680:. Fu Jiezi gained entry to Loulan by claiming to carry silk and valuables as gifts for the king. After the king of Loulan became drunk after receiving his gifts, Fu Jiezi's guard stabbed him to death, severed his head and had it hung from a tower above the northern gate. Upon completing the assassination, the guard supposedly proclaimed: "The Son of Heaven (Han Emperor Zhao) has sent me to punish the king, by reason of his crime in turning against the Han...Han troops are about the arrive here; do not dare to make any move which would result in yourselves bringing about the destruction of your state." While the king's younger brother Weituqi (尉屠耆) succeeded him as king, the Han court apparently tightened its grip on Loulan from this point – a step symbolized by the Han court obliging Loulan to adopt a new official name, the non-native
661:
had been castrated for infringing Han law, without the knowledge of Loulan. The Han court replied that its
Emperor had grown too fond of the prince to release him, and that another son should be enthroned in Loulan. The son of the new king was also sent to the Han court as a hostage, yet another was sent to the Xiongnu. After the death of this king of Loulan, the Xiongnu returned the hostage sent previously by Loulan – a prince named Chang Gui or An Gui (嘗歸 or 安歸), who became king of Loulan. When the Han court heard of this, it demanded that the new king present himself to the Han court. Chang Gui refused, on his wife's advice – because the Han court had previously failed to return hostages.
665:
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1130:– A fortified town lying 30 km to the northeast of L.A. It is the only known city in the region with a northern gate. Since a northern gate was mentioned in the Han Chinese text about the assassination of the king of Loulan, it has therefore been suggested to be the capital of Loulan in the 1st century BCE, before the Han Chinese gained control the region. Others, however, argue that the northern gate does not refer to Loulan but
541:. Genetic analysis of the mummies, however, suggests that the Early–Middle Bronze Age population may have arisen from an ancient genetically isolated local population but were possibly influenced by the pastoralist and agriculturalist practices of their neighbours. The mummies were wrapped in cotton and silk, the former from the west and latter from the east, further providing evidence as to Loulan's commercial importance.
996:", due to its relatedness to the two other Tocharian languages. It has been partially reconstructed from around 100 loanwords and over a thousand proper names used in these Prakrit documents that cannot be ascribed to Indic. In 2018, documents from Loulan written in Tocharian C were published, indicating a relationship to Tocharian A and B, but transcription of the texts in this study has been rejected by other scholars.
45:
550:
638:(or Jushi). Consequently, in 108 BCE, Loulan was attacked by a Han force led by Zhao Ponu (趙破奴) and its king captured, after which Loulan agreed to pay a tribute to Han China. The Xiongnu, on hearing of these events, also attacked Loulan. The king of Loulan therefore elected to send one of his sons as a hostage to the Xiongnu and another to the Han court. Due to Loulan's association with the Xiongnu, the
537:, have been found in Loulan and in its surrounding areas. One female mummy has been dated to c. 1800 BCE (3,800-year-old), indicating very early settlement of the region. The disinterred corpses were not Chinese or Indian but had fair hair and light skin, some over six feet in length; this has led to suggestions that those from the Shanshan kingdoms were descendants of migrants from the
930:
607:
1139:– 10 km to the northwest of L.A., containing building foundations and a cemetery. Archaeologists discovered the body of a young man in a wooden coffin, wearing a felt hat and leather boots and lying under a woolen blanket. A bunch of ephedra twigs was placed beside him in a similar fashion to many much older burials found in the region.
1120:– A walled settlement lying to the north of the lake. The thick wall is made of packed earth and straw and was over 1,000 feet (300 m) on each side and 20 feet (6.1 m) thick at the base. It contains a large stupa and some administrative buildings and was occupied for a long time. It is usually thought to be the city of Loulan.
749:
recommended that a
Chinese colony of 500 men be established in Loulan. A later military colony was established at Loulan by General Suo Man. It was recorded that in 222 CE, Shanshan sent tribute to China, and that in 283, the son of the king was sent as a hostage to the Chinese court during the reign
660:
The Han emperor was satisfied with the statement and released the king, but retained his son as hostage. When this particular king of Loulan died, in 92 BCE, his court requested that the Han court release the king's son and heir be returned to Loulan. In the meantime, however, this prince from Loulan
895:
country rugged and hilly, with a thin and barren soil. The clothes of the common people are coarse, and like those worn in our land of Han, some wearing felt and others coarse serge or cloth of hair; — this was the only difference seen among them. The king professed (our) Law, and there might be in
740:
went with a small group of followers to
Shanshan, which was also receiving a delegation from the Xiongnu at the same time. Ban Chao killed the Xiongnu envoys and presented their heads to the King, after which King Guang of Shanshan submitted to Han authority. This would ensure the first step of the
1791:
Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun; Ruan, Qiurong; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Dong, Guanghui; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Yang, Ruowei; Tang, Zihua; Ma, Pengcheng;
1105:
and identified many sites in the area. He designated these sites with the letter L (for Loulan), followed by a letter of the alphabet (A to T) allocated in the chronological order the sites were visited. Stein recovered many artifacts, including various documents, a wool-pile carpet fragment, some
646:
The
Emperor commanded Wen to lead the troops by a suitable route, to arrest the king of Lou-lan and to bring him to the palace at the capital city. interrogated by presenting him with a bill of indictment, which he answered by claiming that was a small state lying between large states, and that
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to Loulan. Although
Gandhari was used as the administrative language, some words generally thought to be of Tocharian origin are found in the documents, suggesting that the locals spoke a language that belongs to the Tocharian group of languages. This original language of Loulan is referred to as
724:
After the Han dynasty had gained control of Loulan, the renamed kingdom of
Shanshan became a Chinese puppet state. The newly installed king, fearing retribution from the sons of the assassinated king, requested that a contingent of Han forces be established in Yixun (伊循, variously identified as
965:(Gumugou), around 70 km west-north-west of Loulan. The mummies have been dated to as early as 1800 BCE. Genetic and proteomic analyses of the mummies, however, suggests that the local population were genetically isolated but were influenced by practices of neighbouring populations.
