Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias

6124: 6874: 1672: 1767: 1699:. The dispute grew out of proportion when both bishops were convicted and given prison sentences for disobeying the government's order to rescind their expulsions. As Catholicism was the state religion, the Emperor exercised, with the papacy's acquiescence, a great deal of control over church affairs—paying clerical salaries, appointing parish priests, nominating bishops, ratifying papal bulls, and overseeing seminaries. As a result of the furor over the handling of the affair, Rio Branco and his cabinet resigned, "disunited and weary after four years in office", according to historian Roderick J. Barman. Pedro II asked Caxias to form a new cabinet. The duke later gave a remarkable account of their meeting: 1734:

nation's existence; they had only known a stable administration and prosperity. The young politicians saw no reason to uphold and defend the imperial office as a unifying force beneficial to the nation. Times were changing fast, and Caxias was aware of the situation. He became increasingly nostalgic for the former times he had spent with his now-dead Conservative Party colleagues and held a pessimistic view of future political prospects. When Itaboraí—one of the last survivors of those Conservative leaders who had begun their careers during the 1830s—died in 1872, the duke wrote to a friend: "Who will replace him? I don't know, I cannot see ... The vacuum he left will not be filled, as it was not with Eusébio,

1626: 905:. Nonetheless, Luís Alves was promoted to the rank of major on 2 December 1828 and made second-in-command of the Emperor's Battalion in early 1829. During his stay in Montevideo, he met María Ángela Furriol González Luna. How far their relationship progressed is unknown, but there may have been a failed engagement. He returned to Rio de Janeiro and witnessed the increasing deterioration in Emperor Pedro I's political position. A growing opposition to Pedro I's policies eventually erupted into mass protests at the Field of Santana in downtown Rio de Janeiro on 6 April 1831. The situation became more ominous when several military units, led by Luís Alves's father and uncles, joined the protests. 1281: 1704:

service, he would summon the Liberals and would have to tell everybody that I was responsible for the consequence, all the while encircling me with his arms. I pointed out to him my circumstances, my age, and my infirmity; but he concurred in nothing. To free myself from him, I should have had to shove him off, and this I could not do. I bowed my head and said that I would do what he wanted but that I was sure that he would have cause for regret, since I would not be minister for long, because I would die from work and troubles. However, he listened to nothing and told me that I should only do what I could do but that I must not abandon him, since he would in that case abandon us and go away.

1722: 924: 1996:, to petition him to reconcile with officers of the Left Brigade with whom he had become estranged. The meeting had barely ended when two officers of the Left Brigade arrived, bringing news that Labatut had been arrested. The view of historian Afonso de Carvalho is that Luís Alves, whose name appears last in the minutes, signed under protest and felt uncomfortable with the idea of sending a delegation to talk with the commander-in-chief. Taking a part in a plot to remove Labatut from the command and arrest him would have been even more unlikely. Also, unlike his uncle and other relatives in the army, he was not rewarded with any 1562: 1317: 1308:, but according to Needell, he "was first and foremost a military man. Personal fealty to the Empire came before any other. As so many did, he identified this loyalty with fealty to the Crown in abstraction and to Dom Pedro personally." He was a choice that could please all sides. Caxias, said Needell, "was not so much a political man as a man profoundly loyal to the Monarchy with which he ... had come to identify with the Conservative Party. Thus, Paraná may have appointed Caxias to reassure traditional Conservatives without endangering the more independent political position Paraná was taking." 936:

factions. The army, "demoralized by the far from exemplary part it had played in the April Revolution ," said historian C. H. Haring, "became the ready tool of any popular agitator or demagogue, and often the source of riot and sedition." The government severely reduced the size of the standing army and effectively replaced it with the newly created National Guard, a militia force. In July 1831, without troops to command, Luís Alves and other officers joined the Volunteer Soldier-Officers Battalion as soldiers. As second in command of that unit, he put down a mutiny of navy artillerymen led by

68: 1749:, in the countryside of Rio de Janeiro province. On 7 May 1880 at 11 pm he quietly died, attended by members of his family. A saddened Pedro II (who visited Caxias several times during his long illness) remarked about his "friend of almost a half century", that he had "known him, and esteemed him since 1832. He was 76, almost 77 years old. And so we remain in this world." Caxias asked for a simple funeral, with no pomp, no honors, no invitations, and only six soldiers of good conduct to carry his coffin. His last wish was not entirely respected: Pedro II sent a 980: 1412: 1114: 1796:"—more than D. Pedro II—the Empire." Francisco Doratioto said that the duke "in Paraguay had doubts, pride, resentment, and made mistakes; in short, he was a real character ... Caxias, however, was able to rise above his limitations, imposed on himself great personal sacrifices and incorporated the responsibility of accomplishing the objective ... In this context, Caxias was, indeed, a hero; he carried with him, it is true, social and political prejudices of his time, but one can not demand from the past the observance of present-day values." 1500: 1189: 1052: 1788:(protector) of the army, making him the most important figure in its tradition. According to Adriana Barreto de Souza, Francisco Doratioto and Celso Castro, Caxias supplanted Osório because he was seen as a loyal and dutiful officer who could serve as a role model in a Brazilian republic plagued since its birth in 1889 by military insubordination, rebellions and coups. "His name", said the historian Thomas Whigham, "has become synonymous with the upright officer and citizen who never breaks the law—hence the popular term 1133:, one of Caxias's uncles, joined the rebels. His father, Francisco de Lima, and possibly another uncle (the Minister of War at the time), also secretly supported the rebellion. On 28 September 1842, Caxias was appointed president and military commander of the province of Rio Grande do Sul. The 16-year-old Pedro II allowed Caxias to prove once more that he was unlike his father and uncles and gave him a short and direct order: "End this revolution, as you have ended the others." Caxias brought with him a fellow 2023:, whom Caxias replaced on two different occasions. The first was a brief transfer of command which occurred from 9 February 1867 until 1 August 1867, when Mitre traveled to Argentina. Mitre relinquished the position a second, and final, time on 14 January 1868, when several rebellions in Argentina and the death of his Vice-President forced a return to his country. The position of Commander-in-Chief was later abolished officially on 3 October 1868, although the role continued to be filled informally by Caxias. 1293:

known each other since 1831 and had formed a deep friendship and strong bond based on trust and views in common. Paraná had been facing overwhelming opposition in parliament from members of his, and Caxias's, own party. Under the guise of correcting flaws in elections so that all parties would have legitimate access to representation in parliament, Paraná attempted to pass electoral reforms that would, in practice, allot cabinets even more influence to meddle in elections through coercion and patronage. The

1289:

senator in his own right, had long since lost his former influence and had not held any office of importance for years. Nevertheless, Caxias and Francisco de Lima maintained a loving and respectful relationship to the very end, as may be seen in the few surviving letters between them. His relationship with other family members, however, was marred by resentment, as he told his wife years later: "We are placed in the foreground of our society, causing even envy to your relatives and to mine as well."

1821: 1638:

his staff as acting commander, and left for Brazil on 19 January 1869. The Emperor was angered that the marquis had left his post without permission, and especially that Caxias had declared the war to have been already won—even though López was still at large and regrouping his few remaining military assets. Caxias's ill-conceived decision seriously endangered the hard-won achievements of the past months, even as the objective of eliminating López as a threat remained tantalizingly within reach.

909:

expressed gratitude for his loyalty, but instead ordered him to take the Emperor's Battalion to the Field of Santana and join the rebels, preferring abdication to bloodshedding. Decades later, Luís Alves said in the Brazilian Senate: "I marched along with the Emperor's Battalion to the Field of Santana, out of devotion to competent orders . I was not a revolutionary. I esteemed the Abdication. I judged that it would be of advantage to Brazil, but I did not concur directly or indirectly with it."

793:. The entire course (which ran from the first to seventh year) was mandatory for artillerymen and engineers but infantrymen were only required to take first- and fifth-year classes. Luís Alves took the first- and fifth-year classes in 1818 and 1819, respectively. Though he could have skipped the other years, he chose to take second-year classes in 1820 and third-year classes in 1821. The subjects he studied in the Royal Military Academy ranged from arithmetic, algebra and geometry to 1332:(prime minister) of the Council of Ministers to meddle in elections. Unexpectedly, Paraná fell ill and died on 3 September 1856. Caxias replaced him, but was reluctant to face the legislature, elected under the electoral reform, that was slated to convene the next year. He resigned, along with the other cabinet ministers, on 4 May 1857. The Law of the Circles and the controversy surrounding it split the Conservative Party: one faction was the 1784:. Caxias was held to be a minor figure in comparison to Erval. His reputation slowly grew, and in 1923, the Ministry of the Army created an annual celebration in his honor. In 1925, his birthday officially became the "Day of the Soldier", which commemorates the Brazilian army. On 25 August 1949, his remains, along with those of his wife, were exhumed and reinterred in Rio de Janeiro's Duke of Caxias Pantheon. On 13 March 1962, Caxias became 1800:

brilliant army officer", also "Brazil's most famous military figure" and a man "who was genuinely loyal to the throne". To Whigham, the duke was "destined to occupy a lofty spot in Brazil's national mythology. He often had to act as a statesman as much as military man" and was "hrewdly competent in both roles". Hélio Viana regarded Caxias as "the greatest soldier of Brazil", a view shared by Eugênio Vilhena de Morais,

1684:, which Caxias voted for. The law was to emancipate children born to slave women after its enactment. With half of Conservative Party members supporting the bill and the other half staunchly opposed, a serious rift opened in the ranks. Opponents represented the interests of powerful coffee farmers such as Caxias, planters who had long been the main political, social, and economic supporters of the Conservative Party. 948:

upstarts. Newspapers connected to political enemies of his family took advantage of this disagreement to level serious, but unfounded, accusations against him, including that he had kidnapped Ana Luísa. Despite the invective, their marriage was a happy one and three children resulted: Luísa de Loreto Viana de Lima, Ana de Loreto Viana de Lima and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, born in 1833, 1836 and 1847, respectively.

