436:(1st ed. London, 1895) is an early work that was very influential in forming Western ideas of Tibet and its Buddhist traditions, especially in the non-scholarly Anglophone world. It was a treasure-trove of then-new factual information on its subject, some of which retains value even today. Unfortunately, Waddell's prejudices – colored by his British imperialist sense of the superiority of European, "Christian" civilization – permeate the work. Today it would be classified as heavily "Orientalist" in the negative, Saidean sense. At times the work veers into racist stereotyping of the Tibetan people and their culture, and at times it displays disgust toward what it characterizes as the primitive superstition and immoral demonolatry of "Lamaism," Waddell's name for his representation of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetologists and Buddhologists today mainly cite this book as a classic, graphic example of nineteenth century European Orientalist bigotry.
753:"One of the reasons for the literary oblivion of Waddell's works on the history of civilization with an Aryan theme is in relation to the fact that he did not give up the quest for the Aryans in terms of racial origins when it was abandoned in the 1870s, and it was very influential in his choice of career His comparative studies and decipherment led him to a completely controversial and alternative perspective of ancient history. Furthermore, the titles that are now little known may have been sidelined due his use of the term 'Aryan' as it became associated with the rise of Nazism."
241:
544:"Contrary to the general opinion of historians, he accepts as authentic the chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and regards as historical the legend of King Brut of Troy having reached Britain with his followers about the year 1103 BC, founded London a few years later, and spread through the land Phoenician culture, religion and art His views indeed are so unorthodox that he is no doubt prepared for strong criticism, and even ridicule. King Brut of Troy has long been relegated to the company of old wives' tales."
135:
143:
512:"This migration of King Brutus and his Trojan and Phoenician refugees from Asia Minor and Phoenicia to establish a new homeland colony in Albion, which event the British Chronicle historical tradition places at 1103 B.C. was probably associated with, and enforced by, not merely the loss of Troy, but also by the massacring invasion of Hittite Asia Minor, Cilicia and the Syria-Phoenician coast of the Mediterranean by the Assyrian King Tiglath Pileser I. about 1107 B.C. to 1105 B.C."
170:. Laurence Waddell obtained a bachelor's degree in Medicine followed by a master's degree in both Surgery and Chemistry at Glasgow University in 1878. His first job was as a resident surgeon near the university and was also the President of Glasgow University's Medical Society. In 1879 he visited Ceylon and Burma and was 'irresistibly attracted' towards Buddhism which in later years led him to study the tenets, history and art of Buddhism. In 1880 Waddell joined the
522:
416:
Tsiang. Waddell was first to point out the importance of the discovery of Asoka's pillar in
Nigliva in 1893 and estimate Buddha's birthplace as Lumbini. He subsequently corresponded with Government of India and arranged for the exploration of the area. Waddell also was appointed to conduct the exploration to recover the inscriptions, etc.; but at the last moment, when due to adverse circumstances prevented him from proceeding, and Mr.
809:(1940) which aimed to summarise Waddell's works for a narrower audience on the fringes of the British Fascist movement (Macklin 2008). The British-Israelite W. T. F. Jarrold used Waddell's study of the Newton Stone to support a Biblical origin for the Anglo-Saxon race (1927). Today Waddell's works are read and referenced most commonly by white supremacists, esoteric scholars and conspiracy theorists such as David Icke (1999)."
741:"The reader does not need to peruse this work very far to become aware of its distinct bias and unscientific method. Fortunately the 'Nordic race-mongers' have become discredited that there is little to fear from the effect of this opus on the intelligent lay public. Succinctly, Mr. Waddell believes that the beginning of all civilization dates from the Nordic Sumerians who were blond Nordics with blue eyes."
1901:
39:
623:"However, a shift, which made his claim appear untenable, occurred in the consensus in archaeology after Sir Mortimer Wheeler was put in charge of the Archaeological Survey of India Wheeler's interpretation of the archaeological data was the guideline for scholars who appear to have ruled out the possibility that the language of the seals could be akin to Sumerian and Proto-Elamite."
1855:
Nepal. This illustrated narrative of my journeyings I hope may reflect, in some measure, the keen enjoyment of travel in these regions, may awaken further interest in a fascinating though little known land, may assist in guiding the traveler to those features that are of greatest general interest, and bring home to the reader a whiff of the bracing breezes of the
Himalayas."