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2628:
862:. In company with their flocks and herds the inhabitants go in search of water and pasture, and there are asses, horses and large number of camels. are capable of making military weapons in the same way as the Ch'o of the
690:
Because of its strategic position on what became the main route from China to the West, during the Han dynasty, control of it was regularly contested between the
Chinese and the Xiongnu until well into the 2nd century CE.
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Charklik or Miran). Chinese army officers were sent to colonize the area, and an office of commandant was established at Yixun. A number of settlements in the Tarim Basin such as Qiemo and Niya were described in the
841:, Han envoys described the troops of Loulan as weak and easy to attack. Shanshan was said to have 1,570 households and 14,000 individuals, with 2,912 persons able to bear arms. It further described the region thus:
767:, which supported the settlement, changed course; the military garrison was moved 50 kilometres (31 mi) south to Haitou (海頭). The fort of Yingpan to the northwest remained under Chinese control until the
1792:
Li, Chunxiang; Gao, Shizhu; Xu, Yang; Wu, Sihao; Wen, Shaoqing; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui; Robbeets, Martine; Kumar, Vikas; Krause, Johannes; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Cui, Yinqiu (27 October 2021).
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The land is sandy and salt, and there are few cultivated fields. The state hopes to obtain cultivated fields and look to neighbouring states for field-crops. It produces jade and there is an abundance of
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passed through this region in 644 on his return from India to China, visited a town called Nafubo (納縛波, thought to be
Charklik) of Loulan, and wrote of Qiemo, "A fortress exists, but not a trace of man".
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as independent states, but these later became part of
Shanshan. While the name of the kingdom was changed to Shanshan by the Chinese, the Loulan region continued to be known as Kroran by the locals.
494:
as far north as the
Taklamakan desert, to important trading cities like Loulan and its commercial rival Niya. This is evidenced by graffiti carved on stones along the route in Indic scripts such as
676:
In 77 BCE, after several Han envoys had been intercepted and killed in or near Loulan, a Chinese delegation was sent with orders to assassinate the king of Loulan, including an envoy named
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482:. Archeological evidence suggests a sophisticated culture with major importance in the trade between central Asia and India. Southern merchants passed through mountain ranges such as the
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unless it subjected itself to both parties, there would be no means of keeping itself in safety; he therefore wished to remove his kingdom and take up residence within the Han territory.
1075:(266–420), which recorded that the area was called "Krorän" by the locals in Kharosthi but was rendered as "Lou-lan" in Chinese. Hedin also proposed that a change in the course of the
449:. It was intermittently under Chinese control from the early Han dynasty onward until its abandonment centuries later. The ruins of Loulan are near the now-desiccated Lop Nur in the
921:
entitled "Lou-lan" recounts the continual flux of control in the area and how the inhabitants dealt with Chinese & nomadic invaders throughout its relatively short history.
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Kazuo Enoki (1998), "Yü-ni-ch’êng and the Site of Lou-Lan," and "The Location of the Capital of Lou-Lan and the Date of the Kharoshthi Inscriptions," in Rokuro Kono (ed),
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In 1979 and 1980, three archaeological expeditions sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Xinjiang Branch performed excavations in Loulan. They discovered a
518:, where it joined the so-called "northern route," and was also connected by a route southwest to the kingdom's seat of government in the town of Wuni in the Charkhlik/
2472:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 20–21 footnote #38, ISSN 2157-9687.
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in 77 BCE; however, the town at the northwestern corner of Lop Nur retained the name of Loulan. The kingdom included at various times settlements such as
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2121:, the Loulan king Bilong, so as to avoid troubles from Juqu Anzhou, led half his countrymen and fled to Qiemo, which later controlled Shanshan.
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1183:; and a home 41 feet (12 m) long by 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, apparently for a Chinese official, housing 3 rooms and supported by wooden
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15 feet (4.6 m) deep and 55 feet (17 m) wide running through Loulan from northwest to southeast, a 32-foot (9.8 m) high earthen
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believed to be remains of these people, for example the so-called "Beauty of Loulan" which was found by Chinese archaeologists in 1979–1980 at
4539:
2708:
2503:
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1911:
93:
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736:, Loulan was essentially independent. In 25 CE it was recorded that Loulan was in league with the Xiongnu. In 73 CE, the Han army officer
414:. The term Loulan is the Chinese transcription of the native name Kroraïna and is used to refer to the city near the brackish desert lake
148:
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Downloadable article: "Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age" Li et al.
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were present in the area in 313 CE, as well as Han Chinese and Tibetan tribesmen, indicating an ethnically diverse population in Loulan.
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1144:– A walled city to the west of the lake with only a gateway in the city wall. It has been identified as Haitou by some archaeologists.
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in reconstructed Han dynasty pronunciation, an approximation of Krorän). Centuries later in 664 CE the Tang Chinese Buddhist monk
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The Tarim Basin in the 3rd century, showing two sites of the town of Loulan, the Shanshan kingdom, and the related states
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Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
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mentioned a place in Loulan named "Nafupo" (納縛溥), which according to Dr. Hisao Matsuda is a transliteration of the
716:
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2809:(London: John Murray, 1980). (An approachable account of twentieth-century archaeology in the Taklamakan desert.)