6769: 739:, capital of both the Rio de Janeiro captaincy and of Brazil. He had neither noble rank nor noble ancestry and lacked patrons in an environment in which advancement depended upon exchanges of favors and family connections. Having fought against the Spaniards on Brazil's southern frontiers, he secured a place for himself in Rio de Janeiro's upper class when he married a member of a local and influential family. 460: 575: 1515:. The Progressive cabinet decided to create a unified command over Brazilian forces operating in Paraguay, and it turned to the 63-year-old Caxias (made permanent army marshal on 13 January) as the new leader on 10 October 1866. He told his wife that the reason he had accepted the post was because the war "was an evil that has reached more or less all, from the Emperor to the most unfortunate slave." 702:, but with time surpassed even Erval's renown. In 1925 his birthday was established as the Day of the Soldier, a day of honor for the Brazilian army. On 13 March 1962 he was officially designated the army's protector—its soldierly ideal and the most important figure in its tradition. Historians have regarded Caxias positively, several ranking him as the greatest of Brazil's military officers. 1642:"and the same would have had happened to me, had I not resolved to get out of that hell." Pedro II was greatly disappointed in Caxias, but he was also very aware that the marquis was the person most responsible for the great successes during the war, accomplishments that had come at the cost of years of sacrifice and personal bravery. The Emperor called the marquis to the Imperial Palace, the 6779: 871: 5802: 1149:. When threatened, the rebels escaped to safety in nearby Uruguay (formerly Cisplatina). As in Maranhão, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Caxias planted spies within the enemy's ranks to gather information and to foment dissension. Historian Roderick J. Barman said that he "displayed military, organizational, and political talents essential to what is now termed ' 1240:(later Count of Porto Alegre) to lead the former force. Caxias met and befriended Marques de Sousa, who had served under his command in the War of the Ragamuffins, during his trip to Rio Grande do Sul in 1839. The Brazilian division, led by Marques de Sousa, along with Uruguayan and Argentine rebel troops, invaded Argentina. On 3 February 1852, in the 695:(prime minister) in 1856; he briefly held that office again in 1861, but fell when his party lost its parliamentary majority. Over the decades Caxias witnessed the growth and zenith of his party, then its slow decline as internal conflict divided it. In 1875, he headed a cabinet for the last time, and after years of failing health he died in May 1880. 1526:(later the Viscount of Inhaúma) to lead the navy. From October 1866 until July 1867, all offensive operations were suspended. During this period, Caxias trained his soldiers, re-equipped the army with newer guns, improved the quality of the officer corps, and upgraded the health corps and overall hygiene of the troops, putting an end to epidemics. 1228:(later Viscount of Uruguai), forged an anti-Rosas alliance between Brazil, Uruguay and rebel Argentine provinces. When Paulino Soares asked who should be appointed as Brazil's representative among the allied forces, Caxias suggested Honório Hermeto. Honório Hermeto, who had been ostracized by his peers after his fall in 1844, was the 1169:

1845. He was made a permanent field marshal on 25 March, and raised to the rank of count on 2 April. Caxias ran for a Senate seat, and being among the three candidates with the most votes, he was selected by the Emperor in late 1845 as the senator representing Rio Grande do Sul. He took his Senate seat on 11 May 1846.

1613:

In the final attempt, the Brazilian soldiers panicked and began to flee in disorder. Caxias, witnessing the unfolding disaster, unsheathed his sword and charged on horseback toward the bridge, followed by his staff. He passed through the fleeing troops, shouting "Hail to His Majesty", "Hail to Brazil" and finally, "

2037:, he asserted that he had "deliberately spread cholera in Corrientes and other provinces hostile to the war effort by having infected corpses thrown into the rivers." Historians Hendrik Kraay, Thomas Whigham and Ricardo Salles have dismissed this allegation, as there is no proof that any such letter ever existed. 2032:

The Marxist historiography constructed in Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s offered a stark contrast to the traditional view. Although largely discredited today, the revisionist historical narrative was taken up by many during those decades. The most serious novel allegation against Caxias was

1729:

At the end of 1877, Pedro II paid a visit to Caxias and ascertained that he could no longer remain in office. The entire cabinet resigned on 1 January 1878. His health problems had become so troubling that he had been asking repeatedly to resign since early 1876. Caxias was not only afflicted by

1235:

An army commanded by Caxias crossed into Uruguay in September 1851. The allies decided to divide their forces into two armies: a multinational force that included a single Brazilian division, and a second army composed entirely of Brazilians under Caxias. Against the wishes of Honório Hermeto, Caxias

1066:

Upon his return from Maranhão, Caxias saw that the political climate had changed. Francisco de Lima's Liberal Party had pushed through the premature declaration of the Emperor's majority on 23 July 1840. In May 1842, the Liberals rebelled in the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais

828:

Luís Alves would normally have begun the fourth-year classes at the Royal Military Academy in March 1822. Instead, he dropped out in December 1821 and enlisted in the 1st Fusilier Battalion. Prince Dom Pedro, son and heir of King João VI, had just embarked upon the struggle against Portugal that

1753:

used for funerals of members of the imperial family only, to be followed by sixteen servants of the imperial household, and one corporal and thirteen, not six, soldiers of good conduct to carry his remains. A huge procession was followed by a funeral (attended by Pedro II) and his body was laid

1208:

cabinet was composed of men with whom Caxias had close relationships, among them Eusébio de Queirós, who had helped him bring order to the streets of Rio de Janeiro in the late 1830s. Caxias was now a wealthy planter who owned slaves and was very much a part of the landed aristocracy that formed the

777:

On 22 May 1808, Luís Alves was enlisted at the age of five as a cadet in the 1st Regiment of Infantry of Rio de Janeiro. Historian Adriana Barreto de Souza explained that this did "not mean that he began to serve as a child, the connection to the regiment was simply honorific", his perquisite as the

731:

and Mariana Cândido de Oliveira Belo. His godparents were his paternal grandfather, José Joaquim de Lima da Silva, and his maternal grandmother, Ana Quitéria Joaquina. Luís Alves's early years were spent on the São Paulo farm owned by his maternal grandfather and namesake, Luís Alves de Freitas. The

2009:

On 19 August 1861, Caxias said in the Senate: "In my entire life I took as a rule always to obey, without hesitation, all orders from the government. After I entered the parliament, having to manifest a political opinion, I aligned with those who, by their ideas and their behavior, seemed to me to

1612:

The marquis had to take great risks to win these victories. In the Ytororó engagement, which occurred on 5 December, the allied objective was to take a bridge over the Ytororó River. Several attempts were made to cross the bridge, but each was repelled by intense fire from the Paraguayan positions.

1490:

in September. This Brazilian town was occupied by a Paraguayan army. By the time Caxias and his party arrived, the town was under siege by a combined force of Brazilian, Argentine and Uruguayan units. The Paraguayans surrendered without further bloodshed, freeing the Emperor and Caxias to return to

959:

to the young Pedro II. Ties of duty had drawn the two men together, but a long-lasting friendship and personal devotion also developed. Pedro II said many years later that he regarded Luís Alves as "loyal and my friend". According to historian Heitor Lira, Luís Alves was "one of the rare,

808:

Though an accomplished student, Luís Alves was often reprimanded for bullying new students. With time, he matured, eventually being regarded by his peers as a very reasonable and honest person. He had an ordinary appearance, with a round face, brown hair, brown eyes and average height. Luís Alves's

1733:

The new politicians who had begun to dominate the government had little memory of the times before Pedro II assumed control in 1840. Unlike their predecessors, they had no experience of the regency and the early years of Pedro II's reign, when external and internal dangers threatened the

1637:

Caxias was growing old, and was ill and exhausted by the time he reached Asunción. As he did not feel up to the task of pursuing López into the Paraguayan hinterland, he asked to be either relieved of his post or given a short leave. Although his request was denied, he appointed a senior member of

1359:

ideology and leadership. During the years following 1857, successive cabinets quickly collapsed, unable to muster a majority in the Chamber of Deputies, as the two Conservative wings undercut each other in a fight for dominance. The Emperor asked Caxias to head a new cabinet on 2 March 1861. Among

809:

unremarkable features were compensated by his bearing. Historian Thomas Whigham described him as someone who "learned the art of giving orders early in life. Immaculate in his dress, he was soft spoken, polite, and smoothly in control of himself. He seemed to radiate calm composure and authority."

1641:

In early February the marquis arrived back unannounced at his house in Rio de Janeiro, much to the surprise of his wife. The Viscount of Inhaúma also returned home shortly afterwards, but with his health so compromised that he died a few weeks later. Upon learning of Inhaúma's death, Caxias said:

1573:

that led to the cabinet's resignation. The Emperor called Conservatives, under Itaboraí's leadership, back into power on 16 July 1868, while the Progressive League was rechristened as the Liberal Party. Meanwhile, the allies occupied Humaitá on 25 July after López managed to engineer a successful

1371:

leadership. They attempted, however, to use him as a figurehead and to further their own agendas. He commented to Paranhos: "I see what you meant, with respect to the bizarre behavior of these gentlemen, who do not wish to govern the country, when they are invited to do so, because they prefer to

1292:

Around 1853 (and certainly by 1855), the old Party of Order had become more widely known as the Conservative Party. On 14 June 1855, the marquis accepted the portfolio of Minister of War and joined the "Conciliation Cabinet" headed by Honório Hermeto (now Marquis of Paraná). Caxias and Paraná had

935:

reached the age of majority and the ability to rule in his own right. One of the regents chosen was Luís Alves's father. The regency had little effective authority, resulting in nine years of chaos, during which the country was plagued by rebellions and coup attempts initiated by unruly political

1795:

The historiography is often positive toward Caxias and several historians have ranked him as the greatest Brazilian military officer. To historian Nelson Werneck Sodré, he was "not only the greatest military commander of his continent , in his time, but a great politician". Moreover, Caxias was

1288:

Caxias's father died in December 1853. For years, father and son had clashed, taking opposite sides. The marquis ultimately prevailed, adhering closely to his grandfather José Joaquim de Lima's steadfast loyalty to the Crown and respect for the law. By the time of his death, Francisco de Lima, a

1168:

in government, but Caxias was retained in his command. The War of the Ragamuffins took far longer to put down than had previous rebellions, but through careful negotiation and military victories, Caxias finally managed to pacify the province. The end of the armed conflict was declared on 1 March

1799:

Roderick J. Barman affirmed that Caxias was not only "extremely powerful in the Conservative party", but also "the country's most distinguished" and "most successful soldier", who had "proved his capacity and his loyalty by defeating revolts against the regime". C. H. Haring said that he was "a

1703:

Believe that when I entered my carriage to go São Cristóvão, summoned by the Emperor, I was determined not to accept. But he, as soon as he saw me, embraced me and said to me that he would not let me go unless I told him that I would accept the post of minister and that, if I refused to do this

947:

On 6 January 1833, at age 29, he married Ana Luísa de Loreto Carneiro Viana, the sixteen-year-old younger sister of an army officer friend, and a member of an aristocratic family of Rio de Janeiro. The union was contrary to the wishes of the bride's mother, who saw Luís Alves and his family as

908:

The Emperor considered appointing Luís Alves to command the Emperor's Battalion and asked him which side he would choose. According to historian Francisco Doratioto, Luís Alves answered that "between the love of his father and his duty to the crown, he would stay with the latter." Pedro I

1712:

president. The Caxias-Cotejipe cabinet attempted to dissipate the discord created by the previous cabinet. Their measures included financial aid to coffee farmers, an amnesty for the convicted bishops, and, to please the pro-slavery Conservatives, the selection of new ministers and a call for

855:

During the Bahia campaign, high-ranking officers mutinied against Labatut, who was taken prisoner and sent back to Rio de Janeiro. It is unlikely that Luís Alves was involved, but his uncle, Joaquim de Lima, was almost certainly part of the conspiracy and was chosen by the officers to replace

1653:

and raised him from marquis to duke, the highest rank of Brazilian nobility, and a unique distinction during Pedro II's 58-year reign. The Emperor also appointed him to the Council of State in October 1870. But none of this prevented Caxias from attacks and accusations—some petty—in the

1617:!" ("Those who are true Brazilians, follow me!") His display of courage stopped the retreat immediately; the units regrouped, and a vigorous attack led personally by Caxias overwhelmed the Paraguayan positions. Several men who were next to him during the attack were killed, as was his horse. 1070:

Named as the province's vice-president and military commander, Caxias arrived in São Paulo on 21 May 1842. After he defeated the rebels there, he was appointed military commander of Minas Gerais and marched to that province. With the aid of National Guard units from Rio de Janeiro under its

1037:(later Marquis of Paraná, a distant cousin of Caxias's wife and a leader of the Reactionary Party) sent letters to Luís Alves attempting to undermine the influence Francisco de Lima had on him and to dissuade him from supporting the unconstitutional proposal to declare the Emperor of age. 1730:

concerns over his declining health, but increasingly felt a sense of alienation. He did not feel he could play a relevant role in politics. He belonged to an older generation who perceived the Emperor (and consequently, the monarchy) as essential for holding the nation together.

1467:, Caxias followed him into the combat zone. The marquis had warned the Progressive cabinet that Brazil was unprepared to intervene in Uruguay and even less prepared to resist a foreign invasion. His warnings were ignored, and he complained, with a bit of irony, to his friend 856:

Labatut. The campaign resumed, and the Portuguese withdrew from Salvador and set sail back to Portugal. On 2 July, the victorious Brazilians entered the city. The Emperor's Battalion returned to Rio de Janeiro, and Luís Alves was later promoted to captain on 22 January 1824.

1372:

govern the Government. They are completely mistaken about me, since I am not disposed to serve them as a hobbyhorse." Lacking support in parliament, Caxias's cabinet resigned on 24 May 1862 after losing its majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the national legislature's

1462:

The situation in Rio Grande do Sul was chaotic, and the local military commanders were incapable of mounting an effective resistance to the Paraguayan army. Pedro II, aware of the danger, decided to go to the front to shore up operations. As the Emperor's military

1025:, Maranhão's capital, on 4 February 1840. After several battles and skirmishes, he defeated the rebels. For his achievement, Luís Alves was promoted to brigadier (present-day brigadier general) on 18 July 1841 and raised by Pedro II to the titled nobility as 1658:: "When I was young, my friend, I did not know how to explain why the elderly were selfish, but now that I am old, I see that they are like that because of the disappointments and ingratitudes they suffer during their lives. At least this is what happens to me". 7238: 852:, which was held by the Portuguese. During the siege, Luís Alves fought in at least three attacks (on 28 March, 3 May and 3 June) against Portuguese positions around Salvador, all successful. In the engagement on 28 March, he led a charge on an enemy bunker. 1144:

Caxias had made a short trip to Rio Grande do Sul in 1839 to inspect the troops fighting the Ragamuffins. Upon his return to the province in November 1842, he found that the rebels, severely weakened after years of struggle, had been forced to resort to

898:. The Emperor's Battalion, to which Luís Alves was attached, was sent to guard Montevideo, then besieged by rebel forces. Luís Alves fought in engagements against the insurgents during 1827 (7 February, 5 July, 7 July, 14 July, 5 August and 7 August). 1384:)—a new party consisting of moderate Conservatives and Liberals—to form a new cabinet. Barely a month later, Caxias's only son died at age 14 of unknown causes. There was a small consolation at the end of 1862 when, on 2 December, he was made brevet 1530:(later the Viscount of Taunay), who fought in the war, remembered that Caxias was a "generous military chief, who forgave small errors, but was implacable with those who committed grave misdeeds, or, then, who betrayed his confidence." 1982:

The family name was "Lima da Silva". Around the time of the Duke of Caxias's birth, all members of the family began signing their name as "Lima e Silva". Their ancestry was mostly Portuguese, although it also included some French

1585:, both considered to be nearly impassable by a large force. Rather than making a frontal attack on López's line, Caxias had a road cut through the Chaco. The road was finished by early December, allowing the allied forces to 1679:

Paranhos, now Viscount of Rio Branco, led a cabinet from 1871 to 1875. Two serious crises arose that challenged its viability and undermined the foundations of the monarchy. The first resulted from the controversy over the

769:(Knight Nobleman of the Royal House). His father, Francisco de Lima, and uncles were also granted honors. Within two generations, the Lima family had risen from mere commoners to the ranks of Portugal's untitled nobility. 1067:

in retaliation for the Emperor's decision—on the advice of a Council of State dominated by Reactionaries—to call for new elections, annulling the previous election tainted by widespread fraud by the Liberal Party.

655:

faced countless rebellions throughout the country. Again breaking with his father and other relatives sympathetic to the rebels, from 1839 to 1845 Caxias commanded loyalist forces suppressing such uprisings as the

1098:

camp was not clear at the time he accepted the appointment to put down the rebellion in Maranhão in 1839, his victory over the Liberal rebels in 1842 further solidified his allegiance to the Party of Order.

960:

sincere and profoundly convicted monarchists and friends of the King and of the Dynasty . He placed his sword not only in service to a united and strong Brazil, but also to a worthy and respected Monarch".

833:, the first Brazilian emperor, on 12 October. Those Brazilian and Portuguese forces who remained loyal to Portugal refused to accept this outcome, which led to a war fought on several fronts across Brazil. 1033:, Maranhão's second richest town, which had fallen into rebel hands. Francisco de Lima wrote to his son with news of the Liberals' demand that Pedro II's majority be immediately declared. Meanwhile, 6518: 6959: 6669: 987:

As the commander of the Permanent Municipal Guard Corps, Luís Alves brought order to the streets of Rio de Janeiro, through his own skill and through partnership with the city's chief of police,

7218: 6633: 1713:

elections. Caxias, who was a Freemason but also a staunch Catholic, threatened to resign if the Emperor did not grant the amnesty, which Pedro II grudgingly issued in September 1875.

6548: 5885: 1735: 1034: 201: 1209:

backbone of the Party of Order. With the help of his wealthy mother-in-law, he purchased his first property—a coffee farm—in 1838. He acquired more lands in 1849, further expanding his

778:

son of a military officer. This infantry regiment was informally known as the "Lima Regiment" because so many members of the family served in it, including his father and grandfather.

1018:(military commander), thus giving him authority over the National Guard and army (brought back to full strength by the Reactionary administration) units in the province, respectively. 1992:

All that is known is that Luís Alves signed the minutes of a meeting among officers of the Right and Center Brigades who had decided to send a delegation to their Commander-in-Chief,

7168: 1605:(Deed of December), the combined allied forces annihilated the Paraguayan army. López barely managed to escape with a few followers, and on 1 January 1869, the Brazilians occupied 1708:

The elderly Caxias, almost 72 and widowed since 1874, was in poor health and could serve only as a figurehead president of the government formed on 25 June 1875. Cotejipe was the

6573: 7213: 6579: 5912: 1928: 158: 1518:

Caxias arrived in Paraguay on 18 November, and assumed the supreme command of land and naval forces in the war. His first measure was to arrange the dismissal of Vice-Admiral

761:

to the north. By 1818, Luís Alves's relatives, who were military officers and had served in the wars, had been ennobled. His grandfather, José Joaquim, became a member of the

6484: 1082:

To distinguish itself from what the Reactionaries perceived as the "unruly" Liberals, sometime around 1843 (and certainly by 1844), the Reactionary Party became known as the

1527: 7228: 6536: 1138: 6627: 6542: 1345: 6651: 5952: 1523: 127: 7203: 1739: 1225: 6693: 1609:. According to historian Ronaldo Vainfas, Caxias's "performance ahead of the allied forces contributed in an unquestionable way to the final triumph over the enemy." 1468: 1519: 1071:

president, Honório Hermeto, Caxias was once again successful, and by late August, the rebellion was crushed. Caxias was honored by Pedro II, who made him his

6815: 6512: 6000: 1237: 944:

on 7 October. A year later, on 18 October 1832, he was appointed commander of the Permanent Municipal Guard Corps, a police force in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

7100: 1780:

From his death in 1880 until the 1920s, the Duke of Caxias was not regarded as the most important military figure in Brazilian history. This honor belonged to

1297:

understood the threat: it would undermine their own party (or in fact any party) by strengthening the executive branch to the detriment of the legislative.

7233: 1865: 1541:. By 2 November, Humaitá was completely cut off from land reinforcement by Paraguayan forces. On 19 February 1868, Brazilian ironclads successfully made a 6053: 743: 6615: 6597: 6567: 6530: 6023: 5902: 1781: 1655: 887: 699: 213: 1577:

Pressing his advantage, the marquis began organizing an assault on the new Paraguayan defenses which López had thrown up along the Pikysyry, south of

1094:

ideology: liberalism, preservation of the authority of the state, and support for representative parliamentary monarchy. Although his move toward the

7223: 7050: 6954: 6639: 6270: 5937: 1963: 1361: 732:

young boy may have initially been schooled at home, as was common then. He may have been taught to read and write by his grandmother, Ana Quitéria.