805:"Waddell's hopes of rewriting the story of civilization with the Aryan race as the first and only protagonist rapidly faded as his works and ideas remained restricted to, if well rooted in, the ultra right wing fringes of society and scholarship. J. H. Harvey, member of the pro-Nazi Imperial Fascist League and later a respected medievalist, wrote a short book
615:. Marshall had led the main excavation campaign at Harappa and published his support for Waddell's Sumerian decipherment in 1931. Preston however in a section of her biography of Waddell entitled "Opposition to Indo-Sumerian Seals Deciphered" points out that support for Waddell's theory had disappeared by the early 1940s through the work of
1844:
Waddell's best-known work, and was one of the first books published in the west to offer such extensive observations of
Buddhism, ranging from metaphysics to practical magic. Waddell explains the whole Tibetan pantheon, including transcriptions of hundreds of charms and mantras and detailed coverage
295:
During the 1890s
Waddell specialised in Buddhist antiquities and became a collector, between 1895 and 1897 he published "Reports on collections of Indo-Scythian Buddhist Sculptures from the Swat Valley", in 1893 he also read a paper to the International Congress of Orientalists: "On some newly found
1158:
at the
Manuscripts Catalogue, University of Glasgow —According to this catalogue, L. A. Waddell was born with the name "Laurence Augustine Waddell" and at some unknown later time began using "Austine" as his middle name. His books have the name "L. Austine Waddell" and Indian sources often refer to
1880:
under the notion that the text is very ancient and actually "British." His pursuit is apparent the subtitle: "The great epic poem of the ancient
Britons of the exploits of King Thor, Arthur, or Adam and his knights in establishing civilization reforming Eden & capturing the Holy Grail about
1854:
An engaging journal of fourteen years of travel. In
Waddell's own words, "During the past fourteen years I have traversed portions of the borderlands of Sikkim nearly every year, sketching, shooting, collecting, and especially exploring the customs of the people on the frontiers of Tibet, and of
415:
had previously identified
Kapilavastu as the village of Bhuila in India which Waddell and other orientalists concluded to be incorrect. They were searching for the birthplace by taking into account the topographical and geographical hints left by the ancient Chinese travellers, Fa Hien and Hiuen
284:, and was considered alongside Sir Charles Bell as one of the foremost authorities on Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. Waddell studied archaeology and ethnology in-between his military assignments across India and Tibet, and his exploits in the Himalayas were published in his highly successful book
682:"The author has slight knowledge of Sumerian, and commits unpardonable mistakes The meanings assigned to Sumerian roots are almost entirely erroneous. One can only regret the publication of such fantastic theories, which cannot possibly do service to serious science in any sense whatsoever."
501:"This Sun-Cross (Swastika) was raised to Bil (or Bel, the God of Sun-Fire) by the Kassi (or Cassi-bel) of Kast of the Siluyr (sub-clan) of the "Khilani" (or Hittite-palace-dwellers), the Phoenician (named) Ikar of Cilicia, the Prwt (or Prat, that is 'Barat' or 'Brihat' or Brit-on)."
800:
R. Sawyer (1985) points out that
Waddell "was of the eccentric opinion that Western, Indian and ancient Egyptian culture derived from a common Sumerian ancestry" and that his ideas were far-fetched to untenable. Gabriel Moshenska of the UCL Institute of Archaeology has noted:
574:
was published by
Alexander Cunningham in 1872. It was half a century later, in 1912, when more Indus Valley seals were discovered by J. Fleet, prompting an excavation campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall in 1921–22, resulting in the discovery of the ancient civilization at
31:
388:). The foundation of his argument is what he saw as a persistence of cult practices, religious symbols, mythological stories and figures, and god and hero names throughout Western and Near Eastern civilizations, but also based his arguments on his deciphered Sumerian and
151:
1057:, and Buddhism. He made a notable contribution to the history of Buddhism. The printed book collection is supplemented by associated correspondence, working notes, photographs and press cuttings. Some of the books have manuscript annotations and inserts.