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script; their use in Loulan and elsewhere in the Tarim Basin was most likely due to the cultural legacy of the
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1852:[Brocade, lacquer, bronze, iron, and tea: Artifacts made in Sichuan unearthed along the Silk Road].
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634:. However, according to Chinese sources, Han envoys to Fergana were harassed by Loulan and the kingdom of
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904:, all practise the rules of India, only that the latter do so more exactly, and the former more loosely.
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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A study of the silk routes during the later Han, 1st to 2nd centuries CE
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Krořän/Loulan and several other Indo-European oases kingdoms as Western Region Protectorate of the Han.
4397:
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Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia
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954:
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The first contemporaneous mention of Loulan, in Chinese records, are from 126 BCE. A letter from the
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Valerie Hansen (2012). "Chapter 1: At the Crossroads of Central Asia – The Kingdom of Kroraina".
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775:, King Bilong of Shanshan fled to Qiemo together with half of his countrymen after an attack by
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migrants from the Kushan Empire. These Gandharan migrants are also believed to have introduced
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Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel
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809:, at the beginning of the Tang period, Shanfutuo (鄯伏陁) led the remaining Shanshan people to
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After the 5th century, however, the land was frequently invaded by nomadic states such as
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286:
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The region remained under Chinese control intermittently, and when China was weak in the
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to the Chinese emperor, in which the Chanyu boasted of conquering Loulan, as well as the
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Fragment of carpet discovered by Aurel Stein in a refuse pit at Loulan. 3rd–4th century.
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Ma Dazheng. 2003. The Tarim Basin. Ch. 7 in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia.
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The native name of Loulan was "Kroraina" or "Krorän", written in Chinese as Loulan 樓蘭 (
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527:
50:
44:
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The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the mystery of the earliest peoples from the west
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The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
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Studia Asiatica: The Collected Papers in Western Languages of the Late Dr. Kazuo Enoki
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1666:"Language Log » Prakritic "Kroraina" and Old Sinitic reconstructions of "Loulan""
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1149:– A fortress lying 5 km northwest of L.K., similar in construction but smaller.
1018:, maintained minority communities in various places in China at the time, especially
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918:
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635:
534:
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Galambos, Imre (2015), "She Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
745:' from central China to Shanshan would be under stable Chinese control. Around 119,
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Volume 5: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
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Original text: 真君三年，鄯善王比龍避沮渠安周之難，率國人之半奔且末，後役屬鄯善。 Translation: In the third year of
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introduced irrigation techniques to the region by damming the Zhubin (possibly the
780:
768:
263:
53:, 3rd–4th century. The patterns show influences from ancient western civilizations.
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1998:"Hedin, the Man Who Solved the Mystery of the Wandering Lake: Lop Nor and Lou-lan"
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The earliest known residents in Loulan are thought to have been a subgroup of the
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in 442 CE so Shanshan came to be ruled by Qiemo. In 445 Shanshan submitted to the
2721:
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2419:
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1997:
1901:
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The town of Loulan was abandoned in 330 CE, likely due to lack of water when the
754:. Loulan was also recorded as a dependent kingdom of Shanshan in the 3rd century
591:, Hujie (呼揭) and another "26 states nearby". In the same year, the Chinese envoy
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900:. The common people of this and other kingdoms (in that region), as well as the
884:) to irrigate the fields and produced bumper harvests for the next three years.
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Lou-lan and other stories: Transl. by James T Araki & Edward Seidensticker
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of the Tarim Basin. Excavations in Loulan and the surrounding areas have found
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The official language found in 3rd century CE documents in this region is
478:
By the 2nd century BC, Loulan had grown to dominate the region around the
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resulted in Lop Nur drying up may be the reason why Loulan had perished.
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who stayed in Shanshan in 399 on the way to India, described the country:
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Inoue, Yasushi; Araki, James Tomomasa; Seidensticker, Edward G. (1981).
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A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
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the country more than four thousand monks who were all students of the
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Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin
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along the trade route). From here, Loulan was on the main route from
499:
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already known in the 2nd century BCE on the northeastern edge of the
359:
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Sources pour l'histoire et la géographie du monde iranien (224–710)
2235:
The Silk Road – China and the Karakorum Highway: A Travel Companion
2133:
Original text: 从此东行六百余里至折摩驮那故国。即涅末地也。城郭岿然人烟断绝。复此东北行千余里至纳缚波故国。即楼兰地也。
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2399:"Language Log » Tocharian C: its discovery and implications"
2338:"The Problem of Tocharian Origins: An Archaeological Perspective"
1125:– A site with stupas at 13 km to the northwest of the L.A.
1101:
made further excavations in 1906 and 1914 around the old lake of
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2420:"'Tocharian C' Again: The Plot Thickens and the Mystery Deepens"
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Felt and feather hat from Loulan. Early Han dynasty 202 BCE–8 CE
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2802:. Edited by Chahryar Adle and Irfan Habib. UNESCO Publications.
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The famous historical short story by acclaimed Japanese author
1234:
564:
court (206 BCE – 220 CE) were described in some detail in the
2776:(revised ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
2638:. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Web site, 2003 May 22
1794:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
1210:
Other reported (2003) finds in the area include additional
1187:. They also collected 797 objects from the area, including
622:
141 BCE – 87 BCE) was interested in extending contact with
1579:
The Loulan kingdom and contemporary polities circa 100 BCE
1030:
in the Tarim Basin. Documents found in Loulan showed that
4560:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang
2738:
annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the
1903:
Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC—AD 600
1134:. The site was occupied until the late 3rd century CE.
