438:. These subjects are to be developed in a new research project named Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning (COOL), together with several international test sites. He was giving lectures and courses on these subjects in Norway and elsewhere. In November 1999, he became chair of an advisory committee on Broadband Communication for the Norwegian Department for Municipal and Regional Affairs. He held a part-time position at
1856:
1846:
847:
Berntsen D., Elgsaas K., Hegna H. (2010) The Many
Dimensions of Kristen Nygaard, Creator of Object-Oriented Programming and the Scandinavian School of System Development. In: Tatnall A. (eds) History of Computing. Learning from the Past. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol
649:
Kristen
Nygaard married Johanna Nygaard in 1951. She worked at the Norwegian Agency for Aid to Developing Countries. She specialized for a number of years in recruiting and giving administrative support to specialists working in East Africa. Johanna and Kristen Nygaard had three children and seven
416:. Also in the 1980s, he was chairman of the steering committee for the Cost-13 (European Common Market Commission)-financed research project on the extensions of profession-oriented languages necessary when artificial intelligence and information technology are becoming part of professional work.
348:
is awarded annually to two individuals that have made significant technical contributions to the field of object-orientation. The work should be in the spirit of the pioneer conceptual and/or implementation work of Dahl and
Nygaard which shaped the present view of object-oriented programming. The
40:
427:-supported project starting in 1997, aiming at enriching object-oriented languages and system development methods by new basic concepts that make it possible to describe the relation between layered and/or distributed programs and the computer hardware and people carrying out these
411:
In the first half of the 1980s, Nygaard was chairman of the steering committee of the
Scandinavian research program System Development and Profession Oriented Languages (SYDPOL), coordinating research and supporting working groups in system development, language research, and
594:
an organization disseminating information about Norway's relation to the Common Market, and coordinating the efforts to keep Norway outside. (No to
European Union membership for Norway, literally "No to the EU"). In 1993, when the EEC ratified the
858:
Marius
Nygaard. Notes on Kristen Nygaard's early years and his political work. Chapter in âPeople behind informaticsâ by Lazlo BĂśzĂśrmĂŠnyi and Stefan Podlipnig. Institute of Information Technology, University of Klagenfurt
387:
included research and education in system development and the social impact of computer technology, and became the foundation of the
Scandinavian School in System Development, which is closely linked to the field of
364:. His other research and development work included the social impact of computer technology, and the general system description language DELTA (1973â1975), working with Erik Holbaek-Hanssen and Petter Haandlykken.
2835:
2027:
470:
143:
2133:
2138:
2128:
629:
In 1996 and 1997, Nygaard was the coordinator of the efforts to establish The
European Anti-Maastricht Movement (TEAM), a cooperative network between national organizations opposing the
341:
1247:
558:) activities on information technology. He has been a member of the Research Committee of the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions, and cooperated with unions in many countries.
1238:
289:
groups in the
Norwegian defense establishment. He was cofounder and first chairman of the Norwegian Operational Research Society (1959â1964). In 1960, he was hired by the
2820:
630:
495:
476:
In 1999, he and Dahl became the first people to receive the then new Rosing Prize, awarded by the
Norwegian Data Association for exceptional professional achievements.
2253:
2060:
466:
548:, and active in the design of the university's plan for developing research, education and computing and communication facilities at all faculties of the university.
1997:
561:
For several years, he was engaged in running an experimental social institution trying new ways to create humane living conditions for socially outcast alcoholics.
638:
488:
2022:
1894:
1075:
913:
2093:
2002:
1850:
2795:
434:
Nygaard's final research interests were studies of the introductory teaching of programming, and creating a process-oriented conceptual platform for
2098:
271:
170:
2800:
344:(AITO) established an annual prize in the name of Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard to honor their pioneering work on object-orientation. This
2785:
1992:
1966:
682:
1424:
1310:
1162:
573:
2700:
2246:
662:
2103:
813:
2208:
1537:
1269:
1221:
931:
514:
856:
2810:
2320:
2065:
1532:
2790:
2012:
1961:
1938:
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1461:
349:
prize is presented each year at the ECOOP conference. The prize consists of two awards given to a senior and a junior professional.