698:

In the years after his death and mainly following the downfall of the Brazilian monarchy, Caxias's reputation was initially overshadowed by that of

115: 1745:

Confined to a wheelchair as his health slowly declined, the Duke of Caxias lived his remaining days at Santa Mônica farm, located near the town of

7163: 6477: 459: 1533:

As the Brazilian army was ready for combat, Caxias sought to encircle Humaitá and force its capitulation by siege. To aid the operation, he used

1581:(Paraguay's capital). This stream afforded a strong defensive position which was anchored by the Paraguay River and by the swampy jungle of the 6842: 6294: 1204:

After years in opposition in the parliament, in September 1848, the Party of Order was called upon by Pedro II to form a new cabinet. The

235: 5806: 836:

On 18 January 1823, Pedro I created the Emperor's Battalion, a handpicked elite infantry unit that included Luís Alves, who was named as

7069: 5784: 5756: 5737: 5706: 5674: 5655: 5639:

Vida do grande cidadão brasileiro Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Barão, Conde, Marquês, Duque de Caxias, desde o seu nascimento em 1803 até 1878

5614: 5583: 5546: 5510: 5474: 5436: 5387: 5352: 5333: 1522:(later the Marquis of Tamandaré and also a member of the Progressive League) by the government, and appoint fellow Conservative Vice-Admiral 1244:, the allies defeated an army led by Rosas, who fled to the United Kingdom, thus ending the war. Caxias spent 17 January aboard the frigate 6736: 6705: 6247: 6969: 6852: 735:

Luís Alves's grandfather, José Joaquim, was a Portuguese military officer who had emigrated in 1767 to Brazil. He settled in the city of

684:, becoming successively a baron, count, and marquis, finally becoming the only person created duke during Pedro II's 58-year reign. 6699: 6663: 6386: 6287: 6260: 6205: 1262:. His plan was aborted once the news of the victory at Caseros arrived. As a reward for his role in the victory, Caxias was promoted to 790: 805:(equivalent to a modern-day second lieutenant) on 12 October 1818, and to lieutenant (modern-day first lieutenant) on 4 November 1820. 7198: 7075: 6808: 6772: 6470: 6782: 6108: 6088: 5455: 1742:, Manuel Felizardo and many others who helped us sustain this little church , which collapsed or almost collapsed on 7 April 1831." 1569:

The relationship between the Marquis of Caxias, now the allied Commander-in-Chief, and the governing Progressives worsened until it

918: 652: 6621: 6603: 6591: 5927: 1471:, a former colleague in the Conciliation cabinet: "I am almost mad with the mistakes that I am seeing being made, but since I am a 170: 1643: 1419:, one of them Caxias (center). This military parade most probably occurred during the siege of Uruguaiana at the beginning of the 1160:

remained in power, Caxias was secure in his position. After Honório Hermeto quarreled with Pedro II a year later, he and the

6180: 5716: 1805: 1224:, declared war on Brazil. Caxias was appointed commander-in-chief of the Brazilian land forces. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, 840:

to the company's commander, his uncle, Colonel José Joaquim de Lima e Silva. The Emperor's Battalion was sent to the province of

304: 24: 1537:

to gather information of the enemy lines. The combined Brazilian–Argentine–Uruguayan army advanced through hostile territory to

1364:(later Viscount of Rio Branco), whom Caxias had met and befriended during the Platine War while serving as secretary to Paraná. 7081: 6524: 6411: 6098: 6092: 6076: 1766: 1570: 996: 716: 633: 384: 20: 6994: 7188: 6221: 6113: 6084: 6046: 1770: 1130: 1503:

Caxias in Paraguay, c. 1866. He is portrayed in simple campaign uniform, instead of the court dress shown in other pictures

7183: 6801: 6312: 6304: 1671: 937: 923: 687:

In the early 1840s Caxias became a member of the Reactionary Party, which evolved into the Party of Order and finally the

614: 533: 7092: 7061: 6979: 6888: 6681: 6318: 5969: 1545:

up the Paraguay River under heavy fire, gaining full control of the river and isolating Humaitá from resupply by water.

1246: 991:. Luís Alves was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel on 12 September 1837. Eusébio de Queirós was a member of the 753:

embarked upon a series of wars of conquest which resulted in the expansion of Brazil's territory with the annexation of

6437: 886:(then Brazil's southernmost province), was the last to surrender. In 1825, secessionists in the province rebelled. The 7208: 7193: 6923: 6918: 6857: 6675: 1900: 1381: 1002:

After being promoted to colonel on 2 December 1839, Luís Alves was sent by the Reactionary cabinet to the province of

688: 427: 1947:

Commemorative medal of the surrender of the division of the army of Paraguay that occupied the village of Uruguaiana.

1022: 901:

The war came to a disastrous end in 1828, as Brazil relinquished Cisplatina, which became the independent nation of

7130: 6687: 6657: 6552: 5962: 1746: 1598: 1352:(moderate Conservative) wing, composed mostly of younger politicians who owed their positions to electoral reform. 1059: 1046: 762: 661: 548: 413: 2010:

offer the greatest guarantees for the order of my country. I have held myself unshakably faithful to those ideas."

6720: 6609: 6200: 6170: 6160: 6155: 6039: 1428: 1275: 1029:(Baron of Caxias). He was given the rare honor of choosing his title; he decided to commemorate his recapture of 781:

In 1811, Luís Alves moved with his parents from his grandparents' farm to Rio de Janeiro and was enrolled at the

728: 6862: 6165: 6974: 6893: 6493: 6195: 5892: 1329: 692: 82: 7044: 6989: 6401: 988: 6277: 6255: 6226: 1221: 999:, one of the leading Reactionaries and a government minister, attempted to attract Luís Alves to his party. 669: 613:. Like his father and uncles, Caxias pursued a military career. In 1823 he fought as a young officer in the 502: 715:

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva was born on 25 August 1803 on a farm called São Paulo (today within the city of

676:; a decade later Caxias, as army marshal (the army's highest rank), led Brazilian forces to victory in the 7020: 6984: 6908: 6427: 6080: 1997: 1921: 1508: 844:

in the northeast on 28 January and placed, along with other troops, under the command of French Brigadier

823: 720: 388: 1300:

In search of broader support, Paraná appointed as ministers politicians who had few, or no, links to the

7032: 6282: 6265: 1213:. Due to growing international demand, coffee had become the most valuable export commodity for Brazil. 1654:

parliament, including having left his post without permission. The embittered duke wrote to his friend

1542: 6913: 7178: 7173: 7135: 6939: 6847: 6391: 1590: 1251: 1217: 1030: 6903: 6123: 7004: 1953:

Medal awarded to the army, armada and to civil servants in operations in the Paraguayan War (1870).

1561: 1538: 1534: 1507:

The allies invaded Paraguay in April 1866, but after initial success, their advance was blocked by

1411: 786: 750: 597: 67: 5607:

The Party of Order: the Conservatives, the State, and Slavery in the Brazilian Monarchy, 1831–1871

5397: 1801: 7140: 6148: 6103: 1444: 1263: 1259: 1150: 932: 829:

would lead to the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822. The prince was later acclaimed Dom

681: 637: 396: 103: 6964: 2020: 1691:, which developed after the government came into conflict with two bishops who had ordered that 870: 7120: 7026: 6762: 6369: 6143: 6138: 5780: 5752: 5733: 5702: 5670: 5651: 5610: 5579: 5542: 5525: 5506: 5489: 5470: 5451: 5432: 5383: 5348: 5329: 1907: 1681: 1630: 1586: 1556: 1456: 1241: 1146: 1126: 1076: 830: 798: 629: 7125: 6944: 6501: 6062: 1914: 1650: 1625: 1582: 1389: 794: 610: 520: 492: 417: 1792:, which refers to individuals who follow regulations without mistrust, doubt and evasion." 1141:(later Viscount of Araguaia), to serve as his secretary, as he had previously in Maranhão. 6898: 5362: 1886: 1809: 1688: 1436: 1316: 941: 849: 724: 392: 31: 7038: 6949: 6730: 6442: 6432: 6396: 6354: 6330: 6324: 5593: 2034: 1993: 1594: 1512: 1448: 1420: 1401: 1122: 1108: 895: 865: 845: 736: 677: 665: 622: 563: 553: 538: 927:

Ana Luísa de Loreto, wife of Caxias, as a child (bottom right) along with her siblings

7157: 6378: 6348: 1858: 1432: 952: 758: 641: 6873: 1355:

The moderate Conservatives were Conservatives in name only, and did not support the

1188: 979: 801:, camping, fortification in campaign and terrain reconnaissance. He was promoted to 1875: 1721: 1483: 1464: 1416: 1255: 1197: 1072: 1010:. He was appointed to the highest civilian and military positions in the province: 956: 645: 6447: 6406: 1820: 1774: 1499: 1156:

In early 1843, Honório Hermeto became the head of the cabinet, and so long as the

1051: 574: 6742: 6342: 1696: 1692: 1606: 1578: 1440: 1373: 1280: 1183: 1113: 1003: 747: 673: 626: 558: 6824: 1487: 1328:(Law of the Circles). As predicted, and feared, it gave greater powers to the 1210: 883: 879: 874:

María Ángela Furriol, the Hispanic American who may have been Caxias's fiancée

754: 618: 55: 5529: 5493: 621:, as the government unsuccessfully resisted that province's secession in the 7239:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

6462: 6336: 1452: 891: 617:

against Portugal, then spent three years in Brazil's southernmost province,

1055: 5801: 1750: 1007: 974: 837: 657: 543: 983:

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, then-Baron of Caxias, around age 38, c. 1841

6793: 1835: 902: 668:. In 1851, under his command, the Brazilian army prevailed against the 35: 6828: 894:) attempted to annex Cisplatina. Brazil declared war, triggering the 746:

in Rio de Janeiro in 1808 changed the lives of the Lima family. King

5539:

I die with my country: perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870

5484:

Doratioto, Francisco (December 2003). "Senhor da guerra e da paz ".

1486:, in July 1865. From there, they traveled inland until they reached 6031: 5411:

Almanak Administrativo, Mercantil e Industrial (Almanaque Laemmert)

2019:

The previous allied Commander-in-Chief was the Argentine President

1324:

Paraná succeeded in passing electoral reform, which was called the

931:

A regency of three was elected to rule until the five-year-old Dom

5345:

Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891

3677: 3675: 1819: 1765: 1720: 1670: 1624: 1560: 1498: 1410: 1315: 1279: 1187: 1112: 1050: 978: 922: 869: 841: 5413:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Eduardo & Henrique Laemmert. 632:

during the protests of 1831, Caxias remained loyal. Pedro I

5779:. Vol. 1. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 2770: 2768: 2481: 2479: 723:, then a captaincy (later province) of the Portuguese colony of 6797: 6466: 6035: 5567:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880)

5558:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870)

1258:, the Argentine capital, selecting the best place to launch an 1058:(pictured) was one of the towns Caxias marched into during the 5650:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Edições Biblioteca Nacional. 5040: 5038: 5684:

Siber, Eduard (1916). "Retrospecto da Guerra contra Rosas ".