2723:
China in Central Asia: The early stage 125 BC – AD 23
630:), following the reports of it by the Chinese envoy,
429:) after its king was assassinated by an envoy of the
268:
2196:. Oxford University Press Warehouse. pp. 12–15.
1642:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 152, 246
402:), was an ancient kingdom based around an important
327:
313:
4344:
4312:
4109:
4016:
3958:
3795:
3727:
3614:
3596:
3493:
3455:
3448:
3412:
3086:
3017:
2964:
2869:
2517:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
2331:
2329:
321:
307:
302:
285:
280:
262:
255:
250:
232:
218:
213:
204:
192:
187:
179:
142:
128:
120:
2301:
457:and they are now completely surrounded by desert.
2629:An Overview of 20th Century Xinjiang Explorations
2101:Baumer, Christoph. (2000), pp. 125–126, 135–136.
2211:(2. print ed.). Tokyo : Kodansha Internat.
1906:. Barnes & Noble Books. 2000. p. 2.24.
599:city near the great salt lake or marsh known as
1067:, who excavated some houses and found a wooden
1050:200–400 AD. The staff suggests the Greek deity
893:
843:
644:
2774:Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II
3064:
2849:
2666:Mallory, J. P. & Mair, Victor H. (2000).
2611:"Unclosed the Mystery of the Ancient City LK"
1071:tablet and many Chinese manuscripts from the
655:, chapter 96a, translation from Hulsewé 1979.
238:
224:
8:
1153:Chinese archaeological expedition, 1979–1980
1063:The ruined city of Loulan was discovered by
937:influences, from the mural paintings signed
30:
2765:– via Internet Archive (archive.org).
2456:
2273:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
2049:
2029:. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 4–5.
1879:Chapter 96a, translation from Hulsewé 1979.
1775:
1748:
1248:painted red and with large nose and teeth,
3452:
3071:
3057:
3049:
2856:
2842:
2834:
2064:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilization
787:reestablished the city state of Shanshan.
299:
247:
43:
29:
4382:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2360:"Bronze Age languages of the Tarim Basin"
2295:
2293:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1825:
1640:Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese
2519:, Leiden & Boston: Brill, pp 870–72.
2308:. Oxford University Press, USA. p.
2066:. Fact on Files, Inc. pp. 309–311.
1786:
1784:
928:
876:, General Suo Mai (索勱, also Suo Man) of
605:
560:The interactions between Loulan and the
464:
49:A carved wooden beam from Loulan in the
4229:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
3119:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2937:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
2749:Mallory, J.P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000).
2166:
2154:
2142:
2010:
1977:, pp. 3, 7, 9, 11, 35, 37, 85–101.
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1858:(in Simplified Chinese). March 28, 2017
1736:
1631:
1094:document found in Loulan by Aurel Stein
451:Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture
4484:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
2193:Fa-Hien's Record Of Buddistic Kingdoms
1996:Makiko Onishi & Asanobu Kitamoto.
1888:
1651:
802:and the area gradually was abandoned.
533:A number of mummies, now known as the
201:
100:
72:
2613:. travel-silkroad.com. Archived from
2276:. British Library. pp. 170–171.
2232:Tucker, Jonathan (18 December 2013).
783:. At the end of the 6th century, the
7:
4550:Populated places along the Silk Road
1974:
1760:
1715:A Dictionary of Gāndhārī – Krorayina
556:fragment uncovered in Loulan Kingdom
4545:Former populated places in Xinjiang
4510:Former countries in Chinese history
4439:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
2895:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2755:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
2447:, Tokyo: Kyu-Shoin, pp 200, 211–57.
825:Descriptions in historical accounts
399:
4434:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
3435:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2529:Bromberg, Carol (2006). "Review –
2498:, Oxford University Press, p. 98,
2485:, McFarland & Company, p. 134.
1014:meaning "new water." Sogdians, an
910:A Record of the Buddhist Countries
27:Ancient kingdom in Xinjiang, China
25:
4520:Former monarchies of Central Asia
3845:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
2740:History of the Former Han Dynasty
2062:Charles F.W. Higham, ed. (2004).
2023:Rafe de Crespigny (14 May 2014).
614:During the late 2nd century BCE,
4530:Archaeological cultures of China
3037:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
1278:
502:, while there are depictions of
99:
92:
71:
64:
4444:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
3714:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
2879:(5th century BC–5th century AD)
2864:Historical polities in Xinjiang
2672:. Thames & Hudson. London.
2336:J. P. Mallory (November 2015).
2270:; Ursula Sims-Williams (eds.).
1712:Stefan Baums and Andrew Glass.
873:Commentary on the Water Classic
709:Loulan tomb mural, 220–420 CE.
4479:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
4424:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
2703:. Charleston, SC: Book Surge.
2583:"Explorer Club Flag 60 report"
2539:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
2266:Padwa, Mariner (August 2004).
2105:. Bangkok, White Orchid Books.
364:
353:
328:
314:
269:
239:
225:
1:
3430:Silk Road transmission of art
2087:Annotated translation of the
1114:architectural wood carvings.
803:
4540:Central Asian Buddhist sites
4429:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
2496:The Silk Road: A New History
2304:The Silk Road: A New History
1664:Victor Mair (May 14, 2019).
912:, translation by James Legge
2570:. London: Methuen & Co.
