898). 2543: 2541: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 462:

In the Scandinavian tradition, Gudrun's mother is known as

2602: 2600: 2587: 2585: 1753: 1751: 303:

She was called Kriemhilt—she grew to be a beautiful woman.

108: 2979: 2977: 1416:(Gunther) and located on the Rhine, by the Roman general 172: 105: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2449: 2447: 2239: 2237: 2152: 2150: 1738: 1736: 210:

and literature. She is believed to have her origins in

3257:

Die dänischen Nibelungenballaden: Texte und Kommentare

1631: 1629: 1627: 1571: 1569: 187: 157: 129: 120: 3343:. Toronto: University of Toronto. pp. 249–267. 305:

For her sake many knights were to lose their lives.

299:

There grew up in Burgundy a most noble maiden.

178: 175: 160: 114: 111: 5211: 5130: 4741: 4219: 4134: 4124:

Das Nibelungenlied: Ein Heldenepos in 39 Abenteuern

4115: 4072: 4017: 3964: 3893: 3800: 3774: 3728: 3632: 3567: 3089:. Wolfeboro, N.H.: D. S. Brewer. pp. 143–160. 1389:

Theories about the development of the Gudrun figure

1319:This lay is often supposed to be the oldest in the 1154:The poem is probably one of the most recent in the 561:and would thus correspond to the second element in 169: 166: 154: 102: 3440:Medieval Nordic Literature in its European Context 1437:Attachment to the legend of Ermanaric and Svanhild 786:and Heldenbuch-Prosa (see below); this shows the 3403:. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 121–127. 1296:death and hopes that Sigurd will ride back from 1014:Following this, Gudrun is married to king Atli ( 884:The ninth-century anonymous Saxon poet known as 847:In the late medieval/early modern heroic ballad 569:Continental Germanic traditions and attestations 790:connection to an oral tradition outside of the 557:, which would be a diminutive form of the name 292:dar umbe muosen degene vil verliesen den lîp. 4185: 3869: 3544: 3217:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996). 3031: 2659: 2438: 2354: 1985: 1961: 1793: 1703: 1441:The attachment of Gudrun's legend to that of 420:is less clear. The second element is clearly 288:daz in allen landen niht schoeners mohte sîn, 8: 3524:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 926. 3115:The Nibelungenlied. The Lay of the Nibelungs 2315: 949:records a version of the story of Jorumrek ( 534:, the latter of whom had Brunhild's husband 290:Kriemhilt geheizen. si wart ein schoene wîp. 3482:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3414:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3388:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3375:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3191:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3138:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3106:The Poetic Edda, Volume I: The Heroic Poems 3078:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 1310:Gudrun appears briefly at the beginning of 911:notissimam Grimildae erga fratres perfidiam 286:Ez wuohs in Burgonden ein vil edel magedîn, 4192: 4178: 4170: 3876: 3862: 3854: 3551: 3537: 3529: 2683: 2671: 2477: 2465: 1007:(see below), but is considerably shorter. 3442:. Oslo: Dreyers Forlag. pp. 78–125. 3295:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter 3148:The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia 2618: 2559: 2547: 2520: 2508: 2426: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2204: 2129: 1937: 1757: 1727: 1676: 1652: 1587: 1507:played Kriemhild in an adaptation of the 395:loss of a nasal before a dental spirant ( 3104:Dronke, Ursula (ed. and trans.) (1969). 2606: 2591: 2303: 934:Scandinavian traditions and attestations 301:No one in all the lands could be fairer. 3043: 2995: 2968: 2956: 2291: 2180: 2156: 2117: 2069: 1913: 1901: 1877: 1841: 1817: 1805: 1781: 1769: 1560: 1548: 1541: 872:, though this is far from certain. The 798:obvious knowledge of the earlier poem. 604:Kriemhild is the main character of the 447:. According to both theories, the form 391:, meaning battle; it shows the typical 3240:. Berlin: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag. 3055: 3019: 3007: 2983: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2799: 2782: 2770: 2746: 2734: 2710: 2647: 2635: 2576: 2532: 2489: 2453: 2414: 2327: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2228: 2216: 2168: 2141: 2105: 2081: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1973: 1949: 1925: 1889: 1865: 1853: 1829: 1742: 1691: 1664: 1635: 1599: 1575: 1408:Role in the destruction of Burgundians 818:, with many details agreeing with the 7: 3316:(3 ed.). Berlin: Erich Schmidt. 