Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias

6135: 6885: 1683: 1778: 1710:. The dispute grew out of proportion when both bishops were convicted and given prison sentences for disobeying the government's order to rescind their expulsions. As Catholicism was the state religion, the Emperor exercised, with the papacy's acquiescence, a great deal of control over church affairs—paying clerical salaries, appointing parish priests, nominating bishops, ratifying papal bulls, and overseeing seminaries. As a result of the furor over the handling of the affair, Rio Branco and his cabinet resigned, "disunited and weary after four years in office", according to historian Roderick J. Barman. Pedro II asked Caxias to form a new cabinet. The duke later gave a remarkable account of their meeting: 1745:

nation's existence; they had only known a stable administration and prosperity. The young politicians saw no reason to uphold and defend the imperial office as a unifying force beneficial to the nation. Times were changing fast, and Caxias was aware of the situation. He became increasingly nostalgic for the former times he had spent with his now-dead Conservative Party colleagues and held a pessimistic view of future political prospects. When Itaboraí—one of the last survivors of those Conservative leaders who had begun their careers during the 1830s—died in 1872, the duke wrote to a friend: "Who will replace him? I don't know, I cannot see ... The vacuum he left will not be filled, as it was not with Eusébio,

1637: 916:. Nonetheless, Luís Alves was promoted to the rank of major on 2 December 1828 and made second-in-command of the Emperor's Battalion in early 1829. During his stay in Montevideo, he met María Ángela Furriol González Luna. How far their relationship progressed is unknown, but there may have been a failed engagement. He returned to Rio de Janeiro and witnessed the increasing deterioration in Emperor Pedro I's political position. A growing opposition to Pedro I's policies eventually erupted into mass protests at the Field of Santana in downtown Rio de Janeiro on 6 April 1831. The situation became more ominous when several military units, led by Luís Alves's father and uncles, joined the protests. 1292: 1715:

service, he would summon the Liberals and would have to tell everybody that I was responsible for the consequence, all the while encircling me with his arms. I pointed out to him my circumstances, my age, and my infirmity; but he concurred in nothing. To free myself from him, I should have had to shove him off, and this I could not do. I bowed my head and said that I would do what he wanted but that I was sure that he would have cause for regret, since I would not be minister for long, because I would die from work and troubles. However, he listened to nothing and told me that I should only do what I could do but that I must not abandon him, since he would in that case abandon us and go away.

1733: 935: 2007:, to petition him to reconcile with officers of the Left Brigade with whom he had become estranged. The meeting had barely ended when two officers of the Left Brigade arrived, bringing news that Labatut had been arrested. The view of historian Afonso de Carvalho is that Luís Alves, whose name appears last in the minutes, signed under protest and felt uncomfortable with the idea of sending a delegation to talk with the commander-in-chief. Taking a part in a plot to remove Labatut from the command and arrest him would have been even more unlikely. Also, unlike his uncle and other relatives in the army, he was not rewarded with any 1573: 1328: 1319:, but according to Needell, he "was first and foremost a military man. Personal fealty to the Empire came before any other. As so many did, he identified this loyalty with fealty to the Crown in abstraction and to Dom Pedro personally." He was a choice that could please all sides. Caxias, said Needell, "was not so much a political man as a man profoundly loyal to the Monarchy with which he ... had come to identify with the Conservative Party. Thus, Paraná may have appointed Caxias to reassure traditional Conservatives without endangering the more independent political position Paraná was taking." 947:

factions. The army, "demoralized by the far from exemplary part it had played in the April Revolution ," said historian C. H. Haring, "became the ready tool of any popular agitator or demagogue, and often the source of riot and sedition." The government severely reduced the size of the standing army and effectively replaced it with the newly created National Guard, a militia force. In July 1831, without troops to command, Luís Alves and other officers joined the Volunteer Soldier-Officers Battalion as soldiers. As second in command of that unit, he put down a mutiny of navy artillerymen led by

79: 1760:, in the countryside of Rio de Janeiro province. On 7 May 1880 at 11 pm he quietly died, attended by members of his family. A saddened Pedro II (who visited Caxias several times during his long illness) remarked about his "friend of almost a half century", that he had "known him, and esteemed him since 1832. He was 76, almost 77 years old. And so we remain in this world." Caxias asked for a simple funeral, with no pomp, no honors, no invitations, and only six soldiers of good conduct to carry his coffin. His last wish was not entirely respected: Pedro II sent a 991: 1423: 1125: 1807:"—more than D. Pedro II—the Empire." Francisco Doratioto said that the duke "in Paraguay had doubts, pride, resentment, and made mistakes; in short, he was a real character ... Caxias, however, was able to rise above his limitations, imposed on himself great personal sacrifices and incorporated the responsibility of accomplishing the objective ... In this context, Caxias was, indeed, a hero; he carried with him, it is true, social and political prejudices of his time, but one can not demand from the past the observance of present-day values." 1511: 1200: 1063: 1799:(protector) of the army, making him the most important figure in its tradition. According to Adriana Barreto de Souza, Francisco Doratioto and Celso Castro, Caxias supplanted Osório because he was seen as a loyal and dutiful officer who could serve as a role model in a Brazilian republic plagued since its birth in 1889 by military insubordination, rebellions and coups. "His name", said the historian Thomas Whigham, "has become synonymous with the upright officer and citizen who never breaks the law—hence the popular term 1144:, one of Caxias's uncles, joined the rebels. His father, Francisco de Lima, and possibly another uncle (the Minister of War at the time), also secretly supported the rebellion. On 28 September 1842, Caxias was appointed president and military commander of the province of Rio Grande do Sul. The 16-year-old Pedro II allowed Caxias to prove once more that he was unlike his father and uncles and gave him a short and direct order: "End this revolution, as you have ended the others." Caxias brought with him a fellow 2034:, whom Caxias replaced on two different occasions. The first was a brief transfer of command which occurred from 9 February 1867 until 1 August 1867, when Mitre traveled to Argentina. Mitre relinquished the position a second, and final, time on 14 January 1868, when several rebellions in Argentina and the death of his Vice-President forced a return to his country. The position of Commander-in-Chief was later abolished officially on 3 October 1868, although the role continued to be filled informally by Caxias. 1304:

known each other since 1831 and had formed a deep friendship and strong bond based on trust and views in common. Paraná had been facing overwhelming opposition in parliament from members of his, and Caxias's, own party. Under the guise of correcting flaws in elections so that all parties would have legitimate access to representation in parliament, Paraná attempted to pass electoral reforms that would, in practice, allot cabinets even more influence to meddle in elections through coercion and patronage. The

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senator in his own right, had long since lost his former influence and had not held any office of importance for years. Nevertheless, Caxias and Francisco de Lima maintained a loving and respectful relationship to the very end, as may be seen in the few surviving letters between them. His relationship with other family members, however, was marred by resentment, as he told his wife years later: "We are placed in the foreground of our society, causing even envy to your relatives and to mine as well."

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his staff as acting commander, and left for Brazil on 19 January 1869. The Emperor was angered that the marquis had left his post without permission, and especially that Caxias had declared the war to have been already won—even though López was still at large and regrouping his few remaining military assets. Caxias's ill-conceived decision seriously endangered the hard-won achievements of the past months, even as the objective of eliminating López as a threat remained tantalizingly within reach.

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expressed gratitude for his loyalty, but instead ordered him to take the Emperor's Battalion to the Field of Santana and join the rebels, preferring abdication to bloodshedding. Decades later, Luís Alves said in the Brazilian Senate: "I marched along with the Emperor's Battalion to the Field of Santana, out of devotion to competent orders . I was not a revolutionary. I esteemed the Abdication. I judged that it would be of advantage to Brazil, but I did not concur directly or indirectly with it."

804:. The entire course (which ran from the first to seventh year) was mandatory for artillerymen and engineers but infantrymen were only required to take first- and fifth-year classes. Luís Alves took the first- and fifth-year classes in 1818 and 1819, respectively. Though he could have skipped the other years, he chose to take second-year classes in 1820 and third-year classes in 1821. The subjects he studied in the Royal Military Academy ranged from arithmetic, algebra and geometry to 1343:(prime minister) of the Council of Ministers to meddle in elections. Unexpectedly, Paraná fell ill and died on 3 September 1856. Caxias replaced him, but was reluctant to face the legislature, elected under the electoral reform, that was slated to convene the next year. He resigned, along with the other cabinet ministers, on 4 May 1857. The Law of the Circles and the controversy surrounding it split the Conservative Party: one faction was the 1795:. Caxias was held to be a minor figure in comparison to Erval. His reputation slowly grew, and in 1923, the Ministry of the Army created an annual celebration in his honor. In 1925, his birthday officially became the "Day of the Soldier", which commemorates the Brazilian army. On 25 August 1949, his remains, along with those of his wife, were exhumed and reinterred in Rio de Janeiro's Duke of Caxias Pantheon. On 13 March 1962, Caxias became 1811:

brilliant army officer", also "Brazil's most famous military figure" and a man "who was genuinely loyal to the throne". To Whigham, the duke was "destined to occupy a lofty spot in Brazil's national mythology. He often had to act as a statesman as much as military man" and was "hrewdly competent in both roles". Hélio Viana regarded Caxias as "the greatest soldier of Brazil", a view shared by Eugênio Vilhena de Morais,

1695:, which Caxias voted for. The law was to emancipate children born to slave women after its enactment. With half of Conservative Party members supporting the bill and the other half staunchly opposed, a serious rift opened in the ranks. Opponents represented the interests of powerful coffee farmers such as Caxias, planters who had long been the main political, social, and economic supporters of the Conservative Party. 959:

upstarts. Newspapers connected to political enemies of his family took advantage of this disagreement to level serious, but unfounded, accusations against him, including that he had kidnapped Ana Luísa. Despite the invective, their marriage was a happy one and three children resulted: Luísa de Loreto Viana de Lima, Ana de Loreto Viana de Lima and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, born in 1833, 1836 and 1847, respectively.

6780: 750:, capital of both the Rio de Janeiro captaincy and of Brazil. He had neither noble rank nor noble ancestry and lacked patrons in an environment in which advancement depended upon exchanges of favors and family connections. Having fought against the Spaniards on Brazil's southern frontiers, he secured a place for himself in Rio de Janeiro's upper class when he married a member of a local and influential family. 471: 586: 1526:. The Progressive cabinet decided to create a unified command over Brazilian forces operating in Paraguay, and it turned to the 63-year-old Caxias (made permanent army marshal on 13 January) as the new leader on 10 October 1866. He told his wife that the reason he had accepted the post was because the war "was an evil that has reached more or less all, from the Emperor to the most unfortunate slave." 713:, but with time surpassed even Erval's renown. In 1925 his birthday was established as the Day of the Soldier, a day of honor for the Brazilian army. On 13 March 1962 he was officially designated the army's protector—its soldierly ideal and the most important figure in its tradition. Historians have regarded Caxias positively, several ranking him as the greatest of Brazil's military officers. 1653:"and the same would have had happened to me, had I not resolved to get out of that hell." Pedro II was greatly disappointed in Caxias, but he was also very aware that the marquis was the person most responsible for the great successes during the war, accomplishments that had come at the cost of years of sacrifice and personal bravery. The Emperor called the marquis to the Imperial Palace, the 6790: 882: 5813: 1160:. When threatened, the rebels escaped to safety in nearby Uruguay (formerly Cisplatina). As in Maranhão, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Caxias planted spies within the enemy's ranks to gather information and to foment dissension. Historian Roderick J. Barman said that he "displayed military, organizational, and political talents essential to what is now termed ' 1251:(later Count of Porto Alegre) to lead the former force. Caxias met and befriended Marques de Sousa, who had served under his command in the War of the Ragamuffins, during his trip to Rio Grande do Sul in 1839. The Brazilian division, led by Marques de Sousa, along with Uruguayan and Argentine rebel troops, invaded Argentina. On 3 February 1852, in the 706:(prime minister) in 1856; he briefly held that office again in 1861, but fell when his party lost its parliamentary majority. Over the decades Caxias witnessed the growth and zenith of his party, then its slow decline as internal conflict divided it. In 1875, he headed a cabinet for the last time, and after years of failing health he died in May 1880. 1537:(later the Viscount of Inhaúma) to lead the navy. From October 1866 until July 1867, all offensive operations were suspended. During this period, Caxias trained his soldiers, re-equipped the army with newer guns, improved the quality of the officer corps, and upgraded the health corps and overall hygiene of the troops, putting an end to epidemics. 1239:(later Viscount of Uruguai), forged an anti-Rosas alliance between Brazil, Uruguay and rebel Argentine provinces. When Paulino Soares asked who should be appointed as Brazil's representative among the allied forces, Caxias suggested Honório Hermeto. Honório Hermeto, who had been ostracized by his peers after his fall in 1844, was the 1180:

1845. He was made a permanent field marshal on 25 March, and raised to the rank of count on 2 April. Caxias ran for a Senate seat, and being among the three candidates with the most votes, he was selected by the Emperor in late 1845 as the senator representing Rio Grande do Sul. He took his Senate seat on 11 May 1846.