607:
became the largest political organization in Norway (145,000 members in 1994, from a population of 4 million). Nygaard worked with
1828:
840:
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1887:
1770:
2840:
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2443:
2239:
1290:
906:
615:, in this campaign. In the referendum on 28 November 1994, "Nei til EU" succeeded: 52.2% of the electorate voted "No", and the
623:
something as well as against, i.e., the Scandinavian welfare state Nygaard considered threatened by the Maastricht Agreement.
395:
Starting in 1976, he was engaged in developing and (since 1986) implementing the general object-oriented programming language
2815:
2179:
2088:
835:
551:
He was the first chairman of the Environment Protection Committee of the Norwegian Association for the Protection of Nature.
2213:
626:
He resigned as chair in 1995, and was later the chair of the organization's strategy committee and a member of its council.
293:(NCC), responsible for building up the NCC as a research institute in the 1960s, becoming its Director of Research in 1962.
2186:
554:
He was for 10 years (in the 1970s) Norwegian representative in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (
2528:
1982:
745:
619:
was the highest ever in Norway's history: 88.8%. The strategy of the campaign, insisted by Nygaard, was that it had to be
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2110:
1917:
459:
20:
2017:
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1111:
1007:
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229:
133:
114:
720:
590:
In November 1988, he became chair of the Information Committee on Norway and the EEC, in August 1990 reorganized as
587:
From 1971 to 2001, Nygaard was a member of the Labour Party, and a member of their committees on research policies.
2148:
2032:
1406:
1106:
1090:
899:
439:
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302:
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186:
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1327:
400:
325:
576:. During the intense political fight before the 1972 referendum on whether Norway should become a member of the
2083:
1987:
1300:
1205:
479:
In June 2000, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship for "his originating of object technology concepts" by the
329:
301:
With Ole-Johan Dahl, he developed the initial ideas for object-oriented programming (OOP) in the 1960s at the
2218:
2007:
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1175:
1043:
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345:
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1943:
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726:(Report). Norwegian Computing Center. p. 1.3.1. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013
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616:
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286:
568:. In the mid and late 1960s, he was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Norwegian
39:
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2494:
2376:
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2314:
2120:
1903:
1691:
1471:
1366:
1054:
940:
565:
545:
533:
484:
455:
376:
337:
264:
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221:
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103:
1170:
883:
2522:
2500:
1860:
1696:
1571:
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1386:
801:
634:
596:
529:
368:
180:
139:
99:
851:
584:), he worked as coordinator for the many youth organisations that worked against membership.
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2684:
2658:
2613:
2609:
2354:
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1790:
1785:
1704:
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454:, Sweden. In June 1991, he became the first individual to be given an honorary doctorate by
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361:
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423:. He was the leader of General Object-Oriented Distributed Systems (GOODS), a three-year
263:
in 1956. His thesis on abstract probability theory was entitled "Theoretical Aspects of
228:
pioneer, and politician. Internationally, Nygaard is acknowledged as the co-inventor of
2745:
2680:
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572:, and chair of that party's Strategy Committee. He was a minor ballot candidate in the
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on planning, control, and data processing, all evaluated in light of the objectives of
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510:
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128:
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Nygaard was born in Oslo and received his master's degree in mathematics at the
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In February 2002, he was given, once more with Ole-Johan Dahl, the 2001 A. M.
310:
44:
Kristen Nygaard at the Brazilian Symposium on Programming Languages (SBLP '97)
324:. The languages introduced the core concepts of object-oriented programming:
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2504:
1227:
1013:
993:
978:
771:
431:. The GOODS team also included Haakon Bryhni, Dag Sjøberg, and Ole Smørdal.
275:
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In 1984 and 1985, Nygaard was chairman of the Informatics Committee of the
2581:
2265:
1933:
1823:
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1614:
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1116:
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517:(ACM), with the citation: "For ideas fundamental to the emergence of
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891:
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Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
1215:
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922:
1232:
1079:
1065:
1059:
988:
820: (archived 16 October 2002) (15 February 2002, Long Version)
555:
399:, together with Bent Bruun Kristensen, Ole Lehrmann Madsen, and
384:
63:
2235:
1876:
895:
471:
Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility
144:
Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility
403:. The language is now available on a wide range of computers.
528:
In August 2000, he was made Commander of the Royal Norwegian
795:"Norges Offisielle Statistikk. XI. 13. Stortingsvalget 1949"
772:""Those Were the Days"? Or "Heroic Times Are Here Again"?"