533:
Waddell's contemporaries reviewed the book very negatively. One reviewer considered the content to be "admirable fooling", but that he had "an uneasy feeling that the author really believes it". It has also been pointed out that Waddell took the
451:
and ancient Egyptians to "the classic Greeks and Romans and Ancient Britons, to whom they passed on from hand to hand down the ages the torch of civilization". He is perhaps most remembered for his controversial translations; the
1914:
1975:
717:, the son of Sargon, who in turn was King Minos of Crete. For Waddell, the earliest ancient rulers or mythological kings of Sumer, Egypt, Crete and the Indus Valley civilizations were all identical Aryan personages.
1881:
3380-3350 B.C." For this he uses the language and art of Indo-European and Semitic peoples, and draws lines through mythologies connecting ancient gods and stories to those in the medieval manuscripts of the Edda.
1294:
Waddell on his exploration of the ruins of Pataliputra during 1890s identified Agam Kuan with the legendary hell built by Ashoka for torturing people as cited by the Chinese travellers of the 5th and 7th centuries
678:. Professor Langdon, who had earlier offered Waddell his support for a Sumerian or Proto-Elamite decipherment of the Indus-Valley seals, dismissed Waddell's publications on the Sumerian language itself:
508:, Waddell also regarded to be a real historical figure. In a chapter entitled "COMING OF THE "BRITONS" OR ARYAN BRITO-PHOENICIANS UNDER KING BRUTUS-THE-TROJAN TO ALBION ABOUT 1103, B.C", Waddell writes:
1378:
292:, of which he did not receive recognition of discovery until long after his death, in 1982, by the government of Bengal. His discoveries at Pataliputra were published in an official report in 1892.
76:
304:. As a collector, Waddell had come across many Tibetan manuscripts and maps, but was disappointed to not find a single reference to a lost ancient civilization, which he had hoped to discover.
122:
have caused controversy. Some of his book publications however were popular with the public, and he is regarded by some today to have been a real-life precursor of the fictional character
1985:
80:
2000:
138:
A Chinese Horse-Dragon, Reproduced in Waddell's, "The Buddhism of Tibet: Or Lamaism, with Its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology ...", 1895. Unknown Chinese artist.
146:
A Tibetan Lung-Horse, Reproduced in Waddell's, "The Buddhism of Tibet: Or Lamaism, with Its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology ...", 1895. Unknown Tibetan artist.
931:
Sumer-Aryan Dictionary. An Etymological Lexicon of the English and other Aryan Languages Ancient and Modern and the Sumerian Origin of Egyptian and its Hieroglyphs
729:
and the Bowl of Utu. Waddell was praised for his acquisition of the latter. However Waddell's translations were always highly unorthodox and not taken seriously.
1995:
328:
237:. His first publications were essays and articles on medicine and zoology, most notably "The Birds of Sikkim" (1893). In 1895 he obtained a doctorate in law.
1990:
420:
was sent to carry out the exploration arranged by him, he found the Lumbini grove, etc., with their inscriptions at the very spots pointed out by him.
1820:"Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamilies ACROSSOCHEILINAE, BARBINAE, SPINIBARBINAE, SCHIZOTHORACINAE, SCHIZOPYGOPSINAE and Incertae sedis"
1980:
1538:
Cunningham, A., 1875. Archaeological Survey of India, Report for the Year 1872–73, 5: 105–8 and pl. 32–3. Calcutta: Archaeological Survey of India
904:
1200:
925:
Indo-Sumerian Seals Deciphered discovering Sumerians of Indus Valley as Phoenicians, Barats, Goths & famous Vedic Aryans 3100-2300 B.C.
339:(CB). Waddell then returned to England, where he briefly became Professor of Tibetan at the University College of London (1906–1908).
762:
Waddell from 1917 (having first published the article "Aryan Origin of the World's Civilization") until his death was a proponent of
674:
Waddell's Sumerian-Aryan equation did not receive any support at the time, despite having sent personal copies of his two books to
831:
763:
647:
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entitled "Aryan Origin of the World's Civilization". From the 1920s Waddell published several works which attempted to prove an
1960:
201:
After Waddell worked as a professor of Chemistry and Pathology for 6 years, he became involved in military expeditions across
779:
706:
1864:
Documents the people and religion of the Tibetan capital, including British-Tibetan military clashes and peace negotiations.