2481:Howard, Michael C. (2012),
2238:. I.B.Tauris. p. 162.
4581:
2736:– via Google Books.
2373:(3): 44–53. Archived from
1818:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
698:
668:Oxhide boots from Loulan.
522:oasis, and from thence to
506:(evidencing the spread of
3930:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2713:– via Google Books.
2649:"Loulan vanished in sand"
1670:languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu
1638:Schuessler, Axel. (2009)
933:Winged male figure, with
339:
298:
291:
246:
209:
164:40.5276333°N 89.8406444°E
58:
42:
35:
4505:Ancient peoples of China
4377:Mogao Christian painting
3950:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
3664:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
3654:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
3025:Xinjiang under Qing rule
2829:Loulan, vanished in sand
2720:Hulsewé, A.F.P. (1979).
2494:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
925:Ethnolinguistic identity
421:The kingdom was renamed
418:as well as the kingdom.
220:Traditional Chinese
4474:Saksanokhur gold buckle
4362:Hephthalite silver bowl
4239:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
3279:Second Turkic Khaganate
3080:History of Central Asia
2772:Watson, Burton (1993).
2457:Mallory & Mair 2000
2050:Mallory & Mair 2000
1776:Mallory & Mair 2000
1749:Mallory & Mair 2000
570:(completed in 111 CE).
234:Simplified Chinese
4454:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
4214:Alexandria Prophthasia
3239:First Turkic Khaganate
3174:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2697:Hill, John E. (2009).
1226:that holds a hollowed
1165:
1095:
1055:
1016:Eastern Iranian people
946:
941:in the Loulan site of
915:
868:
834:
721:
713:
673:
658:
611:
595:described Loulan as a
557:
470:
386:(Krorayina) in native
169:40.5276333; 89.8406444
108:Loulan Kingdom (China)
4264:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
3639:Karsakpay inscription
3094:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
2726:. Leiden, NL: Brill.
1160:
1090:
1045:
932:
887:The Buddhist pilgrim
832:
816:The Buddhist pilgrim
719:
708:
667:
609:
552:
468:
121:Alternative name
80:Shown within Xinjiang
4071:Kutlug Timur Minaret
3606:Noin-Ula burial site
3404:Chinese Central Asia
2564:Hedin, Sven (1898).
2470:Sino-Platonic Papers
2345:Sino-Platonic Papers
2190:James Legge (1886).
2000:. Digital Silk Road.
1576:class=notpageimage|
983:, and introduced by
955:Indo-European people
771:. According to the
83:Show map of Xinjiang
4525:History of Xinjiang
4464:Siberian Ice Maiden
4254:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
3669:Petrovka settlement
3399:Soviet Central Asia
3324:Great Seljuq Empire
2943:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1850:"锦漆铜铁茶——丝绸之路上的天府制造"
1810:2021Natur.599..256Z
1778:, pp. 181–188.
1691:"Catalog – CKD 696"
1621:Xiaohe Tomb complex
1073:Western Jin dynasty
370:Eastern Han Chinese
160: /
32:
4414:Buddhas of Bamiyan
4367:Chilek silver bowl
4234:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3910:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
3699:Talapty Settlement
3485:Filippovka kurgans
3374:Khanate of Bukhara
3334:Khwarazmian Empire
3259:Ikhshids of Sogdia
3104:Afanasievo culture
2634:2011-07-24 at the
2590:The Explorers Club
2581:Christoph Baumer.
2537:by Rika Gyselen".
2418:Adams, Douglas Q.
1166:
1096:
1056:
947:
835:
722:
714:
674:
670:Former Han dynasty
612:
558:
504:Siddhartha Gautama
471:
4535:Buddhism in China
4492:
4491:
4469:Ai-Khanoum plaque
4340:
4339:
4144:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
3420:Central Asian art
3394:Russian Turkestan
3389:Chinese Turkestan
3289:Abbasid Caliphate
3253:Anxi Protectorate
3199:Kushano-Sasanians
3164:Macedonian Empire
3159:Achaemenid Empire
3129:Andronovo culture
3109:Sintashta culture
3046:
3045:
2931:Kingdom of Khotan
2870:Pre-Mongol Empire
2710:978-1-4392-2134-1
2599:on March 7, 2014.
2535:Res Orientales 18
2504:978-0-19-993921-3
2218:978-0-87011-472-4
2013:, pp. 91–92.
1965:, pp. 90–91.
1941:, pp. 87–88.
1929:, pp. 86–87.
1913:978-0-7607-1973-2
1804:(7884): 256–261.
1751:, pp. 81–87.
1222:sticks, a string
1046:Male face with a
870:According to the
837:According to the
752:Emperor Wu of Jin
616:Emperor Wu of Han
545:Early Han dynasty
394:in later Uyghur (
382:), also known as
343:
342:
335:
334:
276:
275:
257:Standard Mandarin
200:
199:
111:Show map of China
16:(Redirected from
4572:
4459:Seal of Khingila
4387:Penjikent murals
4008:Kalai Kafirnigan
3895:Koi Krylgan Kala
3704:Turkistan (city)
3689:Steppe Geoglyphs
3453:
3384:Khanate of Khiva
3344:Chagatai Khanate
3299:Saffarid dynasty
3284:Uyghur Khaganate
3073:
3066:
3059:
3050:
2972:Chagatai Khanate
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2787:
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2743:
2714:
2684:
2683:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2653:Washington Times
2645:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2617:on 4 March 2016.