5600:(in Portuguese) (4th ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar. 5404:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio. 4489: 4487: 1336:

ultraconservative (or traditionalist) wing, then called the

691:. He was elected senator in 1846. The Emperor appointed him 5304:

Vultos da pátria: os brasileiros mais ilustres de seu tempo

4965: 4963: 2454: 2452: 1944:

Medal of the army in the Oriental State of Uruguay in 1852.

1482:

The imperial party arrived in Rio Grande do Sul's capital,

5269: 5267: 5265: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3733: 3731: 951:

In the late 1830s, Luís Alves was appointed instructor in

848:. The Brazilian imperial forces besieged Bahia's capital, 5732:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 5578:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 4815: 4813: 4656: 4654: 4516: 4514: 4027: 4025: 2893: 2891: 2666: 2664: 2607: 2605: 1079:(acting) field marshal (present-day divisional general). 609:", was an army officer, politician and monarchist of the 5667:

Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791–1899

5422:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. 4950: 4948: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4012: 4010: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3621: 3619: 3558: 3556: 3382: 3380: 2496: 2494: 1121:

When the republican secessionist rebellion known as the

1075:

on 23 July 1842. Two days later, Caxias was promoted to

995:(Reactionary Party), which had come to power that year. 5770:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. 5701:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Graphia. 5569:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 5560:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 3052: 3050: 2651: 2649: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2033:

that, in a letter supposedly written by him during the

1589:

and attack from the rear. In three successive battles (

1574:

withdrawal of all Paraguayan troops from its fortress.

1415:

Pedro II (raising his hat) follows behind his two

5686:

Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro

5524:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 5522:

Empire in Brazil: a New World Experiment with Monarchy

5488:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional. 5313:

Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro

3115: 3113: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2115: 2113: 2081: 2079: 2077: 6960:

João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá

1950:

Medal (oval) of bravery "to the bravest ones" (1867).

727:. He was the first son and second of ten children of 625:. Though his own father and uncles renounced Emperor 16:

Brazilian military officer and politician (1803–1880)

5576:

O Duque de Ferro: novos aspectos da figura de Caxias

5450:. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. 5306:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Globo. 1367:

Caxias tried to secure support from the traditional

19:"Duque de Caxias" redirects here. For the city, see 7113: 7091: 7060: 7013: 6932: 6881: 6835: 6719: 6500: 6420: 6377: 6368: 6303: 6246: 6239: 6214: 6188: 6179: 6131: 6069: 5609:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 5467:

Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai

5347:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 5328:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1871:

Member of the Supreme Military and Justice Council.