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In the final attempt, the Brazilian soldiers panicked and began to flee in disorder. Caxias, witnessing the unfolding disaster, unsheathed his sword and charged on horseback toward the bridge, followed by his staff. He passed through the fleeing troops, shouting "Hail to His Majesty", "Hail to Brazil" and finally, "

2048:, he asserted that he had "deliberately spread cholera in Corrientes and other provinces hostile to the war effort by having infected corpses thrown into the rivers." Historians Hendrik Kraay, Thomas Whigham and Ricardo Salles have dismissed this allegation, as there is no proof that any such letter ever existed. 2043:

The Marxist historiography constructed in Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s offered a stark contrast to the traditional view. Although largely discredited today, the revisionist historical narrative was taken up by many during those decades. The most serious novel allegation against Caxias was

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At the end of 1877, Pedro II paid a visit to Caxias and ascertained that he could no longer remain in office. The entire cabinet resigned on 1 January 1878. His health problems had become so troubling that he had been asking repeatedly to resign since early 1876. Caxias was not only afflicted by

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An army commanded by Caxias crossed into Uruguay in September 1851. The allies decided to divide their forces into two armies: a multinational force that included a single Brazilian division, and a second army composed entirely of Brazilians under Caxias. Against the wishes of Honório Hermeto, Caxias

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Upon his return from Maranhão, Caxias saw that the political climate had changed. Francisco de Lima's Liberal Party had pushed through the premature declaration of the Emperor's majority on 23 July 1840. In May 1842, the Liberals rebelled in the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais

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Luís Alves would normally have begun the fourth-year classes at the Royal Military Academy in March 1822. Instead, he dropped out in December 1821 and enlisted in the 1st Fusilier Battalion. Prince Dom Pedro, son and heir of King João VI, had just embarked upon the struggle against Portugal that

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used for funerals of members of the imperial family only, to be followed by sixteen servants of the imperial household, and one corporal and thirteen, not six, soldiers of good conduct to carry his remains. A huge procession was followed by a funeral (attended by Pedro II) and his body was laid

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cabinet was composed of men with whom Caxias had close relationships, among them Eusébio de Queirós, who had helped him bring order to the streets of Rio de Janeiro in the late 1830s. Caxias was now a wealthy planter who owned slaves and was very much a part of the landed aristocracy that formed the

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On 22 May 1808, Luís Alves was enlisted at the age of five as a cadet in the 1st Regiment of Infantry of Rio de Janeiro. Historian Adriana Barreto de Souza explained that this did "not mean that he began to serve as a child, the connection to the regiment was simply honorific", his perquisite as the

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and Mariana Cândido de Oliveira Belo. His godparents were his paternal grandfather, José Joaquim de Lima da Silva, and his maternal grandmother, Ana Quitéria Joaquina. Luís Alves's early years were spent on the São Paulo farm owned by his maternal grandfather and namesake, Luís Alves de Freitas. The

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On 19 August 1861, Caxias said in the Senate: "In my entire life I took as a rule always to obey, without hesitation, all orders from the government. After I entered the parliament, having to manifest a political opinion, I aligned with those who, by their ideas and their behavior, seemed to me to

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The marquis had to take great risks to win these victories. In the Ytororó engagement, which occurred on 5 December, the allied objective was to take a bridge over the Ytororó River. Several attempts were made to cross the bridge, but each was repelled by intense fire from the Paraguayan positions.

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in September. This Brazilian town was occupied by a Paraguayan army. By the time Caxias and his party arrived, the town was under siege by a combined force of Brazilian, Argentine and Uruguayan units. The Paraguayans surrendered without further bloodshed, freeing the Emperor and Caxias to return to

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to the young Pedro II. Ties of duty had drawn the two men together, but a long-lasting friendship and personal devotion also developed. Pedro II said many years later that he regarded Luís Alves as "loyal and my friend". According to historian Heitor Lira, Luís Alves was "one of the rare,

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Though an accomplished student, Luís Alves was often reprimanded for bullying new students. With time, he matured, eventually being regarded by his peers as a very reasonable and honest person. He had an ordinary appearance, with a round face, brown hair, brown eyes and average height. Luís Alves's

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The new politicians who had begun to dominate the government had little memory of the times before Pedro II assumed control in 1840. Unlike their predecessors, they had no experience of the regency and the early years of Pedro II's reign, when external and internal dangers threatened the

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Caxias was growing old, and was ill and exhausted by the time he reached Asunción. As he did not feel up to the task of pursuing López into the Paraguayan hinterland, he asked to be either relieved of his post or given a short leave. Although his request was denied, he appointed a senior member of

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ideology and leadership. During the years following 1857, successive cabinets quickly collapsed, unable to muster a majority in the Chamber of Deputies, as the two Conservative wings undercut each other in a fight for dominance. The Emperor asked Caxias to head a new cabinet on 2 March 1861. Among

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unremarkable features were compensated by his bearing. Historian Thomas Whigham described him as someone who "learned the art of giving orders early in life. Immaculate in his dress, he was soft spoken, polite, and smoothly in control of himself. He seemed to radiate calm composure and authority."

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In early February the marquis arrived back unannounced at his house in Rio de Janeiro, much to the surprise of his wife. The Viscount of Inhaúma also returned home shortly afterwards, but with his health so compromised that he died a few weeks later. Upon learning of Inhaúma's death, Caxias said:

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that led to the cabinet's resignation. The Emperor called Conservatives, under Itaboraí's leadership, back into power on 16 July 1868, while the Progressive League was rechristened as the Liberal Party. Meanwhile, the allies occupied Humaitá on 25 July after López managed to engineer a successful

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leadership. They attempted, however, to use him as a figurehead and to further their own agendas. He commented to Paranhos: "I see what you meant, with respect to the bizarre behavior of these gentlemen, who do not wish to govern the country, when they are invited to do so, because they prefer to

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Around 1853 (and certainly by 1855), the old Party of Order had become more widely known as the Conservative Party. On 14 June 1855, the marquis accepted the portfolio of Minister of War and joined the "Conciliation Cabinet" headed by Honório Hermeto (now Marquis of Paraná). Caxias and Paraná had

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reached the age of majority and the ability to rule in his own right. One of the regents chosen was Luís Alves's father. The regency had little effective authority, resulting in nine years of chaos, during which the country was plagued by rebellions and coup attempts initiated by unruly political

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The historiography is often positive toward Caxias and several historians have ranked him as the greatest Brazilian military officer. To historian Nelson Werneck Sodré, he was "not only the greatest military commander of his continent , in his time, but a great politician". Moreover, Caxias was

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Caxias's father died in December 1853. For years, father and son had clashed, taking opposite sides. The marquis ultimately prevailed, adhering closely to his grandfather José Joaquim de Lima's steadfast loyalty to the Crown and respect for the law. By the time of his death, Francisco de Lima, a

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in government, but Caxias was retained in his command. The War of the Ragamuffins took far longer to put down than had previous rebellions, but through careful negotiation and military victories, Caxias finally managed to pacify the province. The end of the armed conflict was declared on 1 March

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Roderick J. Barman affirmed that Caxias was not only "extremely powerful in the Conservative party", but also "the country's most distinguished" and "most successful soldier", who had "proved his capacity and his loyalty by defeating revolts against the regime". C. H. Haring said that he was "a

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Believe that when I entered my carriage to go São Cristóvão, summoned by the Emperor, I was determined not to accept. But he, as soon as he saw me, embraced me and said to me that he would not let me go unless I told him that I would accept the post of minister and that, if I refused to do this

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On 6 January 1833, at age 29, he married Ana Luísa de Loreto Carneiro Viana, the sixteen-year-old younger sister of an army officer friend, and a member of an aristocratic family of Rio de Janeiro. The union was contrary to the wishes of the bride's mother, who saw Luís Alves and his family as

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The Emperor considered appointing Luís Alves to command the Emperor's Battalion and asked him which side he would choose. According to historian Francisco Doratioto, Luís Alves answered that "between the love of his father and his duty to the crown, he would stay with the latter." Pedro I

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president. The Caxias-Cotejipe cabinet attempted to dissipate the discord created by the previous cabinet. Their measures included financial aid to coffee farmers, an amnesty for the convicted bishops, and, to please the pro-slavery Conservatives, the selection of new ministers and a call for

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During the Bahia campaign, high-ranking officers mutinied against Labatut, who was taken prisoner and sent back to Rio de Janeiro. It is unlikely that Luís Alves was involved, but his uncle, Joaquim de Lima, was almost certainly part of the conspiracy and was chosen by the officers to replace

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and raised him from marquis to duke, the highest rank of Brazilian nobility, and a unique distinction during Pedro II's 58-year reign. The Emperor also appointed him to the Council of State in October 1870. But none of this prevented Caxias from attacks and accusations—some petty—in the

1628:!" ("Those who are true Brazilians, follow me!") His display of courage stopped the retreat immediately; the units regrouped, and a vigorous attack led personally by Caxias overwhelmed the Paraguayan positions. Several men who were next to him during the attack were killed, as was his horse. 1081:

Named as the province's vice-president and military commander, Caxias arrived in São Paulo on 21 May 1842. After he defeated the rebels there, he was appointed military commander of Minas Gerais and marched to that province. With the aid of National Guard units from Rio de Janeiro under its

1048:(later Marquis of Paraná, a distant cousin of Caxias's wife and a leader of the Reactionary Party) sent letters to Luís Alves attempting to undermine the influence Francisco de Lima had on him and to dissuade him from supporting the unconstitutional proposal to declare the Emperor of age. 1741:

concerns over his declining health, but increasingly felt a sense of alienation. He did not feel he could play a relevant role in politics. He belonged to an older generation who perceived the Emperor (and consequently, the monarchy) as essential for holding the nation together.

1478:, Caxias followed him into the combat zone. The marquis had warned the Progressive cabinet that Brazil was unprepared to intervene in Uruguay and even less prepared to resist a foreign invasion. His warnings were ignored, and he complained, with a bit of irony, to his friend 867:

Labatut. The campaign resumed, and the Portuguese withdrew from Salvador and set sail back to Portugal. On 2 July, the victorious Brazilians entered the city. The Emperor's Battalion returned to Rio de Janeiro, and Luís Alves was later promoted to captain on 22 January 1824.