745:
Waddell during his own life, was deemed to be anachronistic by most scholars because of his supremacist views regarding the
943:
Questionary on the Sumerian markings upon prehistoric pottery found in the Danube & associated valleys of Middle Europe
834:
at the University of Glasgow. Some specimens are in the Manchester Museum and at the Natural History Museum at London. The
1778:
Preston, 2009: 5, footnotes; "Waddell's thesis mirrored contemporary Grafton Elliot Smith's better-known theory of Egypt".
608:
603:
In the 1920s, Waddell's theory that the Indus-Valley seals were Sumerian had some academic support, despite criticisms;
134:
1905:
1411:
The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism, With Its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology and in Its Relation to Indian Buddhism
884:
The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism, With Its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology and in Its Relation to Indian Buddhism
434:
The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism, With Its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology and in Its Relation to Indian Buddhism
158:, Reproduced in Waddell's "Lhasa and Its Mysteries-With a Record of the British Tibetan Expedition of 1903–1904", 1905.
332:
277:
1924:
1039:
954:
376:) origin of the alphabet and the appearance of Indo-European myth figures in ancient Near Eastern mythologies (e.g.,
482:
colonization of the British Isles, turning to British folklore that mentions Trojans, such as the "Brutus Stone" in
350:
and dedicated his time to deciphering or translating ancient cuneiform tablets or seals, most notably including the
2010:
2005:
1970:
1965:
1409:
408:
356:
324:
288:(1899). Various archaeological excavations were also carried out and supervised by Waddell across India, including
57:
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According to Waddell the "unknown" script on the Newton Stone is Hitto-Phoenician. His translation is as follows:
162:
Laurence Waddell was born on 29 May 1854, and was the son of Rev. Thomas Clement Waddell, a Doctor of Divinity at
1155:
767:
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were discovered from the Indus Valley, Waddell in 1925 first attempted to decipher them and claimed they were of
568:
564:
536:
448:
389:
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61:
1315:
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and was present during the Mahsud-Waziri Blockade, 1901–1902. He was in Malakand in 1902 and took part in the
705:(1930) revised conventional dates for most ancient civilizations and king lists. For example, he believed the
876:
The non-bacillar nature of abrus-poison : with observations on its chemical and physiological properties
209:. Between 1885 and 1887 Waddell took part in the British expedition that annexed Upper Burma, which defeated
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612:
373:
316:
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1355:"Lhasa" in Encyclopædia Britannica, (11th ed.), 1911. "Tibet" in Encyclopædia Britannica, (11th ed.), 1911.
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175:
73:
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was named in honor of Waddell, who preserved the type specimens in salt before presenting them to the
417:
1900:
1955:
1950:
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1072:
789:
487:
412:
281:
891:
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who pioneered hyperdiffusionism (but of the Egyptians) was an influential correspondent to Waddell.
1699:
Langdon, S (1927). "The Aryan Origin of the Alphabet; A Sumer-Aryan Dictionary by L. A. Waddell ".
1115:
819:
771:
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To support his revised chronology, Waddell acquired and translated several artefacts including the
604:
475:
307:
Waddell continued his military service with the Indian Medical Service. He was in China during the
222:
171:
155:
1504:
Crownhart-Vaughan, E. A. P. (1925). "The Phoenician Origin of Britons, Scots, and Anglo-Saxons ".
1327:
335:, for which he was again mentioned in despatches, received a medal with clasp and was appointed a
276:
and even visited Tibet several times secretly, in disguise. He was the cultural consultant on the
1935:
1752:
1708:
1654:
1619:
1584:
1521:
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1478:
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853:
186:). The following year he became a professor of chemistry and pathology at the Medical College of
163:
1930:
90:, Professor of Tibetan, Professor of Chemistry and Pathology, Indian Army surgeon, collector in
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1806:
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659:
639:
633:
381:
343:
336:
95:
69:
53:
296:
Indo-Grecian Buddhistic Sculptures from the Swat Valley". In 1895 Waddell published his book
225:, India, and was appointed Principal Medical Officer in 1888. In the 1890s Waddell, while in
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1646:
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963:
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439:
Waddell's voluminious writings after his retirement were based on an attempt to prove the
308:
30:
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859:
540:
to be literal history which is why he was almost asking to be ridiculed by historians:
505:
65:
906:
Lhasa and Its Mysteries – With a Record of the British Tibetan Expedition of 1903–1904
607:
considered Waddell's work to be "fantasy". Two notable supporters of Waddell included
1944:
1874:
1490:
1050:
882:
643:
584:
571:
167:
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107:
1461:
Turner, R. L. (1925). "The Phoenician Origin of Britons, Scots, and Anglo-Saxons ".