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2592:. Archived from
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796:Rouran Khaganate
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4515:Former kingdoms
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4493:
4488:
4449:Afrasiab murals
4392:Sampul tapestry
4336:
4332:Shahr-e Sukhteh
4322:Bandian complex
4308:
4284:Musalla Complex
4164:Tapa-i Kafariha
4105:
4026:Cave of Dzhebel
4012:
3954:
3791:
3723:
3719:Araltobe kurgan
3610:
3592:
3518:Kizilgaha caves
3489:
3475:Pazyryk burials
3457:Southern Russia
3444:
3408:
3294:Tahirid dynasty
3264:Tokhara Yabghus
3169:Seleucid Empire
3144:Pazyryk culture
3099:Yamnaya culture
3082:
3077:
3047:
3042:
3013:
3002:Dzungar Khanate
2996:Yarkent Khanate
2960:
2927:(?–9th century)
2885:(200 BC-709 AD)
2865:
2862:
2816:
2805:Peter Hopkirk.
2795:
2793:Further reading
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406:city along the
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4196:
4194:Takht-e Rostam
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Dilberjin Tepe
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4003:Takht-i Sangin
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Guldursun-Kala
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Dalverzin Tepe
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Akchakhan-Kala
3807:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
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3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Dunhuang Caves
3565:
3563:Bezeklik Caves
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Subashi Temple
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Durrani Empire
3376:
3371:
3369:Timurid Empire
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Vakhsh culture
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3031:Xinjiang (ROC)
3028:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2990:Turpan Khanate
2987:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:Loulan Kingdom
2886:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2815:
2814:External links
2812:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2745:
2744:
2733:978-9004058842
2732:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2658:
2640:
2620:
2602:
2573:
2556:
2521:
2508:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2449:
2436:
2410:
2390:
2358:Mallory, J.P.
2350:
2325:
2319:978-0195159318
2318:
2289:
2283:978-1932476132
2282:
2251:
2245:978-1780763569
2244:
2224:
2217:
2199:
2182:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2107:
2094:
2079:
2072:
2054:
2042:
2035:
2015:
2003:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1912:
1893:
1891:, p. 140.
1881:
1869:
1841:
1780:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1718:. Gandhari.org
1704:
1693:. gandhari.org
1682:
1656:
1654:, p. 233.
1644:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
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1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
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1422:
1413:
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1391:
1378:
1369:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1323:
1312:
1303:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1154:
1151:
1084:
1081:
1060:
1057:
1039:
1036:
992:Krorainic or "
926:
923:
906:
826:
823:
699:Main article:
696:
693:
649:
546:
543:
475:
472:
462:
459:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
325:
319:
318:
311:
305:
304:
303:Transcriptions
296:
295:
289:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
266:
260:
259:
253:
252:
251:Transcriptions
244:
243:
236:
230:
229:
222:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
205:Loulan Kingdom
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
144:
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
107:
98:
97:
91:
90:
89:
88:
79:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
51:British Museum
48:
40:
39:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4577:
4566:
4565:Tarim mummies
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
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4503:
4502:
4500:
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4480:
4477:
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4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Oxus Treasure
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Orlat plaques
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Dasht-e Nawar
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Monjukli Depe
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Konye-Urgench
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Takht-i Kuwad
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Koshoy Korgon
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Kumtura Caves
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3495:Western China
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Salbyk kurgan
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Arzhan kurgan
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3440:Serindian art
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Mongol Empire
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Ghurid Empire
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Western Turks
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Kushan Empire
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Guiyi Circuit
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Median Empire
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Tagar culture
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3008:Kumul Khanate
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:Jushi Kingdom
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:Shule Kingdom
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:0-231-08166-9
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2762:0-500-05101-1
2758:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2679:0-500-05101-1
2675:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2655:. 2005-01-13.
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2459:, p. 81.
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2380:on 2021-01-09
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:Shui Jing Zhu
2175:
2172:
2169:, p. 85.
2168:
2163:
2160:
2157:, p. 83.
2156:
2151:
2148:
2145:, p. 86.
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2073:0-8160-4640-9
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2052:, p. 86.
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2036:9789047411840
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1953:, p. 90.
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1763:, p. 88.
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1739:, p. 89.
1738:
1733:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Gushi culture
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1318:
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1162:Loulan Museum
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981:Kushan Empire
978:
974:
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936:
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922:
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919:Yasushi Inoue
911:
905:
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728:
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711:Loulan Museum
707:
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688:
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672:220 BCE-8 CE.
671:
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629:
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621:
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535:Tarim mummies
531:
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155:89°50′26.32″E
152:40°31′39.48″N
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
95:
67:
57:
52:
46:
41:
34:
19:
4396:
4327:Mount Khajeh
4294:Qala-i-Jangi
4274:Khair Khaneh
4179:Khair Khaneh
4086:Namazga-Tepe
4041:Anau culture
4018:Turkmenistan
3935:Tavka Kurgan
3830:Balalyk Tepe
3747:Burana Tower
3737:Aigyr-Zhal 2
3629:Issyk kurgan
3572:
3364:Kart dynasty
3359:Sufi dynasty
3349:Golden Horde
3274:Oghuz Yabgus
3249:Tang dynasty
3214:Hephthalites
3139:Uyuk culture
2992:(1487-1660?)
2980:(1347–1680s)
2888:
2823:2010, 8:15.
2820:
2806:
2773:
2751:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2699:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2627:Ma Dazheng.
