626:, in his wars against King Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy, decided that he needed a competing candidate against Kirti Sri Rajasinha to the throne of Kandy. In 1762, Van Eck sent his delegate Marten Huysvoorn to Ayutthaya to ask the Siamese king Ekkathat to allow Thepphiphit or any of his sons to return to Ceylon as a competing claimant against Kirti Sri Rajasinha. The Dutch, however, did not know about political enmity between the half-brothers Ekkathat and Thepphiphit. The idea that Ekkathat's renegade half-brother and political enemy becoming a sovereign king of a foreign kingdom was unthinkable. Ekkathat did not allow any royal audiences with Huysvoorn. There were even rumors that the Dutch would soon attack Ayutthaya to put Thepphiphit on the Siamese throne, while Thepphiphit was still being grounded in Tenasserim. After many failed lobbies, Huysvoorn eventually left Ayutthaya empty-handed.
791:
Thepphiphit. Only five days after
Thepphiphit's victory that Thepphiphit found himself besieged in Nakhon Ratchasima by the forces from Phimai. Thepphiphit's defense lasted for four days when Nakhon Ratchasima fell to the Phimai forces in late September 1766. As Phra Phimai took control of Nakhon Ratchasima, Thepphiphit and his family suffered violent fates as Luang Phaeng exacted his vengence. Thepphiphit's two eldest surviving sons, Prince Prayong and Prince Dara, were killed along with the most prominent of Thepphiphit's officials. Thepphiphit's daughter, Princess Ubon, was forced to become a wife of Kaen, a henceman of Luang Phaeng. Thepphiphit's wife, Lady Sem, was also forced to become a wife of Yon, another henceman of Luang Phaeng. Younger sons of Thepphiphit were spared.
718:) from Chonburi. Upon hearing about Thepphiphit's new host at Paknam Yothaka, Thepphiphit's family in Ayutthaya, including his wives, sons, daughter and servants, left Ayutthaya through the less-besieged eastern outskirts of Ayutthaya to join Thepphiphit at Prachinburi. A number of Ayutthayan people, having no hope in Ekkathat's regime, left Ayutthaya to join Thepphiphit. Phraya Rattanathibet the Minister of Palace Affairs and Ekkathat's many-time military commander, who had marched out against the Burmese in 1760 and 1765, also left Ayutthaya to join Thepphiphit. This showed that, in spite of political setbacks and many years of wandering, Thepphiphit still commanded a considerable loyalty in Ayutthaya and in Siam.
807:
unsuspicious about his friend Phra Phimai as they enjoyed watching traditional performance together. Phra Phimai rose up to slash Luang Phaeng down to death with his sword. Sa and Noi, sons of Phra Phimai, also slashed Kaen and Yon, two hencemen of Luang Phaeng, to death with their swords. Bloodshed followed in Nakhon
Ratchasima until Phra Phimai managed to seize power in the city on behalf of Thepphiphit. Phra Phimai also assigned his son Noi to govern Nakhon Ratchasima. By 1768, after the fall of Ayutthaya, Thepphiphit had entrenched himself in the Northeastern Siamese town of Phimai, leading his own regime with assistance from his Chief Minister Phra Phimai.
290:, to make Uthumphon the new heir. Uthumphon, as the youngest son of Borommakot, did not aspire for kingship but Borommakot preferred Uthumphon over Ekkathat, citing that Ekkathat would be sure to bring disaster to the kingdom. Uthumphon finally consented to the demands of his father Borommakot, who made Uthumphon the Prince of the Front Palace and heir presumptive in 1757 and also exiled Ekkathat to become a Buddhist monk in the northeastern outskirt of Ayutthaya to prevent Ekkathat from incurring any troubles. This event earned Thepphiphit a political favor as he was the one who proposed to Borommakot to elevate Uthumphon to the position.
477:
294:
cooperated against the Three
Princes. The Three Princes, including Thepphiphit's brother Sepphakdi, were eventually captured and executed in May 1758. Uthumphon triumphantly ascended the Ayutthayan throne in May but Uthumphon faced political challenges from Ekkathat who laid his own claims to the throne. Uthumphon gave in and abdicated after merely ten days. Ekkathat ascended the throne as the last king of Ayutthaya in June 1758, while Uthumphon went to become a Buddhist monk at Wat Pradu temple, earning him the epithet Khun Luang Hawat or the King Who Sought Temple.
1056:, as his consort. An incident happened in 1769 when Taksin sent two Portuguese men to capture some rats in the women's palace. The two Portuguese men were found having romantic relations with Princess Chim and Princess Ubon, caught in the act. The two Portuguese men escaped with their lives as the two princesses were put to interrogation. Adultery of royal consorts would be harshly punished, according to the Siamese law. Princess Ubon, daughter of Thepphiphit, denied the allegations but Princess Chim convinced Princess Ubon to accept the fate, saying "
188:) and a sister who shared the same mother. In 1732, King Thaisa became ill and Prince Phon, Thepphiphit's father, rallied armies in preparation for the upcoming succession conflict but was caught. Prince Phon, along with his sons and presumably Thepphiphit, ordained as Buddhist monks to avoid political repurcussions. Next year, in 1733, King Thaisa died and a succession war ensued in Ayutthaya between Prince Phon and his nephews, sons of Thaisa. Prince Phon eventually prevailed and ascended the Siamese throne as King
862:
516:
assassinate the king â a coffin with protruding spikes and a platform above it. It was assumed that the plan was for Kirti Sri
Rajasinha to sit on the platform during the sermon, in which the platform would collapse, the king would fall into the coffin and impaled to death by the spikes. Kirti Sri Rajasinha did not mount onto that sinister platform but instead stood to listen to the sermons and returned. Conspirators were soon arrested.