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govern the Government. They are completely mistaken about me, since I am not disposed to serve them as a hobbyhorse." Lacking support in parliament, Caxias's cabinet resigned on 24 May 1862 after losing its majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the national legislature's

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The situation in Rio Grande do Sul was chaotic, and the local military commanders were incapable of mounting an effective resistance to the Paraguayan army. Pedro II, aware of the danger, decided to go to the front to shore up operations. As the Emperor's military

1036:, Maranhão's capital, on 4 February 1840. After several battles and skirmishes, he defeated the rebels. For his achievement, Luís Alves was promoted to brigadier (present-day brigadier general) on 18 July 1841 and raised by Pedro II to the titled nobility as 1669:: "When I was young, my friend, I did not know how to explain why the elderly were selfish, but now that I am old, I see that they are like that because of the disappointments and ingratitudes they suffer during their lives. At least this is what happens to me". 7249: 863:, which was held by the Portuguese. During the siege, Luís Alves fought in at least three attacks (on 28 March, 3 May and 3 June) against Portuguese positions around Salvador, all successful. In the engagement on 28 March, he led a charge on an enemy bunker. 1155:

Caxias had made a short trip to Rio Grande do Sul in 1839 to inspect the troops fighting the Ragamuffins. Upon his return to the province in November 1842, he found that the rebels, severely weakened after years of struggle, had been forced to resort to

909:. The Emperor's Battalion, to which Luís Alves was attached, was sent to guard Montevideo, then besieged by rebel forces. Luís Alves fought in engagements against the insurgents during 1827 (7 February, 5 July, 7 July, 14 July, 5 August and 7 August). 1395:)—a new party consisting of moderate Conservatives and Liberals—to form a new cabinet. Barely a month later, Caxias's only son died at age 14 of unknown causes. There was a small consolation at the end of 1862 when, on 2 December, he was made brevet 1541:(later the Viscount of Taunay), who fought in the war, remembered that Caxias was a "generous military chief, who forgave small errors, but was implacable with those who committed grave misdeeds, or, then, who betrayed his confidence." 1993:

The family name was "Lima da Silva". Around the time of the Duke of Caxias's birth, all members of the family began signing their name as "Lima e Silva". Their ancestry was mostly Portuguese, although it also included some French

1596:, both considered to be nearly impassable by a large force. Rather than making a frontal attack on López's line, Caxias had a road cut through the Chaco. The road was finished by early December, allowing the allied forces to 1690:

Paranhos, now Viscount of Rio Branco, led a cabinet from 1871 to 1875. Two serious crises arose that challenged its viability and undermined the foundations of the monarchy. The first resulted from the controversy over the

780:(Knight Nobleman of the Royal House). His father, Francisco de Lima, and uncles were also granted honors. Within two generations, the Lima family had risen from mere commoners to the ranks of Portugal's untitled nobility. 1078:

in retaliation for the Emperor's decision—on the advice of a Council of State dominated by Reactionaries—to call for new elections, annulling the previous election tainted by widespread fraud by the Liberal Party.

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faced countless rebellions throughout the country. Again breaking with his father and other relatives sympathetic to the rebels, from 1839 to 1845 Caxias commanded loyalist forces suppressing such uprisings as the

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camp was not clear at the time he accepted the appointment to put down the rebellion in Maranhão in 1839, his victory over the Liberal rebels in 1842 further solidified his allegiance to the Party of Order.

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sincere and profoundly convicted monarchists and friends of the King and of the Dynasty . He placed his sword not only in service to a united and strong Brazil, but also to a worthy and respected Monarch".

844:, the first Brazilian emperor, on 12 October. Those Brazilian and Portuguese forces who remained loyal to Portugal refused to accept this outcome, which led to a war fought on several fronts across Brazil. 1044:, Maranhão's second richest town, which had fallen into rebel hands. Francisco de Lima wrote to his son with news of the Liberals' demand that Pedro II's majority be immediately declared. Meanwhile, 6529: 6970: 6680: 998:

As the commander of the Permanent Municipal Guard Corps, Luís Alves brought order to the streets of Rio de Janeiro, through his own skill and through partnership with the city's chief of police,

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elections. Caxias, who was a Freemason but also a staunch Catholic, threatened to resign if the Emperor did not grant the amnesty, which Pedro II grudgingly issued in September 1875.

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backbone of the Party of Order. With the help of his wealthy mother-in-law, he purchased his first property—a coffee farm—in 1838. He acquired more lands in 1849, further expanding his

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son of a military officer. This infantry regiment was informally known as the "Lima Regiment" because so many members of the family served in it, including his father and grandfather.

1029:(military commander), thus giving him authority over the National Guard and army (brought back to full strength by the Reactionary administration) units in the province, respectively. 2003:

All that is known is that Luís Alves signed the minutes of a meeting among officers of the Right and Center Brigades who had decided to send a delegation to their Commander-in-Chief,

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The elderly Caxias, almost 72 and widowed since 1874, was in poor health and could serve only as a figurehead president of the government formed on 25 June 1875. Cotejipe was the

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Caxias arrived in Paraguay on 18 November, and assumed the supreme command of land and naval forces in the war. His first measure was to arrange the dismissal of Vice-Admiral

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to the north. By 1818, Luís Alves's relatives, who were military officers and had served in the wars, had been ennobled. His grandfather, José Joaquim, became a member of the

6495: 1093:

To distinguish itself from what the Reactionaries perceived as the "unruly" Liberals, sometime around 1843 (and certainly by 1844), the Reactionary Party became known as the

1538: 7239: 6547: 1149: 6638: 6553: 1356: 6662: 5963: 1534: 138: 7214: 1750: 1236: 6704: 1620:. According to historian Ronaldo Vainfas, Caxias's "performance ahead of the allied forces contributed in an unquestionable way to the final triumph over the enemy." 1479: 1530: 1082:

president, Honório Hermeto, Caxias was once again successful, and by late August, the rebellion was crushed. Caxias was honored by Pedro II, who made him his

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on 7 October. A year later, on 18 October 1832, he was appointed commander of the Permanent Municipal Guard Corps, a police force in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

7111: 1791:

From his death in 1880 until the 1920s, the Duke of Caxias was not regarded as the most important military figure in Brazilian history. This honor belonged to

1308:

understood the threat: it would undermine their own party (or in fact any party) by strengthening the executive branch to the detriment of the legislative.

7244: 1876: 1552:. By 2 November, Humaitá was completely cut off from land reinforcement by Paraguayan forces. On 19 February 1868, Brazilian ironclads successfully made a 6064: 754: 6626: 6608: 6578: 6541: 6034: 5913: 1792: 1666: 898: 710: 224: 1588:

Pressing his advantage, the marquis began organizing an assault on the new Paraguayan defenses which López had thrown up along the Pikysyry, south of

1105:

ideology: liberalism, preservation of the authority of the state, and support for representative parliamentary monarchy. Although his move toward the

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young boy may have initially been schooled at home, as was common then. He may have been taught to read and write by his grandmother, Ana Quitéria.

709:

In the years after his death and mainly following the downfall of the Brazilian monarchy, Caxias's reputation was initially overshadowed by that of

126: 1756:

Confined to a wheelchair as his health slowly declined, the Duke of Caxias lived his remaining days at Santa Mônica farm, located near the town of

7174: 6488: 470: 1544:

As the Brazilian army was ready for combat, Caxias sought to encircle Humaitá and force its capitulation by siege. To aid the operation, he used

1592:(Paraguay's capital). This stream afforded a strong defensive position which was anchored by the Paraguay River and by the swampy jungle of the 6853: 6305: 1215:

After years in opposition in the parliament, in September 1848, the Party of Order was called upon by Pedro II to form a new cabinet. The

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On 18 January 1823, Pedro I created the Emperor's Battalion, a handpicked elite infantry unit that included Luís Alves, who was named as

7080: 5795: 5767: 5748: 5717: 5685: 5666: 5650:

Vida do grande cidadão brasileiro Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Barão, Conde, Marquês, Duque de Caxias, desde o seu nascimento em 1803 até 1878

5625: 5594: 5557: 5521: 5485: 5447: 5398: 5363: 5344: 1533:(later the Marquis of Tamandaré and also a member of the Progressive League) by the government, and appoint fellow Conservative Vice-Admiral 1255:, the allies defeated an army led by Rosas, who fled to the United Kingdom, thus ending the war. Caxias spent 17 January aboard the frigate 6747: 6716: 6258: 6980: 6863: 746:

Luís Alves's grandfather, José Joaquim, was a Portuguese military officer who had emigrated in 1767 to Brazil. He settled in the city of

695:, becoming successively a baron, count, and marquis, finally becoming the only person created duke during Pedro II's 58-year reign. 6710: 6674: 6397: 6298: 6271: 6216: 1273:. His plan was aborted once the news of the victory at Caseros arrived. As a reward for his role in the victory, Caxias was promoted to 801: 816:(equivalent to a modern-day second lieutenant) on 12 October 1818, and to lieutenant (modern-day first lieutenant) on 4 November 1820. 7209: 7086: 6819: 6783: 6481: 6793: 6119: 6099: 5466: 1753:, Manuel Felizardo and many others who helped us sustain this little church , which collapsed or almost collapsed on 7 April 1831." 1580:

The relationship between the Marquis of Caxias, now the allied Commander-in-Chief, and the governing Progressives worsened until it

929: 663: 6632: 6614: 6602: 5938: 1482:, a former colleague in the Conciliation cabinet: "I am almost mad with the mistakes that I am seeing being made, but since I am a 181: 1654: 1430:, one of them Caxias (center). This military parade most probably occurred during the siege of Uruguaiana at the beginning of the 1171:

remained in power, Caxias was secure in his position. After Honório Hermeto quarreled with Pedro II a year later, he and the

6191: 5727: 1816: 1235:, declared war on Brazil. Caxias was appointed commander-in-chief of the Brazilian land forces. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, 851:

to the company's commander, his uncle, Colonel José Joaquim de Lima e Silva. The Emperor's Battalion was sent to the province of

315: 35: 1548:

to gather information of the enemy lines. The combined Brazilian–Argentine–Uruguayan army advanced through hostile territory to

1375:(later Viscount of Rio Branco), whom Caxias had met and befriended during the Platine War while serving as secretary to Paraná. 7092: 6535: 6422: 6109: 6103: 6087: 1777: 1581: 1007: 727: 644: 395: 31: 7005: 7199: 6232: 6124: 6095: 6057: 1781: 1141: 1514:

Caxias in Paraguay, c. 1866. He is portrayed in simple campaign uniform, instead of the court dress shown in other pictures

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In the early 1840s Caxias became a member of the Reactionary Party, which evolved into the Party of Order and finally the

625: 544: 7103: 7072: 6990: 6899: 6692: 6329: 5980: 1556:

up the Paraguay River under heavy fire, gaining full control of the river and isolating Humaitá from resupply by water.

1257: 1002:. Luís Alves was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel on 12 September 1837. Eusébio de Queirós was a member of the 764:

embarked upon a series of wars of conquest which resulted in the expansion of Brazil's territory with the annexation of

6448: 897:(then Brazil's southernmost province), was the last to surrender. In 1825, secessionists in the province rebelled. The 7219: 7204: 6934: 6929: 6868: 6686: 1911: 1392: 1013:

After being promoted to colonel on 2 December 1839, Luís Alves was sent by the Reactionary cabinet to the province of

699: 438: 1958:

Commemorative medal of the surrender of the division of the army of Paraguay that occupied the village of Uruguaiana.

