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346:. Having divorced from his wife Marie Claire, he lived together with Françoise Henry, with whom he had two daughters. In spite of this, he had difficulties, one reason being that the pre-war art scene in Paris had become non-existent. Additionally, private life difficulties led to an episode during which he sank into deep depression.
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During the Second World War Tonny stayed mostly in the south of France. He and his wife tried to emigrate to the United States, but, in spite of all the formalities having been completed, the journey didn't happen for reasons both financial and political. During the war, he did manage to take part in
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In 1949 he settled in
Amsterdam, after having spent over 30 years abroad, and he married a second time, this time to Eeke van der Schaaf. From this marriage one daughter was born. He led a reclusive existence in the Netherlands and was not able to properly engage with the Dutch art community of that
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To quote
Georges Hugnet: With concern to these Dutch Surrealists, I donât think it necessary to let them participate in this exposition. There are plenty of participants, 16 countries are being represented. Tonny will represent Holland. These Dutch Surrealists, if they do exist, they have never
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Since his death Tonny remains an artist known only to a limited audience; rarely any original works from his hand are on show, either at auctions or at exhibitions, and it is reputed that many works remain unlocated, with only photographs surviving, though this is certainly not true.
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In spite of this, he remained very productive until several years before his death and he made in these years what many consider to be his finest work. Due to acceptance of his work not forthcoming, he became ever less well known, something that is persisting into the present.
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and others. As a consequence, in the
Netherlands a major interest in Surrealism didn't happen until the 1960s, something that, after his return to the Netherlands in 1949, proved to be a major inconvenience to Kristians Tonny in finding an audience for his work.
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His talent was recognized early on by his father, A. Kristians, who began to encourage him. He was made to stay at home and help his father in the studio. He also accompanied his parents wherever they went, and his exposure to Paris street-life, the
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in
Amsterdam. Although a major event, the exhibition was not a complete success. The reason for this was that, with the exception of Kristians Tonny, no Dutch Surrealists (such as J.H. Moesman, Willem Wagenaar and
292:
The journey to Mexico meant the fulfillment of a long-held wish for him and from this time forward the
Mexican landscape was never to disappear from his work. It was a turning point in his artistic development.
254:. Stein tried separating them by arranging for Thompson to lose a job in France and be offered another in Tangier; instead Tonny followed Thompson. After about one year he returned to Europe, staying in
309:) were invited. The reason for this being that Georges Hugnet didn't believe that, with the exception of Kristians Tonny, there were any Dutch Surrealists. Among those that did participate were
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with his parents in 1913. Encouraged by his father, he began painting and drawing at an early age, which resulted in him securing his first exhibition at the Paris gallery
281:. In the United States his work was shown in various expositions. He sold work to collectors and museums and was assigned to paint a series of murals in a theater in
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In 1944 he returned to Paris where he resumed his pre-war life again. He sold his works, made book illustrations and painted murals in the newly built casino in
300:, Kristians Tonny was involved in organizing the first international Surrealist exhibition in the Netherlands, held in the art gallery owned by his parents,
215:, a blind drawing technique thought up by Pascin as an experiment in free expression. Kristians Tonny perfected this technique and made it entirely his own.
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The artists' name
Kristians Tonny is a swap of first and last names. He did so in order to avoid being confused with his father, who went by the same name.
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to do so. Stein encouraged him to lease a studio on a long-term contract. A private quarrel lead to a major split between them and he decided to leave for
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in Paris. Soon after he was regarded as an established artist, favored by the critics of the time and his work being bought by serious collectors.
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in 1929. Later in life he suffered considerable setbacks both in his personal life and career, as a result of which interest in his work dwindled.
250:. Part of the reason for Tonny's disagreement with Stein and his departure for Tangier was Stein's disapproval of his relationship with his lover
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and a friend did organize a counter-exhibition in protest. See Agnes
Grondman, John Steen & Laurens Vancrevel, De Automatische Verbeelding
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Tonny had befriended Paul Bowles in
Morocco. Both journeys and their circumstances are described by Paul Bowles in his autobiography,
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In the beginning of 1937 he departed, together with his first wife Marie Claire
Ivanoff, to whom he was newly married, along with
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211:. He never was a formal apprentice of Pascin, yet learned a lot from him. In particular, he advanced the development of the
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S.J. Mak van Waay (1944), Lexicon van
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During the late 1930s Surrealist exhibitions were held in a number of major European cities and together with
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Stein, Gertrude (1933), The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Harcourt, Brace and Company.
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manifested themselves to us. -- Frida de Jong, Laurens Vancrevel, Kristians Tonny, p. 30.
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period, this being due, in some part, to the lack of interest in Surrealism at the time.
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and quickly became noticed. He had his first exhibition in 1920 at the Parisian gallery
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painter and draftsman whose career spanned from the 1920s through to the 1970s. Born in
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When he was about 15 years old he also regularly visited the studio of draftsman
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Frida de Jong, Laurens Vancrevel (1978). Kristians Tonny: Meulenhoff.
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In 1925 he participated in the first major Surrealist exhibition, the
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Frida de Jong, Laurens Vancrevel (1978), Kristians Tonny pp. 25-26.