314:
despite being a
Buddhist monk, was still very active in politics. Thepphiphit accepted this challenge. Thepphiphit and other conspirators visited Uthumphon at Wat Pradu temple, asking Uthumphon to consent to the plan. Uthumphon, who was unwilling to be involved in such seditious affair, gave a vague unpromising answer that was interpreted as favorable by Thepphiphit.
722:
Paknam
Yothaka. It was the Burmese who marched out from Ayutthaya to attack and defeat Thepphiphit's Eastern Siamese army at Paknam Yothaka. Muen Kao and Muen Si Nawa were killed in battle against the Burmese while Thongyu Noklek fled. Thepphiphit's force at Paknam Yothaka was eventually dispersed by the Burmese.
1051:
as a maidservant. Thepphiphit's two surviving young sons, Prince
Mongkhon and Prince Lamduan, were spared and allowed to live in the Thonburi court. Princess Ubon, daughter of Thepphiphit, also met a violent end. King Taksin took other Ayutthayan princess, Princess Chim, a great-granddaughter of King
729:
in the northeast. However, Phraya
Rattanathibet fell ill and died there. Thepphiphit held a funeral for this minister who had shifted political allegiance from Ekkathat to Thepphiphit. After defeating Thepphiphit, the Burmese forces stationed at Prachinburi and along the Bangpakong River. It would be
445:
Thepphiphit arrived at Ceylon in 1759 in
Buddhist monk robes on the Dutch ship along with his family. The Dutch source recorded Thepphiphit's monastic name as Tammebaan or Thammaban in Thai. The Sinhalese, who apparently did not know about the reason of Thepphiphit's arrival, provided Thepphiphit and
313:
ministers. Those ministers, including
Chaophraya Aphairacha the Chief Minister and Phraya Yommaraj the Police Chief, conspired to overthrow Ekkathat in favor of Uthumphon. In December 1758, those conspirators visited Prince Thepphiphit, who had been a Buddhist monk at Wat Krachom temple. Thepphiphit,
917:
in December 1767, ushering the new era of Thai history. The first main of objective of the new king Taksin was to unify the regional regimes. Surviving princes of the fallen Ban Phlu Luang dynasty were undeniably obstacles to the new Thonburi regime of Taksin. Thepphiphit was then the most prominent
666:
Thepphiphit remained obedient to his half-brother King Ekkathat of Ayutthaya until mid-1766 when the Ayutthayan defenders realized that the Burmese besiegers would not leave for the wet rainy season. Situation of Ayutthaya worsened in its stand against the besieging Burmese and people began to leave
293:
In spite of these speculative arrangements, conflicts erupted between Uthumphon and the Three Princes who sought to claim the throne when Borommakot died in April 1758. Ekkathat returned from exile to assist Uthumphon in putting down the Three Princes. Ekkathat, Uthumphon and Thepphiphit unified and
255:
in 1741. The princes maintained uneasy share of power during the reign of their father. The seven royal princes were divided into two political camps. The first faction composed of primary sons of Borommakot including Thammathibet, Ekkathat and Uthumphon. The second faction composed of the secondary
1094:
in July 1769, narrating the political situation in Siam and calling the deceased Thepphiphit as Zhao Wangji. These reports provided a detailed description of the life of Thepphiphit. The report also mentioned that Thepphiphit was executed on the 25th day of the tenth Chinese lunar month (4 December
794:
Luang Phaeng contemplated the execution of Prince Thepphiphit himself but Phra Phimai insisted that Thepphiphit should be spared. Phra Phimai took Thepphiphit back to Phimai, where he kept Thepphiphit as a political pawn for his own power gain. When Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese in April 1767, Phra
515:
monk Weliwata Saranankara resided. In the same time, a message in Thai language was sent to Thepphiphit but the message was intercepted and sent to Kirti Sri Rajasinha. The king actually went to listen to Buddhist sermons at Malwatta temple per invitation but the royal guards found the apparatus to
317:
Uthumphon, however, decided not to trust Thepphiphit, given his ambitions. Uthumphon told Ekkathat about the upcoming rebellion in exchange for Ekkathat sparing the lives of the conspirators. The conspiring ministers Aphairacha, Yommaraj and others were arrested, punished, whipped with rattan canes
857:
the temple king, another of Thepphiphit's half-brother, along with other members of the Ban Phlu Luang dynasty including Thepphiphit's half-sisters, was permanently deported to Burma. Thepphiphit, being stranded in the Northeast, did not suffer the same fate as his half-brothers but his family had
721:
It is not known whether Thepphiphit's intention of rising in 1766 was patriotic or political but Ekkathat would never trust his troublesome half-brother. Thepphiphit and his family stayed at Prachinburi while letting his subordinates Muen Kao, Muen Si Nawa and Thongyu Noklek to command his host at
434:
sect in Sri Lanka. The monk Weliwata Saranankara was ordained by the Siamese monks into this new 'Siamese sect'. Since then, Ayutthaya and Kandy had been maintaining religious relations, with Dutch ships serving as the conduit to regularly transport Siamese monks to Sri Lanka. Weliwata Saranankara
1075:
When Princess Ubon, daughter of Thepphiphit and a consort of King Taksin, was executed in June 1769, she was already two-month pregnant with Taksin. Taksin was so filled with guilt and remorse that he planned a suicide. Taksin asked if any of his subjects were loyal enough to follow him to death.