1344:(puritans), led by Eusébio de Queirós, Uruguai and 526: 516: 508: 498: 488: 483: 466: 454: 442: 434: 423: 402: 370: 365: 331: 321: 303: 293: 283: 262: 252: 234: 207: 195: 187: 164: 152: 144: 121: 109: 99: 81: 53: 7219:Brazilian military personnel of the Paraguayan War 5505:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 5469:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 1435:to establish his country as a regional power. The 1090:. Caxias increasingly identified himself with the 5913:Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana 1929:Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa 1629:Caxias, around age 66, wearing the collar of the 789:in 1837. On 4 May 1818, he was admitted into the 5886:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná 1649:A few days later the Emperor awarded Caxias the 1117:The then-Count of Caxias, around age 43, c. 1846 601:; 25 August 1803 – 7 May 1880), nicknamed " 5869:President of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul 5848:President of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul 5365:(1936). "Caxias no Museu Histórico Nacional ". 5200: 4204: 4180: 3773: 3761: 3722: 3681: 3203: 2774: 2632: 2584: 2485: 2196: 1701: 1451:. Four months later, Paraguayan troops invaded 1196:, aboard which Caxias scouted the port area of 1006:to quell a rebellion which became known as the 42: and the second or paternal family name is 6001:Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre 5730:Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento 5723:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio. 5431:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar. 5311:Azevedo, Moreira (1881). "O Duque de Caxias". 1346:Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí 1266:on 3 March, and raised to marquis on 26 June. 651:During Pedro II's minority the governing 7169:Members of the Senate of the Empire of Brazil 6809: 6478: 6047: 1941:Medal (oval) of the Independence War (Bahia). 8: 5777:The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct 5624:Pinho, Wanderley (1936). "Caxias senador ". 5044: 1646:, on 21 February 1869 for a reconciliation. 1427:In December 1864, the dictator of Paraguay, 7214:People from Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 5751:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. 5641:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. 5503:General Osorio: a espada liberal do Império 1866:Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute 1392:), the highest rank in the Brazilian army. 7000:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias 6816: 6802: 6794: 6778: 6485: 6471: 6463: 6374: 6243: 6185: 6054: 6040: 6032: 5811: 5807:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias 5648:Guerra do Paraguai: memórias & imagens 5326:Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852 1475:I am not listened to, since everything is 1469:João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe 1455:territory in preparation for an attack on 680:. As a reward he was raised to the titled 590:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias 220: 66: 50: 7229:19th-century Brazilian military personnel 5409:Cardoso, José Antonio dos Santos (1880). 5236: 5080: 5005: 4969: 4939: 4597: 4585: 4549: 4493: 4470: 4425: 4411: 4372: 4348: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4192: 4168: 4124: 2870: 2458: 7051:1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum 5953:João Lins Cansanção, Viscount of Sinimbu 5537:Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas (2004). 5382:(in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Genesis. 5176: 4915: 4867: 4843: 4505: 4464: 4437: 4405: 4118: 3041: 2897: 2882: 2858: 2834: 2798: 2759: 2715: 2670: 2626: 2611: 2596: 2572: 2524: 2172: 2104: 1964:List of generals of the Empire of Brazil 1758:cemetery in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 1312:Presidencies of the Council of Ministers 860:Cisplatine War and the abdication crisis 279:9 November 1842 – 11 March 1846 248:30 June 1851 – 4 September 1851 7204:Conservative Party (Brazil) politicians 5903:Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda 5273: 5212: 5029: 4903: 4476: 4449: 4360: 3960: 3936: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3797: 3737: 3710: 3666: 3598: 3497: 3323: 3299: 3275: 3251: 3215: 3143: 2500: 2049: 1975: 1771:Monument in honor of the Duke of Caxias 888:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 317:17 February 1840 – 13 May 1841 6843:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action 5944:President of the Council of Ministers 5919:President of the Council of Ministers 5843:Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho 5827:President of the Province of Maranhão 5164: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5104: 5092: 5056: 5017: 4954: 4927: 4879: 4855: 4831: 4819: 4780: 4768: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4672: 4660: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4573: 4561: 4520: 4399: 4384: 4156: 4136: 4091: 4067: 4031: 3948: 3924: 3809: 3785: 3698: 3657:, pp. 167, 213, 218, 235 and 241. 3654: 3574: 3491: 3485: 3470: 3386: 3263: 3239: 3080: 2957: 2945: 2921: 2846: 2786: 2747: 2735: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2443: 2085: 1431:, took advantage of Brazil's military 1376:). Pedro II asked members of the 744:arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family 446: 289:Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho 183:3 September 1856 – 3 May 1857 95:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878 6955:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco 5938:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco 5893:President of the Council of Ministers 5285: 5224: 5188: 5152: 5068: 4993: 4981: 4891: 4804: 4792: 4756: 4744: 4684: 4609: 4537: 4336: 4142: 4130: 4103: 4079: 4055: 4043: 4016: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3749: 3642: 3625: 3610: 3586: 3562: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3311: 3287: 3227: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3131: 3119: 3104: 3092: 3068: 3056: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2933: 2909: 2822: 2810: 2721: 2709: 2694: 2682: 2655: 2638: 2512: 2470: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2227: 2215: 2184: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2119: 2068: 2056: 785:(Saint Joachim School), which became 693:president of the Council of Ministers 596: 7: 6024:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 5692:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 5632:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 5373:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 5319:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 1782:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 1656:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 1164:resigned. The Liberals replaced the 1086:(Party of Order) and its members as 700:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval 6387:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil 6018:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878 5947:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878 5897:3 September 1856 – 3 May 1857 5669:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 5574:Morais, Eugênio Vilhena de (2003). 5541:. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. 5448:The Columbia Gazetteer of the World 1254:, taking stock of the port area of 140:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862 7234:19th-century Brazilian politicians 5728:Souza, Adriana Barreto de (2008). 5302:Almeida, Antônio da Rocha (1961). 1844:Marquis of Caxias on 26 June 1852. 1675:The Duke of Caxias at age 71, 1875 1439:invaded the Brazilian province of 579:Coat of Arms of the Duke of Caxias 14: 6970:Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza 5637:Pinto de Campos, Joaquim (1878). 5446:Cohen, Saul B. (1998). "Caxias". 5429:A invenção do Exército brasileiro 1841:Count of Caxias on 25 March 1845. 1615:Sigam-me os que forem brasileiros 919:Regency period (Empire of Brazil) 7106:Prince Pedro Carlos (since 2007) 6872: 6777: 6768: 6767: 6122: 5995:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862 5922:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862 5822:Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo 5800: 1847:Duke of Caxias on 23 March 1869. 1348:. The second bloc comprised the 573: 458: 327:Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo 25:Duque de Caxias (disambiguation) 7224:Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 6010:João José de Oliveira Junqueira 5974:14 June 1855 – 3 May 1857 5877:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 5856:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 5378:Bento, Cláudio Moreira (2003). 1922:Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz 1808:, Antônio da Rocha Almeida and 1565:Caxias leads the Brazilian army 1139:Domingos Gonçalves de Magalhães 997:Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcelos 299:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 268:Patrício José Correia da Câmara 21:Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 7164:Government ministers of Brazil 6853:Diretório Monárquico do Brasil 5928:Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos 5697:Sodré, Nelson Werneck (2004). 4207:, pp. 220, 224, 229, 233. 1927:Grand Cross of the Portuguese 767:Fidalgo Cavaleiro da Casa Real 636:in favor of his young son Dom 615:Brazilian War for Independence 236:President of Rio Grande do Sul 1: 5963:Pedro de Alcântara Bellegarde 5749:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial 5501:Doratioto, Francisco (2008). 5465:Doratioto, Francisco (2002). 1920:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1913:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1906:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1899:Grand Cross of the Brazilian 1725:Caxias around age 74, c. 1877 1587:outflank the Paraguayan lines 1320:Caxias around age 58, c. 1861 1284:Caxias around age 54, c. 1857 1035:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão 938:Miguel de Frias e Vasconcelos 534:Brazilian War of Independence 6412:Francisco José do Nascimento 6319:Confederation of the Equator 5605:Needell, Jeffrey D. (2006). 5520:Haring, Clarence H. (1969). 5418:Carvalho, Afonso de (1976). 5402:História de D. Pedro II 5343:Barman, Roderick J. (1999). 5324:Barman, Roderick J. (1988). 1528:Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay 1362:José Maria da Silva Paranhos 1014:(president or governor) and 640:, whom Caxias instructed in 6858:Imperial Patrianovist Guard 5775:Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). 5717:Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de 5699:Panorama do Segundo Império 5665:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 5380:Caxias e a unidade nacional 1901:Order of the Southern Cross 1200:for a later canceled attack 1131:João Manuel de Lima e Silva 878:The Portuguese garrison in 648:and eventually befriended. 7255: 7131:List of monarchs of Brazil 6863:National Restorative Union 5864:Pedro Ferreira de Oliveira 5626:Revista Militar Brasileira 5367:Revista Militar Brasileira 1824:Arms of the Duke of Caxias 1806:Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa 1687:The second crisis was the 1554: 1399: 1273: 1181: 1106: 1047:Liberal rebellions of 1842 1044: 1041:Liberal rebellions of 1842 972: 916: 863: 821: 662:Liberal rebellions of 1842 549:Liberal rebellions of 1842 258:Pedro Ferreira de Oliveira 29: 18: 7199:Prime ministers of Brazil 6995:José Bonifácio de Andrada 6980:Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira 6870: 6752: 6494:Prime ministers of Brazil 6161:Prince Imperial of Brazil 6156:Brazilian imperial family 6120: 6020: 6013: 6007: 5997: 5990: 5987:Sebastião de Regos Barros 5984: 5979:Jerônimo Francisco Coelho 5976: 5967: 5959: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5924: 5917: 5909: 5899: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5814: 5747:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). 1834:Baron of Caxias (without 1571:became a political crisis 1509:fortifications at Humaitá 1276:September 6, 1853 cabinet 729:Francisco de Lima e Silva 583: 572: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 310: 272: 241: 230: 223: 219: 176: 133: 88: 77: 65: 7045:Revolta de Ribeirãozinho 6975:Arlindo Veiga dos Santos 5646:Salles, Ricardo (2003). 5045:Kraay & Whigham 2004 3401:, pp. 284, 413–414. 3338:, pp. 369, 391–392. 3230:, pp. 282, 348–350. 3182:, pp. 312–314, 320. 2434:, pp. 114, 120–121. 1857:Member of the Brazilian 1601:) which became known as 1443:(currently the state of 1062:in Minas Gerais province 813:Wars and military crises 412:Santa Mônica Farm, (now 337:João Antônio de Miranda 83:Prime Minister of Brazil 34:, the first or maternal 6278:Imperial Brazilian Navy 6256:Imperial Brazilian Army 6227:Reverse parliamentarism 5835:João Antônio de Miranda 5598:Um Estadista do Império 1433:intervention in Uruguay 1304:. Caxias himself was a 1238:Manuel Marques de Sousa 1226:Paulino Soares de Sousa 1222:Argentine Confederation 670:Argentine Confederation 503:Imperial Brazilian Army 414:Valença, Rio de Janeiro 7021:Independence of Brazil 6909:Moderate Liberal Party 6438:Eusébio de Queirós Law 6428:Abolitionism in Brazil 6081:Independence of Brazil 5565:Lira, Heitor (1977b). 5556:Lira, Heitor (1977a). 5427:Castro, Celso (2002). 1825: 1777: 1756:São Francisco de Paula 1726: 1706: 1676: 1634: 1566: 1520:Joaquim Marques Lisboa 1511:by land and along the 1504: 1491:the imperial capital. 1429:Francisco Solano López 1424: 1321: 1285: 1201: 1118: 1063: 1060:1842 Liberal rebellion 1021:Luís Alves arrived in 984: 928: 875: 824:Independence of Brazil 818:Independence of Brazil 791:Royal Military Academy 116:Viscount of Rio Branco 23:. For other uses, see 7189:Brazilian monarchists 7033:Federalist Revolution 6266:Fatherland Volunteers 5809:at Wikimedia Commons 5766:Viana, Hélio (1968). 