2758: 2722: 1042:that reliable dating is impossible. 432:. One theory derives it from a root 3198:Haymes, Edward R. (trans.) (1988). 3117:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1490:). Kriemhild was played by actress 1488:Die Nibelungen: Kriemhild's Revenge 1061:The poem is probably not very old. 403:). The second element is Old Norse 725:. Therefore, it is included here. 485:is the original name and the name 477:is the original name and the name 25: 3401:Die altnordische heroische Elegie 3151:. New York, Abingdon: Routledge. 880:Other traditions and attestations 27:Legendary figure in Germanic lore 4911:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter) 3623: 3496: 3297:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. 3113:Edwards, Cyril (trans.) (2010). 1483:Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache 758:play, SB Berlin mgf 800, Bl. 2v. 150: 98: 3821:The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún 3423:The Prose Edda: Norse Mythology 1433:more favorable view of Attila. 481:a later invention, or the name 352:will any wife go thus in armour 266:, Siegfried's wife is known as 3236:Heinzle, Joachim, ed. (2013). 1339:follows the plot given in the 905:of the betrayal of his cousin 362:bright lady, before she died. 1: 4105:Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King 3384:"Burgunden 3: Burgundensagen" 3276:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik 3255:Holzapfel, Otto, ed. (1974). 3170:. Oxford: Oxford University. 3166:Gillespie, George T. (1973). 3132:Friis-Jensen, Kasten (2004). 4319:Companions of Saint Nicholas 5181:Hirschsprung (Black Forest) 3382:Rosenfeld, Hellmut (1981). 3274:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015). 3200:The Saga of Thidrek of Bern 850:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 842:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 831:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 647:Thirteen years later, king 87:Karl Schmoll von Eisenwerth 5290: 5153:Volksmärchen der Deutschen 4988:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter) 3438:". In Mundal, Else (ed.). 3421:Sturluson, Snorri (2005). 3108:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1374: 1284:Gudrun agitating her sons. 810:, first found in the 1480 29: 4212:German-speaking countries 4207: 3621: 3476:Würth, Stephanie (2005). 3408:Sprenger, Ulrike (1999). 3395:Sprenger, Ulrike (1992). 3312:Müller, Jan-Dirk (2009). 3278:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. 3032:Haymes & Samples 1996 2660:Haymes & Samples 1996 2439:Haymes & Samples 1996 2355:Haymes & Samples 1996 1986:Haymes & Samples 1996 1962:Haymes & Samples 1996 1794:Haymes & Samples 1996 1704:Haymes & Samples 1996 926:The Hungarian chronicler 4785:Christman Genipperteinga 4151:The Ring of the Nibelung 4143:The Ring of the Nibelung 1262:tells the same story as 1109:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma 1102:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma 538:murdered by his brother 218:, and two queens of the 5259:Fictional German people 5131:Legends and fairy tales 4939:Kunigunde von Orlamünde 4897:Heinrich von Winkelried 4026:Der Ring des Nibelungen 3994:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 3521:Encyclopædia Britannica 3510:Phillips, Walter Alison 3293:Millet, Victor (2008). 3259:. Göppingen: Kümmerle. 3072:Beck, Heinrich (1973). 1655:, pp. 21–22 n. 12. 1259:Atlamál hin groenlenzku 1252:Atlamál hin groenlenzku 784:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid 354:to avenge her brothers. 348:The whole tale is told: 263:Der Ring des Nibelungen 199: 141: 73:Kriemhild and Gunther, 32:Gudrun (disambiguation) 5016:Rüdiger von Bechelaren 4799:Eppelein von Gailingen 3461:. Stuttgart: Metzler. 3459:Germanische Heldensage 3457:Uecker, Heiko (1972). 3341:Essays on Eddic Poetry 3185:Glauser, Jürg (1999). 