991:
Thonburi forces under Phra Ratchawarin prevailed over Thepphiphit's forces at Dan Khunthot. Phra Phimai the Chief Minister of Thepphiphit, his son Sa and the Burmese man Mongya were all captured and executed. King Taksin himself seized control of Choho and took possession of the Nakhon Ratchasima
782:
Era (17 September 1766), Prince Prayong led his forces to disguise themselves going into Nakhon Ratchasima. Next day, on September 18, Chaophraya Nakhon Ratchasima the eponymous governor was making Buddhist merits at a temple when he was ambushed and killed by the forces of Prince Prayong. Prince
758:
was under the eponymous, locally powerful Chaophraya Nakhon Ratchasima the governor of the Nakhon Ratchasima. Thepphiphit was also accompanied by a large number of officials who had pledged loyalty to him. Thepphiphit was unsure about the political allegiance of Chaophraya Nakhon Ratchasima so he
297:
With the ascension of Ekkathat at the expense of Uthumphon, Thepphiphit felt threatened because he had been such a supporter of Uthumphon. After the enthronement ceremony of Ekkathat, Thepphiphit went out in June 1758 to be ordained as a Buddhist monk to avoid possible political retributions from
806:
Phra Phimai the Chief Minister of Thepphiphit decided to get rid of Luang Phaeng, his former ally who had been holding the city of Nakhon Ratchasima. In October 1767, Phra Phimai, along with his two sons Sa and Noi, visited Luang Phaeng at Nakhon Ratchasima with 500 men. Luang Phaeng was totally
790:
Thepphiphit's triumph in the Northeast was short-lived, however. Luang Phaeng was vengeful and determined to avenge the death of his brother at the hands of Thepphiphit's son Prince Prayong. Luang Phaeng convinced Phra Phimai the governor of Phimai to retake Nakhon Ratchasima and to subjugate
1015:) captured Thepphiphit, along with his wife, daughter and sons. Khun Chana brought Thepphiphit and his family to King Taksin at Nakhon Ratchasima. Taksin rewarded Khun Chana, for successful capture of Thepphiphit, with position of the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima the Lord of the Northeast.
970:
In late 1768, King Taksin targeted the Phimai regime of Thepphiphit and called out Thepphiphit for harboring the Burmese enemy Mongya. This move might be motivated by Taksin's efforts to put down any remaining princes of the Ban Phlu Luang dynasty in order to get rid of any competitors for
642:
for nearly three years, with his family in Ayutthaya, until things took yet another turn in 1765. In early 1765, the Burmese invaded and conquer the Siamese Tenasserim Coast. Mergui fell to the Burmese in January 1765. Thepphiphit had to hurriedly flee the Burmese onslaught through the
464:
Sammanakodi and the monks of the Siamese sect, including the Siamese monks themselves, to overthrow the Nayakkar King Kirti Sri Rajasinha and put the Siamese prince Thepphiphit on the throne of Kandy. The conspirators, including Thepphiphit himself, held a secret meeting at a temple in
327:
or Thepphiphit's Chief Servant. The Chief Servant then deserted Thepphiphit along with his subordinates, leaving Thepphiphit exposed. Thepphiphit was left with no choices but to escape. Thepphiphit fled to the west where he was caught and apprehended at Phra Thaen Dong Rang in modern
89:. At the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, local officials in the northeast declared Thepphiphit a ruler, becoming "Chao Phimai" or the Lord of Phimai as one of several regional regime leaders in aftermath of the collapse of Ayutthaya, entrenching himself at Phimai. In 1768, the new king
306:
Upon his ascension to the throne, Ekkathat found few supports in the royal court, most of whom supported Uthumphon. Ekkathat brought his two brother-in-laws Pin and Chim to power in Siamese royal court. Pin and Chim were given immense powers. They upset and insulted high-ranking
272:
the Chief Minister in 1753 allowed Prince Thammathibet the royal heir to assert his powers. Prince Thammathibet was later found having adulterous relationship with a consort of his father Borommakot and was also found yearning for a sedition. Prince Thammathibet was whipped with
539:
was reluctant to comply at first but when he learned about the incident Schreuder agreed to take Thepphiphit out of Ceylon. Thepphiphit and his family then left Ceylon with Dutch assistance, presumably on a Dutch ship from Trincomalee. Thepphiphit stayed at the Dutch port of
759:
sent his officials to bring gifts to the governor. It turned out that Chaophraya Nakhon Ratchasima was an enemy of Thepphiphit when a minor official from the city came out to tell Thepphiphit that the governor had a plan to send 500 Cambodian men to arrest Thepphiphit for
803:). Two sons of Phra Phimai, Sa and Noi, were also appointed by Thepphiphit as Phraya Mahamontri and Phraya Worawongsa, respectively. This led to the conception of the Phimai regime, the Siamese regional regime of the Northeast, under nominal leadership of Thepphiphit.
795:
Phimai declared Thepphiphit a rightful ruler. Being technically in political hostage under Phra Phimai, Thepphiphit gave out noble titles as if he were a Siamese king. Thepphiphit appointed Phra Phimai as his Chief Minister with title Chaophraya Si Suriyawong (
1076:
Lady Sem, wife of the deceased Thepphiphit, was one of the palace ladies who volunteered to follow the king to death. Fortunately, a high-ranking palace lady invited some venerable Buddhist monks to successfully talk the king to abandon his suicide plan.
109:
Very few native Siamese records about the early life of Prince Thepphiphit survive. A Chinese source stated that, at his death in 1768, Prince Thepphiphit was around fifty years old so he should be born around 1718, in the reign of his uncle King
1044:) Thepphiphit was eventually executed 4 December 1768, ending the life of the prince, who was the scion of the fallen Ayutthayan dynasty, who had ventured and explored many political scenarios and journeys, at around the age of fifty years old.
629:
Van Eck did not give up. In 1764, Van Eck the Dutch governor of Ceylon sent Willem van Damast Limberger to directly search for Thepphiphit in Tenasserim, where Thepphiphit had been grounded but the Dutch mission failed to meet with Thepphiphit.