1033: 912:

The war came to a disastrous end in 1828, as Brazil relinquished Cisplatina, which became the independent nation of

7141: 6698: 6668: 6563: 5973: 1757: 1609: 1363:(moderate Conservative) wing, composed mostly of younger politicians who owed their positions to electoral reform. 1070: 1057: 773: 672: 559: 424: 2021:

offer the greatest guarantees for the order of my country. I have held myself unshakably faithful to those ideas."

6731: 6620: 6211: 6181: 6171: 6166: 6050: 1439: 1286: 1040:(Baron of Caxias). He was given the rare honor of choosing his title; he decided to commemorate his recapture of 792:

In 1811, Luís Alves moved with his parents from his grandparents' farm to Rio de Janeiro and was enrolled at the

739: 6873: 6176: 6985: 6904: 6504: 6206: 5903: 1340: 703: 93: 7055: 7000: 6412: 999: 6288: 6266: 6237: 1232: 1010:, one of the leading Reactionaries and a government minister, attempted to attract Luís Alves to his party. 680: 624:. Like his father and uncles, Caxias pursued a military career. In 1823 he fought as a young officer in the 513: 726:

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva was born on 25 August 1803 on a farm called São Paulo (today within the city of

687:; a decade later Caxias, as army marshal (the army's highest rank), led Brazilian forces to victory in the 7031: 6995: 6919: 6438: 6091: 2008: 1932: 1519: 855:

in the northeast on 28 January and placed, along with other troops, under the command of French Brigadier

834: 731: 399: 1311:

In search of broader support, Paraná appointed as ministers politicians who had few, or no, links to the

7043: 6293: 6276: 1224:. Due to growing international demand, coffee had become the most valuable export commodity for Brazil. 1665:

parliament, including having left his post without permission. The embittered duke wrote to his friend

1553: 6924: 7189: 7184: 7146: 6950: 6858: 6402: 1601: 1262: 1228: 1041: 6914: 6134: 7015: 1964:

Medal awarded to the army, armada and to civil servants in operations in the Paraguayan War (1870).

1572: 1549: 1545: 1518:

The allies invaded Paraguay in April 1866, but after initial success, their advance was blocked by

1422: 797: 761: 608: 78: 5618:

The Party of Order: the Conservatives, the State, and Slavery in the Brazilian Monarchy, 1831–1871

5408: 1812: 7151: 6159: 6114: 1455: 1274: 1270: 1161: 943: 840:

would lead to the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822. The prince was later acclaimed Dom

692: 648: 407: 114: 6975: 2031: 1702:, which developed after the government came into conflict with two bishops who had ordered that 881: 7131: 7037: 6773: 6380: 6154: 6149: 5791: 5763: 5744: 5713: 5681: 5662: 5621: 5590: 5553: 5536: 5517: 5500: 5481: 5462: 5443: 5394: 5359: 5340: 1918: 1692: 1641: 1597: 1567: 1467: 1252: 1157: 1137: 1087: 841: 809: 640: 7136: 6955: 6512: 6073: 1925: 1661: 1636: 1593: 1400: 805: 621: 531: 503: 428: 1803:, which refers to individuals who follow regulations without mistrust, doubt and evasion." 1152:(later Viscount of Araguaia), to serve as his secretary, as he had previously in Maranhão. 6909: 5373: 1897: 1820: 1699: 1447: 1327: 952: 860: 735: 403: 42: 17: 7049: 6960: 6741: 6453: 6443: 6407: 6365: 6341: 6335: 5604: 2045: 2004: 1605: 1523: 1459: 1431: 1412: 1133: 1119: 906: 876: 856: 747: 688: 676: 633: 574: 564: 549: 938:

Ana Luísa de Loreto, wife of Caxias, as a child (bottom right) along with her siblings

7168: 6389: 6359: 1869: 1443: 963: 769: 652: 6884: 1366:

The moderate Conservatives were Conservatives in name only, and did not support the

1199: 990: 812:, camping, fortification in campaign and terrain reconnaissance. He was promoted to 1886: 1732: 1494: 1475: 1427: 1266: 1208: 1083: 1021:. He was appointed to the highest civilian and military positions in the province: 967: 656: 6458: 6417: 1831: 1785: 1510: 1167:

In early 1843, Honório Hermeto became the head of the cabinet, and so long as the

1062: 585: 6753: 6353: 1707: 1703: 1617: 1589: 1451: 1384: 1291: 1194: 1124: 1014: 758: 684: 637: 569: 6835: 1498: 1339:(Law of the Circles). As predicted, and feared, it gave greater powers to the 1221: 894: 890: 885:

María Ángela Furriol, the Hispanic American who may have been Caxias's fiancée

765: 629: 66: 5540: 5504: 632:, as the government unsuccessfully resisted that province's secession in the 7250:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

6473: 6347: 1463: 902: 628:

against Portugal, then spent three years in Brazil's southernmost province,

1066: 5812: 1761: 1018: 985: 848: 668: 554: 994:

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, then-Baron of Caxias, around age 38, c. 1841

6804: 1846: 913: 679:. In 1851, under his command, the Brazilian army prevailed against the 46: 6839: 905:) attempted to annex Cisplatina. Brazil declared war, triggering the 757:

in Rio de Janeiro in 1808 changed the lives of the Lima family. King

5550:

I die with my country: perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870

5495:

Doratioto, Francisco (December 2003). "Senhor da guerra e da paz ".

1497:, in July 1865. From there, they traveled inland until they reached 6042: 5422:

Almanak Administrativo, Mercantil e Industrial (Almanaque Laemmert)

2030:

The previous allied Commander-in-Chief was the Argentine President

1335:

Paraná succeeded in passing electoral reform, which was called the

942:

A regency of three was elected to rule until the five-year-old Dom

5356:

Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891

3688: 3686: 1830: 1776: 1731: 1681: 1635: 1571: 1509: 1421: 1326: 1290: 1198: 1123: 1061: 989: 933: 880: 852: 5424:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Eduardo & Henrique Laemmert. 643:

during the protests of 1831, Caxias remained loyal. Pedro I

5790:. Vol. 1. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 2781: 2779: 2492: 2490: 734:, then a captaincy (later province) of the Portuguese colony of 6808: 6477: 6046: 5578:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880)

5569:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870)

1269:, the Argentine capital, selecting the best place to launch an 1069:(pictured) was one of the towns Caxias marched into during the 5661:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Edições Biblioteca Nacional. 5051: 5049: 5695:

Siber, Eduard (1916). "Retrospecto da Guerra contra Rosas ".

5611:(in Portuguese) (4th ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar. 5415:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio. 4500: 4498: 1347:

ultraconservative (or traditionalist) wing, then called the

702:. He was elected senator in 1846. The Emperor appointed him 5315:

Vultos da pátria: os brasileiros mais ilustres de seu tempo

4976: 4974: 2465: 2463: 1955:

Medal of the army in the Oriental State of Uruguay in 1852.

1493:

The imperial party arrived in Rio Grande do Sul's capital,

5280: 5278: 5276: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3744: 3742: 962:

In the late 1830s, Luís Alves was appointed instructor in

859:. The Brazilian imperial forces besieged Bahia's capital, 5743:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 5589:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 4826: 4824: 4667: 4665: 4527: 4525: 4038: 4036: 2904: 2902: 2677: 2675: 2618: 2616: 1090:(acting) field marshal (present-day divisional general). 620:", was an army officer, politician and monarchist of the 5678:

Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791–1899

5433:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. 4961: 4959: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4023: 4021: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3632: 3630: 3569: 3567: 3393: 3391: 2507: 2505: 1132:

When the republican secessionist rebellion known as the

1086:

on 23 July 1842. Two days later, Caxias was promoted to

1006:(Reactionary Party), which had come to power that year. 5781:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. 5712:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Graphia. 5580:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 5571:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 3063: 3061: 2662: 2660: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2044:

that, in a letter supposedly written by him during the

1600:

and attack from the rear. In three successive battles (

1585:

withdrawal of all Paraguayan troops from its fortress.

1426:

Pedro II (raising his hat) follows behind his two

5697:

Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro

5535:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 5533:

Empire in Brazil: a New World Experiment with Monarchy

5499:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional. 5324:

Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro

3126: 3124: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2126: 2124: 2092: 2090: 2088: 6971:

João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá

1961:

Medal (oval) of bravery "to the bravest ones" (1867).

738:. He was the first son and second of ten children of 636:. Though his own father and uncles renounced Emperor 27:

Brazilian military officer and politician (1803–1880)

5587:

O Duque de Ferro: novos aspectos da figura de Caxias

5461:. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. 5317:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Globo. 1378:

Caxias tried to secure support from the traditional

30:"Duque de Caxias" redirects here. For the city, see 7124: 7102: 7071: 7024: 6943: 6892: 6846: 6730: 6511: 6431: 6388: 6379: 6314: 6257: 6250: 6225: 6199: 6190: 6142: 6080: 5620:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 5478:

Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai

5358:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 5339:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1882:

Member of the Supreme Military and Justice Council.

