231:), a journal that appeared from 1869 to 1891. The purpose of the weekly newspaper was to campaign for reform of women's legal rights. Demands included establishment of a family council that would help women whose husbands or fathers were abusive, better education for girls, higher wages for women to reduce the need for prostitution, equal wages for equal work, admission of qualified women to the professions, women's control of property and wealth and revisions to the Civil Code. The paper did not demand women's suffrage, which Richer always claimed to support but always in practice found reasons to oppose. Richer edited the paper and wrote most of the content. Desraismes helped fund the paper, to which she contributed. She and Richer founded the ''
120:
342:(1883), which defined the most urgent reforms, and those that would be easiest to achieve at once. Richer's list did not include women's suffrage. Richer took an anti-clerical line, writing, "it is enough for us to have to struggle against reactionaries of the masculine sex without giving to these partisans of defeated regimes the support of millions of female ballots subject to the occult domination of the priest, their confessor." In 1885 Richer declared that the radical feminists "gravely compromise the cause that they claim to defend", while reasserting his support for women's suffrage:
244:
360:
31:
347:
meat and drinks; she is judged in our courts; she pays her blood – the blood of her son (is not this blood hers?) – on battlefields; she shares our miseries, as she would share our triumphs and joys. All that we touch touches her. Her exclusion from common rights is not only a denial of justice, an act of individual oppression, it is a social crime.
262:. After the war ended the country was divided between liberal republicans and conservative monarchists, but both groups united in opposing the loose morals of the former imperial court, and women's rights were associated with immorality. The feminists resumed their activities, but kept a low profile. In the mid-1870s
151:(French League for Women's Rights), one of the main feminist organizations in France in the 1880s. However, Richer was concerned that women were not sufficiently educated in republican principles, and that giving them the vote could cause a clericalist and monarchist reaction and the loss of democracy.
383:
was one of the organizers of the government congress, but also attended the feminist congress and donated money to help support it. By this time Richer, Deraismes and
Auclert were no longer addressing the needs of poor working women, as were the socialists. Their "republican feminism" essentially
346:
Yes, woman should possess the vote. She is human; she has her own interests; she is in business, industry and licensing; she participates in the maintenance of the State; she pays, like us, direct and indirect taxes, that is to say the personal assessment, the real estate levy, the tax on bread,
270:
and a regular contributor to the journal. Desraismes and Richer organized a Women's Rights conference in July–August 1878. The organizing committee included representatives from France, Switzerland, Italy, the
Netherlands, Russia and America. The congress discussed history, education, economics,
286:(the assault). The first priority was to consolidate the secular Republic, and women's political rights came second to this goal. The alliance with the republicans had positive results. After the republicans won control of the National Assembly in 1879 Richer wrote the divorce bill that
277:
tried to bring up the subject of women's suffrage at the 1878 conference, but this was rejected as premature and
Auclert broke away. The majority of feminists stayed with Desraismes and Richer. Richer and Deraismes advocated the pragmatic strategy of
355:
on 20 May 1888, "I believe that at the present time, it would be dangerous – in France – to give women the political ballot. They are, in great majority, reactionaries and clericals. If they voted today, the
Republic would not last six months."
391:
was suspended and Richer retired from the feminist movement. He was disappointed, aging and in poor health. He was the last of the leading male feminists, and left an organization increasingly dominated by women. He was honored by the
218:(1828–94) to participate in these "philosophical conferences". This launched her career as a feminist. Deraismes had inherited a fortune, and decided to avoid marriage so as to retain her freedom.
323:, were honorary vice-presidents. Richer thought that changes to the law could best be achieved through collaboration with politicians. By the end of 1883 194 members had joined the
371:, which celebrated the role of women in society, and their charitable activities in particular. Feminists led by Léon Richer and Maria Deraismes organized an alternative
375:, held in Paris 25–29 June 1889. Richer and Deraismes had drifted apart during the 1880s, but agreed to cooperate on this conference. The conference was held during the
580:
One writer suggests that the falling out between
Deraismes and Richer may have been more to do with personality conflicts than ideology. Both had large egos.
163:
department. He spent eleven years working for the Orléans
Railroads as a notary's clerk, then in the mid-1860s became a journalist. He wrote a column for the
327:, of whom almost half were men, including politicians and writers. In subsequent years membership declined, and after ten years there were only 95 members.