1033:
You lack merit and power. Anywhere you went, your supporters all died. If I spare you, there will be more of your admirers who would die for you. You should not live. You should die this time, so that there will be no more insurrections in the
322:
or Chief Servant managed to raise a number of supporters who vehemently and devotedly defended Thepphiphit. Ekkathat devised a plan to take down Thepphiphit without forces by declaring that the crime of sedition would be placed solely upon the
1042:āļāļąāļ§āļāđāļēāļ§āļŦāļēāļāļļāļāļ§āļēāļĻāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĄāļīāđāļāđ āđāļāļāļĒāļđāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāļāđāļ āļēāļāļ§āļāļāđāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļąāļāļāļ·āļāļāļĨāļāļĒāļāļīāļāļēāļĻāļāļīāļāļŦāļēāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļąāđāļ āļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāļ°āđāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļēāļ§āđāļ§āđāļāđāļāļ āļēāļāļāļāļĩāđāļŦāļĨāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļ·āļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļĒāļĨāđāļĄāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ āļāđāļēāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļĨāļĒāļāļāļāļēāļĒāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āđāļāļĩāļ āļāļĒāđāļēāđāļŦāđāļāļļāļĨāļēāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļīāļāļŠāļ·āļāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļĩāļāđāļĨāļĒ
778:) urged his father Thepphiphit to stay and compete for power. Prince Prayong managed to gather a group of 550 local men and devised a plan to seize power in the Northeast. On the fourteenth waxing of the tenth month, Year 1128 of
841:
coastline. During his journey, Phraya Tak met and defeated a number of Burmese troops that had been occupying the area in the aftermath of the defeat of Thepphiphit's Eastern Siamese host. Phraya Tak eventually took position at
568:. This enigmatic princely figure from Ceylon should be Prince Thepphiphit, who took shelter at Batavia after his troubled departure from Ceylon. The Dutch Governor-General provided Thepphiphit with residence in the Great Mauk.
1068:). As they were found guilty, Taksin ordered his oarsmen to sexually assault the two princesses in public to shame them. Princess Chim and Princess Ubon were executed on the first waning of the seventh month, Year 1131 of the
957:
gave a very negative response, rebuking that Taksin should restore the Siamese throne to a surviving prince of the fallen dynasty instead of making himself king. Thepphiphit appeared for the first time in Chinese documents as
897:
and Phimai. From Chanthaburi, Phraya Tak rallied his troops and sailed along Eastern Siamese shoreline to reconquer Ayutthaya. Phraya Tak managed to conquer the Burmese occupying forces under Thugyi at Phosamton (modern
983:
forests to attack Nakhon Ratchasima. Thepphiphit sent his Chief Minister Phra Phimai or Chaophraya Si Suriyawong, along with Phimai's son Phraya Mahamontri Sa and the Burmese man Mongya himself, to take position at
902:, to the north of Ayutthaya) in November 1767, ending the Burmese occupation. A Burmese official from Phosamton named Mongya escaped from the forces of Phraya Tak to the northeast to take shelter under Thepphiphit.
964:
Zhao Wangji (Thepphiphit), who is the elder brother of your ruler (Ekkathat) and Zhao Cui (Prince Chao Chui) as well as Zhao Shichang (Prince Chao Sisang) who are grandsons of the ruler, are all hiding within the
450:. Arrival of Thepphiphit in Ceylon perhaps served as the catalyst for the imminent revolution against King Kirti Sri Rajasinha. Thepphiphit befriended a relative of the Sinhalese noble Sammanakodi the Udagampaha
1323:
441:
or Buddhist Hierophant in Sri Lanka. Despite these religious achievements, the powerful native Sinhalese monks, led by Weliwata Saranankara himself, were contemptuous at the king's association with Hinduism.
339:
Upholding the promise made to Uthumphon, Ekkathat would not execute Thepphiphit but rather exile him. Coincidentally, a Dutch ship happened to arrive in Ayutthaya to procure some Siamese Buddhist monks to
783:
Prayong was able to seize Nakhon Ratchasima for his father Thepphiphit, who triumphantly entered the city. However, Luang Phaeng, brother of the murdered Chaophraya Nakhon Ratchasima, managed to flee to
576:
Since the sixteenth century, Western powers the Portuguese and later the Dutch had taken control of all coastal lowlands of Ceylon, driving the indigenous power to the mountainous inland. After
280:
Death of Prince Thammathibet in 1756 left the position of royal heir vacant. It was this time that Prince Thepphiphit made his first political move. King Borommakot disfavored his second son
949:
Chinese imperial court in order to resume the lucrative Sino-Siamese tributary trade to boost Thonburi's royal revenue, King Taksin sent a Chinese merchant as his delegate to
1490:
408:. The new king Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy, inspired by the monk Weliwata Saranankara, made efforts to rehabilitate Sinhalese Theravada by sending delegates to the Siamese
881:
front in June 1767, leaving a small garrison in Ayutthaya under the Mon official named Thugyi or Suki to impose the low-scale, short-lived Burmese occupation in Lower
168:
to King Thaisa. He was born to an unnamed secondary consort of his father. According to the Chinese source, Thepphiphit's mother was of the Baitou race, suggesting
57:
to place the Siamese prince Thepphiphit on the Kandyan throne but the plan was thwarted and Thepphiphit had to leave Ceylon. Prince Thepphiphit returned to Siam at
725:
Thepphiphit, his family and Phraya Rattanathibet, upon learning about the fall of his stockade at Paknam Yothaka, left Prachinburi to take refuge at a place near
149:
coming as the first one, Ekkathat as the second one and Thepphiphit as the third one. Thepphiphit should be nearly the same age as his half-brother Ekkathat.