38:
1134:
766:("Pan-Sumerism") arguing that many cultures and ancient civilizations, such as the
580:
554:
458:
346:. Thus in his later career he turned to studying the ancient near east, especially
265:
150:
119:
17:
1190:
1129:
1877:
1249:
1077:
827:
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from which many different theories were proposed as to its origin. In his works
289:
245:
103:
1575:
Charpentier, J (1925). "The Indo-Sumerian Seals Deciphered by L. A. Waddell ".
1030:
1909:
1561:
1474:
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361:
360:. By 1917, Waddell was fully retired and first started exclusively writing on
269:
210:
818:
Waddell collected bird specimens and it was on the basis of one of them that
611:, the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India until 1928, and
1788:
Sawyer, R (1985). "To Know the Histories: L. A. Waddell's Sumer and Akkad".
1054:
775:
642:
source of the Sumerian language was established in the late 19th century by
479:
385:
230:
1281:
198:. He became Assistant Sanitary Commissioner under the government of India.
1819:
1548:
Turner, R. L. (1926). "Indo-Sumerian Seals Deciphered by L. A. Waddell ".
1147:
1735:
Shapiro, H. L. (1930). "The Makers of Civilization in Race and History".
1637:
Brown, G (1927). "The Indo-Sumerian Seals Deciphered by L. A. Waddell ".
913:
The "Dhāranī" cult in Buddhism: its origin, deified literature and images
377:
301:
261:
191:
99:
87:
84:
1895:
The Later Works of Lieutenant-Colonel Professor Laurence Austine Waddell
1807:
The Later Works of Lieutenant-Colonel Professor Laurence Austine Waddell
1712:
1588:
1394:
1012:
874:
1756:
1623:
1525:
576:
187:
115:
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The Rise of Man in the Gardens of Sumeria: A Biography of L.A. Waddell
1021:
The Rise of Man in the Gardens of Sumeria: A Biography of L.A. Waddell
252:
Waddell traveled extensively in India throughout the 1890s (including
1577:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1383:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
991:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
483:
253:
42:
British Army officers in Tibet during 1904, Laurence Waddell (center)
1748:
1615:
1517:
407:
Waddell had travelled around British controlled India in search for
1650:
783:
710:
588:
526:
520:
440:
369:
347:
257:
239:
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202:
183:
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178:(I.M.S), subsequently he was stationed in India and the Far East (
149:
141:
133:
91:
37:
29:
1818:
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018).
1602:
Barton, George A (1926). "On the So-Called Sumero-Indian Seals".
447:) as the progenitors of other ancient civilizations, such as the
1550:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
1463:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
1251:
The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism, Preface to the Second Edition
1121:
1110:
395:
Waddell died in 1938. That same year, he had completed writing
1284:. Directorate of Archaeology, Govt. of Bihar, official website
114:
gained little to no academic recognition and his books on the
27:
British explorer, professor, amateur archaeologist and surgeon
1976:
British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet
956:
Egyptian Civilization Its Sumerian Origin and Real Chronology
703:
Egyptian Civilization Its Sumerian Origin and Real Chronology
300:, which was one of the first works published in the west on
264:
religious practices he observed there. Stationed with the
919:
Phoenician Origin of the Britons, Scots, and Anglo-Saxons
1435:
Imagining Tibet: Perceptions, Projections, and Fantasies
1604:
The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research
830:) in 1905. His collections were donated in 1894 to the
190:, India. While working in India, Waddell also studied
166:
and Jean Chapman, daughter of John Chapman of Banton,
1041:
A collection of over 700 volumes dealing mainly with
472:
Phoenician Origin of Britons, Scots, and Anglo-Saxons
456:, the Bowl of Utu and Newton Stone, as well as his
838:holds Waddell's papers and manuscript collection.