853:
MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive: Kristen Nygaard.
841:
Resources on Ole-Johan Dahl, Kristen Nygaard, and Simula
379:(part-time from 1977, full-time 1984â1996). His work in
2836:
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
342:
Association Internationale pour les Technologies Objets
243:
in the 1960s. Nygaard and Dahl received the 2001 A. M.
487:
group for object-orientation, which maintains several
375:(1975â1976) and then became professor emeritus at the
506:
through the design and implementation of Simula 67".
450:
In June 1990, he received an honorary doctorate from
419:
Nygaard's research from 1995 to 1999 was related to
2734:
2639:
2544:
2465:
2386:
2307:
2272:
2196:
2157:
2119:
2076:
2041:
1975:
1954:
1926:
1910:
1841:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
1812:
1640:
1613:
1437:
1405:
1348:
1341:
1320:
1283:
1257:
1239:
International Federation for Information Processing
1204:
1197:
1188:
1161:
969:
939:
930:
603:the organization changed its name to reflect this.
442:from 2001, when the research institute was opened.
192:
166:
156:
124:
110:
95:
87:
71:
49:
30:
220:(27 August 1926 â 10 August 2002) was a Norwegian
2134:Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities
637:in European countries within and outside the EU.
631:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
502:"For the introduction of the concepts underlying
496:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
340:(quasi-parallel) program execution. In 2004, the
2139:International Climate and Environmental Research
467:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
1078:(ESPOL) â New Executive Programming Language (
641:(TEAM) was successfully started 3 March 1997.
639:The European Alliance of EU-critical Movements
489:International Organization for Standardization
16:Norwegian computer scientist and mathematician
2247:
1888:
907:
8:
1248:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
285:From 1957 to 1960, he was head of the first
1076:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
776:Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems
2254:
2240:
2232:
1895:
1881:
1873:
1443:
1354:
1345:
1201:
1194:
936:
914:
900:
892:
862:
38:
27:
316:, which began as an extended variant and
305:(Norsk Regnesentral (NR)) as part of the
2821:Academic staff of the University of Oslo
653:Nygaard died of a heart attack in 2002.
309:I (1961â1965) and Simula 67 (1965â1968)
272:Norwegian Defense Research Establishment
171:Norwegian Defense Research Establishment
674:
737:
174:Norwegian Operational Research Society
2187:Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic
2129:Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies
1311:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
458:, Denmark. He became a member of the
7:
831:Curriculum Vitae for Kristen Nygaard
814:Curriculum Vitae for Kristen Nygaard
663:List of pioneers in computer science
498:(IEEE) awarded Nygaard and Dahl the
352:He conducted research for Norwegian
1222:Association for Computing Machinery
1144:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
515:Association for Computing Machinery
360:(1971â1973), working together with
848:325. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
14:
689:. 26 January 2014. Archived from
2796:Programming language researchers
1855:
1854:
1845:
1844:
278:and programming (1948â1954) and
270:Nygaard worked full-time at the
2003:Development and the Environment
19:For the Danish footballer, see
2801:Programming language designers
2180:Nordic Journal of Human Rights
1819:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
521:, through their design of the
1:
2786:Norwegian computer scientists
2028:Sociology and Human Geography
460:Norwegian Academy of Sciences
1291:Case Institute of Technology
836:Kristen Nygaard bibliography
21:Kristen Nygaard (footballer)
2209:Foundation for Student Life
1824:ALGOL 68 to other languages
574:1949 parliamentary election
519:object-oriented programming
504:object-oriented programming
500:IEEE John von Neumann Medal
367:Nygaard was a professor at
297:Object-oriented programming
230:object-oriented programming
134:IEEE John von Neumann Medal
115:Object-oriented programming
2857:
2149:Simula Research Laboratory
2049:Museum of Cultural History
784:. See in particular p. 97.
440:Simula Research Laboratory
425:Norwegian Research Council
336:, virtual quantities, and
303:Norwegian Computing Center
291:Norwegian Computing Center
247:for their contribution to
187:Simula Research Laboratory
177:Norwegian Computing Center
18:
2811:University of Oslo alumni
1836:
1446:
1357:
1328:Royal Radar Establishment
880:
870:
865:
770:Nygaard, Kristen (1996),
744:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
525:Simula I and Simula 67."
