860:
179:
749:
The consonants /k/, /ŋ/, /s/, /k/, /t/ and /ʈ/ are palatalized under certain conditions when in front of the vowels /i/ or /ɪ/ or the semivowel /y/. That means that their pronunciation shifts from the back of the mouth to the palatal region to a certain degree, depending on the consonant, on whether
741:
are grammatically treated like long consonants. They occur, for example, in the singular personal pronouns: /àʔàŋ/ 'I', /ùʔùŋ/ 'you', /ìʔìŋ/ 'he'. Out of the long consonants, only /ff/ is known to occur at the beginning of words, as in /ffà/ 'tree'. The long consonant /ŋŋ/ is very rare, but occurs
724:
and -ATR. It is unclear what group /e/ belongs in because it is being used to replace either /ɪ/ or the combination of /y/ and /a/, which are similar sounding. The word for “two” for example can either be written /-yáarè/ or /-yáaryà/. Unlike /ɪ/, /e/ can also be used in the same word as -vowels
728:
The placement of /o/ and /a/ in the vowel harmony groups is based on the circumstance that /o/ can only be found in the same word with -vowels and /a/ can only be found in the same word with -vowels. They are both also found in words together with only consonants and/or with /e/.
800:
is only obligatory in front of /y/. In front of /i/ and /ɪ/, it is optional for the velar plosives within a morpheme, but in the initial position they cannot be fully palatalized. For /s/, palatalization is always optional. Thus the pronunciation of the word
261:
and very small amounts of other
African languages. The most common of these is Arabic with 70% of the 443 surveyed people stating to speak the language, although most of them do not speak it as their mother language. It is rather being used as a
269:
According to the survey, there is a high rate of illiteracy among the people in the Krongo region. Many of the younger children don´t know Arabic yet – 90.3% of the people claimed to have learned it after their early childhood. The schools
274:) use Arabic as a language of instruction though, which is probably the reason why few of the Krongo people go to school. The majority of the people with a formal education are people who speak Arabic as their mother language and/or men.
245:
According to research from 1985, Krongo speakers are usually farmers and live off of cultivating crops like sorghum, beans, sesame, peanuts and corn as well as keeping animals like cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and chickens.
1787:
1435:
1073:
1100:
189:
1806:
1821:
1780:
1428:
721:
1093:
249:
A survey from the year 1976 states that other languages spoken in the surveyed region (here referred to as “Krongo” as well) are
1773:
1421:
165:
1455:
1811:
1086:
797:
753:/ŋ/ is completely palatalized in front of all three sounds, so that it becomes the palatal nasal /ɲ/. For example:
289:
The language of Krongo contains the long and short consonant phonemes and the long and short vowels shown beneath.
1233:
239:
lists Angolo, Tabanya, and Toroji in Krongo hills; and Buram, Damaguto, Dar, Dimadragu, and
Dimodongo villages.
1816:
1402:
1753:
1150:
1123:
859:
82:
1444:
1168:
1059:
Language Survey of the Sudan – Southern
Kordofan, The Nuba Mountains, Krongo, Selected tables No. 2
1109:
750:
it's /y/ or one of the vowels and depending on if it's an initial consonant or within the word.
55:
1593:
1580:
1500:
742:
for example in the word /àŋŋá/ 'we'. /p/ and /pp/ are rare as well. They occur for example in
242:
The speakers themselves refer to the language as “nìinò mó-dì”, meaning “language from home”.
913:
901:
889:
1719:
1705:
1668:
1616:
1584:
1531:
1515:
1251:
1241:
1223:
1213:
1183:
1178:
1131:
1689:
1629:
1566:
1541:
1480:
1397:
1377:
1346:
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1276:
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1261:
1256:
1218:
1203:
1126:
271:
74:
1757:
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1606:
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1546:
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1510:
1490:
1470:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1266:
1246:
1193:
1188:
1163:
258:
254:
224:
220:
114:
93:
88:
157:
1800:
1601:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1413:
1372:
1336:
1331:
1296:
1281:
1208:
1158:
717:
263:
1173:
926:
738:
121:
1475:
826:
178:
170:
852:
235:
150:
134:
847:
141:
1050:
Die Krongo-Sprache (Nìinò Mó-dì) – Beschreibung, Texte, Wörterverzeichnis
743:
45:
278:
1057:
Institute of
African and Asian Studies University of Khartoum (1978).
1078:
250:
186:
817:
These palatalization patterns apply to the long consonants as well.