1355:(puritans), led by Eusébio de Queirós, Uruguai and 537: 527: 519: 509: 499: 494: 477: 465: 453: 445: 434: 413: 381: 376: 342: 332: 314: 304: 294: 273: 263: 245: 218: 206: 198: 175: 163: 155: 132: 120: 110: 92: 64: 7230:Brazilian military personnel of the Paraguayan War 5516:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 5480:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 1446:to establish his country as a regional power. The 1101:. Caxias increasingly identified himself with the 5924:Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana 1940:Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa 1640:Caxias, around age 66, wearing the collar of the 800:in 1837. On 4 May 1818, he was admitted into the 5897:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná 1660:A few days later the Emperor awarded Caxias the 1128:The then-Count of Caxias, around age 43, c. 1846 612:; 25 August 1803 – 7 May 1880), nicknamed " 5880:President of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul 5859:President of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul 5376:(1936). "Caxias no Museu Histórico Nacional ". 5211: 4215: 4191: 3784: 3772: 3733: 3692: 3214: 2785: 2643: 2595: 2496: 2207: 1712: 1462:. Four months later, Paraguayan troops invaded 1207:, aboard which Caxias scouted the port area of 1017:to quell a rebellion which became known as the 53: and the second or paternal family name is 6012:Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre 5741:Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento 5734:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio. 5442:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar. 5322:Azevedo, Moreira (1881). "O Duque de Caxias". 1357:Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí 1277:on 3 March, and raised to marquis on 26 June. 662:During Pedro II's minority the governing 7180:Members of the Senate of the Empire of Brazil 6820: 6489: 6058: 1952:Medal (oval) of the Independence War (Bahia). 8: 5788:The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct 5635:Pinho, Wanderley (1936). "Caxias senador ". 5055: 1657:, on 21 February 1869 for a reconciliation. 1438:In December 1864, the dictator of Paraguay, 7225:People from Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 5762:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. 5652:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. 5514:General Osorio: a espada liberal do Império 1877:Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute 1403:), the highest rank in the Brazilian army. 7011:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias 6827: 6813: 6805: 6789: 6496: 6482: 6474: 6385: 6254: 6196: 6065: 6051: 6043: 5822: 5818:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias 5659:Guerra do Paraguai: memórias & imagens 5337:Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852 1486:I am not listened to, since everything is 1480:João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe 1466:territory in preparation for an attack on 691:. As a reward he was raised to the titled 601:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias 231: 77: 61: 7240:19th-century Brazilian military personnel 5420:Cardoso, José Antonio dos Santos (1880). 5247: 5091: 5016: 4980: 4950: 4608: 4596: 4560: 4504: 4481: 4436: 4422: 4383: 4359: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4203: 4179: 4135: 2881: 2469: 7062:1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum 5964:João Lins Cansanção, Viscount of Sinimbu 5548:Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas (2004). 5393:(in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Genesis. 5187: 4926: 4878: 4854: 4516: 4475: 4448: 4416: 4129: 3052: 2908: 2893: 2869: 2845: 2809: 2770: 2726: 2681: 2637: 2622: 2607: 2583: 2535: 2183: 2115: 1975:List of generals of the Empire of Brazil 1769:cemetery in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 1323:Presidencies of the Council of Ministers 871:Cisplatine War and the abdication crisis 290:9 November 1842 – 11 March 1846 259:30 June 1851 – 4 September 1851 7215:Conservative Party (Brazil) politicians 5914:Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda 5284: 5223: 5040: 4914: 4487: 4460: 4371: 3971: 3947: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3808: 3748: 3721: 3677: 3609: 3508: 3334: 3310: 3286: 3262: 3226: 3154: 2511: 2060: 1986: 1782:Monument in honor of the Duke of Caxias 899:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 328:17 February 1840 – 13 May 1841 6854:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action 5955:President of the Council of Ministers 5930:President of the Council of Ministers 5854:Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho 5838:President of the Province of Maranhão 5175: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5067: 5028: 4965: 4938: 4890: 4866: 4842: 4830: 4791: 4779: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4683: 4671: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4584: 4572: 4531: 4410: 4395: 4167: 4147: 4102: 4078: 4042: 3959: 3935: 3820: 3796: 3709: 3668:, pp. 167, 213, 218, 235 and 241. 3665: 3585: 3502: 3496: 3481: 3397: 3274: 3250: 3091: 2968: 2956: 2932: 2857: 2797: 2758: 2746: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2454: 2096: 1442:, took advantage of Brazil's military 1387:). Pedro II asked members of the 755:arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family 457: 300:Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho 194:3 September 1856 – 3 May 1857 106:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878 6966:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco 5949:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco 5904:President of the Council of Ministers 5296: 5235: 5199: 5163: 5079: 5004: 4992: 4902: 4815: 4803: 4767: 4755: 4695: 4620: 4548: 4347: 4153: 4141: 4114: 4090: 4066: 4054: 4027: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3760: 3653: 3636: 3621: 3597: 3573: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3322: 3298: 3238: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3142: 3130: 3115: 3103: 3079: 3067: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2944: 2920: 2833: 2821: 2732: 2720: 2705: 2693: 2666: 2649: 2523: 2481: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2238: 2226: 2195: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2130: 2079: 2067: 796:(Saint Joachim School), which became 704:president of the Council of Ministers 607: 7: 6035:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 5703:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 5643:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 5384:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 5330:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 1793:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 1667:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 1175:resigned. The Liberals replaced the 1097:(Party of Order) and its members as 711:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 6398:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil 6029:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878 5958:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878 5908:3 September 1856 – 3 May 1857 5680:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 5585:Morais, Eugênio Vilhena de (2003). 5552:. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. 5459:The Columbia Gazetteer of the World 1265:, taking stock of the port area of 151:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862 7245:19th-century Brazilian politicians 5739:Souza, Adriana Barreto de (2008). 5313:Almeida, Antônio da Rocha (1961). 1855:Marquis of Caxias on 26 June 1852. 1686:The Duke of Caxias at age 71, 1875 1450:invaded the Brazilian province of 590:Coat of Arms of the Duke of Caxias 25: 6981:Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza 5648:Pinto de Campos, Joaquim (1878). 5457:Cohen, Saul B. (1998). "Caxias". 5440:A invenção do Exército brasileiro 1852:Count of Caxias on 25 March 1845. 1626:Sigam-me os que forem brasileiros 930:Regency period (Empire of Brazil) 7117:Prince Pedro Carlos (since 2007) 6883: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6133: 6006:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862 5933:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862 5833:Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo 5811: 1858:Duke of Caxias on 23 March 1869. 1359:. The second bloc comprised the 584: 469: 338:Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo 36:Duque de Caxias (disambiguation) 7235:Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 6021:João José de Oliveira Junqueira 5985:14 June 1855 – 3 May 1857 5888:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 5867:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 5389:Bento, Cláudio Moreira (2003). 1933:Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz 1819:, Antônio da Rocha Almeida and 1576:Caxias leads the Brazilian army 1150:Domingos Gonçalves de Magalhães 1008:Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcelos 310:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 279:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 32:Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 7175:Government ministers of Brazil 6864:Diretório Monárquico do Brasil 5939:Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos 5708:Sodré, Nelson Werneck (2004). 4218:, pp. 220, 224, 229, 233. 1938:Grand Cross of the Portuguese 778:Fidalgo Cavaleiro da Casa Real 647:in favor of his young son Dom 626:Brazilian War for Independence 247:President of Rio Grande do Sul 1: 5974:Pedro de Alcântara Bellegarde 5760:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial 5512:Doratioto, Francisco (2008). 5476:Doratioto, Francisco (2002). 1931:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1924:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1917:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1910:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1736:Caxias around age 74, c. 1877 1598:outflank the Paraguayan lines 1331:Caxias around age 58, c. 1861 1295:Caxias around age 54, c. 1857 1046:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão 949:Miguel de Frias e Vasconcelos 545:Brazilian War of Independence 6423:Francisco José do Nascimento 6330:Confederation of the Equator 5616:Needell, Jeffrey D. (2006). 5531:Haring, Clarence H. (1969). 5429:Carvalho, Afonso de (1976). 5413:História de D. Pedro II 5354:Barman, Roderick J. (1999). 5335:Barman, Roderick J. (1988). 1539:Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay 1373:José Maria da Silva Paranhos 1025:(president or governor) and 651:, whom Caxias instructed in 6869:Imperial Patrianovist Guard 5786:Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). 5728:Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de 5710:Panorama do Segundo Império 5676:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 5391:Caxias e a unidade nacional 1912:Order of the Southern Cross 1211:for a later canceled attack 1142:João Manuel de Lima e Silva 889:The Portuguese garrison in 659:and eventually befriended. 7266: 7142:List of monarchs of Brazil 6874:National Restorative Union 5875:Pedro Ferreira de Oliveira 5637:Revista Militar Brasileira 5378:Revista Militar Brasileira 1835:Arms of the Duke of Caxias 1817:Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa 1698:The second crisis was the 1565: 1410: 1284: 1192: 1117: 1058:Liberal rebellions of 1842 1055: 1052:Liberal rebellions of 1842 983: 927: 874: 832: 673:Liberal rebellions of 1842 560:Liberal rebellions of 1842 269:Pedro Ferreira de Oliveira 40: 29: 18:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva 7210:Prime ministers of Brazil 7006:José Bonifácio de Andrada 6991:Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira 6881: 6763: 6505:Prime ministers of Brazil 6172:Prince Imperial of Brazil 6167:Brazilian imperial family 6131: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6008: 6001: 5998:Sebastião de Regos Barros 5995: 5990:Jerônimo Francisco Coelho 5987: 5978: 5970: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5910: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5864: 5857: 5851: 5843: 5836: 5830: 5825: 5758:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). 