94:, and amateur archaeologist. Waddell also studied
1845:of the doctrine of incarnation and reincarnation.
1824:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
354:. In 1911, Waddell published two entries in the
1379:"The Discovery of the Birthplace of the Buddha"
1106:Most sources have "Laurence Austine", such as:
803:
751:
739:
709:began c. 2700 BC, not c. 3100 BC, arguing that
680:
621:
542:
510:
499:
244:Map of 1895 excavations by Laurence Waddell at
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1152:At least one source has "Laurence Augustine":
110:and other inscriptions. His reputation as an
8:
1986:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
1449:Makers of Civilization in Race & History
1826:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
1414:(1st ed.). London: W.H. Allen & Co
1029:: Waddell, Lawrence Augustine (1854–1938).
490:; place-names that supposedly preserve the
364:, beginning in an article published in the
325:Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire
949:Makers of Civilization in Race and History
392:seals, and other archaeological findings.
1433:Thierry Dodin & Heinz Rather (1996).
1336:(Supplement). 24 July 1901. p. 4917.
1002:
174:and served as a medical officer with the
2001:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
1915:Waddell, Lieut.-Colonel Lawrence Austine
1639:Journal of the American Oriental Society
529:and its Mysteries" third edition in 1906
323:with clasp, and was in 1901 appointed a
83:(29 May 1854 – 19 September 1938) was a
1172:"WADDELL, Lieut.-Col. Laurence Austine"
1099:
1027:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
282:Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband
870:(for book descriptions see footnotes)
937:Aryan-Sumerian Origin of the Alphabet
658:(1927) Waddell attempted to show the
7:
1996:Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society
899:The Tribes of the Brahmaputra valley
411:, the Buddha's supposed birthplace.
327:(CIE). By late 1901 he had moved to
1991:Companions of the Order of the Bath
1178:. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1811.
397:Trojan Origin of World Civilization
278:1903–1904 British invasion of Tibet
1919:The Indian Biographical Dictionary
1159:him as "Lawrence Austine Waddell."
337:Companion of the Order of the Bath
25:
494:, and inscriptions, as evidence.
315:in August 1900, for which he was
1899:
1377:; Wylie, H; Konstam, EM (1897).
981:. London : S. Sonnenschein.
403:Discovery of Buddha's Birthplace
399:. The book was never published.
342:In 1908, Waddell began to learn
1981:Indian Medical Service officers
1931:Laurence Waddell Family Archive
260:and Tibet) and wrote about the
1701:The Scottish Historical Review
1437:. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
979:Dictionary of Indian Biography
707:Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
593:Indo-Sumerian Seals Deciphered
333:Tibet Mission to Lhasa 1903–04
1:
1936:A Biography of L. A. Waddell
1408:Waddell, L. Austine (1895).
782:, were the product of Aryan
652:Aryan Origin of the Alphabet
329:North-West Frontier Province
298:Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism
256:and areas on the borders of
1189:Preston, Christine (2009).
311:(1898–1901), including the
2027:
1156:Laurence Augustine Waddell
1094:References & Footnotes
1034:Waddell Collection at the
733:was panned in a review by
731:The Makers of Civilization
699:The Makers of Civilization
690:
631:
552:
402:
1873:Waddell reconstructs the
1562:10.1017/s0041977x00089436
1475:10.1017/s0041977x00000562
1195:. Sussex Academic Press.
1004:10.1017/S0035869X00089577
977:Buckland, C. E. (1906).
768:Indus Valley civilization
537:Historia Regum Britanniae
449:Indus Valley civilization
221:Waddell was stationed in
34:Laurence Austine Waddell.
1506:The Geographical Journal
1451:. London: Luzac. p. 497.
1049:languages, Archaeology,
1023:. Sussex Academic Press.
423:
217:. After his return from
50:Laurence Austine Waddell
1927:(University of Glasgow)
987:"Colonel L. A. Waddell"
807:The Heritage of Britain
613:Stephen Herbert Langdon
357:Encyclopædia Britannica
317:mentioned in despatches
1961:Amateur archaeologists
1125:at Library of Congress
985:Thomas, F. W. (1939).