914:
Institute of
African and Asian Studies University of Khartoum 1978
902:
Institute of
African and Asian Studies University of Khartoum 1978
890:
Institute of
African and Asian Studies University of Khartoum 1978
228:
35:
1417:
1082:
1074:
814:→ complete palatalization, change to the palatal fricative.
829:
are being marked with a case prefix according to the verb.
737:
In front of long consonants, only short vowels are used.
1761:
185:
Krongo is classified as
Definitely Endangered by the
984:
982:
1718:
1698:
1677:
1651:
1642:
1615:
1592:
1579:
1524:
1463:
1454:
1390:
1365:
1232:
1149:
1140:
1116:
164:
148:
132:
127:
111:
71:
61:
51:
41:
31:
21:
873:
871:
869:
825:Apart from the subject and the direct object, all
223:spoken in the South West of the Nuba Mountains in
277:The Krongo, like other Nuba, are predominantly
1781:
1429:
1094:
796:For the other mentioned consonants, complete
8:
1788:
1774:
1648:
1589:
1460:
1436:
1422:
1414:
1146:
1101:
1087:
1079:
177:
18:
755:
648:
585:
424:
291:
190:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
837:
843:
841:
811:→ palatal secondary articulation, or
7:
1749:
1747:
716:The vowels are divided into the two
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
973:
961:
949:
877:
14:
858:
16:Kadu language of Kordofan, Sudan
1807:Definitely endangered languages
1:
1760:. You can help Knowledge by
1052:(in German). Berlin: Reimer.
266:at the market than at home.
1822:Nilo-Saharan language stubs
1838:
1746:
704:
696:
658:
656:
642:
634:
595:
593:
293:short consonant phonemes
176:
26:
426:long consonant phonemes
219:after local towns, is a
1403:Sudanese Sign Languages
1048:Reh, Mechthild (1985).
916:, pp. 3, 4, 8, 13.
702:unclear phoneme status
640:unclear phoneme status
1756:–related article is a
1754:Nilo-Saharan languages
808:→ not palatalized, or
805:could look like this:
1445:Kordofanian languages
1015:, pp. 11–12, 14.
952:, pp. 11–12, 28.
587:short vowel phonemes
650:long vowel phonemes
213:Dimodongo, Kadumodi,
790:the /y/ is dropped
651:
588:
427:
294:
1812:Languages of Sudan
1117:Official languages
1110:Languages of Sudan
1039:, pp. 6, 263.
787:'and he is alone'
649:
586:
425:
292:
67:54,000 (2022)
1769:
1768:
1741:
1740:
1714:
1713:
1638:
1637:
1575:
1574:
1411:
1410:
1386:
1385:
927:"Krongo in Sudan"
856:(27th ed., 2024)
794:
793:
776:'and he is tall'
765:'and he uplifts'
709:
708:
647:
646:
584:
583:
423:
422:
198:
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1790:
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863:
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589:
428:
407:Semi consonants
295:
192:
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144:
137:
117:
77:
19:
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1412:
1407:
1398:Sudanese Arabic
1391:Other languages
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908:
904:, pp. 1–2.
900:
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839:
835:
827:nominal phrases
823:
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203:, also spelled
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75:Language family
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63:Native speakers
17:
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11:
5:
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1817:Kadu languages
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1068:External links
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931:Joshua Project
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798:palatalization
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128:Language codes
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115:Writing system
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89:Kadugli–Krongo
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32:Native to
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1456:Talodi–Heiban
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1038:
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1030:
1027:, p. 15.
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:, p. 12.
1002:
997:
994:
991:, p. 17.
990:
985:
983:
979:
976:, p. 28.
975:
970:
967:
964:, p. 29.
963:
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751:
747:
746:from Arabic.
745:
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739:Glottal stops
732:
730:
726:
723:
719:
718:vowel harmony
711:
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264:lingua franca
260:
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230:
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222:
221:Kadu language
218:
214:
211:and known as
210:
206:
202:
191:
188:
180:
175:
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163:
159:
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152:
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66:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1762:expanding it
1751:
1743:
1684:
1448:(geographic)
1198:
1151:Nilo-Saharan
1058:
1049:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
969:
957:
945:
934:. Retrieved
930:
921:
909:
897:
885:
880:, p. 1.
851:
824:
816:
813:
810:
807:
802:
795:
752:
748:
736:
727:
715:
465:
436:Dental/Alv.
303:Dental/Alv.