2623:
2615:the original
2605:
2594:the original
2589:
2576:
2567:Through Asia
2566:
2559:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2429:25 September
2427:. Retrieved
2424:Language Log
2423:
2413:
2402:. Retrieved
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2375:the original
2370:
2366:
2353:
2344:
2303:
2272:
2234:
2227:
2208:
2202:
2192:
2185:
2174:
2167:Hulsewé 1979
2162:
2155:Hulsewé 1979
2150:
2143:Hulsewé 1979
2138:
2126:
2110:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2045:
2025:
2018:
2011:Hulsewé 1979
2006:
1970:
1963:Hulsewé 1979
1958:
1951:Hulsewé 1979
1946:
1939:Hulsewé 1979
1934:
1927:Hulsewé 1979
1922:
1902:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1855:cdmuseum.com
1853:
1844:
1838:. Zhang2021.
1801:
1797:
1756:
1744:
1737:Hulsewé 1979
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1714:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1659:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1448:
1426:
1415:
1405:
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1327:
1316:
1264:and a straw
1167:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1097:
1062:
1011:
1009:Sogdian word
1000:
998:
967:
948:
938:
916:
909:
894:
886:
871:
869:
844:
838:
836:
815:
789:
781:Northern Wei
772:
769:Tang dynasty
762:
755:
731:
726:
723:
689:
675:
659:
652:
645:
639:
613:
574:
572:
565:
559:
532:
477:
420:
391:
383:
379:
372:
363:
345:
344:
323:Siril Yëziqi
309:Latin Yëziqi
264:Hanyu Pinyin
214:Chinese name
4419:Kabul hoard
4352:Sokh snakes
4304:Surkh Kotal
4269:Haji Piyada
4244:Darra-e Kur
4209:Yemshi Tepe
4204:Tillya Tepe
4199:Tepe Fullol
4189:Tepe Narenj
4184:Tapa Sardar
4174:Fondukistan
4139:Tapa Shotor
4119:Tepe Fullol
4111:Afghanistan
3940:Toprak-Kala
3925:Shahrukhiya
3875:Kampir Tepe
3865:Itchan Kala
3820:Ancient Pap
3777:Shakh Fazil
3649:Krasnyi Yar
3553:Mogao Caves
3513:Kizil Caves
3449:Archaeology
3314:Farighunids
3269:Turk Shahis
3209:Alchon Huns
3033:(1912-1992)
3027:(1757-1912)
3010:(1696–1930)
3004:(1634–1758)
2998:(1514–1705)
2986:(1389–1513)
2978:Moghulistan
2974:(1225–1370)
2957:(1124–1218)
2955:Qara Khitai
2909:(77 BC–630)
2897:(60 BC–107)
2821:BMC Biology
2545:: 136–138.
1889:Watson 1993
1697:26 February
1675:26 February
1652:Watson 1993
1244:, a wooden
1208:stone tools
1099:Aurel Stein
1083:Aurel Stein
1077:Tarim river
1038:Archaeology
994:Tocharian C
975:written in
935:Hellenistic
882:Kaidu River
860:white grass
839:Book of Han
785:Sui dynasty
777:Juqu Anzhou
773:Book of Wei
765:Tarim River
757:Book of Wei
727:Book of Han
640:Book of Han
567:Book of Han
480:Tarim Basin
431:Han dynasty
377:Old Chinese
281:Uyghur name
167: /
143:Coordinates
4499:Categories
4299:Rag-i-Bibi
4124:Ai-Khanoum
4056:Gonur Depe
4051:Dev-Kesken
3988:Kafir-kala
3978:Ajina tepe
3960:Tajikistan
3920:Sarmishsay
3905:Kyzyl-Kala
3885:Khalchayan
3870:Kafir-kala
3850:Fayaz Tepe
3835:Burchmulla
3797:Uzbekistan
3787:Tash Rabat
3762:Manas Ordo
3729:Kyrgyzstan
3616:Kazakhstan
3319:Ghaznavids
3224:Ustrushana
3219:Tocharians
3149:Massagetae
2951:(843–1209)
2945:(840–1212)
2404:2019-04-04
2384:2012-08-30
2367:Expedition
1492:Sarmatians
1205:Mesolithic
1164:, Charklik
1065:Sven Hedin
1059:Sven Hedin
951:Tocharians
807: 630
798:, and the
632:Zhang Qian
593:Zhang Qian
492:Hindu Kush
412:Lop Desert
188:Site notes
183:Settlement
4345:Artifacts
4219:Aq Kupruk
4169:Mes Aynak
4101:Ulug Depe
4036:Altyndepe
3983:Cyropolis
3973:Penjikent
3945:Varakhsha
3880:Kara Tepe
3825:Ayaz-Kala
3815:Akhsikath
3805:Afrasiyab
3752:Issyk-Kul
3742:Balasagun
3588:Beshbalik
3465:Sintashta
3425:Silk Road
3354:Ilkhanate
3309:Ma'munids
3204:Kidarites
2939:(640-790)
2915:(460-640)
2891:(?–77 BC)
2347:(259): 6.