299:
147:
1323:
293:
In
October 1882 Deraismes spoke in favor of Women's suffrage, which Auclert noted as a great advance. Richer did not agree. He became inactive in the
1308:
1046:
Bidelman, Patrick Kay (Summer 1976). "The
Politics of French Feminism: Léon Richer and the Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes, 1882-1891".
1243:
1165:
1138:
1105:
1078:
119:
187:), which were widely discussed and republished in two volumes. He then published a series of pamphlets along the same line of thought:
210:
he was "the true founder of feminism in France." In 1868 political meetings were authorized. Richer arranged and directed a series of
1328:
1023:
1313:
1303:
476:
Le divorce: projet de loi précédé d'un exposé des motifs et suivi des principaux documents officiels se rattachant a la question
1196:
351:
On the other hand, Richer was concerned that women were not yet sufficiently educated in republican principles. He wrote in
376:
1182:
263:
131:(19 March 1824 – 25 June 1911) was a French free-thinker, freemason, journalist and feminist who worked closely with
563:
Desraismes supported the republic from the right. During the 1881 and 1885 elections she let her country estate at
1318:
1235:
The
Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: When clowns make laws for queens 1880 to 1887
567:
be used for committee rooms for the republicans, and her salon in Paris as the headquarters for resistance to
235:(Society for the Amelioration of Women's Condition), which held the first feminist banquet on 11 July 1870.
258:
The French Third
Republic was born on 4 September 1870 after the Second French Empire collapsed during the
1187:
211:
243:
1298:
1293:
287:
214:
conferences in the rue Cadet in Paris, where he spoke several times. In February 1866 he encouraged
259:
223:
137:
1269:
1055:
396:
in 1902 with a four franc banquet. Léon Richer died at the age of eighty-seven on 25 June 1911.
207:
1130:
410:
Lettres d'un Libre-Penseur à un Curé de Village,... précédées d'une introduction par A. Guéroult
1239:
1233:
1192:
1161:
1155:
1134:
1101:
1074:
1068:
380:
316:
274:
1259:
1213:
1095:
215:
132:
1263:
1031:
518:
1123:
200:
1287:
266:
joined the Society for the Amelioration of Women's Condition and became secretary of
248:
359:
30:
769:
507:
496:
485:
474:
463:
452:
441:
430:
419:
408:
368:
312:
568:
367:
In 1889 the French government sponsored a "woman's congress" presided over by
60:
145:), a feminist journal that appeared from 1869 to 1891. He was founder of the
564:
1059:
550:). After the 1878 conference Richer reverted to the original title of
135:
during the early years of the feminist movement in Paris. He edited
542:
In September 1871 Richer renamed his journal to the less assertive
358:
242:
167:. Richer published several studies of religious philosophy in the
946:
160:
64:
1097:
The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914
303:(French League for Women's Rights). The December 1882 issue of
282:(the breach) and opposed Auclert's confrontational strategy of
206:
Richer was called a "tranquil and serious man." According to
307:
published the names of the sixty-six founding members. The
894:
892:
175:, reviews directed by Henri Carle. From 1866 to 1868 the
1265:
The woman question in Europe: a series of original essays
1125:
France and Women, 1789-1914: Gender, Society and Politics
843:
841:
741:
739:
737:
735:
650:
648:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
1094:
Mayeur, Jean-Marie; Rebirioux, Madeleine (1988-01-29).
828:
826:
635:
633:
631:
629:
384:
represented the needs and wants of middle-class women.
770:
Potonié-Pierre, Eugénie, Women in World History, 1999
593:
591:
373:
Congrès Francais et International du Droit des Femmes
331:
became increasingly dependent on subsidies from the
1188:
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
315:was appointed honorary president and Deraismes and
112:
104:
96:
88:
72:
46:
21:
1191:. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, Gale Group.
1122:
1070:Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799-1914
311:held its first general assembly in January 1883.
1048:Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques
726:
344:
233:Societé pour l'amélioration du sort de la femme
185:Letters from a Free-Thinker to a Village Priest
181:Lettres d'un libre-penseur à un curé de village
468:. Librairie de la Société des gens de lettres.
1220:(in French). Paris: Bibliothèque Démocratique
8:
297:society, and in November 1882 founded the
29:
18:
465:Lettres parisiennes: la politique en 1873
443:Propos d'un Mécréant: par Léon Richer,...
1006:
994:
982:
934:
910:
898:
883:
871:
847:
793:
702:
690:
678:
654:
620:
407:Richer, Léon; Guéroult, Adolphe (1868).
300:Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes
148:Ligue française pour le droit des femmes
859:
817:
781:
587:
535:
290:introduced in the Chamber of Deputies.