2024:, pp. xxvii–xxix. 1285: 988: 844: 759: 601: 593: 585: 528:Brunhilda of Austrasia 346: 325: 297: 284: 224:Brunhilda of Austrasia 208:Germanic heroic legend 206:and a major figure in 90: 78: 75:Johann Heinrich Füssli 66: 58: 50: 5254:German heroic legends 5188:Venusberg (mythology) 4995:Pied Piper of Hamelin 4841:Götz von Berlichingen 4757:Arnold von Winkelried 4008:Biterolf und Dietleib 3828:The Lord of the Rings 3221:. New York: Garland. 3202:. New York: Garland. 2998:, pp. 1009–1010. 2959:, pp. 1008–1009. 1940:, p. 20, 52, 59. 1500:Ring of the Nibelungs 1381:In the legend of the 1283: 1160:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu 1073:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu 1066:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu 979: 945:The Danish historian 921:wen Kriemhilt verriet 891:The Danish historian 839: 753: 599: 591: 583: 327:Fullrœtt er um þetta: 84: 72: 64: 56: 40: 5079:Walram of Thierstein 4953:Matthias Klostermayr 4834:Giselher of Burgundy 4827:Genevieve of Brabant 4813:Frederick Barbarossa 4001:Rosengarten zu Worms 3505:at Wikimedia Commons 3432:Þiðreks saga af Bern 1497:In the 2005 TV epic 1347:, and therefore the 855:Rosengarten zu Worms 765:Rosengarten zu Worms 745:Rosengarten zu Worms 681:, the sequel to the 356:She caused the death 30:For other uses, see 5274:Mythological queens 5139:Grimms' Fairy Tales 5086:Walter of Aquitaine 5058:The Smith of Kochel 3359:10.3138/j.ctt6wrf94 2874:, pp. 316–317. 2850:, pp. 315–316. 2773:, pp. 299–300. 2713:, p. 299, 307. 2686:, p. 308 n. 5. 2674:, pp. 149–152. 2621:, pp. 257–258. 2562:, pp. 258–259. 2405:, pp. 101–102. 2393:, pp. 100–101. 2171:, pp. 467–469. 2096:, pp. 186–187. 2048:, pp. 361–363. 2012:, pp. 271–272. 2000:, pp. 273–274. 1988:, pp. 118–119. 1952:, p. 264, 266. 1928:, pp. 270–273. 1892:, pp. 184–185. 1856:, pp. 182–183. 1832:, pp. 181–182. 1694:, pp. 195–196. 1667:, pp. 305–306. 1503:, American actress 1184:ordeal of hot water 981:Brynhild och Gudrun 689:. According to the 459:, meaning to rage. 329:ferr engi svá síðan 220:Merovingian dynasty 85:Kriemhild's Death, 5269:Legendary Norsemen 5264:Nibelung tradition 5093:Werner Stauffacher 5009:Punker of Rohrbach 4925:Knight of the Swan 4089:The Dragon's Blood 3670:Helgi Hundingsbane 3436:the Nibelungenlied 3314:Das Nibelungenlied 3134:"Saxo Grammaticus" 3022:, pp. 307–38. 2812:Gentry et al. 2011 2761:, p. 466-467. 2699:Gentry et al. 2011 2381:, pp. 99–100. 2343:Gentry et al. 2011 2207:, p. 16 n. 8. 2193:Gentry et al. 2011 2120:, p. 167–168. 2094:Gentry et al. 2011 1716:Gentry et al. 2011 1619:Gentry et al. 2011 1467:In popular culture 1286: 989: 845: 775:, she is called a 760: 602: 594: 586: 393:North Sea Germanic 341:biǫrt, áðr sylti. 196:Middle High German 91: 79: 67: 59: 51: 43:Edward Burne-Jones 5236: 5235: 5121:Xaver Hohenleiter 5065:Till Eulenspiegel 4932:Konrad Baumgarten 4918:Klaus Störtebeker 4792:Dietrich von Bern 4410:Feuermann (ghost) 4167: 4166: 3926:Dietrich von Bern 3851: 3850: 3815:Hagbard and Signy 3595:Norna-Gests þáttr 3515:"Kriemhild" 3501:Media related to 3449:978-82-8265-072-4 3331:978-0-19-967534-0 3304:978-3-11-020102-4 3285:978-3-503-15573-6 3247:978-3-618-66120-7 3158:978-0-8153-1785-2 3124:978-0-19-923854-5 3010:, pp. 32–33. 2947:, pp. 52–53. 2935:, pp. 19–20. 2911:, pp. 51–52. 2737:, p. 48, 51. 2369:, pp. 98–99. 2316:Friis-Jensen 2004 1904:, pp. 62–63. 1602:, pp. 44–45. 1200:Guðrúnarkviða III 1179:Guðrúnarkviða III 1171:Guðrúnarkviða III 1148:Dietrich von Bern 907:Magnus the Strong 658:Dietrich von Bern 416:The etymology of 375:The etymology of 368: 367: 335:Hon hefir þriggia 311: 310: 202:) is the wife of 16:(Redirected from 5281: 5229: 5222: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5072:Volker von Alzey 5067: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4974:Otto the Younger 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4771:Baron Munchausen 4766: 4759: 4752: 4750:Albrecht Gessler 4734: 4727: 4720: 4718:Will-o'-the-wisp 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4599:Nixie (folklore) 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4480:Jack o' the bowl 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4347:Dwarf (folklore) 