2259:, pp. 52–53, 61. 1823: 1769: 1724: 1674: 1667:Figurehead presidency 1651:Order of Pedro I 1644:Paço de São Cristóvão 1628: 1564: 1502: 1414: 1319: 1283: 1191: 1116: 1054: 982: 926: 873: 783:Seminário São Joaquim 509:Years of service 383:São Paulo Farm, (now 305:President of Maranhão 225:Further offices held 7184:Brazilian Freemasons 7136:Monarchism in Brazil 6652:Cansanção de Sinimbu 6222:Constitution of 1824 6114:Units of measurement 4894:, pp. 170, 173. 4205:Pinto de Campos 1878 4181:Pinto de Campos 1878 3774:Pinto de Campos 1878 3764:, pp. 127, 129. 3762:Pinto de Campos 1878 3723:Pinto de Campos 1878 3682:Pinto de Campos 1878 3218:, pp. 103, 329. 3204:Pinto de Campos 1878 2775:Pinto de Campos 1878 2633:Pinto de Campos 1878 2585:Pinto de Campos 1878 2486:Pinto de Campos 1878 2197:Pinto de Campos 1878 2151:, pp. 108, 565. 2000:by the conspirators. 1535:observation balloons 1386:marechal de exército 1350:conservador moderado 1270:Conciliation Cabinet 1252:John Pascoe Grenfell 1218:Juan Manuel de Rosas 1016:comandante das armas 787:Pedro II School 757:to the south and of 6985:Antônio Conselheiro 6700:Correia de Oliveira 6189:Political instances 6166:Prince of Grão-Pará 5721:Diogo Antônio Feijó 5201:Almeida 1961, Vol 1 5083:, pp. 392–393. 4870:, pp. 290–292. 4846:, pp. 288–290. 4783:, pp. 285–286. 4747:, pp. 217–218. 4735:, pp. 166–168. 4675:, pp. 269–270. 4588:, pp. 390–391. 4508:, pp. 253–254. 4414:, pp. 360–374. 4408:, pp. 250–266; 4375:, pp. 329–330. 4351:, pp. 335–336. 4339:, pp. 247–256. 4279:, pp. 321–322. 4243:, pp. 280–282. 4082:, pp. 235–238. 4070:, pp. 202–205. 4058:, pp. 229–235. 3963:, pp. 215–216. 3951:, pp. 669–670. 3939:, pp. 214–215. 3927:, pp. 660–661. 3915:, pp. 201–202. 3867:, pp. 194–195. 3855:, pp. 184–185. 3843:, pp. 186–187. 3812:, pp. 212–213. 3413:, pp. 260–262. 3134:, pp. 280–281. 3107:, pp. 258–259. 3020:, pp. 240–244. 2996:, pp. 213–215. 2972:, pp. 206–208. 2849:, pp. 158–159. 2563:, pp. 104–106. 2551:, pp. 100–101. 2446:, pp. 209–210. 2398:, pp. 113–114. 2355:, pp. 93, 109. 1524:Joaquim José Inácio 1407:Siege of Uruguaiana 1360:his ministers were 1232:closest to Caxias. 1137:and a famous poet, 993:Partido Regressista 964:Quelling rebellions 159:Baron of Uruguaiana 128:Viscount of Sinimbu 7209:Marshals of Brazil 7194:Brazilian nobility 7141:Brazilian nobility 6990:José do Patrocínio 6924:Progressive League 6919:Conservative Party 6694:Maurício Vanderlei 6622:Góis e Vasconcelos 6604:Góis e Vasconcelos 6592:Góis e Vasconcelos 6402:José do Patrocínio 5815:Political offices 4942:, pp. 15, 21. 3669:, pp. 15, 18. 1838:) on 18 July 1841. 1829:Titles of nobility 1826: 1778: 1727: 1677: 1635: 1567: 1505: 1495:Commander-in-Chief 1447:), triggering the 1445:Mato Grosso do Sul 1425: 1382:Progressive League 1322: 1286: 1264:lieutenant general 1220:, dictator of the 1202: 1119: 1064: 989:Eusébio de Queirós 985: 929: 876: 773:Military education 689:Conservative Party 598:[kaˈʃi.ɐs] 397:Portuguese America 60:The Duke of Caxias 7149: 7148: 7121:Kingdom of Brazil 7114:Relevant Articles 7093:Petrópolis branch 7027:Revolta da Armada 7014:Historical Events 6882:Political Parties 6791: 6790: 6737:Brochado da Rocha 6676:Rodrigues Pereira 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6364: 6363: 6235: 6234: 6139:Emperor of Brazil 6030: 6029: 6021:Succeeded by 5998:Succeeded by 5977:Succeeded by 5950:Succeeded by 5925:Succeeded by 5900:Succeeded by 5875:Succeeded by 5854:Succeeded by 5833:Succeeded by 5805:Media related to 5786:978-0-8032-4786-4 5768:Vultos do Império 5758:978-85-7302-441-8 5739:978-85-200-0864-5 5708:978-85-85277-21-5 5688:(in Portuguese). 5676:978-1-57488-450-0 5657:978-85-333-0264-8 5628:(in Portuguese). 5616:978-0-8047-5369-2 5585:978-85-7011-329-0 5548:978-0-8032-2762-0 5512:978-85-359-1200-5 5476:978-85-359-0224-2 5438:978-85-7110-682-6 5389:978-85-87578-09-9 5369:(in Portuguese). 5354:978-0-8047-3510-0 5335:978-0-8047-1437-2 5315:(in Portuguese). 4984:, pp. 27–28. 4930:, pp. 15–16. 3044:, pp. 52–54. 3032:, pp. 63–65. 2912:, pp. 28–29. 2539:, pp. 74–96. 2367:, pp. 27–28. 2331:, pp. 93–95. 2319:, pp. 93–94. 2271:, pp. 82–83. 2187:, pp. 50–51. 1908:Order of the Rose 1816:Titles and honors 1695:be expelled from 1682:Law of Free Birth 1631:Order of the Rose 1557:Pikysyry maneuver 1479:in our country." 1457:Rio Grande do Sul 1378:Liga Progressista 1260:amphibious attack 1242:Battle of Caseros 1151:counterinsurgency 1147:guerrilla warfare 1127:Rio Grande do Sul 882:, the capital of 587: 586: 341: 340: 214:Marquis of Olinda 202:Marquis of Paraná 7246: 7126:Empire of Brazil 7062:Vassouras branch 6945:Machado de Assis 6914:Regressive Party 6894:Portuguese Party 6876: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6795: 6781: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6706:Assis Figueiredo 6628:Rodrigues Torres 6543:Rodrigues Torres 6487: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6375: 6313:Independence War 6271:List of generals 6261:Military Academy 6244: 6206:Moderating Power 6201:General Assembly 6186: 6171:Prince of Brazil 6126: 6063:Empire of Brazil 6056: 6049: 6042: 6033: 6015:Minister of War 6008:Preceded by 5992:Minister of War 5985:Preceded by 5960:Preceded by 5935:Preceded by 5910:Preceded by 5883:Preceded by 5862:Preceded by 5841:Preceded by 5820:Preceded by 5812: 5804: 5790: 5771: 5762: 5743: 5724: 5712: 5693: 5680: 5661: 5642: 5633: 5620: 5601: 5589: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5533: 5516: 5497: 5480: 5461: 5442: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5393: 5374: 5363:Barroso, Gustavo 5358: 5339: 5320: 5307: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4482: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3685: 3679: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2489: 2483: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2123: 2117: 2108: 2102: 2089: 2083: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2038: 2030: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1915:Order of Pedro I 1859:Council of State 1697:lay brotherhoods 1599:Lomas Valentinas 1539:surround Humaitá 1326:Lei dos Círculos 1084:Partido da Ordem 611:Empire of Brazil 600: 595: 577: 493:Empire of Brazil 484:Military service 462: 418:Empire of Brazil 409: 380: 378: 366:Personal details 334: 324: 315: 296: 286: 277: 265: 255: 246: 221: 210: 198: 181: 171:Zacarias de Góis 167: 155: 138: 124: 112: 93: 70: 51: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7145: 7109: 7087: 7056: 7009: 6965:José de Alencar 6928: 6899:Brazilian Party 6877: 6868: 6831: 6822: 6792: 6787: 6758:Died in office 6748: 6723: 6715: 6714: 6688:Antônio Saraiva 6670:Cunha Paranaguá 6664:Martinho Campos 6658:Antônio Saraiva 6504: 6496: 6491: 6461: 6452: 6416: 6360: 6299: 6231: 6210: 6175: 6127: 6118: 6065: 6060: 6026: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5994: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5970:Minister of War 5965: 5955: 5946: 5940: 5930: 5921: 5915: 5905: 5896: 5888: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5836: 5829: 5823: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5774: 5765: 5759: 5746: 5740: 5727: 5715: 5709: 5696: 5683: 5677: 5664: 5658: 5645: 5636: 5623: 5617: 5604: 5594:Nabuco, Joaquim 5592: 5586: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5549: 5536: 5519: 5513: 5500: 5483: 5477: 5464: 5458: 5445: 5439: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5396: 5390: 5377: 5361: 5355: 5342: 5336: 5323: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882:, p. 1209. 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4858:, p. 1208. 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3688: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3632: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2126: 2118: 2111: 2103: 2092: 2084: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2027: 2021:Bartolomé Mitre 2018: 2014: 2008: 2004: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1960: 1938: 1936:Military honors 1896: 1887:gentleman usher 1854: 1831: 1818: 1810:Gustavo Barroso 1773:in the city of 1764: 1754:to rest in the 1719: 1689:Religious Issue 1669: 1664: 1623: 1559: 1553: 1497: 1437:Paraguayan army 1409: 1404: 1398: 1314: 1278: 1272: 1186: 1180: 1175: 1111: 1105: 1049: 1043: 1027:Barão de Caxias 977: 971: 966: 942:Ilha das Cobras 921: 915: 913:Era of troubles 868: 862: 826: 820: 815: 775: 763:Order of Christ 717:Duque de Caxias 713: 708: 593: 578: 568: 479: 424:Political party 411: 407: 393:State of Brazil 385:Duque de Caxias 382: 376: 374: 332: 322: 316: 311: 294: 284: 278: 273: 263: 253: 247: 242: 226: 208: 196: 182: 177: 165: 153: 139: 134: 122: 110: 94: 89: 73: 61: 58: 47: 32:Portuguese name 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7252: 7250: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7097: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7070:Pedro Henrique 7066: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7039:War of Canudos 7036: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6950:Joaquim Nabuco 6947: 6942: 6940:André Rebouças 6936: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6904:Restorer Party 6901: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6775: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6731:Tancredo Neves 6727: 6725: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6640:Silva Paranhos 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6574:Limpo de Abreu 6571: 6565: 6559: 6546: 6540: 6537:Costa Carvalho 6534: 6528: 6522: 6519:Almeida Torres 6516: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6443:Rio Branco Law 6440: 6435: 6433:Netto Question 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6397:Joaquim Nabuco 6394: 6392:André Rebouças 6389: 6383: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6355:Paraguayan War 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6331:Ragamuffin War 6328: 6325:Cisplatine War 6322: 6316: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6295:Military Ranks 6292: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6252: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Prime Minister 6192: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6073: 6071: 6070:General topics 6067: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6036: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5996: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5898: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5797: 5796:External links 5794: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5772: 5763: 5757: 5744: 5738: 5725: 5713: 5707: 5694: 5681: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5643: 5634: 5621: 5615: 5602: 5590: 5584: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5547: 5534: 5517: 5511: 5498: 5486:Nossa História 5481: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5443: 5437: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5394: 5388: 5375: 5359: 5353: 5340: 5334: 5321: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5288:, p. 223. 5278: 5241: 5239:, p. 570. 5237:Doratioto 2002 5229: 5227:, p. 570. 5217: 5205: 5203:, p. 143. 5193: 5191:, p. 305. 5181: 5179:, p. XIV. 5169: 5157: 5155:, p. 177. 5145: 5143:, p. 131. 5133: 5121: 5109: 5107:, p. 211. 5097: 5095:, p. 219. 5085: 5081:Doratioto 2002 5073: 5071:, p. 137. 5061: 5049: 5034: 5032:, p. 429. 5022: 5010: 5006:Doratioto 2008 4998: 4986: 4974: 4970:Doratioto 2008 4959: 4944: 4940:Doratioto 2008 4932: 4920: 4918:, p. 293. 4908: 4906:, p. 166. 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4834:, p. 318. 4824: 4822:, p. 317. 4809: 4797: 4795:, p. 265. 4785: 4773: 4771:, p. 929. 4761: 4759:, p. 266. 4749: 4737: 4725: 4723:, p. 862. 4713: 4711:, p. 857. 4701: 4699:, p. 270. 4689: 4687:, p. 247. 4677: 4665: 4663:, p. 269. 4650: 4648:, p. 254. 4638: 4636:, p. 257. 4626: 4624:, p. 261. 4614: 4602: 4600:, p. 391. 4598:Doratioto 2002 4590: 4586:Doratioto 2002 4578: 4576:, p. 797. 4566: 4564:, p. 226. 4554: 4552:, p. 393. 4550:Doratioto 2002 4542: 4540:, p. 246. 4525: 4523:, p. 225. 4510: 4498: 4496:, p. 366. 4494:Doratioto 2002 4483: 4481: 4480: 4479:, p. 329. 4474: 4473:, p. 366; 4471:Doratioto 2002 4468: 4467:, p. 252; 4454: 4452:, p. 493. 4442: 4440:, p. 266. 4430: 4428:, p. 384. 4426:Doratioto 2002 4418: 4416: 4415: 4412:Doratioto 2002 4409: 4403: 4402:, p. 223; 4389: 4387:, p. 223. 4377: 4373:Doratioto 2002 4365: 4363:, p. 252. 4353: 4349:Doratioto 2002 4341: 4329: 4327:, p. 355. 4325:Doratioto 2002 4317: 4315:, p. 318. 4313:Doratioto 2002 4305: 4303:, p. 298. 4301:Doratioto 2002 4293: 4291:, p. 280. 4289:Doratioto 2002 4281: 4277:Doratioto 2002 4269: 4267:, p. 299. 4265:Doratioto 2002 4257: 4255:, p. 295. 4253:Doratioto 2002 4245: 4241:Doratioto 2002 4233: 4231:, p. 284. 4229:Doratioto 2002 4221: 4219:, p. 253. 4217:Doratioto 2002 4209: 4197: 4195:, p. 278. 4193:Doratioto 2002 4185: 4183:, p. 227. 4173: 4171:, p. 235. 4169:Doratioto 2002 4161: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4145:, p. 174. 4140: 4134: 4133:, p. 244; 4128: 4127:, p. 252; 4125:Doratioto 2002 4122: 4121:, p. 234; 4108: 4096: 4094:, p. 205. 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4046:, p. 133. 4036: 4034:, p. 202. 4021: 4019:, p. 242. 4006: 4004:, p. 228. 3994: 3992:, p. 227. 3982: 3980:, p. 571. 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3903:, p. 201. 3893: 3891:, p. 197. 3881: 3879:, p. 184. 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3831:, p. 174. 3814: 3802: 3800:, p. 135. 3790: 3788:, p. 201. 3778: 3776:, p. 135. 3766: 3754: 3752:, p. 164. 3742: 3740:, p. 160. 3727: 3725:, p. 115. 3715: 3713:, p. 133. 3703: 3686: 3684:, p. 125. 3671: 3659: 3647: 3645:, p. 556. 3630: 3628:, p. 348. 3615: 3613:, p. 554. 3603: 3601:, p. 116. 3591: 3589:, p. 157. 3579: 3577:, p. 123. 3567: 3565:, p. 569. 3552: 3550:, p. 542. 3540: 3528: 3526:, p. 512. 3516: 3514:, p. 496. 3504: 3502: 3501: 3500:, p. 107. 