1003:
Upon learning of the defeat and deaths of his commanders, Thepphiphit and his surviving family members hurriedly packed up and fled to the northeast towards
395:. In the aftermath of repeated Portuguese and Dutch incursions, Theravada Buddhism in Ceylon had been in a deteriorated state without any properly ordained
667:
Ayutthaya for safety if possible. In mid-1766, Thepphiphit made another important political move by leaving his confinement in Chanthaburi and went to
829:
ancestry, led his own forces to break through the Burmese encirclement to the east to find a new position. Phraya Tak took journey from Ayutthaya to
227:. Other sons of Borommakot who were born to his secondary consorts, including Thepphiphit and his brother Sepphakdi, were given the inferior rank of
599:
One of the sons of Thepphiphit died during his journey from Ceylon back to Siam. Thepphiphit and his family returned to Siam at the Siamese port of
66:
344:. Ekkathat then had Thepphiphit, still in Buddhist monk robes, along with his family, consorts and children, board on the Dutch ship across the
268:) or the Three Princes. Thepphiphit, despite being a secondary prince, seemed to be aligned with the faction of the superior princes. Death of
1324:"Traveling Monks and the Troublesome Prince: On the Aftermath of the Dutch VOC's Mediation of Buddhist Connection between Kandy and Ayutthaya"
942:. Among the regional regimes, only Thepphiphit potentially clamed legitimacy to Ayutthaya as he was a surviving prince of the fallen dynasty.
742:
Prince Thepphiphit realized that staying near Nakhon Nayok made him vulnerable to Burmese attacks so he decided to flee further through the
865:
Five main Siamese regional regimes that emerged following the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. Thepphiphit's regime is labelled as yellow in the
611:
of Ayutthaya was shocked and furious at the return of Thepphiphit. Ekkathat sent a royal intendant to impose confinement on Thepphiphit at
35:. He is known for his colorful adventurous political career. Prince Thepphiphit led a failed rebellion in 1758 against his half-brother
588:
of Ceylon. Next year, in 1761, King Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy took this opportunity to invade and conquer the coastal lowlands from
671:, where he rallied Eastern Siamese forces to fight the Burmese. Eastern Siamese men from Eastern Siamese towns including Prachinburi,
284:
for his supposed incompetency. Thepphiphit then led the propasal to the king in 1757, in concert with other high-ranking ministers of
1420:
1391:
1357:
1291:
816:
476:
1631:
1641:
1047:
Thepphiphit's daughter, Princess Ubon, became one of the consorts of King Taksin. Thepphiphit's wife Lady Sem also entered the
520:
Sammanakodi was executed, while the monk Weliwata Saranankara was imprisoned in Kehelella. Siamese monks were expelled to the
318:
and improsoned for life but not executed. Thepphiphit himself fortified at Wat Krachom temple against Ekkathat. Thepphiphit's
1608:āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāđ āļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļāļāļģ āļāļāļ āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāđāļēāđāļāļĒāļīāļāļēāđāļāļ āļāļĢāļĄāļŦāļĨāļ§āļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļĩ (āđāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļāļāļ§āļąāļāđāļ) āļāļąāđāļāđāļāđ āļ.āļĻ. āđāđāđāđ āļāļķāļ āđāđāđāđ āđāļāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē āđāđ āļāļĩ
380:
1090:
in December 1768 to investigate about the fall of Ayutthaya. Zheng Rui brought reports and testimonies from Hà TiÊn back to
199:
s to his sons the royal princes to control the allocation of manpower among his sons. Prince Khaek was given the Krom title
988:
to the east of Nakhon Ratchasima. Phraya Worawongsa Noi, another son of Phimai, also took position at Choho near the city.
619:
the temple king at Wat Pradu temple in Ayutthaya as political hostages. His wife and daughter were also sent to Ayutthaya.
1636:
561:
361:
577:
492:
405:
54:
1350:
In the Shadow of the Company: The Dutch East India Company and Its Servants in the Period of Its Decline (1740-1796)
754:
or Khorat, which was the main Siamese city in the northeast. While Ayutthaya was being besieged by the Burmese, the
553:
1154:
Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, C.1604-1765
269:
1023:
Thepphiphit, along with his family, were captured in November 1768. Thepphiphit and his family were brought to
980:
939:
747:
195:
In efforts to contain future dynastic princely conflicts, King Borommakot assigned manpower regiments known as
152:
Prince Thepphiphit, initially known as Prince Khaek, was a son of Prince Phon, who was the younger brother and
690:
Thepphiphit managed to gather 2,000 Eastern Siamese men and built himself a stockade at Paknam Yothaka on the
971:
investiture from the Chinese imperial court. Taksin, along with his commanders Phra Ratchawarin (future King
615:, not allowing Thepphiphit to return to Ayutthaya. Meanwhile, two sons of Thepphiphit were sent to live with
77:
coast. In 1766, he raised an army in Eastern Siam to fight the Burmese but was defeated. Thepphiphit fled to
993:
219:). Borommakot's sons were also ranked according to the status of their mothers. Thammathibet, Ekkathat and
1216:
Erika, Masuda (2007). "The Fall of Ayutthaya and Siam's Disrupted Order of Tribute to China (1767-1782)".
985:
508:
480:
256:
princes including Chitsunthorn, Sunthornthep and Sepphakdi (Thepphiphit's brother), known collectively as
1027:. According to the dramatic account of Thai historical chronicles, Thepphiphit refused to kowtow before
384:
333:
119:
1626:
1253:
766:
Realizing that he would find no allies there, Thepphiphit planned to flee further but his son Prince
684:
169:
1328:
Journal of Social Sciences (New Series), Research Centre for Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya
1072:
Era (20 June 1769) by decapitations. Their limbs were amputated and their chests were sliced open.
976:
899:
593:
145:, who was also born in 1718, while in Thai chronicles the order of the princes was given as Prince
861:
923:
639:
623:
612:
604:
552:
or Kai Ba Lidai Shiji (éå§æ·äŧĢåēčĻ) stated that 'a son of the King of Ceylon and his wife' arrived in
536:
62:
97:
marched to subjugate Thepphiphit's Phimai regime. Thepphiphit was then captured and deported to
298:
Ekkathat, staying at Wat Krachom temple just off the northeastern corner of Ayutthaya citadel.
1416:
1387:
1353:
1287:
894:
834:
751:
694:
near Prachinburi. Thepphiphit's Eastern Siamese host was led by two local officials Muen Kao (
691:
557:
409:
329:
78:
32:
1083:
954:
935:
914:
882:
878:
838:
660:
648:
581:
376:
372:
165:
94:
74:
44:
1575:. Bangkok: Foundation for the promotion of Social Sciences and Humanities Textbook Project.