4342: 4335: 4333:Drak (mythology) 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4171: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3855: 3627: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3500: 3485: 3472: 3453: 3426: 3417: 3404: 3391: 3378: 3362: 3335: 3317: 3308: 3289: 3270: 3251: 3232: 3213: 3194: 3181: 3162: 3141: 3128: 3109: 3100: 3081: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2897:Mountain Thunder 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1639: 1633: 1622: 1616: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1445:(Jǫrmunrek) and 1196:Guðrúnarkviða II 1189:drowned in a bog 1143:Guðrúnarkviða II 1135:Guðrúnarkviða II 997:Snorri Sturluson 947:Saxo Grammaticus 893:Saxo Grammaticus 808:Heldenbuch-Prosa 802:Heldenbuch-Prosa 322: 281: 204:Sigurd/Siegfried 190: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 132: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 21: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220:German folklore 5218: 5207: 5202:Walpurgis Night 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4890:Hans von Trotha 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4557:Mare (folklore) 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4515:Knecht Ruprecht 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4445:Heinzelmännchen 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4298:Buschgroßmutter 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4215: 4203: 4201:German folklore 4198: 4168: 4163: 4130: 4111: 4068: 4054:Götterdämmerung 4013: 3973:Nibelungenklage 3960: 3889: 3882: 3852: 3847: 3796: 3770: 3724: 3628: 3619: 3582:Heysham hogback 3563: 3557: 3508: 3493: 3488: 3475: 3469: 3456: 3450: 3429: 3420: 3407: 3394: 3381: 3367:McTurk, Rory W. 3365: 3351: 3338: 3332: 3322:The Poetic Edda 3320: 3311: 3305: 3292: 3286: 3273: 3267: 3254: 3248: 3235: 3229: 3216: 3210: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3165: 3159: 3144: 3131: 3125: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2684:Larrington 2014 2682: 2678: 2672:Curschmann 1988 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2478:Larrington 2014 2476: 2472: 2466:Larrington 2014 2464: 2460: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772:, p. 1038. 1768: 1764: 1756: 1749: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1642: 1634: 1625: 1617: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1518: 1492:Margarete Schön 1478:Thea von Harbou 1469: 1439: 1410: 1391: 1379: 1373: 1331: 1308: 1278: 1255: 1221: 1174: 1138: 1121: 1105: 1090:Guðrúnarkviða I 1085: 1082:Guðrúnarkviða I 1069: 1050: 1030: 1001:Skáldskaparsmál 974: 943: 936: 895:records in his 882: 834: 804: 748: 709: 691:Nibelungenklage 678:Nibelungenklage 673: 670:Nibelungenklage 578: 571: 513: 373: 364: 361: 359: 357: 355: 353: 351: 350:never after her 349: 343: 340: 338: 336: 334: 333:brœðr at hefna. 332: 330: 328: 307: 304: 302: 300: 294: 291: 289: 287: 214:, last wife of 188: 153: 149: 130: 101: 97: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5287: 5285: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5227:Swiss folklore 5223: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5167:Nibelungenlied 5163: 5160:Gespensterbuch 5156: 5149: 5146:Deutsche Sagen 5142: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5030:Schinderhannes 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4883:Hans von Sagan 4879: 4872: 4869:Hagen (legend) 4865: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4606:Ork (folklore) 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4564:Mephistopheles 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4361:Ekke Nekkepenn 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4235:Alp (folklore) 4231: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4147: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4097:Die Nibelungen 4093: 4085: 4081:Die Nibelungen 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3956:Etzel (Attila) 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3886:Nibelungenlied 3883: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3835:Nibelungenlied 3831: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3607:Skáldskaparmál 3603: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3506: 3492: 3491:External links 3489: 3487: 3486: 3478:"Sigurdlieder" 3473: 3467: 3454: 3448: 3427: 3418: 3410:"Gudrunlieder" 3405: 3397:"Guðrúnarhvǫt" 3392: 3379: 3371:"Ragnarsdrápa" 3363: 3349: 3336: 3330: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3290: 3284: 3271: 3265: 3252: 3246: 3233: 3227: 3214: 3208: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3157: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3082: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3058:, p. 115. 