1845:Baron of Caxias (without 1582:became a political crisis 1520:fortifications at Humaitá 1287:September 6, 1853 cabinet 740:Francisco de Lima e Silva 594: 583: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 321: 283: 252: 241: 234: 230: 187: 144: 99: 88: 76: 7056:Revolta de Ribeirãozinho 6986:Arlindo Veiga dos Santos 5657:Salles, Ricardo (2003). 5056:Kraay & Whigham 2004 3412:, pp. 284, 413–414. 3349:, pp. 369, 391–392. 3241:, pp. 282, 348–350. 3193:, pp. 312–314, 320. 2445:, pp. 114, 120–121. 1868:Member of the Brazilian 1612:) which became known as 1454:(currently the state of 1073:in Minas Gerais province 824:Wars and military crises 423:Santa Mônica Farm, (now 348:João Antônio de Miranda 94:Prime Minister of Brazil 45:, the first or maternal 6289:Imperial Brazilian Navy 6267:Imperial Brazilian Army 6238:Reverse parliamentarism 5846:João Antônio de Miranda 5609:Um Estadista do Império 1444:intervention in Uruguay 1315:. Caxias himself was a 1249:Manuel Marques de Sousa 1237:Paulino Soares de Sousa 1233:Argentine Confederation 681:Argentine Confederation 514:Imperial Brazilian Army 425:Valença, Rio de Janeiro 7032:Independence of Brazil 6920:Moderate Liberal Party 6449:Eusébio de Queirós Law 6439:Abolitionism in Brazil 6092:Independence of Brazil 5576:Lira, Heitor (1977b). 5567:Lira, Heitor (1977a). 5438:Castro, Celso (2002). 1836: 1788: 1767:São Francisco de Paula 1737: 1717: 1687: 1645: 1577: 1531:Joaquim Marques Lisboa 1522:by land and along the 1515: 1502:the imperial capital. 1440:Francisco Solano López 1435: 1332: 1296: 1212: 1129: 1074: 1071:1842 Liberal rebellion 1032:Luís Alves arrived in 995: 939: 886: 835:Independence of Brazil 829:Independence of Brazil 802:Royal Military Academy 127:Viscount of Rio Branco 34:. For other uses, see 7200:Brazilian monarchists 7044:Federalist Revolution 6277:Fatherland Volunteers 5820:at Wikimedia Commons 5777:Viana, Hélio (1968). 2270:, pp. 52–53, 61. 1834: 1780: 1735: 1685: 1678:Figurehead presidency 1662:Order of Pedro I 1655:Paço de São Cristóvão 1639: 1575: 1513: 1425: 1330: 1294: 1202: 1127: 1065: 993: 937: 884: 794:Seminário São Joaquim 520:Years of service 394:São Paulo Farm, (now 316:President of Maranhão 236:Further offices held 7195:Brazilian Freemasons 7147:Monarchism in Brazil 6663:Cansanção de Sinimbu 6233:Constitution of 1824 6125:Units of measurement 4905:, pp. 170, 173. 4216:Pinto de Campos 1878 4192:Pinto de Campos 1878 3785:Pinto de Campos 1878 3775:, pp. 127, 129. 3773:Pinto de Campos 1878 3734:Pinto de Campos 1878 3693:Pinto de Campos 1878 3229:, pp. 103, 329. 3215:Pinto de Campos 1878 2786:Pinto de Campos 1878 2644:Pinto de Campos 1878 2596:Pinto de Campos 1878 2497:Pinto de Campos 1878 2208:Pinto de Campos 1878 2162:, pp. 108, 565. 2011:by the conspirators. 1546:observation balloons 1397:marechal de exército 1361:conservador moderado 1281:Conciliation Cabinet 1263:John Pascoe Grenfell 1229:Juan Manuel de Rosas 1027:comandante das armas 798:Pedro II School 768:to the south and of 6996:Antônio Conselheiro 6711:Correia de Oliveira 6200:Political instances 6177:Prince of Grão-Pará 5732:Diogo Antônio Feijó 5212:Almeida 1961, Vol 1 5094:, pp. 392–393. 4881:, pp. 290–292. 4857:, pp. 288–290. 4794:, pp. 285–286. 4758:, pp. 217–218. 4746:, pp. 166–168. 4686:, pp. 269–270. 4599:, pp. 390–391. 4519:, pp. 253–254. 4425:, pp. 360–374. 4419:, pp. 250–266; 4386:, pp. 329–330. 4362:, pp. 335–336. 4350:, pp. 247–256. 4290:, pp. 321–322. 4254:, pp. 280–282. 4093:, pp. 235–238. 4081:, pp. 202–205. 4069:, pp. 229–235. 3974:, pp. 215–216. 3962:, pp. 669–670. 3950:, pp. 214–215. 3938:, pp. 660–661. 3926:, pp. 201–202. 3878:, pp. 194–195. 3866:, pp. 184–185. 3854:, pp. 186–187. 3823:, pp. 212–213. 3424:, pp. 260–262. 3145:, pp. 280–281. 3118:, pp. 258–259. 3031:, pp. 240–244. 3007:, pp. 213–215. 2983:, pp. 206–208. 2860:, pp. 158–159. 2574:, pp. 104–106. 2562:, pp. 100–101. 2457:, pp. 209–210. 2409:, pp. 113–114. 2366:, pp. 93, 109. 1535:Joaquim José Inácio 1418:Siege of Uruguaiana 1371:his ministers were 1243:closest to Caxias. 1148:and a famous poet, 1004:Partido Regressista 975:Quelling rebellions 170:Baron of Uruguaiana 139:Viscount of Sinimbu 7220:Marshals of Brazil 7205:Brazilian nobility 7152:Brazilian nobility 7001:José do Patrocínio 6935:Progressive League 6930:Conservative Party 6705:Maurício Vanderlei 6633:Góis e Vasconcelos 6615:Góis e Vasconcelos 6603:Góis e Vasconcelos 6413:José do Patrocínio 5826:Political offices 4953:, pp. 15, 21. 3680:, pp. 15, 18. 1849:) on 18 July 1841. 1840:Titles of nobility 1837: 1789: 1738: 1688: 1646: 1578: 1516: 1506:Commander-in-Chief 1458:), triggering the 1456:Mato Grosso do Sul 1436: 1393:Progressive League 1333: 1297: 1275:lieutenant general 1231:, dictator of the 1213: 1130: 1075: 1000:Eusébio de Queirós 996: 940: 887: 784:Military education 700:Conservative Party 609:[kaˈʃi.ɐs] 408:Portuguese America 71:The Duke of Caxias 7160: 7159: 7132:Kingdom of Brazil 7125:Relevant Articles 7104:Petrópolis branch 7038:Revolta da Armada 7025:Historical Events 6893:Political Parties 6802: 6801: 6748:Brochado da Rocha 6687:Rodrigues Pereira 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6375: 6374: 6246: 6245: 6150:Emperor of Brazil 6041: 6040: 6032:Succeeded by 6009:Succeeded by 5988:Succeeded by 5961:Succeeded by 5936:Succeeded by 5911:Succeeded by 5886:Succeeded by 5865:Succeeded by 5844:Succeeded by 5816:Media related to 5797:978-0-8032-4786-4 5779:Vultos do Império 5769:978-85-7302-441-8 5750:978-85-200-0864-5 5719:978-85-85277-21-5 5699:(in Portuguese). 5687:978-1-57488-450-0 5668:978-85-333-0264-8 5639:(in Portuguese). 5627:978-0-8047-5369-2 5596:978-85-7011-329-0 5559:978-0-8032-2762-0 5523:978-85-359-1200-5 5487:978-85-359-0224-2 5449:978-85-7110-682-6 5400:978-85-87578-09-9 5380:(in Portuguese). 5365:978-0-8047-3510-0 5346:978-0-8047-1437-2 5326:(in Portuguese). 4995:, pp. 27–28. 4941:, pp. 15–16. 3055:, pp. 52–54. 3043:, pp. 63–65. 2923:, pp. 28–29. 2550:, pp. 74–96. 2378:, pp. 27–28. 2342:, pp. 93–95. 2330:, pp. 93–94. 2282:, pp. 82–83. 2198:, pp. 50–51. 1919:Order of the Rose 1827:Titles and honors 1706:be expelled from 1693:Law of Free Birth 1642:Order of the Rose 1568:Pikysyry maneuver 1490:in our country." 1468:Rio Grande do Sul 1389:Liga Progressista 1271:amphibious attack 1253:Battle of Caseros 1162:counterinsurgency 1158:guerrilla warfare 1138:Rio Grande do Sul 893:, the capital of 598: 597: 352: 351: 225:Marquis of Olinda 213:Marquis of Paraná 16:(Redirected from 7257: 7137:Empire of Brazil 7073:Vassouras branch 6956:Machado de Assis 6925:Regressive Party 6905:Portuguese Party 6887: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6806: 6792: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6717:Assis Figueiredo 6639:Rodrigues Torres 6554:Rodrigues Torres 6498: 6491: 6484: 6475: 6386: 6324:Independence War 6282:List of generals 6272:Military Academy 6255: 6217:Moderating Power 6212:General Assembly 6197: 6182:Prince of Brazil 6137: 6074:Empire of Brazil 6067: 6060: 6053: 6044: 6026:Minister of War 6019:Preceded by 6003:Minister of War 5996:Preceded by 5971:Preceded by 5946:Preceded by 5921:Preceded by 5894:Preceded by 5873:Preceded by 5852:Preceded by 5831:Preceded by 5823: 5815: 5801: 5782: 5773: 5754: 5735: 5723: 5704: 5691: 5672: 5653: 5644: 5631: 5612: 5600: 5581: 5572: 5563: 5544: 5527: 5508: 5491: 5472: 5453: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5404: 5385: 5374:Barroso, Gustavo 5369: 5350: 5331: 5318: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4969: 4963: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3696: 3690: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2100: 2094: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1926:Order of Pedro I 1870:Council of State 1708:lay brotherhoods 1610:Lomas Valentinas 1550:surround Humaitá 1337:Lei dos Círculos 1095:Partido da Ordem 622:Empire of Brazil 611: 606: 588: 504:Empire of Brazil 495:Military service 473: 429:Empire of Brazil 420: 391: 389: 377:Personal details 345: 335: 326: 307: 297: 288: 276: 266: 257: 232: 221: 209: 192: 182:Zacarias de Góis 178: 166: 149: 135: 123: 104: 81: 62: 21: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7156: 7120: 7098: 7067: 7020: 6976:José de Alencar 6939: 6910:Brazilian Party 6888: 6879: 6842: 6833: 6803: 6798: 6769:Died in office 6759: 6734: 6726: 6725: 6699:Antônio Saraiva 6681:Cunha Paranaguá 6675:Martinho Campos 6669:Antônio Saraiva 6515: 6507: 6502: 6472: 6463: 6427: 6371: 6310: 6242: 6221: 6186: 6138: 6129: 6076: 6071: 6037: 6028: 6022: 6014: 6005: 5999: 5991: 5984: 5981:Minister of War 5976: 5966: 5957: 5951: 5941: 5932: 5926: 5916: 5907: 5899: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5868: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5785: 5776: 5770: 5757: 5751: 5738: 5726: 5720: 5707: 5694: 5688: 5675: 5669: 5656: 5647: 5634: 5628: 5615: 5605:Nabuco, Joaquim 5603: 5597: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5547: 5530: 5524: 5511: 5494: 5488: 5475: 5469: 5456: 5450: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5407: 5401: 5388: 5372: 5366: 5353: 5347: 5334: 5321: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893:, p. 1209. 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869:, p. 1208. 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3699: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2137: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2103: 2095: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2042: 2038: 2032:Bartolomé Mitre 2029: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1971: 1949: 1947:Military honors 1907: 1898:gentleman usher 1865: 1842: 1829: 1821:Gustavo Barroso 1784:in the city of 1775: 1765:to rest in the 1730: 1700:Religious Issue 1680: 1675: 1634: 1570: 1564: 1508: 1448:Paraguayan army 1420: 1415: 1409: 1325: 1289: 1283: 1197: 1191: 1186: 1122: 1116: 1060: 1054: 1038:Barão de Caxias 988: 982: 977: 953:Ilha das Cobras 932: 926: 924:Era of troubles 879: 873: 837: 831: 826: 786: 774:Order of Christ 728:Duque de Caxias 724: 719: 604: 589: 579: 490: 435:Political party 422: 418: 404:State of Brazil 396:Duque de Caxias 393: 387: 385: 343: 333: 327: 322: 305: 295: 289: 284: 274: 264: 258: 253: 237: 219: 207: 193: 188: 176: 164: 150: 145: 133: 121: 105: 100: 84: 72: 69: 58: 43:Portuguese name 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7263: 7261: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7081:Pedro Henrique 7077: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7050:War of Canudos 7047: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6961:Joaquim Nabuco 6958: 6953: 6951:André Rebouças 6947: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6915:Restorer Party 6912: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6786: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6742:Tancredo Neves 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6651:Silva Paranhos 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6585:Limpo de Abreu 6582: 6576: 6570: 6557: 6551: 6548:Costa Carvalho 6545: 6539: 6533: 6530:Almeida Torres 6527: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6454:Rio Branco Law 6451: 6446: 6444:Netto Question 6441: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6408:Joaquim Nabuco 6405: 6403:André Rebouças 6400: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6366:Paraguayan War 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6342:Ragamuffin War 6339: 6336:Cisplatine War 6333: 6327: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6306:Military Ranks 6303: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6207:Prime Minister 6203: 6201: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6084: 6082: 6081:General topics 6078: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6030: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6007: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5808: 5807:External links 5805: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5783: 5774: 5768: 5755: 5749: 5736: 5724: 5718: 5705: 5692: 5686: 5673: 5667: 5654: 5645: 5632: 5626: 5613: 5601: 5595: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5558: 5545: 5528: 5522: 5509: 5497:Nossa História 5492: 5486: 5473: 5467: 5454: 5448: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5405: 5399: 5386: 5370: 5364: 5351: 5345: 5332: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5299:, p. 223. 