592:. Facing internal unrest and external incursion, Jan Schreuder was replaced as governor by
1048:
1586:
1031:, taking the pride of an Ayutthayan prince. King Taksin reportedly said to Thepphiphit: "
918:
surviving prince but there were two other princes â Prince Chao Sisang, a son of Prince
885:. The rest of the kingdom coalesced into many competing regional regimes, including the
826:
743:
600:
565:
527:
King Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy sent Thepphiphit and his family to the Dutch port of
58:
992:
city. Phraya Noi, another son of Phra Phimai, managed to escape from Choho across the
1620:
1069:
1061:
1037:
1008:
877:
After the fall of Ayutthaya, Burmese conqueror forces were obliged to depart for the
796:
779:
771:
711:
703:
695:
644:
585:
532:
504:
413:
368:
261:
212:
204:
181:
130:
24:
1087:
931:
1384:
The Chinese Annals of Batavia, the Kai Ba Lidai Shiji and Other Stories (1610-1795)
1079:
1058:
Why do you insist to live as a riding queen? We should follow our fathers to death.
946:
919:
853:, Thepphiphit's half-brother and the last king of Ayutthaya, died during the fall.
830:
726:
676:
672:
589:
521:
466:
345:
248:
240:
153:
146:
580:
had averted the assassination attempt upon himself in 1760, in the same year, the
223:, who were born to Borommakot's two main queens, were given the superior rank of
1408:
843:
668:
656:
545:
541:
528:
451:
431:
427:
365:
70:
734:
would face in his journey from Ayutthaya through Eastern Siam in January 1767.
404:
King Sri Vijaya Rajasinha died in 1751 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law
437:
423:
309:
286:
252:
189:
173:
141:
rank. The Chinese source stated that Thepphiphit was an elder half-brother of
962:(čĐįå) during this occasion, mentioned as one of the rightful heirs to Siam; "
655:
again sent intendant to bring Thepphiphit to confinement in the new place of
584:
on the coastal lowlands under Dutch rule rebelled against the Dutch governor
1091:
1053:
997:
950:
854:
616:
488:
470:
392:
349:
341:
220:
85:
where he engaged in a local power struggle, ending up being held hostage at
40:
1458:āļāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļĻāļēāļ§āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļ§āļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļāļļāļāļ āļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļģāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĩāļĒāļ
922:
the deceased crown prince and half-brother of Thepphiphit, took refuge in
1024:
906:
850:
760:
680:
652:
608:
388:
281:
142:
98:
36:
927:
397:
159:
111:
503:
Sammanakodi invited King Kirti Sri Rajasinha for a Buddhist sermon in
1028:
996:
into Cambodia. Taksin sent his forces to pursue Phraya Noi as far as
972:
910:
886:
870:
822:
784:
731:
274:
90:
86:
49:
379:
in 1739, with the support of his mentor the Sinhalese Buddhist monk
1491:"Heritage Across Borders: The Funerary Monument of King Uthumphon"
484:
447:
1004:
890:
866:
755:
82:
243:, eldest son of Borommakot born to a principal queen, was made
1573:
From Japan to Arabia; Ayutthaya's Maritime Relations with Asia
211:), while his brother Prince Pan became Kromma Muen Sepphakdi (
909:
as the new capital of Siam. Phraya Tak was enthroned as King
387:
over Ceylon. The Nayaks of South India were practitioners of
114:
of Ayutthaya. Prince Thepphiphit, at his birth, was known as
821:
In January 1767, three months before the fall of Ayutthaya,
31:) was a Siamese prince of the Ban Phlu Luang dynasty of the
858:
been decimated by the political struggle in the Northeast.
905:
With Ayutthaya reduced to cinders, Phraya Tak established
430:
to Ceylon, arriving in 1753, leading to conception of the
825:
or Zheng Xin (éäŋĄ) the Ayutthayan military commander with
849:
Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese conquerors in April 1767.
469:
to conceive the plan. Thepphiphit then went to stay at
1233:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
1192:
A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World
710:) from Prachinburi and a local leader Thongyu Noklek (
426:
of Ayutthaya responded by sending Siamese monks under
893:, mainly encompassing the two main Siamese cities of
101:, where he was eventually executed in November 1768.
945:
In efforts to acquire imperial investiture from the
435:
was appointed by Kirti Sri Rajasinha in 1753 as the
176:
ethnicity. Thepphiphit had a younger brother Prince
495:in favor of Prince Thepphiphit took place in 1760.
401:monks left to maintain and continue the religion.
39:the last king of Ayutthaya. He was then exiled to
1555:China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions
531:, asking the Dutch to deport the Siamese prince.
511:, the head temple of the Siamese sect where the
1489:Arthayukti, Woraphat; Van Roy, Edward (2012).
1007:. However, a local official named Khun Chana (
687:rallied to Thepphiphit's host at Prachinburi.
1066:āļĒāļąāļāļāļ°āļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļāļĄāđāļŦāļĐāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļĪāđ
āļĄāļēāļāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļīāļ
8:
1000:in Cambodia but Phraya Noi was never found.
556:, where they were ceremoniously received by
412:, requesting for Siamese monk to revive the
491:was where a coup attempt to overthrow King
1476:The King and the Making of Modern Thailand
1231:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
1190:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017).
1218:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
979:) marched his Thonburi army to cross the
926:and Prince Chao Chui, a grandson of King
53:and nobility conspired to overthrow King
860:
475:
1452:
1103:
787:to the northeast of Nakhon Ratchasima.
638:Thepphiphit remained in confinement in
1566:
1564:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1469:
1467:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1172:Maritime China in Transition 1750-1850
473:near Colombo, waiting for the signal.
277:and died from injuries in April 1756.