3048: 3046:, p. 475. 3036: 3034:, p. 126. 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 198. 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2923:, p. 195. 2913: 2901: 2888: 2886:, p. 317. 2876: 2864: 2862:, p. 316. 2852: 2840: 2838:, p. 313. 2828: 2826:, p. 319. 2816: 2804: 2802:, p. 300. 2787: 2785:, p. 307. 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 165. 2715: 2703: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2662:, p. 124. 2652: 2650:, p. 306. 2640: 2638:, p. 305. 2623: 2619:McKinnell 2014 2611: 2609:, p. 152. 2596: 2594:, p. 151. 2581: 2579:, p. 298. 2564: 2560:McKinnell 2014 2552: 2550:, p. 259. 2548:McKinnell 2014 2537: 2535:, p. 297. 2525: 2523:, p. 252. 2521:McKinnell 2014 2513: 2511:, p. 257. 2509:McKinnell 2014 2494: 2492:, p. 301. 2482: 2480:, p. 146. 2470: 2468:, p. 145. 2458: 2456:, p. 294. 2443: 2441:, p. 119. 2431: 2427:Gillespie 1973 2419: 2417:, p. 288. 2407: 2403:Sturluson 2005 2395: 2391:Sturluson 2005 2383: 2379:Sturluson 2005 2371: 2367:Sturluson 2005 2359: 2357:, p. 127. 2347: 2332: 2330:, p. 291. 2320: 2318:, p. 555. 2308: 2306:, p. 125. 2296: 2294:, p. 474. 2284: 2272: 2270:, p. 231. 2260: 2248: 2246:, p. 138. 2233: 2221: 2219:, p. 467. 2209: 2205:Gillespie 1973 2197: 2195:, p. 169. 2185: 2173: 2161: 2146: 2144:, p. 469. 2134: 2130:Gillespie 1973 2122: 2110: 2108:, p. 428. 2098: 2086: 2084:, p. 364. 2074: 2072:, p. 136. 2062: 2060:, p. 366. 2050: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1976:, p. 267. 1966: 1964:, p. 114. 1954: 1942: 1938:Gillespie 1973 1930: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1868:, p. 183. 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1796:, p. 152. 1786: 1774: 1762: 1758:Gillespie 1973 1747: 1732: 1728:Rosenfeld 1981 1720: 1708: 1696: 1681: 1679:, p. 232. 1677:Rosenfeld 1981 1669: 1657: 1653:Gillespie 1973 1640: 1623: 1604: 1592: 1588:Gillespie 1973 1580: 1565: 1553: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1509:Nibelungenlied 1495: 1468: 1465: 1461:Bragi Boddason 1438: 1435: 1427:Nibelungenlied 1418:Flavius Aetius 1409: 1406: 1402:Nibelungenlied 1390: 1387: 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1330: 1325: 1307: 1302: 1277: 1272: 1254: 1249: 1220: 1215: 1173: 1168: 1137: 1132: 1120: 1115: 1104: 1099: 1084: 1079: 1068: 1063: 1049: 1044: 1029: 1024: 991:The so-called 973: 968: 964:Nibelungenlied 942: 937: 935: 932: 881: 878: 874:Nibelungenlied 833: 828: 816:Nibelungenlied 803: 800: 794:, despite the 792:Nibelungenlied 773:Nibelungenlied 747: 742: 723:Nibelungenlied 708: 703: 687:Nibelungenlied 683:Nibelungenlied 672: 667: 626:Nibelungenlied 607:Nibelungenlied 577: 575:Nibelungenlied 572: 570: 567: 512: 509: 372: 369: 366: 365: 358:of three kings 344: 331:brúðr í brynio 309: 308: 295: 276:Nibelungenlied 258:Richard Wagner 239:Gunther/Gunnar 216:Attila the Hun 47:William Morris 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5286: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249:Völsung cycle 5247: 5246: 5244: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044:Stauffacherin 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5002:Princess Ilse 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620:Petermännchen 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4501:King Goldemar 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4487:Klabautermann 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4033:Das Rheingold 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3987:Völsunga saga 3984: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965:Related works 3963: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729:Other figures 3727: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3616: 3615: 3614:Volsunga saga 3611: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3601:Sigurd stones 3599: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3588:Niflung Cycle 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561:Völsung Cycle 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3350:9781442615885 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3266:3-87452-237-7 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3209:0-8240-8489-6 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3177:9780198157182 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2971:, p. 35. 