211:
149:
37:
2791:Norwegian mathematicians
1301:University of St Andrews
611:, leader of the anti-EU
1600:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
1296:University of Edinburgh
1176:Van Wijngaarden grammar
481:Object Management Group
414:artificial intelligence
199:Theoretical Aspects of
2806:Turing Award laureates
2286:Maurice Vincent Wilkes
2061:Natural History Museum
1976:Institutes and centers
1243:IFIP Working Group 2.1
578:European Common Market
564:Nygaard was active in
494:In November 2001, the
401:Birger Møller-Pedersen
274:from 1948 to 1960, in
2816:Waldorf school alumni
2121:Affiliated institutes
1682:Cornelis H. A. Koster
1454:Roland Carl Backhouse
1397:Joseph Henry Wegstein
1306:Manchester University
1265:Burroughs Corporation
523:programming languages
314:programming languages
255:Early life and career
721:Common Base Language
609:Anne Enger Lahnstein
390:participatory design
280:operational research
234:programming language
226:programming language
2675:Michael Stonebraker
2473:Fernando J. CorbatĂł
1944:Universitetsplassen
1716:Willem van der Poel
1372:Hermann Bottenbruch
759:In Memoriam Kristen
715:; Myhrhaug, Bjørn;
683:"Nygaard biography"
617:voter participation
485:technical standards
421:distributed systems
287:operations research
265:Monte Carlo methods
201:Monte Carlo methods
2841:DahlâNygaard Prize
2630:Charles P. Thacker
2495:Richard E. Stearns
2377:Kenneth E. Iverson
2327:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2315:James H. Wilkinson
2263:A. M. Turing Award
2054:Viking Ship Museum
2033:University Library
1993:Clinical Dentistry
1904:University of Oslo
1861:Category: ALGOL 60
1692:Charles H. Lindsey
1472:Edsger W. Dijkstra
1367:Friedrich L. Bauer
1055:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
693:on 26 January 2014
566:Norwegian politics
546:University of Oslo
534:Harald V of Norway
456:Aalborg University
377:University of Oslo
346:DahlâNygaard Prize
261:University of Oslo
222:computer scientist
184:University of Oslo
104:University of Oslo
2773:
2772:
2647:Leslie G. Valiant
2523:Douglas Engelbart
2501:Edward Feigenbaum
2229:
2228:
2214:Students' Society
2018:Internet Exchange
1998:Computers and Law
1870:
1869:
1799:
1798:
1761:
1760:
1697:Barry J. Mailloux
1636:
1635:
1572:Jacob T. Schwartz
1467:Stephen R. Bourne
1433:
1432:
1387:Heinz Rutishauser
1337:
1336:
1184:
1183:
890:
889:
881:Succeeded by
802:Statistics Norway
635:Maastricht Treaty
597:Maastricht Treaty
530:Order of St. Olav
491:(ISO) standards.
465:In October 1990,
429:computer programs
369:Aarhus University
215:
214:
181:Aarhus University
151:Scientific career
140:Order of St. Olav
2848:
2697:John L. Hennessy
2685:Whitfield Diffie
2659:Shafi Goldwasser
2614:E. Allen Emerson
2610:Edmund M. Clarke
2355:Michael O. Rabin
2349:Herbert A. Simon
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2094:Radiumhospitalet
2066:Botanical Garden
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1791:John C. Reynolds
1736:van Wijngaarden^
1705:Lambert Meertens
1587:Bernard Vauquois
1444:
1425:Robert M. Graham
1355:
1346:
1270:Elliott Brothers
1202:
1195:
937:
916:
909:
902:
893:
863:
806:
805:
800:(in Norwegian).