1602:
1600:
1509:
1507:
1382:BlussÃĐ, Leonard; Dening, Nie (2018).
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
975:) and Phra Mahamontri (future Prince
7:
1413:The Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600-1800
1343:
1341:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
460:Weliwata Saranankara conspired with
69:in early 1765, Thepphiphit moved to
1474:Rappa, Antonio L. (21 April 2017).
833:and then proceeded down along the
14:
446:his family with accommodation in
67:attacked and conquered Tenasserim
663:coastline, far from Ayutthaya.
422:monastic order in Ceylon. King
418:ordinations and to reestablish
1415:. Cambridge University Press.
1286:. Asian Educational Services.
817:Taksin's reunification of Siam
622:Lubbert Jan van Eck the Dutch
548:for a while. In May 1761, the
1:
1235:. Cambridge University Press.
1194:. Cambridge University Press.
889:regime of Thepphiphit in the
730:these Burmese regiments that
562:Petrus Albertus van der Parra
1529:Mishra, Patit Paban (2010).
953:in September 1768. However,
750:forests to the northeast to
578:Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy
493:Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy
352:or Sri Lanka in early 1759.
65:, in 1762. When the Burmese
55:Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy
1498:Journal of the Siam Society
1174:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
43:, which had been under the
1658:
1571:Breazeale, Kennon (1999).
1348:Nierstrasz, Chris (2012).
1152:Ruangsilp, Bhawan (2007).
814:
270:Chaophraya Chamnan Borirak
1516:Thailand: A Short History
1322:Lehrer, Tyler A. (2022).
1282:Codrington, H.W. (1995).
1065:
1041:
1012:
800:
775:
738:Struggle in the Northeast
715:
707:
699:
572:Confinement in Tenasserim
550:Chinese Annals of Batavia
265:
216:
208:
185:
134:
28:
1514:Wyatt, David K. (2003).
934:under protection of the
381:Weliwata Sri Saranankara
371:Nayakkar origin, to the
251:and heir presumptive to
1632:Thai male Phra Ong Chao
1531:The History of Thailand
1284:Short History of Ceylon
1086:sent Zheng Rui (éį) to
201:Kromma Muen Thepphiphit
1642:Ban Phlu Luang dynasty
874:
496:
391:rather than Sinhalese
1334:– via Academia.
1170:Wang, Gungwu (2004).
864:
811:Subjugation by Taksin
801:āđāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļēāļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļ§āļāļĻāđ
522:Dutch-controlled area
479:
385:Madurai Nayak dynasty
334:Kanchanaburi province
47:. In 1760, Sinhalese
1637:Princes of Ayutthaya
1553:Wade, Geoff (2018).
1258:History of Ayutthaya
1254:"WAT PRADU SONGTHAM"
1019:Execution and Legacy
744:Chong Ruea Taek Pass
702:) and Muen Si Nawa (
634:Eastern Siamese host
456:. In July 1760, the
410:kingdom of Ayutthaya
383:, began the rule of
362:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha
356:Conspiracy at Ceylon
1591:Ministry of Culture
915:Kingdom of Thonburi
913:of the new Siamese
900:Bang Pahan district
594:Lubbert Jan van Eck
406:Kirti Sri Rajasinha
275:rattan cane strokes
1407:Emmer, Pieter C.;
1082:imperial court of
875:
624:governor of Ceylon
537:governor of Ceylon
497:
393:Theravada Buddhism
360:Ascension of King
235:Princely Conflicts
1587:"KING TAKSIN DAY"
1518:. Silkworm Books.
1409:Gommans, Jos J.L.
994:Dangrek mountains
930:, took refuge at
895:Nakhon Ratchasima
891:Siamese Northeast
756:Siamese Northeast
752:Nakhon Ratchasima
560:Governor-General
558:Dutch East Indies
389:Shaivite Hinduism
330:Tha Maka district
302:Rebellion of 1758
79:Nakhon Ratchasima
33:Ayutthaya kingdom
1649:
1612:
1611:
1610:(in Thai). 1908.
1604:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1460:(in Thai). 2015.
1454:
1427:
1426:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1319:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1084:Emperor Qianlong
1067:
1043:
1014:
955:Emperor Qianlong
879:SinoâBurmese war
835:Bangpakong River
802:
777:
776:āļŦāļĄāđāļāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļāļāđ
717:
709:
701:
692:Bangpakong River
582:Sinhalese people
505:Siamese language
348:to be exiled to
267:
218:
217:āļāļĢāļĄāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļŠāļāļ āļąāļāļāļĩ
210:
209:āļāļĢāļĄāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļ
187:
166:heir presumptive
136:
95:Thonburi kingdom
45:Kingdom of Kandy
30:
29:āļāļĢāļĄāļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļ
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1430:
1423:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1105:
1101:
1049:Thonburi Palace
1021:
839:Eastern Siamese
827:Teochew Chinese
819:
813:
740:
661:Eastern Siamese
636:
574:
509:Malwatta temple
481:Malwatta Temple
366:Southern Indian
358:
304:
237:
107:
75:Eastern Siamese
12:
11:
5:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1596:
1593:. 22 Aug 2015.
1578:
1560:
1536:
1521:
1503:
1481:
1463:
1428:
1421:
1399:
1392:
1365:
1358:
1337:
1299:
1292:
1263:
1238:
1223:
1197:
1177:
1159:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1020:
1017:
981:Dong Phaya Fai
977:Sura Singhanat
846:in June 1767.