5289: 5252: 5250:, p. 570. 5248:Doratioto 2002 5240: 5238:, p. 570. 5228: 5216: 5214:, p. 143. 5204: 5202:, p. 305. 5192: 5190:, p. XIV. 5180: 5168: 5166:, p. 177. 5156: 5154:, p. 131. 5144: 5132: 5120: 5118:, p. 211. 5108: 5106:, p. 219. 5096: 5092:Doratioto 2002 5084: 5082:, p. 137. 5072: 5060: 5045: 5043:, p. 429. 5033: 5021: 5017:Doratioto 2008 5009: 4997: 4985: 4981:Doratioto 2008 4970: 4955: 4951:Doratioto 2008 4943: 4931: 4929:, p. 293. 4919: 4917:, p. 166. 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4845:, p. 318. 4835: 4833:, p. 317. 4820: 4808: 4806:, p. 265. 4796: 4784: 4782:, p. 929. 4772: 4770:, p. 266. 4760: 4748: 4736: 4734:, p. 862. 4724: 4722:, p. 857. 4712: 4710:, p. 270. 4700: 4698:, p. 247. 4688: 4676: 4674:, p. 269. 4661: 4659:, p. 254. 4649: 4647:, p. 257. 4637: 4635:, p. 261. 4625: 4613: 4611:, p. 391. 4609:Doratioto 2002 4601: 4597:Doratioto 2002 4589: 4587:, p. 797. 4577: 4575:, p. 226. 4565: 4563:, p. 393. 4561:Doratioto 2002 4553: 4551:, p. 246. 4536: 4534:, p. 225. 4521: 4509: 4507:, p. 366. 4505:Doratioto 2002 4494: 4492: 4491: 4490:, p. 329. 4485: 4484:, p. 366; 4482:Doratioto 2002 4479: 4478:, p. 252; 4465: 4463:, p. 493. 4453: 4451:, p. 266. 4441: 4439:, p. 384. 4437:Doratioto 2002 4429: 4427: 4426: 4423:Doratioto 2002 4420: 4414: 4413:, p. 223; 4400: 4398:, p. 223. 4388: 4384:Doratioto 2002 4376: 4374:, p. 252. 4364: 4360:Doratioto 2002 4352: 4340: 4338:, p. 355. 4336:Doratioto 2002 4328: 4326:, p. 318. 4324:Doratioto 2002 4316: 4314:, p. 298. 4312:Doratioto 2002 4304: 4302:, p. 280. 4300:Doratioto 2002 4292: 4288:Doratioto 2002 4280: 4278:, p. 299. 4276:Doratioto 2002 4268: 4266:, p. 295. 4264:Doratioto 2002 4256: 4252:Doratioto 2002 4244: 4242:, p. 284. 4240:Doratioto 2002 4232: 4230:, p. 253. 4228:Doratioto 2002 4220: 4208: 4206:, p. 278. 4204:Doratioto 2002 4196: 4194:, p. 227. 4184: 4182:, p. 235. 4180:Doratioto 2002 4172: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4156:, p. 174. 4151: 4145: 4144:, p. 244; 4139: 4138:, p. 252; 4136:Doratioto 2002 4133: 4132:, p. 234; 4119: 4107: 4105:, p. 205. 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4057:, p. 133. 4047: 4045:, p. 202. 4032: 4030:, p. 242. 4017: 4015:, p. 228. 4005: 4003:, p. 227. 3993: 3991:, p. 571. 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3914:, p. 201. 3904: 3902:, p. 197. 3892: 3890:, p. 184. 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3842:, p. 174. 3825: 3813: 3811:, p. 135. 3801: 3799:, p. 201. 3789: 3787:, p. 135. 3777: 3765: 3763:, p. 164. 3753: 3751:, p. 160. 3738: 3736:, p. 115. 3726: 3724:, p. 133. 3714: 3697: 3695:, p. 125. 3682: 3670: 3658: 3656:, p. 556. 3641: 3639:, p. 348. 3626: 3624:, p. 554. 3614: 3612:, p. 116. 3602: 3600:, p. 157. 3590: 3588:, p. 123. 3578: 3576:, p. 569. 3563: 3561:, p. 542. 3551: 3539: 3537:, p. 512. 3527: 3525:, p. 496. 3515: 3513: 3512: 3511:, p. 107. 3506: 3505:, p. 176; 3500: 3499:, p. 222; 3486: 3484:, p. 210. 3474: 3472:, p. 412. 3462: 3460:, p. 383. 3450: 3448:, p. 360. 3438: 3436:, p. 317. 3426: 3414: 3402: 3387: 3385:, p. 282. 3375: 3373:, p. 500. 3363: 3361:, p. 281. 3351: 3339: 3327: 3325:, p. 125. 3315: 3313:, p. 110. 3303: 3301:, p. 568. 3291: 3289:, p. 103. 3279: 3277:, p. 214. 3267: 3265:, p. 102. 3255: 3253:, p. 209. 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3205:, p. 335. 3195: 3183: 3181:, p. 285. 3171: 3169:, p. 284. 3159: 3157:, p. 548. 3147: 3135: 3120: 3108: 3106:, p. 245. 3096: 3094:, p. 170. 3084: 3072: 3070:, p. 565. 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3019:, p. 223. 3009: 2997: 2995:, p. 198. 2985: 2973: 2961: 2959:, p. 160. 2949: 2937: 2935:, p. 162. 2925: 2913: 2898: 2886: 2882:Doratioto 2003 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2836:, p. 179. 2826: 2814: 2802: 2800:, p. 151. 2790: 2775: 2763: 2761:, p. 139. 2751: 2749:, p. 107. 2739: 2737: 2736: 2735:, p. 137. 2730: 2724: 2710: 2708:, p. 133. 2698: 2696:, p. 132. 2686: 2671: 2669:, p. 131. 2656: 2654: 2653: 2652:, p. 137. 2647: 2641: 2627: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2526:, p. 124. 2516: 2501: 2486: 2484:, p. 418. 2474: 2472:, p. 545. 2470:Doratioto 2002 2459: 2447: 2435: 2433:, p. 113. 2423: 2421:, p. 114. 2411: 2399: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2243: 2231: 2229:, p. 109. 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2150:, p. 108. 2135: 2133:, p. 107. 2120: 2101: 2084: 2072: 2070:, p. 568. 2059: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046:Paraguayan War 2036: 2023: 2013: 2005:Pierre Labatut 1996: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1875:Member of the 1873: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1841: 1838: 1828: 1825: 1774: 1771: 1729: 1726: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1633: 1630: 1563: 1558: 1524:Paraguay River 1507: 1504: 1460:Paraguayan War 1432:Paraguayan War 1419: 1416: 1413:Paraguayan War 1411:Main article: 1408: 1407:Paraguayan War 1405: 1324: 1321: 1282: 1279: 1203:The steamship 1193:Main article: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1134:Ragamuffin War 1120:Ragamuffin War 1118:Main article: 1115: 1114:Ragamuffin War 1112: 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 984:Main article: 981: 978: 976: 973: 928:Main article: 925: 922: 907:Cisplatine War 877:Cisplatine War 872: 869: 857:Pierre Labatut 833:Main article: 830: 827: 825: 822: 785: 782: 748:Rio de Janeiro 732:Rio de Janeiro 723: 720: 718: 715: 689:Paraguayan War 677:Ragamuffin War 634:Cisplatine War 614:the Peacemaker 596: 595: 592: 591: 581: 580: 578: 577: 575:Paraguayan War 572: 567: 565:Ragamuffin War 562: 557: 552: 550:Cisplatine War 547: 541: 539: 535: 534: 529: 525: 524: 521: 517: 516: 511: 510:Branch/service 507: 506: 501: 497: 496: 492: 491: 489: 488: 485: 484:The Peacemaker 481: 479: 475: 474: 467: 463: 462: 455: 451: 450: 447: 443: 442: 436: 432: 431: 421:(aged 76) 415: 411: 410: 400:Rio de Janeiro 392:25 August 1803 383: 379: 378: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 346: 340: 339: 336: 330: 329: 319: 318: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 298: 292: 291: 281: 280: 277: 271: 270: 267: 261: 260: 250: 249: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 185: 184: 179: 173: 172: 167: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 97: 96: 90: 89: 86: 85: 83:Caxias in 1878 82: 74: 73: 70: 67:His Excellency 65: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7262: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7163: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7016:Eduardo Prado 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6900:Liberal Party 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847:Organizations 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6795: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765:End of term: 6762: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6645:Pimenta Bueno 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560:Carneiro Leão 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6390:Abolitionists 6387: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6360:Uruguayan War 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6299:List of ships 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6017: 6013: 6004: 5994: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5892: 5881: 5871: 5860: 5850: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5814: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5468:0-231-11040-5 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409:Calmon, Pedro 5406: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5290: 5287:, p. 33. 5286: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5226:, p. 67. 5225: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5188:Carvalho 1976 5184: 5181: 5178:, p. 16. 5177: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5145: 5142:, p. 49. 5141: 5136: 5133: 5130:, p. 88. 5129: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5070:, p. 87. 5069: 5064: 5061: 5058:, p. 18. 5057: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5034: 5031:, p. 20. 5030: 5025: 5022: 5019:, p. 22. 5018: 5013: 5010: 5007:, p. 28. 5006: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4983:, p. 21. 4982: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4968:, p. 17. 4967: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4927:Carvalho 1976 4923: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4879:Carvalho 1976 4875: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4855:Carvalho 1976 4851: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4818:, p. 33. 4817: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4626: 4623:, p. 61. 4622: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517:Carvalho 1976 4513: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476:Carvalho 1976 4474: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4449:Carvalho 1976 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4417:Carvalho 1976 4415: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4170:, p. 86. 4169: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150:, p. 86; 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4130:Carvalho 1976 4128: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4117:, p. 35. 4116: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3712:, p. 84. 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3549:, p. 32. 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3400:, p. 70. 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3337:, p. 75. 3336: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3217:, p. 63. 3216: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3133:, p. 30. 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3082:, p. 66. 3081: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053:Carvalho 1976 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2971:, p. 46. 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2947:, p. 21. 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2911:, p. 46. 2910: 2909:Carvalho 1976 2905: 2903: 2899: 2896:, p. 43. 2895: 2894:Carvalho 1976 2890: 2887: 2884:, p. 62. 2883: 2878: 2875: 2872:, p. 42. 2871: 2870:Carvalho 1976 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2848:, p. 45. 2847: 2846:Carvalho 1976 2842: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2824:, p. 69. 2823: 2818: 2815: 2812:, p. 26. 2811: 2810:Carvalho 1976 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2788:, p. 37. 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2773:, p. 23. 2772: 2771:Carvalho 1976 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2729:, p. 20; 2728: 2727:Carvalho 1976 2725: 2723:, p. 28; 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2684:, p. 19. 2683: 2682:Carvalho 1976 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2646:, p. 35; 2645: 2642: 2640:, p. 18; 2639: 2638:Carvalho 1976 2636: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625:, p. 17. 2624: 2623:Carvalho 1976 2619: 2617: 2613: 2610:, p. 13. 2609: 2608:Carvalho 1976 2604: 2601: 2598:, p. 34. 2597: 2592: 2589: 2586:, p. 12. 2585: 2584:Carvalho 1976 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2538:, p. 11. 