799:
791:
785:
783:
767:
761:
756:
750:
749:
743:
735:
733:
731:
725:
717:Nygaard, Kristen
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
679:
540:Other activities
469:awarded him its
362:Olav Terje Bergo
358:organised labour
249:computer science
207:
161:Computer science
138:Royal Norwegian
78:
59:
57:
42:
28:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2758:Robert Metcalfe
2730:
2711:Geoffrey Hinton
2701:David Patterson
2691:Tim Berners-Lee
2635:
2576:Leonard Adleman
2562:Kristen Nygaard
2540:
2491:Juris Hartmanis
2461:
2450:Ivan Sutherland
2382:
2371:Robert W. Floyd
2333:Charles Bachman
2303:
2292:Richard Hamming
2268:
2260:
2230:
2225:
2192:
2153:
2115:
2072:
2037:
1971:
1950:
1922:
1906:
1901:
1871:
1866:
1851:Category: ALGOL
1843:
1832:
1829:ALGOL 68 to C++
1808:
1795:
1757:
1748:Philip Woodward
1732:Michel Sintzoff
1724:Douglas T. Ross
1632:
1628:Kristen Nygaard
1609:
1553:John E. L. Peck
1482:Robert W. Floyd
1429:
1401:
1333:
1316:
1279:
1253:
1207:
1180:
1171:Jensen's device
1157:
1044:Burroughs ALGOL
965:
942:
932:Implementations
926:
920:
886:
877:
827:
818:Wayback Machine
810:
809:
797:
793:
792:
788:
769:
768:
764:
757:
753:
736:
729:
727:
723:
713:Dahl, Ole-Johan
711:
710:
706:
696:
694:
681:
680:
676:
671:
659:
650:grandchildren.
647:
599:and became the
542:
452:Lund University
448:
409:
299:
257:
218:Kristen Nygaard
205:
185:
183:
179:
175:
173:
142:
137:
132:
117:
83:
80:
76:
67:
61:
55:
53:
45:
33:
32:Kristen Nygaard
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2852:
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2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
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2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2746:Jeffrey Ullman
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2704:
2694:
2688:
2681:Martin Hellman
2678:
2672:
2669:Leslie Lamport
2666:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2624:Barbara Liskov
2621:
2618:Joseph Sifakis
2607:
2601:
2595:
2585:
2579:
2565:
2558:Ole-Johan Dahl
2555:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2485:Butler Lampson
2482:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:Dennis Ritchie
2409:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
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645:Personal life
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570:Liberal Party
567:
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532:by then King
531:
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282:(1952â1960).
281:
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52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2725:Pat Hanrahan
2561:
2479:Robin Milner
2428:Richard Karp
2412:Ken Thompson
2406:Stephen Cook
2345:Allen Newell
2339:Donald Knuth
2219:
2204:Chateau Neuf
2197:Student life
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2013:Human Rights
1859:
1849:
1840:
1781:Ron Morrison
1776:Tony Brooker
1753:Nobuo Yoneda
1687:Peter Landin
1669:Gerhard Goos
1661:Robert Dewar
1627:
1605:Mike Woodger
1582:David Turner
1577:Micha Sharir
1565:Rutishauser^
1518:Peter Landin
1491:Julien Green
1462:Richard Bird
1377:Charles Katz
1208:associations
1206:Professional
884:Stein Ărnhøi
871:
867:New creation
866:
789:
779:
775:
765:
754:
728:. Retrieved
716:
707:
695:. Retrieved
691:the original
686:
677:
652:
648:
628:
625:
620:
613:Centre Party
604:
591:
589:
586:
563:
560:
553:
550:
543:
527:
511:Turing Award
508:
493:
478:
475:
464:
449:
433:
418:
410:
407:Later career
394:
366:
354:trade unions
351:
300:
284:
269:
258:
245:Turing Award
217:
216:
198:
167:Institutions
150:
129:Turing Award
82:Oslo, Norway
77:(2002-08-10)
25:
2831:2002 deaths
2826:1926 births
2653:Judea Pearl
2535:Fred Brooks
2517:Amir Pnueli
2511:Manuel Blum
2365:John Backus
2280:Alan Perlis
2220:Universitas
1771:John Barnes
1766:Hal Abelson
1674:Michael Guy
1523:Tom Maibaum
1510:Jørn Jensen
1500:Eric Hehner
1495:David Gries
1415:Bruce Arden
1382:Alan Perlis
1362:John Backus
925:programming
782:(2): 91â108
740:cite report
730:14 November
580:(later the
446:Recognition
436:informatics
334:inheritance
88:Citizenship
2780:Categories
2742:Alfred Aho
2721:Ed Catmull
2715:Yann LeCun
2598:Peter Naur
2572:Adi Shamir
2568:Ron Rivest
2552:Andrew Yao
2444:John Cocke
2394:Tony Hoare
2359:Dana Scott
2023:Psychology
1813:Comparison
1592:Eiiti Wada
1543:Peter Naur
1505:Tony Hoare
1321:Government
1163:Formalisms
1004:ALGOL 68RS
999:ALGOL 68-R
878:1990â1995
874:Nei til EU
872:Leader of
697:16 January
669:References
605:Nei til EF
592:Nei til EF
311:simulation
56:1926-08-27
2588:Vint Cerf
2505:Raj Reddy
2266:laureates
2077:Hospitals
1955:Faculties
1918:1943 fire
1728:Samelson^
1701:McCarthy^
1665:Dijkstra^
1596:Wegstein^
1568:Samelson^
1284:Education
1228:BSI Group
1190:Community
1101:Kidsgrove
1014:ALGOL 68S
994:ALGOL 68C
979:ABC ALGOL
943:standards
941:Technical
276:computing
96:Education
2592:Bob Kahn
2582:Alan Kay
2529:Jim Gray
2158:Journals
2111:Akershus
1967:Medicine
1939:Downtown
1934:Blindern
1927:Campuses
1744:Woodger^
1720:Randell^
1642:ALGOL 68
1439:ALGOL 60
1350:ALGOL 58
1258:Business
1135:Napier88
1131:PS-algol
971:Dialects
961:ALGOL 68
956:ALGOL 60
951:ALGOL 58
719:(1970).