1232:Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (2006-07-18).
745:
666:
639:
597:
335:, and often came close to bankruptcy.
203:responded with attacks on the author.
1183:"Potonié-Pierre, Eugénie (1844–1898)"
970:
958:
922:
832:
805:
757:
714:
7:
947:1878 Women’s Rights Conference, IMOW
159:Léon Richer was born in 1824 in the
1157:French Feminism in the 19th Century
487:Un mariage honteux, par Léon Richer
1218:Le livre des femmes by Léon Richer
14:
1121:McMillan, James F. (2002-01-08).
432:Alerte ! par Léon Richer,...
1324:19th-century French male writers
1024:"1878 Women's Rights Conference"
118:
1309:19th-century French journalists
1268:. G. P. Putnam's sons. p.
1154:Moses, Claire Goldberg (1984).
169:Alliance religieuse universelle
1100:. Cambridge University Press.
377:Exposition Universelle of 1878
1:
1054:(1). Berghahn Books: 93–120.
1028:International Museum of Women
36:
1238:. Rutgers University Press.
1073:. Harvard University Press.
457:. Bibliothèque Démocratique.
1181:Commire, Anne, ed. (1999).
727:Mayeur & Rebirioux 1988
16:French feminist (1824–1911)
1345:
338:In 1883 Richer published
117:
28:
1329:French magazine founders
253:Les Hommes d'aujourd'hui
197:les Propos d'un mécréant
1314:French male journalists
1212:Poupin, Victor (1872).
1067:Gildea, Robert (2008).
413:. Armand le Chevalier.
364:
349:
264:Eugénie Potonié-Pierre
255:
1129:. Routledge. p.
517:Richer, Léon (1883).
506:Richer, Léon (1879).
495:Richer, Léon (1877).
484:Richer, Léon (1876).
473:Richer, Léon (1874).
462:Richer, Léon (1874).
451:Richer, Léon (1872).
440:Richer, Léon (1868).
429:Richer, Léon (1868).
418:Richer, Léon (1868).
363:Richer in later years
362:
246:
239:French Third Republic
288:Alfred Joseph Naquet
1304:People from L'Aigle
937:, pp. 112–113.
552:Le Droit des femmes
544:L'Avenir des Femmes
509:Le droit des femmes
454:Le livre des femmes
389:Le Droit des Femmes
353:Le Droit des Femmes
329:Le Droit des Femmes
305:Le Droit des Femmes
268:Le Droit des femmes
260:Franco-Prussian War
224:Le Droit des femmes
138:Le Droit des femmes
520:Le code des femmes
365:
340:Le Code des Femmes
319:, chief editor of
271:morality and law.
256:
208:Simone de Beauvoir
129:Léon-Pierre Richer
23:Léon-Pierre Richer
1260:Stanton, Theodore
1245:978-0-8135-2320-0
1167:978-0-87395-859-2
1140:978-1-134-58957-9
1107:978-0-521-35857-6
1080:978-0-674-03209-5
387:In December 1891
381:Emilie de Morsier
317:Auguste Vacquerie
275:Hubertine Auclert
177:Opinion nationale
126:
125:
1336:
1319:French feminists
1279:
1277:
1276:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1208:
1206:
1205:
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1147:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1063:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1030:. Archived from
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
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561:
555:
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469:
458:
447:
436:
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414:
173:Libre Conscience
122:
79:
56:
54:
41:
38:
33:
19:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
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1335:
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1199:
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965:
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854:
846:
839:
831:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
780:
776:
768:
764:
756:
752:
744:
733:
725:
721:
713:
709:
701:
697:
689:
685:
677:
673:
665:
661:
653:
646:
638:
627:
619:
604:
596:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
562:
558:
541:
537:
532:
527:
516:
505:
494:
483:
479:. Le Chevalier.
472:
461:
450:
439:
428:
417:
406:
402:
247:Léon Richer by
241:
221:Richer founded
216:Maria Deraismes
201:ultramontanists
157:
133:Maria Deraismes
84:
81:
77:
68:
58:
52:
50:
42:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1256:
1244:
1229:
1209:
1197:
1178:
1166:
1160:. SUNY Press.
1151:
1139:
1118:
1106:
1091:
1079:
1064:
1043:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1009:, p. 119.
999:
997:, p. 114.
987:
985:, p. 118.
975:
973:, p. 223.
963:
961:, p. 222.
951:
939:
927:
925:, p. 221.