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814:, p. 16. 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2749:, p. 55. 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2701:, p. 76. 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607:Sprenger 1999 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:Sprenger 1999 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2429:, p. 50. 2428: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2345:, p. 12. 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304:Sprenger 1992 2300: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2258:, p. 48. 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2231:, p. 44. 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2183:, p. 68. 2182: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2159:, p. 67. 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2132:, p. 19. 2131: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2036:, p. 42. 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1916:, p. 62. 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1880:, p. 42. 1879: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1844:, p. 40. 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1820:, p. 56. 1819: 1814: 1811: 1808:, p. 53. 1807: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1760:, p. 21. 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1745:, p. 20. 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1718:, p. 70. 1717: 1712: 1709: 1706:, p. 22. 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1638:, p. 45. 1637: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1621:, p. 75. 1620: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1590:, p. 22. 1589: 1584: 1581: 1578:, p. 12. 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1551:, p. 10. 1550: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1349:Völsunga Saga 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1336:Völsunga saga 1329: 1328:Völsunga saga 1326: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126:Dráp Niflunga 1119: 1118:Dráp Niflunga 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1005:Völsunga saga 1002: 998: 994: 986: 982: 978: 972: 969: 967: 965: 960: 958: 957: 956:Gesta Danorum 952: 948: 941: 940:Gesta Danorum 938: 933: 931: 929: 928:Simon of Kéza 924: 922: 917: 914: 912: 908: 904: 903:Canute Lavard 900: 899: 898:Gesta Danorum 894: 889: 887: 879: 877: 875: 871: 866: 862: 860: 856: 852: 851: 843: 838: 832: 829: 827: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 801: 799: 797: 796:Rosengarten's 793: 789: 788:Rosengarten's 785: 780: 778: 774: 769: 767: 766: 757: 752: 746: 743: 741: 737: 733: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 715: 711:Although the 707: 704: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679: 671: 668: 666: 664: 659: 655: 650: 645: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 615: 614: 613:Bildungsroman 609: 608: 598: 590: 582: 576: 573: 568: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 518: 510: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 411: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 370: 363: 345: 342: 339:banorð borit, 324: 323: 320: 318: 317: 306: 296: 293: 283: 282: 279: 277: 271: 269: 265: 264: 259: 254: 252: 249:and enemy of 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 192: 183: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134: 125: 95: 88: 83: 76: 71: 63: 55: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 5114:Wolfdietrich 5100:William Tell 5023:Schildbürger 4854: 4732:Wolpertinger 4697:Wiedergänger 4690:Weiße Frauen 4641:Rhinemaidens 