657:See also
322:ALGOL 60
318:superset
232:and the
66:, Norway
2166:Apollon
2104:UllevĂĽl
2042:Museums
1911:History
1657:Bourne^
1557:Perlis^
1450:Backus^
1241:(IFIP)
1127:S-algol
1029:ALGOL X
1024:ALGOL W
1019:ALGOL N
816:at the
513:by the
373:Denmark
330:classes
326:objects
2766:(2023)
2760:(2022)
2754:(2021)
2748:(2020)
2727:(2019)
2717:(2018)
2703:(2017)
2693:(2016)
2687:(2015)
2677:(2014)
2671:(2013)
2665:(2012)
2655:(2011)
2649:(2010)
2632:(2009)
2626:(2008)
2620:(2007)
2606:(2006)
2600:(2005)
2594:(2004)
2584:(2003)
2578:(2002)
2564:(2001)
2554:(2000)
2537:(1999)
2531:(1998)
2525:(1997)
2519:(1996)
2513:(1995)
2507:(1994)
2497:(1993)
2487:(1992)
2481:(1991)
2475:(1990)
2458:(1989)
2452:(1988)
2446:(1987)
2440:(1986)
2430:(1985)
2424:(1984)
2418:(1983)
2408:(1982)
2402:(1981)
2396:(1980)
2379:(1979)
2373:(1978)
2367:(1977)
2361:(1976)
2351:(1975)
2341:(1974)
2335:(1973)
2329:(1972)
2323:(1971)
2317:(1970)
2300:(1969)
2294:(1968)
2288:(1967)
2282:(1966)
2008:Gender
1983:Athens
1678:Hoare^
1649:Bauer^
1615:Simula
1458:Bauer^
1342:People
1250:(GAMM)
1235:(EASC)
1140:Simula
1117:NELIAC
1096:JOVIAL
381:Aarhus
307:Simula
237:Simula
206:(1956)
204:
194:Thesis
157:Fields
136:(2002)
131:(2001)
125:Awards
119:Simula
106:(1956)
91:Norway
2735:2020s
2640:2010s
2545:2000s
2466:1990s
2387:1980s
2308:1970s
2273:1960s
1712:Peck^
1709:Naur^
1514:Katz^
1330:(RRE)
1313:(MIT)
1224:(ACM)
1218:Group
1216:ALCOR
1154:ALGOL
1146:SMALL
1122:RTL/2
1103:Algol
1086:FLACC
1062:ALGOL
1049:CORAL
984:ALCOR
923:ALGOL
798:(PDF)
724:(PDF)
239:with
100:M.Sc.
2089:Aker
2084:Oslo
1152:SMIL
1112:Mary
1080:NEWP
1066:DG/L
1060:DASK
1008:ELLA
989:ALGO
859:2003
746:link
732:2020
699:2024
556:OECD
483:, a
397:BETA
385:Oslo
383:and
72:Died
64:Oslo
50:Born
1962:Law
1407:MAD
1107:MAD
1091:IMP
621:for
320:of
267:".
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