811:
755:
743:
727:Scheil dynastic tablet
684:
656:Sumer-Aryan Dictionary
625:
546:
530:
514:
503:
454:Scheil dynastic tablet
443:(who he identified as
352:Scheil dynastic tablet
321:China War Medal (1900)
272:, Waddell learned the
249:
196:Indian Medical Gazette
176:Indian Medical Service
159:
147:
139:
43:
35:
1036:University of Glasgow
945:(1928, small booklet)
849:Gymnocypris waddellii
836:University of Glasgow
524:
243:
213:the last king of the
153:
145:
137:
41:
33:
1447:Waddell, L. (1929).
1088:Grafton Elliot Smith
1019:Preston, C. (2009).
921:(1924, 2nd ed. 1925)
790:Grafton Elliot Smith
693:Waddell's chronology
488:Geoffrey of Monmouth
474:(1924) argued for a
1769:Preston, 2009: 195.
1725:Preston, 2009: 143.
1671:Preston, 2009: 169.
1364:Preston, 2009: 194.
1140:Among the Himalayas
1130:Among the Himalayas
1122:Among the Himalayas
1116:Library of Congress
892:Among the Himalayas
862:(Natural History).
286:Among the Himalayas
229:, established that
223:Darjeeling district
172:British Indian Army
156:Paljor Dorje Shatra
48:Lieutenant Colonel
1925:Waddell Collection
1904:Works by or about
1689:Preston, 2009: 85.
1680:Preston, 2009: 21.
1346:Preston, 2009: 20.
1333:The London Gazette
1306:Preston, 2009: 36.
1271:Preston, 2009: 31.
1262:Preston, 2009: 30.
1240:Preston, 2009: 25.
822:named the species
549:Indus-Valley seals
531:
424:Waddell's theories
250:
164:Glasgow University
160:
148:
140:
102:; he made various
44:
36:
18:L. Austine Waddell
2011:Himalayan studies
2006:Hyperdiffusionism
1971:Explorers of Asia
1966:British explorers
1743:(12): 1168–1169.
1202:978-1-84519-315-7
1073:Christian O'Brien
857:
764:hyperdiffusionism
660:Sumerian language
634:Sumerian language
628:Sumerian language
579:(later including
16:(Redirected from
2018:
1906:Laurence Waddell
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1068:David MacRitchie
1016:
1006:
964:The British Edda
852:
832:Hunterian Museum
735:Harry L. Shapiro
617:Mortimer Wheeler
559:Dravidian people
492:Hittite language
429:Tibetan Buddhism
313:Relief of Peking
274:Tibetan language
262:Tibetan Buddhist
215:Konbaung dynasty
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672:
648:Henry Rawlinson
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319:, received the
309:Boxer Rebellion
194:and edited the
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28:
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1890:
1889:External links
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860:British Museum
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824:Babax waddelli
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780:Dynastic Egypt
759:
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662:was of Aryan (
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591:origin in his
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506:Brutus of Troy
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1051:Asian history
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820:Henry Dresser
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63:
59:
55:
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40:
32:
19:
1918:
1869:
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1850:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1823:
1813:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1783:
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1466:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1410:
1403:
1389:(3): 645–6.
1386:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1331:
1322:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1286:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1206:. Retrieved
1191:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1139:
1135:Google Books
1128:
1120:
1111:British Edda
1109:
1102:
1026:
1020:
994:
990:
978:
962:
955:
948:
942:
936:
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875:
869:
847:
845:
823:
817:
806:
804:
799:
788:
772:Minoan Crete
761:
758:Pan-Sumerism
752:
744:
740:
730:
724:
702:
698:
696:
681:
673:
655:
651:
637:
622:
605:Ralph Turner
602:
592:
581:Mohenjo-daro
565:Indus Valley
562:
555:Indus script
543:
535:
532:
525:Book cover "
511:
504:
500:
496:
476:Syro-Hittite
471:
469:
459:British Edda
457:
438:
433:
432:
428:
427:
406:
396:
394:
390:Indus-Valley
365:
355:
341:
306:
297:
294:
285:
266:British army
251:
233:was part of
200:
195:
182:, China and
161:
120:civilization
104:translations
49:
47:
45:
1956:1938 deaths
1951:1854 births
1878:Poetic Edda
1796:(1): 79–94.