288:
276:
268:
248:
244:
241:
234:
233:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
149:
98:
83:Nilo-Saharan
1234:Niger-Congo
566:Semivowels
553:/ll/, /rr/
508:Fricatives
485:Implosives
354:Fricatives
337:Implosives
56:Krongo Nuba
1801:Categories
1141:Indigenous
936:2023-01-15
853:Ethnologue
833:References
781:ŋ- + yúŋwà
759:ŋ- + ɪdɪnà
744:loan words
733:Consonants
439:Retroflex
306:Retroflex
236:Ethnologue
1143:languages
770:ŋ- + íicì
762:→ ɲídínà
453:Plosives
396:/l/, /r/
317:Plosives
285:Phonology
151:Glottolog
135:ISO 639-3
52:Ethnicity
27:Dimodongo
1501:Shirumba
1312:Shirumba
1124:Standard
1037:Reh 1985
1025:Reh 1985
1013:Reh 1985
1001:Reh 1985
989:Reh 1985
974:Reh 1985
962:Reh 1985
950:Reh 1985
878:Reh 1985
784:→ ɲúŋwà
773:→ ɲíicì
725:though.
548:Liquids
448:Glottal
442:Palatal
391:Liquids
309:Palatal
281:people.
158:kron1241
46:Kordofan
1706:Kadugli
1678:Eastern
1669:Tulishi
1652:Western
1602:Domorik
1532:Acheron
1516:Warnang
1357:Warnang
1252:Dengebu
1242:Acheron
1224:Zaghawa
1214:Tulishi
1184:Kadugli
1179:Kadallu
1132:English
720:groups
527:Nasals
433:Labial
372:Nasals
300:Labial
272:khalwas
217:Tabanya
209:Kurungu
205:Korongo
94:Eastern
1720:Lafofa
1690:Tumtum
1685:Krongo
1630:Tegali
1617:Rashad
1607:Kaalak
1585:Rashad
1567:Torona
1542:Jomang
1525:Talodi
1481:Kwalib
1464:Heiban
1378:Domari
1347:Torona
1322:Tegali
1277:Kwalib
1262:Jomang
1219:Tumtum
1204:Temein
1199:Krongo
1127:Arabic
848:Krongo
821:Syntax
712:Vowels
445:Velar
312:Velar
279:Muslim
251:Arabic
201:Krongo
187:UNESCO
171:Krongo
99:Krongo
42:Region
22:Krongo
1752:This
1733:Tegem
1728:Amira
1699:Other
1664:Keiga
1659:Kanga
1625:Tagoi
1594:Katla
1581:Katla
1562:Tocho
1557:Ngile
1552:Nding
1547:Lumun
1537:Dagik
1511:Utoro
1491:Logol
1471:Ebang
1366:Other
1352:Utoro
1342:Tocho
1327:Tegem
1317:Tagoi
1307:Ngile
1302:Nding
1292:Lumun
1287:Logol
1267:Katla
1257:Ebang
1247:Amira
1194:Keiga
1189:Kanga
1164:Dinka
705:/ee/
697:/aa/
694:/oo/
685:/ʊʊ/
680:/uu/
677:/ii/
576:/yy/
569:/ww/
541:/ŋŋ/
538:/ɲɲ/
533:/nn/
530:/mm/
514:/ss/
511:/ff/
495:/ɗɗ/
490:/ɓɓ/
477:/kk/
472:/cc/
466:/ʈʈ/
464:/nʈ/
461:/tt/
456:/pp/
259:Hausa
255:Dinka
229:Sudan
122:Latin
36:Sudan
1758:stub
1644:Kadu
1506:Tiro
1496:Moro
1486:Laro
1373:Beja
1337:Tiro
1332:Tima
1297:Moro
1282:Laro
1209:Tese
1169:Doni
1159:Daza
803:síkà
722:+ATR
643:/e/
635:/a/
632:/o/
623:/ʊ/
620:/ɪ/
617:/u/
614:/i/
493:/nɗ/
488:/nɓ/
480:/ʔ/
475:/nk/
470:/nc/
459:/nt/
417:/y/
410:/w/
386:/ŋ/
383:/ɲ/
378:/n/
375:/m/
365:/ʃ/
360:/s/
357:/f/
343:/ɗ/
340:/ɓ/
332:/k/
329:/c/
326:/ʈ/
323:/t/
320:/p/
1174:Fur
850:at
231:.
215:or
207:or
166:ELP
142:kgo
1803::
1476:Ko
1272:Ko
981:^
929:.
868:^
840:^
257:,
253:,
227:,
85:?
1789:e
1782:t
1775:v
1764:.
1583:-
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
1102:e
1095:t
1088:v
1061:.
939:.
892:.
270:(
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