2537: 2536:Carvalho 1976 2532: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2514:, p. 62. 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2499:, p. 27. 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2397:, p. 28. 2396: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2354:, p. 27. 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2318:, p. 93. 2317: 2312: 2309: 2306:, p. 92. 2305: 2300: 2297: 2294:, p. 90. 2293: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2258:, p. 72. 2257: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2241:, p. 62. 2240: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210:, p. 31. 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184:Carvalho 1976 2180: 2177: 2174:, p. 85. 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116:Carvalho 1976 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2099:, p. 28. 2098: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2082:, p. xi. 2081: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1684: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1428:aides-de-camp 1424: 1417: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1293: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 992: 987: 979: 974: 972: 969: 965: 964:swordsmanship 960: 956: 954: 950: 945: 944:Pedro II 936: 931: 923: 921: 917: 915: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 883: 878: 870: 868: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 836: 828: 823: 821: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 783: 781: 779: 775: 771: 770:French Guiana 767: 763: 760: 756: 751: 749: 744: 741: 737: 733: 730:) located in 729: 721: 716: 714: 712: 707: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 660: 658: 654: 653:swordsmanship 650: 649:Pedro II 646: 642: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:the Iron Duke 615: 610: 602: 593: 587: 582: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 540: 536: 533: 532:Field Marshal 530: 526: 522: 518: 515: 512: 508: 505: 502: 498: 493: 486: 483: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 433: 430: 426: 416: 412: 409: 405: 401: 397: 384: 380: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 347: 341: 337: 331: 325: 320: 317: 313: 309: 303: 299: 293: 287: 282: 278: 272: 268: 262: 256: 251: 248: 244: 240: 233: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 205: 201: 197: 191: 186: 183: 180: 174: 171: 168: 162: 158: 154: 148: 143: 140: 137: 131: 128: 125: 119: 116: 113: 109: 103: 98: 95: 91: 87: 80: 75: 68: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 7162: 7112:Pedro Gastão 7095:(since 2022) 7010: 6770: 6766: 6720: 6693:Sousa Dantas 6657:Lima e Silva 6656: 6621:José Furtado 6597:Lima e Silva 6596: 6591:Silva Ferraz 6573:Lima e Silva 6572: 6567: 6536:Sousa e Melo 6524:Alves Branco 6294:Naval School 6259:Armed Forces 6104:Second Reign 6025: 6002: 5979: 5954: 5929: 5902: 5879: 5858: 5837: 5810: 5787: 5778: 5759: 5740: 5731: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5677: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5636: 5617: 5608: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5549: 5532: 5513: 5496: 5477: 5458: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5412: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5355: 5336: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5306:Bibliography 5292: 5285:Cardoso 1880 5243: 5231: 5224:Barroso 1936 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5041:Whigham 2002 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4946: 4934: 4922: 4915:Azevedo 1881 4910: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4512: 4488:Scheina 2003 4468: 4461:Vainfas 2002 4456: 4444: 4432: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4372:Needell 2006 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4008: 3996: 3972:Needell 2006 3967: 3955: 3948:Needell 2006 3943: 3931: 3924:Needell 2006 3919: 3912:Needell 2006 3907: 3900:Needell 2006 3895: 3888:Needell 2006 3883: 3876:Needell 2006 3871: 3864:Needell 2006 3859: 3852:Needell 2006 3847: 3840:Needell 2006 3816: 3809:Needell 2006 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3749:Needell 2006 3729: 3722:Needell 2006 3717: 3678:Needell 2006 3673: 3661: 3617: 3610:Needell 2006 3605: 3593: 3581: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3509:Needell 2006 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3335:Needell 2006 3330: 3318: 3311:Needell 2006 3306: 3294: 3287:Needell 2006 3282: 3270: 3263:Needell 2006 3258: 3246: 3234: 3227:Needell 2006 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3155:Vainfas 2002 3150: 3138: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2630: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2512:Whigham 2002 2477: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2234: 2203: 2191: 2186:, p. 6. 2179: 2167: 2155: 2118:, p. 4. 2075: 2063: 2039: 2026: 2016: 1999: 1989: 1893: 1887:aide-de-camp 1863:Other titles 1813:Pedro Calmon 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1766: 1755: 1743: 1739: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1697: 1689: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1625: 1622: 1613: 1594:Chaco region 1587: 1579: 1560: 1543: 1528: 1517: 1495:Porto Alegre 1492: 1487: 1483: 1476:aide-de-camp 1472: 1437: 1401:army marshal 1396: 1388: 1379: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1334: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1267:Buenos Aires 1256: 1245: 1240: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1209:Buenos Aires 1204: 1184:Conservatism 1176: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1154: 1145: 1131: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1084:aide-de-camp 1080: 1076: 1037: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1012: 1003: 997: 968:horsemanship 961: 957: 941: 918: 911: 888: 865: 846: 842:Pedro I 838: 818: 813: 793: 791: 787: 777: 752: 745: 725: 708: 697: 661: 657:horsemanship 641:Pedro I 617: 613: 600: 599: 538:Battles/wars 458: 439:Conservative 419:(1880-05-07) 344:Succeeded by 323: 306:Succeeded by 285: 275:Succeeded by 254: 220:Succeeded by 189: 177:Succeeded by 146: 134:Succeeded by 101: 59: 55:Lima e Silva 54: 50: 7190:1880 deaths 7185:1803 births 7114:(1940–2007) 7089:(1981–2022) 7083:(1921–1981) 7052:(1896-1897) 7046:(1893-1895) 7040:(1893-1894) 6859:Black Guard 6774:Coup d'état 6756:(1962–1963) 6754:Hermes Lima 6744:(1961–1962) 6735:(1961–1963) 6713:(1888–1889) 6707:(1885–1888) 6695:(1884–1885) 6689:(1883–1884) 6683:(1882–1883) 6671:(1880–1882) 6665:(1878–1880) 6659:(1875–1878) 6653:(1871–1875) 6647:(1870–1871) 6641:(1868–1870) 6635:(1866–1868) 6629:(1865–1866) 6627:Araújo Lima 6623:(1864–1865) 6611:(1862–1864) 6609:Araújo Lima 6599:(1861–1862) 6593:(1859–1861) 6587:(1858–1859) 6581:(1857–1858) 6579:Araújo Lima 6575:(1856–1857) 6556:(1852–1853) 6550:(1849–1852) 6544:(1848–1849) 6542:Araújo Lima 6526:(1847–1848) 6516:(1847–1889) 6368:(1864–1870) 6362:(1864–1865) 6356:(1851–1852) 6354:Platine War 6350:(1835–1840) 6344:(1835–1845) 6338:(1825–1828) 6326:(1822–1824) 6096:First Reign 5176:Morais 2003 5152:Haring 1969 5140:Haring 1969 5128:Barman 1999 5116:Barman 1999 5104:Barman 1999 5068:Salles 2003 5029:Castro 2002 4966:Castro 2002 4939:Castro 2002 4891:Calmon 1975 4867:Calmon 1975 4843:Barman 1999 4831:Barman 1999 4792:Barman 1999 4780:Nabuco 1975 4744:Morais 2003 4732:Nabuco 1975 4720:Nabuco 1975 4708:Barman 1999 4684:Barman 1999 4672:Barman 1999 4657:Barman 1999 4645:Barman 1999 4633:Barman 1999 4585:Calmon 1975 4573:Barman 1999 4532:Barman 1999 4411:Barman 1999 4396:Barman 1999 4168:Salles 2003 4148:Salles 2003 4103:Barman 1999 4079:Barman 1999 4043:Barman 1999 3960:Calmon 1975 3936:Calmon 1975 3821:Morais 2003 3797:Morais 2003 3710:Morais 2003 3666:Barman 1988 3586:Barman 1999 3503:Calmon 1975 3497:Barman 1988 3482:Barman 1988 3398:Morais 2003 3275:Barman 1988 3251:Barman 1988 3092:Barman 1999 2969:Haring 1969 2957:Barman 1988 2933:Barman 1988 2858:Barman 1988 2798:Barman 1988 2759:Barman 1988 2747:Barman 1988 2572:Barman 1988 2560:Barman 1988 2548:Barman 1988 2455:Morais 2003 2097:Morais 2003 1673:Later years 1452:Mato Grosso 1385:lower house 1195:Platine War 1189:Platine War 717:Early years 685:Platine War 570:Platine War 441:(from 1843) 334:Preceded by 296:Preceded by 265:Preceded by 208:Preceded by 165:Preceded by 122:Preceded by 47:family name 7169:Categories 6836:Monarchism 5862:1842–1846 5841:1840–1841 5297:Viana 1968 5236:Souza 2008 5200:Sousa 1972 5164:Viana 1968 5080:Sodré 2004 5005:Souza 2008 4993:Souza 2008 4903:Bento 2003 4816:Souza 2008 4804:Lira 1977b 4768:Lira 1977b 4756:Lira 1977b 4696:Lira 1977a 4621:Bento 2003 4549:Lira 1977a 4348:Lira 1977a 4154:Viana 1968 4142:Lira 1977a 4115:Bento 2003 4091:Lira 1977a 4067:Lira 1977a 4055:Pinho 1936 4028:Lira 1977a 4013:Lira 1977a 4001:Lira 1977a 3989:Souza 2008 3761:Lira 1977a 3654:Souza 2008 3637:Souza 2008 3622:Souza 2008 3598:Lira 1977a 3574:Souza 2008 3559:Souza 2008 3547:Bento 2003 3535:Souza 2008 3523:Souza 2008 3470:Souza 2008 3458:Souza 2008 3446:Souza 2008 3434:Souza 2008 3422:Souza 2008 3410:Souza 2008 3383:Souza 2008 3371:Souza 2008 3359:Souza 2008 3347:Souza 2008 3323:Pinho 1936 3299:Souza 2008 3239:Souza 2008 3203:Souza 2008 3191:Souza 2008 3179:Souza 2008 3167:Souza 2008 3143:Souza 2008 3131:Bento 2003 3116:Souza 2008 3104:Lira 1977a 3080:Bento 2003 3068:Souza 2008 3041:Bento 2003 3029:Souza 2008 3017:Souza 2008 3005:Souza 2008 2993:Souza 2008 2981:Souza 2008 2945:Lira 1977a 2921:Bento 2003 2834:Souza 2008 2822:Bento 2003 2733:Souza 2008 2721:Bento 2003 2706:Souza 2008 2694:Souza 2008 2667:Souza 2008 2650:Souza 2008 2524:Souza 2008 2482:Siber 1916 2443:Souza 2008 2431:Souza 2008 2419:Souza 2008 2407:Souza 2008 2395:Bento 2003 2376:Bento 2003 2364:Souza 2008 2352:Bento 2003 2340:Souza 2008 2328:Souza 2008 2316:Souza 2008 2304:Souza 2008 2292:Souza 2008 2280:Souza 2008 2268:Souza 2008 2256:Souza 2008 2239:Souza 2008 2227:Souza 2008 2196:Souza 2008 2172:Souza 2008 2160:Souza 2008 2148:Souza 2008 2131:Souza 2008 2080:Bento 2003 2068:Cohen 1998 2056:References 2009:commission 1994:ancestors. 1892:Emperor's 1885:Emperor's 1704:Freemasons 1614:Dezembrada 1566:See also: 1561:Dezembrada 1499:Uruguaiana 1351:(reds) or 1313:saquaremas 1306:saquaremas 1285:See also: 1261:alongside 1258:Dom Afonso 1222:plantation 1205:Dom Afonso 1177:saquaremas 1173:saquaremas 1169:saquaremas 1099:saquaremas 1023:presidente 895:Cisplatina 891:Montevideo 875:See also: 766:Cisplatina 630:Cisplatina 605:pronounced 500:Allegiance 449:Politician 446:Occupation 417:7 May 1880 388:1803-08-25 6564:1853–1856 6459:Lei Áurea 6418:Luís Gama 6348:Cabanagem 6120:Provinces 5541:310545470 5505:1679-7221 1847:Greatness 1786:São Paulo 1644:, c. 1869 1632:Aftermath 1464:Argentine 1380:saquarema 1368:saquarema 1353:puritanos 1349:vermelhos 1345:saquarema 1341:president 1317:saquarema 1241:saquarema 1227:In 1851, 1217:saquarema 1146:saquarema 1140:in 1835, 1136:began in 1107:saquarema 1103:saquarema 903:Argentina 645:abdicated 523:1808–1880 487:Iron Duke 478:Nicknames 466:Signature 324:In office 286:In office 255:In office 190:In office 147:In office 102:In office 7093:Bertrand 6784:Category 6732:Republic 6251:Military 6192:Politics 6160:Pedro II 6143:Monarchy 6115:Nobility 5730:(1972). 5607:(1975). 5411:(1975). 1981:Endnotes 1969:See also 1762:carriage 1721:de facto 1618:Asunción 1590:Asunción 1488:progress 1034:São Luís 1019:Balaiada 1015:Maranhão 986:Balaiada 980:Balaiada 861:Salvador 849:adjutant 810:strategy 693:nobility 675:and the 669:Balaiada 555:Balaiada 459:See list 202:Pedro II 159:Pedro II 115:Pedro II 41:In this 6719:(1889) 6381:Slavery 6155:Pedro I 6110:Economy 6100:Regency 6088:History 1797:patrono 1758:Valença 1751:Uruguai 1602:Ytororó 1554:passage 951:in the 914:Uruguay 901:(later 814:alferes 806:tactics 762:João VI 683:in the 664:regency 616:" and " 199:Monarch 156:Monarch 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Knowledge (XXG)

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias

Index