1645:: 284–285.
1418:22 February
1375:Waddell, LA
1328:"No. 27337"
1282:"Agam Kuan"
1078:W. J. Perry
828:giant babax
814:Collections
786:colonists.
701:(1929) and
697:Waddell in
470:Waddell in
466:Phoenicians
409:Kapilavastu
290:Pataliputra
246:Pataliputra
154:A photo of
1945:Categories
1910:Wikisource
1707:(97): 53.
1556:(2): 376.
1208:4 December
747:Aryan race
715:Manis-Tusu
691:See also:
687:Chronology
632:See also:
563:The first
553:See also:
480:Phoenician
413:Cunningham
386:Babylonian
270:Darjeeling
211:Thibaw Min
1610:: 79–95.
1491:162951346
1176:Who's Who
1148:191983018
1055:folk-lore
846:The fish
796:Reception
776:Phoenicia
721:Reception
670:Reception
599:Reception
517:Reception
441:Sumerians
231:Agam Kuan
1830:10 March
1790:Paideuma
1713:25525780
1589:25220872
1395:25207894
1288:19 April
1062:See also
1047:Sumerian
1043:Assyrian
1013:25201976
784:Sumerian
666:) root.
638:The non-
589:Sumerian
569:Harappan
382:Sumerian
344:Sumerian
302:Buddhism
192:Sanskrit
100:Sanskrit
96:Sumerian
88:explorer
85:Scottish
1757:2750262
1624:3768527
1526:1782555
972:Sources
842:Tribute
640:Semitic
577:Harappa
378:Hittite
372:(i.e.,
348:Sumeria
280:led by
188:Kolkata
116:history
81:F.R.A.S
1921:(1915)
1755:
1711:
1659:593279
1657:
1622:
1587:
1524:
1489:
1483:607096
1481:
1393:
1199:
1146:
1011:
967:(1930)
959:(1930)
951:(1929)
939:(1927)
933:(1927)
927:(1925)
915:(1912)
909:(1905)
901:(1901)
895:(1899)
887:(1895)
879:(1884)
856:, 1905
778:, and
713:, was
583:). As
484:Totnes
445:Aryans
418:Führer
362:Aryans
254:Sikkim
74:I.M.S.
62:F.L.S.
1753:JSTOR
1709:JSTOR
1655:JSTOR
1620:JSTOR
1585:JSTOR
1522:JSTOR
1487:S2CID
1479:JSTOR
1391:JSTOR
1009:JSTOR
854:Regan
826:(the
711:Menes
585:seals
527:Lhasa
370:Aryan
258:Nepal
227:Patna
219:Burma
207:Tibet
203:Burma
184:Burma
180:Tibet
108:seals
92:Tibet
70:M.Ch.
66:L.L.D
1832:2021
1420:2022
1295:A.D.
1290:2013
1210:2012
1197:ISBN
1144:OCLC
1053:and
1045:and
654:and
646:and
572:seal
557:and
486:and
478:and
205:and
130:Life
98:and
1917:in
1908:at
1745:doi
1647:doi
1612:doi
1558:doi
1514:doi
1471:doi
1133:at
1114:at
999:doi
567:or
268:in
118:of
106:of
77:RAI
58:CIE
1947::
1822:.
1794:14
1792:.
1751:.
1739:.
1705:25
1703:.
1653:.
1643:47
1641:.
1618:.
1606:.
1579:.
1552:.
1520:.
1510:65
1508:.
1485:.
1477:.
1465:.
1387:29
1385:.
1381:.
1330:.
1292:.
1218:^
1174:.
1142:,
1007:.
995:71
993:.
989:.
774:,
770:,
749::
737::
619::
595:.
462:.
384:,
380:,
126:.
79:,
72:,
68:,
64:,
60:,
56:,
54:CB
52:,
1834:.
1759:.
1747::
1741:3
1715:.
1661:.
1649::
1626:.
1614::
1608:8
1591:.
1581:4
1564:.
1560::
1554:4
1528:.
1516::
1493:.
1473::
1467:3
1422:.
1397:.
1212:.
1038::
1015:.
1001::
248:.
20:)
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