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Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, 18 januari 1924, avondblad B p. 1
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and in the Netherlands before definitively returning to Paris.
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provided him with much of the inspiration for his early work.
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Frida de Jong, Laurens Vancrevel,. Kristians Tonny, pp. 31-33
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Frida de Jong, Laurens Vancrevel,. Kristians Tonny, p. 34
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Frida de Jong, Laurens Vancrevel,. Kristians Tonny, p. 34
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142:(September 13, 1907 â June 20, 1977), known as
357:In 1977 he died in Paris, as a consequence of
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386:Frida de Jong, Laurens Vancrevel (1978).
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504:The Dutch photographer and writer
198:at the Amsterdam artist's society
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1494:20th-century French male artists
265:and his future wife, the writer
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1327:Bureau of Surrealist Research
1489:20th-century French painters
556:Vers Geperst 41 - 4-11-2005
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479:. Harper Perennial, 2006.
330:Life and career after 1939
219:Life and career until 1939
1519:French surrealist artists
1453:Paranoiac-critical method
273:first, and from there to
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1514:Dutch surrealist artists
1337:Chicago Surrealist Group
1322:British Surrealist Group
361:that went unrecognized.
37:Kristians Tonny in 1937
1448:Abstract expressionism
1317:Birmingham Surrealists
1006:Maxime Moses Alexandre
983:Radojica ĆœivanoviÄ Noe
648:Jacques-André Boiffard
225:Exposition Surréaliste
1418:Surrealist techniques
1403:Surrealist automatism
1347:Fighting Cock Society
1086:Roger Gilbert-Lecomte
1071:Vratislav Effenberger
1011:Guillaume Apollinaire
1499:French male painters
1398:Surrealist Manifesto
1352:The Firesign Theatre
1136:Comte de Lautréamont
506:Emile van Moerkerken
307:Emile van Moerkerken
186:He was considered a
1484:Painters from Paris
1479:Dutch male painters
1286:Marianne Van Hirtum
1261:Simon Watson Taylor
723:Christian Dotremont
763:Alberto Giacometti
753:Gordon Onslow Ford
688:Leonora Carrington
375:Transfer technique
234:He had befriended
213:transfer technique
164:avant-garde artist
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1408:Surrealist cinema
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888:BenjamĂn Palencia
577:Dedicated website
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120:Years active
114:Conceptual artist
99:Kleine Rembrandt
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1413:Surrealist music
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1312:Les Automatistes
1251:Louis Scutenaire
1191:VĂtÄzslav Nezval
1031:Georges Bataille
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1377:Refus Global
1372:Monty Python
1291:Roger Vitrac
1271:Dylan Thomas
1241:Marko RistiÄ
1231:Herbert Read
1116:Nelly Kaplan
1111:Alfred Jarry
1101:IrĂšne Hamoir
1096:Julien Gracq
1041:André Breton
1016:Louis Aragon
957:
923:André Souris
848:Oscar Mellor
833:André Masson
713:Paul Delvaux
683:Claude Cahun
643:Hans Bellmer
638:EugĂšne Atget
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74:(1977-06-20)
72:20 June 1977
18:
1509:1977 deaths
1504:1907 births
1166:DuĆĄan MatiÄ
1076:Paul Ăluard
1061:René Daumal
1056:René Crevel
997:Writers and
953:Karel Teige
943:Yves Tanguy
798:Wifredo Lam
788:Frida Kahlo
748:Leonor Fini
678:Luis Buñuel
653:Bill Brandt
628:Eileen Agar
337:Monte-Carlo
319:Paul Eluard
287:Connecticut
263:Paul Bowles
196:Netherlands
123:1922 - 1977
88:Nationality
1468:Categories
1362:Grup d'Elx
1342:Dau al Set
1196:Paul Nougé
1181:Max Morise
1176:René Ménil
988:Unica ZĂŒrn
863:Lee Miller
614:Surrealism
428:9029011017
396:9029011017
381:References
170:Early life
148:Surrealist
132:Surrealism
53:1907-08-13
1357:The Goons
1201:Paul PÄun
1156:LĂ©o Malet
1121:Petr KrĂĄl
1091:Yvan Goll
999:Theorists
873:Joan MirĂł
808:Dora Maar
743:Max Ernst
698:Gala DalĂ
359:pneumonia
315:Max Ernst
279:Guatemala
267:Jane Auer
152:Amsterdam
61:Amsterdam
1307:Acéphale
913:Kay Sage
633:Jean Arp
559:Archived
369:See also
344:St. Malo
283:Hartford
201:De Kring
192:Mouninou
179:and the
177:cabarets
160:Mouninou
146:, was a
110:Painting
101:K. Tonny
82:, France
1391:Related
898:Man Ray
621:Artists
248:Morocco
244:Tangier
1300:Groups
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394:
275:Mexico
256:France
181:cinema
963:Toyen
402:Notes
156:Paris
91:Dutch
80:ParĂs
1443:Dada
481:ISBN
424:ISBN
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277:and
69:Died
43:Born
227:at
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