4389:Ewiger Jäger 4354:Easter Bunny 4326:Doppelgänger 4210:Folklore of 4209: 4157: 4149: 4141: 4122: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4061: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3905: 3884: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3807: 3654: 3612: 3605: 3593: 3586: 3574: 3568:Attestations 3519: 3481: 3458: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3400: 3387: 3374: 3340: 3321: 3313: 3294: 3275: 3256: 3237: 3218: 3199: 3190: 3167: 3147: 3137: 3114: 3105: 3086: 3077: 3074:"Atlilieder" 3051: 3044:Glauser 1999 3039: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2996:Heinzle 2013 2991: 2969:Lienert 2015 2964: 2957:Heinzle 2013 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2614: 2555: 2528: 2516: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2292:Glauser 1999 2287: 2282:, p. 2. 2275: 2263: 2251: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2181:Lienert 2015 2176: 2164: 2157:Lienert 2015 2137: 2125: 2118:Lienert 2015 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2070:Lienert 2015 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1914:Lienert 2015 1909: 1902:Lienert 2015 1897: 1885: 1878:Lienert 2015 1873: 1861: 1849: 1842:Lienert 2015 1837: 1825: 1818:Lienert 2015 1813: 1806:Lienert 2015 1801: 1789: 1782:Lienert 2015 1777: 1770:Heinzle 2013 1765: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1672: 1660: 1595: 1583: 1563:, p. 5. 1561:Edwards 2010 1556: 1549:Heinzle 2013 1544: 1528: 1521: 1498: 1487: 1481: 1456:Ragnarsdrápa 1454: 1452:Skaldic poem 1440: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1414:Gundicharius 1411: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1380: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1345:Thidrekssaga 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1294: 1289:Guðrúnarhvöt 1288: 1287: 1275:Guðrúnarhvöt 1274: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1204:Thidrekssaga 1203: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1040: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 990: 980: 970: 963: 961: 954: 944: 939: 925: 920: 918: 915: 910: 896: 890: 883: 873: 867: 863: 859:Thidrekssaga 858: 854: 848: 846: 841: 830: 824: 820:Thidrekssaga 819: 815: 805: 795: 791: 787: 783: 781: 776: 772: 770: 763: 761: 755: 744: 738: 734: 730:Thidrekssaga 729: 727: 722: 712: 710: 705: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 676: 674: 669: 646: 642: 638: 625: 623: 618: 611: 605: 603: 574: 562: 558: 554: 544: 521: 514: 500: 496: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 472: 467: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 415: 408: 404: 400: 396: 388: 387:, Old Norse 384: 380: 376: 374: 360:of a nation, 347: 326: 314: 312: 298: 285: 275: 272: 267: 261: 255: 232: 145: 93: 92: 4981:Peter Klaus 4725:Witte Wiwer 4655:Santa Claus 4627:Poltergeist 4571:Moss people 4508:King Laurin 4417:Feldgeister 4368:Elwetritsch 4154:(2000-2001) 4146:(1989-1990) 4135:Comic Books 4100:(1966/1967) 4040:Die Walküre 3980:Poetic Edda 3809:Þiðrekssaga 3782:Andvaranaut 3187:"Hamðismál" 3056:McTurk 2003 3020:Millet 2008 3008:Müller 2009 2984:Millet 2008 2945:Millet 2008 2933:Müller 2009 2921:Millet 2008 2909:Millet 2008 2884:Millet 2008 2872:Millet 2008 2860:Millet 2008 2848:Millet 2008 2836:Millet 2008 2824:Millet 2008 2800:Millet 2008 2783:Millet 2008 2771:Millet 2008 2747:Millet 2008 2735:Millet 2008 2711:Millet 2008 2648:Millet 2008 2636:Millet 2008 2577:Millet 2008 2533:Millet 2008 2490:Millet 2008 2454:Millet 2008 2415:Millet 2008 2328:Millet 2008 2280:Millet 2008 2268:Millet 2008 2256:Uecker 1972 2244:Millet 2008 2229:Uecker 1972 2217:Millet 2008 2169:Millet 2008 2142:Millet 2008 2106:Millet 2008 2082:Millet 2008 2058:Millet 2008 2046:Millet 2008 2034:Uecker 1972 2022:Haymes 1988 2010:Millet 2008 1998:Millet 2008 1974:Millet 2008 1950:Millet 2008 1926:Millet 2008 1890:Millet 2008 1866:Millet 2008 1854:Millet 2008 1830:Millet 2008 1743:Müller 2009 1692:Millet 2008 1665:Millet 2008 1636:Uecker 1972 1600:Uecker 1972 1576:Dronke 1969 1505:Alicia Witt 1341:Poetic Edda 1321:Poetic Edda 1237:Poetic Edda 1208:Poetic Edda 1156:Poetic Edda 1035:Poetic Edda 1027:Poetic Edda 985:Anders Zorn 756:Rosengarten 714:Þiðrekssaga 