915:
913:, p. 106.
903:
901:, p. 105.
888:
886:, p. 100.
876:
864:
862:, p. 240.
852:
837:
835:, p. 210.
822:
820:, p. 237.
810:
808:, p. 233.
798:
796:, p. 192.
786:
784:, p. 248.
774:
762:
760:, p. 194.
750:
748:, p. 382.
731:
719:
717:, p. 173.
707:
705:, p. 130.
695:
693:, p. 137.
683:
681:, p. 135.
671:
659:
644:
642:, p. 166.
625:
602:
586:
583:
582:
573:
556:
548:Women's future
534:
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:
514:
503:
498:La femme libre
492:
481:
470:
459:
448:
437:
426:
415:
403:
401:
398:
240:
237:
229:Women's Rights
179:published his
165:Petit Parisien
156:
153:
143:Women's Rights
124:
123:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
80:(aged 87)
74:
70:
69:
59:
57:March 19, 1824
48:
44:
43:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1341:
1330:
1327:
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1307:
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1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1215:
1214:"Léon Richer"
1210:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1136:
1132:
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1119:
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1103:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1034:on 2016-03-04
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1007:Bidelman 1976
1003:
1000:
996:
995:Bidelman 1976
991:
988:
984:
983:Bidelman 1976
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
935:Bidelman 1976
931:
928:
924:
919:
916:
912:
911:Bidelman 1976
907:
904:
900:
899:Bidelman 1976
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:Bidelman 1976
880:
877:
874:, p. 98.
873:
872:Bidelman 1976
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
850:, p. 97.
849:
848:Bidelman 1976
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
794:McMillan 2002
790:
787:
783:
778:
775:
771:
766:
763:
759:
754:
751:
747:
742:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
703:McMillan 2002
699:
696:
692:
691:McMillan 2002
687:
684:
680:
679:McMillan 2002
675:
672:
669:, p. vi.
668:
663:
660:
657:, p. 94.
656:
655:Bidelman 1976
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
623:, p. 95.
622:
621:Bidelman 1976
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
577:
574:
570:
566:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
539:
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529:
522:
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511:
510:
504:
500:
499:
493:
489:
488:
482:
478:
477:
471:
467:
466:
460:
456:
455:
449:
446:Paris: Panis.
445:
444:
438:
434:
433:
427:
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174:
171:and then the
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83:Paris, France
76:June 25, 1911
75:
71:
66:
62:
49:
45:
32:
27:
20:
1273:. Retrieved
1264:
1249:. Retrieved
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1217:
1202:. Retrieved
1186:
1171:. Retrieved
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1124:
1111:. Retrieved
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1069:
1051:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
879:
867:
860:Stanton 2006
855:
818:Stanton 2006
813:
801:
789:
782:Stanton 1884
777:
765:
753:
729:, p. 3.
722:
710:
698:
686:
674:
662:
600:, p. v.
576:
559:
551:
547:
543:
538:
519:
508:
497:
486:
475:
464:
453:
442:
431:
420:
409:
400:Publications
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78:(1911-06-25)
35:Léon Richer
1299:1911 deaths
1294:1824 births
746:Gildea 2008
667:Poupin 1872
640:Gildea 2008
598:Poupin 1872
523:. E. Dentu.
501:. E. Dentu.
490:. E. Dentu.
369:Jules Simon
313:Victor Hugo
155:Early years
89:Nationality
40: 1875
1288:Categories
1275:2014-11-16
1251:2014-11-16
1224:2014-11-16
1204:2014-11-16
1198:0787640808
1173:2014-10-20
1146:2014-11-16
1113:2014-11-16
1086:2014-11-16
1038:2014-11-15
971:Moses 1984
959:Moses 1984
923:Moses 1984
833:Moses 1984
806:Moses 1984
758:Moses 1984
715:Moses 1984
569:Boulangism
530:References
249:André Gill
100:Journalist
97:Occupation
53:1824-03-19
435:A. Panis.
421:Le tocsin
280:la brèche
189:Le Tocsin
113:Signature
1262:(1884).
1060:41298677
565:Pontoise
424:. Madre.
284:l'assaut
108:Feminism
67:, France
1016:Sources
199:. The
193:Alerte!
61:L'Aigle
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321:Rappel
92:French
1056:JSTOR
394:Ligue
333:Ligue
325:Ligue
309:Ligue
1240:ISBN
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1075:ISBN
195:and
161:Orne
73:Died
65:Orne
47:Born
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