815:Main article:
812:
809:
748:Dong Phaya Fai
739:
736:
635:
632:
607:in 1762. King
573:
570:
566:Batavia Castle
357:
354:
303:
300:
247:Prince of the
236:
233:
186:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļēāļ
135:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāđāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļ
106:
103:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1654:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:9781108428378
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1393:9789004356702
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:9789004235830
1355:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:9788120609464
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
987:
982:
978:
974:
968:
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
863:
859:
856:
852:
847:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:
810:
808:
804:
798:
792:
788:
786:
781:
773:
769:
764:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
735:
733:
728:
723:
719:
716:āļāļāļāļāļĒāļđāđāļāļāđāļĨāđāļ
713:
705:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:Singkhon Pass
641:
633:
631:
627:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
586:Jan Schreuder
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
533:Jan Schreuder
530:
525:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:, who was of
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
337:
335:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
301:
299:
295:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
276:
271:
263:
259:
258:Chao Sam Krom
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
214:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
183:
179:
178:Phra Ong Chao
175:
171:
170:Northern Thai
167:
163:
162:
157:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
139:Phra Ong Chao
132:
128:
126:
125:Phra Ong Chao
122:") or Prince
121:
117:
113:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
22:
20:
1607:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1557:. Routledge.
1554:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1497:
1484:
1478:. Routledge.
1475:
1457:
1412:
1402:
1383:
1349:
1331:
1327:
1283:
1257:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1191:
1171:
1153:
1078:
1074:
1057:
1046:
1032:
1022:
1002:
990:
986:Dan Khunthot
969:
963:
959:
944:
940:Mᚥc ThiÊn TáŧĐ
920:Thammathibet
904:
883:Central Siam
876:
869:centered on
848:
831:Nakhon Nayok
820:
805:
793:
789:
767:
765:
746:through the
741:
727:Nakhon Nayok
724:
720:
708:āļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāļĻāļĢāļĩāļāļēāļ§āļē
689:
677:Chacheongsao
673:Nakhon Nayok
665:
649:Gulf of Siam
637:
628:
621:
598:
590:Dutch Ceylon
575:
549:
526:
517:
512:
500:
498:
467:Anuradhapura
461:
457:
452:
444:
436:
419:
414:
403:
396:
359:
346:Indian Ocean
338:
324:
319:
316:
308:
305:
296:
292:
285:
279:
257:
249:Front Palace
244:
241:Thammathibet
238:
228:
224:
200:
196:
194:
177:
160:
154:
151:
147:Thammathibet
138:
124:
123:
115:
108:
48:
18:
17:
15:
1627:1768 deaths
1533:. ABC-CLIO.
1070:CulÄsakaraj
960:Zhao Wangji
844:Chanthaburi
780:CulÄsakaraj
685:Bang Lamung
669:Prachinburi
657:Chanthaburi
546:South India
529:Trincomalee
432:Siam Nikaya
229:Kromma Muen
225:Kromma Khun
71:Chanthaburi
21:Thepphiphit
19:Kromma Muen
1621:Categories
1099:References
965:territory.
823:Phraya Tak
732:Phraya Tak
640:Tenasserim
613:Tenasserim
605:Tenasserim
535:the Dutch
513:Sangharaja
483:in modern
458:Sangharaja
438:Sangharaja
424:Borommakot
415:Upasampada
375:throne of
310:Chatusadom
287:Chatusadom
266:āđāļāđāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļĄ
253:Borommakot
190:Borommakot
105:Early Life
63:Tenasserim
1386:. Brill.
1352:. Brill.
1092:Guangzhou
1054:Phetracha
951:Guangzhou
936:Cantonese
867:northeast
855:Uthumphon
770:Prayong (
700:āļŦāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāļē
647:into the
617:Uthumphon
596:in 1762.
542:Tuticorin
499:In 1760,
489:Sri Lanka
471:Kehelella
373:Sinhalese
342:Sri Lanka
325:Chao Krom
320:Chao Krom
221:Uthumphon
192:in 1733.
137:) of the
83:northeast
1411:(2020).
1156:. Brill.
1034:kingdom.
1025:Thonburi
998:Siemreap
924:Cambodia
907:Thonburi
851:Ekkathat
761:Ekkathat
681:Chonburi
653:Ekkathat
609:Ekkathat
282:Ekkathat
143:Ekkathat
120:parakeet
116:Khaektao
99:Thonburi
37:Ekkathat
1095:1768).
1088:Hà TiÊn
932:Hà TiÊn
768:Momchao
651:coast.
564:in the
554:Batavia
507:at the
420:Bhikkhu
398:Bhikkhu
239:Prince
81:in the
16:Prince
1419:
1390:
1356:
1290:
1029:Taksin
1013:āļāļļāļāļāļāļ°
973:Rama I
928:Thaisa
911:Taksin
887:Phimai
871:Phimai
785:Phimai
601:Mergui
518:Adigar
501:Adigar
462:Adigar
453:Adigar
369:Telugu
350:Ceylon
245:Wangna
161:Uparat
155:Wangna
112:Thaisa
91:Taksin
87:Phimai
59:Mergui
50:Sangha
41:Ceylon
1494:(PDF)
938:lord
485:Kandy
448:Kandy
428:Upali
377:Kandy
180:Pan (
127:Khaek
1417:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1080:Qing
1062:Thai
1038:Thai
1009:Thai
1005:Laos
947:Qing
797:Thai
772:Thai
712:Thai
704:Thai
696:Thai
683:and
262:Thai
213:Thai
205:Thai
197:Krom
182:Thai
131:Thai
25:Thai
1060:" (
1036:" (
837:to
659:on
603:in
544:in
524:.
174:Lao
172:or
164:or
158:or
93:of
73:on
1623::
1599:^
1589:.
1563:^
1539:^
1506:^
1496:.
1466:^
1431:^
1368:^
1340:^
1330:.
1326:.
1302:^
1266:^
1256:.
1241:^
1200:^
1180:^
1162:^
1106:^
1064::
1040::
1011::
967:"
799::
774::
763:.
714::
706::
698::
679:,
675:,
487:,
336:.
332:,
264::
231:.
215::
207::
184::
133::
118:("
61:,
27::
1500:.
1425:.
1396:.
1362:.
1332:1
1296:.
1260:.
1220:.
873:.
260:(
203:(
129:(
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.