1975:Hill 2009
1862:March 27,
1761:Hill 2009
1627:Footnotes
1479:Dinglings
1242:loincloth
1230:stone, a
1218:grounds,
1197:jewellery
1195:objects,
1191:of wood,
1112:Gandharan
1092:Kharosthi
1069:Kharosthi
1001:*glu-glân
985:Gandharan
977:Kharosthi
963:Qäwrighul
743:Silk Road
642:records:
597:fortified
488:Himalayas
484:Karakoram
408:Silk Road
193:Condition
4279:Mundigak
4259:Firozkoh
4149:Shotorak
3968:Bunjikat
3860:Hazorasp
3684:Shilikty
3674:Boralday
3598:Mongolia
3533:Dunhuang
3304:Samanids
3234:Farghana
3087:Polities
2984:Kara Del
2933:(?–1006)
2913:Gaochang
2907:Shanshan
2632:Archived
2551:24049192
1836:34707286
1591:Cherchen
1586:Charklik
1525:PARTHIAN
1384:Tesinsky
1272:See also
1252:-shaped
1224:bracelet
1178:Buddhist
1176:-shaped
1132:Chang'an
1048:caduceus
1032:Sogdians
1020:Dunhuang
1005:Xuanzang
989:Buddhism
970:Gandhari
907:—
898:hînayâna
878:Dunhuang
866:tribes.
852:tamarisk
818:Xuanzang
800:Dingling
747:Ban Yong
738:Ban Chao
701:Shanshan
695:Shanshan
685:Shanshan
678:Fu Jiezi
650:—
520:Ruoqiang
512:Dunhuang
508:Buddhism
496:Kharosti
455:Xinjiang
439:Charklik
423:Shanshan
388:Gandhari
384:Kroraïna
196:In ruins
133:Xinjiang
129:Location
37:Kroraïna
4224:Asqalan
4159:Bimaran
4154:Paitava
4096:Togolok
4031:Abiward
3915:Poykent
3900:Koktepe
3767:Navekat
3644:Kerderi
3634:Jankent
3583:Kashgar
3558:Tumshuq
3503:Bulayïq
3413:Culture
3229:Khuttal
3189:Xiongnu
3039:(1949-)
2921:(?–789)
2903:(?-460)
2690:Sources
2119:Zhenjun
1827:8580821
1806:Bibcode
1722:1 March
1606:Lop Nur
1567:XIONGNU
1558:DYNASTY
1545:SATAVA-
1429:culture
1341:SABEANS
1254:coffins
1232:leather
1220:ephedra
1212:mummies
1189:vessels
1185:pillars
1106:yellow
1103:Lop Nur
973:Prakrit
959:mummies
902:śramans
864:Ch'iang
792:Tuyuhun
628:Fergana
601:Lop Nur
581:Xiongnu
579:of the
528:Yarkand
461:History
416:Lop Nur
350:Chinese
294:
4289:Nagara
4061:Jeitun
3993:Sarazm
3679:Sawran
3624:Begash
3578:Khotan
3573:Loulan
3184:Yuezhi
3018:Modern
2965:Mongol
2780:
2759:
2730:
2707:
2676:
2549:
2502:
2316:
2280:
2242:
2215:
2115:Weishu
2089:Weilüe
2070:
2033:
1910:
1877:Hanshu
1834:
1824:
1798:Nature
1596:Endere
1536:SUNGAS
1527:EMPIRE
1514:PTOLE-
1503:SELEU-
1468:KANGJU
1459:YUEZHI
1449:DONGHU
1417:LOULAN
1406:Khotan
1317:Sargat
1298:GREEKS
1266:basket
1262:arrows
1239:woolen
1216:burial
1203:, and
1193:bronze
1110:, and
1052:Hermes
1028:Turfan
1012:Navapa
889:Faxian
858:, and
854:, the
848:rushes
794:, the
682:exonym
653:Hanshu
624:Dayuan
585:Yuezhi
576:Chanyu
524:Khotan
500:Brahmi
400:كروران
396:Uyghur
392:Krorän
380:rô-rân
373:lo-lɑn
365:Lóulán
362::
360:pinyin
352::
346:Loulan
329:Кроран
315:Kroran
292:كروران
287:Uyghur
270:Lóulán
124:Krorän
31:Loulan
18:Krorän
4134:Hadda
3890:Khiva
3782:Suyab
3772:Özgön
3709:Urpek
3694:Sumbe
3659:Otrar
3548:Rawak
3538:Miran
3508:Kucha
2949:Qocho
2925:Yanqi
2919:Kucha
2877:Wusun
2597:(PDF)
2586:(PDF)
2547:JSTOR
2378:(PDF)
2363:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
1611:Miran
1547:HANAS
1427:Ordos
1395:WUSUN
1373:KUCHA
1363:AKSUM
1352:MEROË
1329:Shule
1307:SAKAS
1296:INDO-
1260:with
1235:pouch
1201:coins
1181:stupa
1170:canal
1024:Gansu
953:, an
636:Gushi
589:Wusun
516:Korla
447:Qiemo
443:Miran
404:oasis
375:<
368:<
137:China
4314:Iran
4091:Nisa
4076:Merv
4046:Anau
3543:Niya
3124:Saka
2778:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2431:2019
2314:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2031:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1864:2023
1832:PMID
1724:2024
1699:2024
1677:2024
1616:Niya
1516:MIES
1505:CIDS
1287:-100
1256:, a
1250:boat
1246:mask
1237:, a
1228:jade
1214:and
1199:and
1174:dome
1147:L.L.
1142:L.K.
1137:L.F.
1128:L.E.
1123:L.B.
1118:L.A.
1108:silk
1026:and
939:Tita
811:Hami
526:and
498:and
490:and
445:and
435:Niya
180:Type
1822:PMC
1814:doi
1802:599
1556:HAN
1439:JIN
1258:bow
1022:in
750:of
562:Han
514:to
4501::
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2588:.
2543:20
2541:.
2533:.
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2343:.
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2254:^
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620:r.
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486:,
453:,
441:,
437:,
427:鄯善
398::
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355:樓蘭
240:楼兰
226:樓蘭
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