706:Þiðrekssaga 540:Chilperic I 438:Old English 337:þióðkonunga 41:Woodcut by 5243:Categories 5174:Freischütz 5051:Tannhäuser 4904:Hildebrand 4862:Gundomar I 4820:Friar Rush 4669:Tatzelwurm 4634:Rasselbock 4585:Nachzehrer 4578:Nachtkrapp 4550:Lutzelfrau 4459:Hinzelmann 4424:Frau Holle 4312:Christkind 4305:Changeling 4270:Belsnickel 3931:Hildebrand 3894:Characters 3787:Barnstokkr 3468:3476101061 3228:0815300336 3096:0859912442 3065:References 1474:Fritz Lang 993:Prose Edda 971:Prose Edda 886:Poeta Saxo 812:Heldenbuch 777:vâlandinne 719:Low German 699:vâlandinne 663:Hildebrand 619:vâlendinne 536:Sigebert I 505:Gundomar I 251:Jormunrekr 235:Burgundian 18:Kriemhilde 4946:Lohengrin 4704:Wild Hunt 4494:Klagmuhme 4277:Bergmönch 4249:Aufhocker 4158:Siegfried 4047:Siegfried 3906:Kriemhild 3901:Siegfried 3751:Hreiðmarr 3715:Svanhildr 3710:Sinfjötli 3503:Kriemhild 2759:Beck 1973 2723:Beck 1973 1480:produced 1472:In 1924, 1443:Ermanaric 1395:Atlakviða 1393:Based on 1383:Wild Hunt 1377:Wild Hunt 1371:Wild Hunt 1313:Hamðismál 1305:Hamðismál 1264:Atlakviða 1233:Atlakviða 1226:Atlakviða 1218:Atlakviða 1055:Grípisspá 1047:Grípisspá 951:Ermanaric 701:(fiend). 563:Kriemhild 532:Fredegund 483:Kriemhild 479:Kriemhild 468:Grimhildr 418:Kriemhild 371:Etymology 316:Atlakviða 228:Fredegund 200:Kriemhilt 146:Kriemhild 138:Old Norse 5212:See also 4960:Nibelung 4876:Hannikel 4778:Brunhild 4711:Wild man 4648:Rübezahl 4536:Lindworm 4438:Heimchen 4375:Erdhenne 4291:Bogeyman 4284:Bieresel 4263:Beerwolf 4242:Askafroa 4228:Alberich 3951:Nibelung 3946:Alberich 3936:Giselher 3921:Brunhild 3645:Brynhild 3512:(1911). 3369:(2003). 1516:See also 1447:Svanhild 870:Brunhild 634:Brunhild 555:*Hildiko 549:'s wife 526:queens, 524:Frankish 464:Grimhild 397:*Gunþrūn 247:Svanhild 243:Brunhild 4848:Gunther 4613:Perchta 4592:Nis Puk 4543:Lorelei 4529:Krampus 4473:Irrwurz 4466:Hödekin 4396:Fänggen 4382:Erlking 4256:Bahkauv 4127:(novel) 3941:Rüdiger 3916:Gunther 3801:Related 3775:Objects 3736:Andvari 3720:Völsung 3695:Sigmund 3685:Siggeir 3650:Granmar 3576:Beowulf 987:, 1893. 762:In the 728:In the 654:Ortlieb 624:In the 511:Origins 501:Guthorm 492:Gunther 457:grimmen 268:Gutrune 5195:Vineta 5107:Witege 5037:Sigurd 4967:Ortnit 4855:Gudrun 4764:Attila 4742:People 4662:Schrat 4522:Kobold 4452:Hemann 4403:Fasolt 4220:Beings 4160:(2007) 4108:(2004) 4092:(1957) 4084:(1924) 4063:Sigurd 4018:Operas 3741:Fáfnir 3705:Sigurd 3660:Gunnar 3655:Gudrun 3640:Attila 3633:People 3465: 3446: 3357: 3347: 3328: 3301: 3282: 3263: 3244: 3225: 3206: 3174: 3155: 3121: 3093: 1530:Procne 1245:Procne 1241:Tereus 1016:Attila 695:vâlant 551:Ildico 547:Attila 517:Sigurd 499:) and 497:Gunnar 487:Gudrun 475:Gudrun 434:*Grīm- 410:Kudrun 401:Guðrún 385:*gunþ- 381:Guðrún 377:Gudrun 212:Ildico 142:Guðrún 94:Gudrun 89:, 1911 77:, 1807 45:, for 4806:Faust 4683:Uhaml 4676:Türst 4431:Gütel 4340:Drude 4116:Books 4073:Films 3911:Hagen 3766:Regin 3746:Grani 3700:Signy 3680:Rerir 3675:Högne 3665:Hogni 3355:JSTOR 1537:Notes 1523:Medea 1194:Like 649:Etzel 630:Worms 503:(see 449:Grim- 445:Krēm- 441:grīma 436:(cf. 430:Crem- 426:Grim- 422:-hild 389:gunnr 237:king 191:-hilt 189:KREEM 144:) or 133:-roon 3792:Gram 3756:Odin 3690:Sigi 3559:The 3463:ISBN 3444:ISBN 3434:and 3345:ISBN 3326:ISBN 3299:ISBN 3280:ISBN 3261:ISBN 3242:ISBN 3223:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3172:ISBN 3153:ISBN 3119:ISBN 3091:ISBN 1476:and 1333:The 1243:and 1123:The 1032:The 806:The 559:Hild 530:and 453:grim 428:and 226:and 131:GUUD 3761:Ótr 1298:Hel 1223:In 1176:In 1140:In 1087:In 1052:In 995:of 983:by 913:). 507:). 413:). 405:rún 399:to 260:'s 256:In 5245:: 3518:. 3399:. 3353:. 2976:^ 2790:^ 2691:^ 2626:^ 2599:^ 2584:^ 2567:^ 2540:^ 2497:^ 2446:^ 2335:^ 2236:^ 2149:^ 1750:^ 1735:^ 1684:^ 1643:^ 1626:^ 1607:^ 1568:^ 1198:, 1191:. 822:. 565:. 319:: 278:: 230:. 222:, 198:: 194:; 164:iː 140:: 136:; 118:uː 4193:e 4186:t 4179:v 3877:e 3870:t 3863:v 3552:e 3545:t 3538:v 3471:. 3452:. 3361:. 3334:. 3307:. 3288:. 3269:. 3250:. 3231:. 3212:. 3180:. 3161:. 3127:. 3099:. 1730:. 1494:. 1486:( 495:( 466:( 379:( 182:/ 179:t 176:l 173:ɪ 170:h 167:m 161:r 158:k 155:ˈ 152:/ 148:( 124:/ 121:n 115:r 112:d 109:ʊ 106:ɡ 103:ˈ 100:/ 96:( 34:. 20:)

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