3495: 3494:, p. 176; 3489: 3488:, p. 222; 3475: 3473:, p. 210. 3463: 3461:, p. 412. 3451: 3449:, p. 383. 3439: 3437:, p. 360. 3427: 3425:, p. 317. 3415: 3403: 3391: 3376: 3374:, p. 282. 3364: 3362:, p. 500. 3352: 3350:, p. 281. 3340: 3328: 3316: 3314:, p. 125. 3304: 3302:, p. 110. 3292: 3290:, p. 568. 3280: 3278:, p. 103. 3268: 3266:, p. 214. 3256: 3254:, p. 102. 3244: 3242:, p. 209. 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3194:, p. 335. 3184: 3172: 3170:, p. 285. 3160: 3158:, p. 284. 3148: 3146:, p. 548. 3136: 3124: 3109: 3097: 3095:, p. 245. 3085: 3083:, p. 170. 3073: 3061: 3059:, p. 565. 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 3008:, p. 223. 2998: 2986: 2984:, p. 198. 2974: 2962: 2950: 2948:, p. 160. 2938: 2926: 2924:, p. 162. 2914: 2902: 2887: 2875: 2871:Doratioto 2003 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2825:, p. 179. 2815: 2803: 2791: 2789:, p. 151. 2779: 2764: 2752: 2750:, p. 139. 2740: 2738:, p. 107. 2728: 2726: 2725: 2724:, p. 137. 2719: 2713: 2699: 2697:, p. 133. 2687: 2685:, p. 132. 2675: 2660: 2658:, p. 131. 2645: 2643: 2642: 2641:, p. 137. 2636: 2630: 2616: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2515:, p. 124. 2505: 2490: 2475: 2473:, p. 418. 2463: 2461:, p. 545. 2459:Doratioto 2002 2448: 2436: 2424: 2422:, p. 113. 2412: 2410:, p. 114. 2400: 2388: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2232: 2220: 2218:, p. 109. 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2139:, p. 108. 2124: 2122:, p. 107. 2109: 2090: 2073: 2061: 2059:, p. 568. 2048: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035:Paraguayan War 2025: 2012: 2002: 1994:Pierre Labatut 1985: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1864:Member of the 1862: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1830: 1827: 1817: 1814: 1763: 1760: 1718: 1715: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1622: 1619: 1552: 1547: 1513:Paraguay River 1496: 1493: 1449:Paraguayan War 1421:Paraguayan War 1408: 1405: 1402:Paraguayan War 1400:Main article: 1397: 1396:Paraguayan War 1394: 1313: 1310: 1271: 1268: 1192:The steamship 1182:Main article: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1123:Ragamuffin War 1109:Ragamuffin War 1107:Main article: 1104: 1103:Ragamuffin War 1101: 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 973:Main article: 970: 967: 965: 962: 917:Main article: 914: 911: 896:Cisplatine War 866:Cisplatine War 861: 858: 846:Pierre Labatut 822:Main article: 819: 816: 814: 811: 774: 771: 737:Rio de Janeiro 721:Rio de Janeiro 712: 709: 707: 704: 678:Paraguayan War 666:Ragamuffin War 623:Cisplatine War 603:the Peacemaker 585: 584: 581: 580: 570: 569: 567: 566: 564:Paraguayan War 561: 556: 554:Ragamuffin War 551: 546: 541: 539:Cisplatine War 536: 530: 528: 524: 523: 518: 514: 513: 510: 506: 505: 500: 499:Branch/service 496: 495: 490: 486: 485: 481: 480: 478: 477: 474: 473:The Peacemaker 470: 468: 464: 463: 456: 452: 451: 444: 440: 439: 436: 432: 431: 425: 421: 420: 410:(aged 76) 404: 400: 399: 389:Rio de Janeiro 381:25 August 1803 372: 368: 367: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 329: 328: 325: 319: 318: 308: 307: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 281: 280: 270: 269: 266: 260: 259: 256: 250: 249: 239: 238: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 217: 216: 211: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 156: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 86: 85: 79: 78: 75: 74: 72:Caxias in 1878 71: 63: 62: 59: 56:His Excellency 54: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7251: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7152: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7005:Eduardo Prado 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889:Liberal Party 6887: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836:Organizations 6834: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6812: 6807: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6784: 6776: 6774: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754:End of term: 6751: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6634:Pimenta Bueno 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6549:Carneiro Leão 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6379:Abolitionists 6376: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6349:Uruguayan War 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6288:List of ships 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5983: 5972: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5870: 5860: 5849: 5839: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5457:0-231-11040-5 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5398:Calmon, Pedro 5395: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5276:, p. 33. 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5218: 5215:, p. 67. 5214: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5177:Carvalho 1976 5173: 5170: 5167:, p. 16. 5166: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5131:, p. 49. 5130: 5125: 5122: 5119:, p. 88. 5118: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5059:, p. 87. 5058: 5053: 5050: 5047:, p. 18. 5046: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5023: 5020:, p. 20. 5019: 5014: 5011: 5008:, p. 22. 5007: 5002: 4999: 4996:, p. 28. 4995: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4972:, p. 21. 4971: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4957:, p. 17. 4956: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4916:Carvalho 1976 4912: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868:Carvalho 1976 4864: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4844:Carvalho 1976 4840: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4807:, p. 33. 4806: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4612:, p. 61. 4611: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506:Carvalho 1976 4502: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465:Carvalho 1976 4463: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4438:Carvalho 1976 4434: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4406:Carvalho 1976 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4159:, p. 86. 4158: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4139:, p. 86; 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119:Carvalho 1976 4117: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4106:, p. 35. 4105: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3701:, p. 84. 3700: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3538:, p. 32. 3537: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3392: 3389:, p. 70. 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3326:, p. 75. 3325: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3206:, p. 63. 3205: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3122:, p. 30. 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3071:, p. 66. 3070: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042:Carvalho 1976 3038: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2960:, p. 46. 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2936:, p. 21. 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2900:, p. 46. 2899: 2898:Carvalho 1976 2894: 2892: 2888: 2885:, p. 43. 2884: 2883:Carvalho 1976 2879: 2876: 2873:, p. 62. 2872: 2867: 2864: 2861:, p. 42. 2860: 2859:Carvalho 1976 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2837:, p. 45. 2836: 2835:Carvalho 1976 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2813:, p. 69. 2812: 2807: 2804: 2801:, p. 26. 2800: 2799:Carvalho 1976 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2777:, p. 37. 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2762:, p. 23. 2761: 2760:Carvalho 1976 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2718:, p. 20; 2717: 2716:Carvalho 1976 2714: 2712:, p. 28; 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2673:, p. 19. 2672: 2671:Carvalho 1976 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2635:, p. 35; 2634: 2631: 2629:, p. 18; 2628: 2627:Carvalho 1976 2625: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2614:, p. 17. 2613: 2612:Carvalho 1976 2608: 2606: 2602: 2599:, p. 13. 2598: 2597:Carvalho 1976 2593: 2590: 2587:, p. 34. 2586: 2581: 2578: 2575:, p. 12. 2574: 2573:Carvalho 1976 2569: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2527:, p. 11. 2526: 2525:Carvalho 1976 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2503:, p. 62. 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2488:, p. 27. 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2386:, p. 28. 2385: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2343:, p. 27. 2342: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2307:, p. 93. 2306: 2301: 2298: 2295:, p. 92. 2294: 2289: 2286: 2283:, p. 90. 2282: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2247:, p. 72. 2246: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2230:, p. 62. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199:, p. 31. 2198: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173:Carvalho 1976 2169: 2166: 2163:, p. 85. 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105:Carvalho 1976 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2088:, p. 28. 2087: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2071:, p. xi. 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1417:aides-de-camp 1413: 1406: 1403: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1282: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1115: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 981: 976: 968: 963: 961: 958: 954: 953:swordsmanship 949: 945: 943: 939: 934: 933:Pedro II 925: 920: 912: 910: 906: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 872: 867: 859: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 825: 817: 812: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 772: 770: 768: 764: 760: 759:French Guiana 756: 752: 749: 745: 740: 738: 733: 730: 726: 722: 719:) located in 718: 710: 705: 703: 701: 696: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 649: 647: 643: 642:swordsmanship 639: 638:Pedro II 635: 631: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607:the Iron Duke 604: 599: 591: 582: 576: 571: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 529: 525: 522: 521:Field Marshal 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 501: 497: 494: 491: 487: 482: 475: 472: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 426: 422: 419: 415: 405: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 373: 369: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 336: 330: 326: 320: 314: 309: 306: 302: 298: 292: 288: 282: 276: 271: 267: 261: 257: 251: 245: 240: 237: 233: 229: 222: 218: 215: 212: 206: 203: 200: 194: 190: 186: 180: 175: 172: 169: 163: 160: 157: 151: 147: 143: 137: 132: 129: 126: 120: 117: 114: 108: 105: 102: 98: 92: 87: 84: 80: 76: 69: 64: 57: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 7151: 7101:Pedro Gastão 7084:(since 2022) 6999: 6759: 6755: 6709: 6682:Sousa Dantas 6646:Lima e Silva 6645: 6610:José Furtado 6586:Lima e Silva 6585: 6580:Silva Ferraz 6562:Lima e Silva 6561: 6556: 6525:Sousa e Melo 6513:Alves Branco 6283:Naval School 6248:Armed Forces 6093:Second Reign 6014: 5991: 5968: 5943: 5918: 5891: 5868: 5847: 5826: 5799: 5776: 5767: 5748: 5729: 5720: 5698: 5689: 5685: 5666: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5625: 5606: 5597: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5538: 5521: 5502: 5485: 5466: 5447: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5379: 5370: 5366: 5344: 5325: 5316: 5312: 5303: 5295:Bibliography 5281: 5274:Cardoso 1880 5232: 5220: 5213:Barroso 1936 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5030:Whigham 2002 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4904:Azevedo 1881 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4501: 4477:Scheina 2003 4457: 4450:Vainfas 2002 4445: 4433: 4421: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4361:Needell 2006 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4039: 3997: 3985: 3961:Needell 2006 3956: 3944: 3937:Needell 2006 3932: 3920: 3913:Needell 2006 3908: 3901:Needell 2006 3896: 3889:Needell 2006 3884: 3877:Needell 2006 3872: 3865:Needell 2006 3860: 3853:Needell 2006 3848: 3841:Needell 2006 3836: 3829:Needell 2006 3805: 3798:Needell 2006 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3738:Needell 2006 3718: 3711:Needell 2006 3706: 3667:Needell 2006 3662: 3650: 3606: 3599:Needell 2006 3594: 3582: 3570: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3498:Needell 2006 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3324:Needell 2006 3319: 3307: 3300:Needell 2006 3295: 3283: 3276:Needell 2006 3271: 3259: 3252:Needell 2006 3247: 3235: 3223: 3216:Needell 2006 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3144:Vainfas 2002 3139: 3127: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2619: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2501:Whigham 2002 2466: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2223: 2192: 2180: 2175:, p. 6. 2168: 2156: 2144: 2107:, p. 4. 2064: 2052: 2028: 2015: 2005: 1988: 1978: 1882: 1876:aide-de-camp 1852:Other titles 1802:Pedro Calmon 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1755: 1744: 1732: 1728: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1686: 1678: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1614: 1611: 1602: 1583:Chaco region 1576: 1568: 1549: 1532: 1517: 1506: 1484:Porto Alegre 1481: 1476: 1472: 1465:aide-de-camp 1461: 1426: 1390:army marshal 1385: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1256:Buenos Aires 1245: 1234: 1229: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1198:Buenos Aires 1193: 1173:Conservatism 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1143: 1134: 1120: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1073:aide-de-camp 1069: 1065: 1026: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1001: 992: 986: 957:horsemanship 950: 946: 930: 907: 900: 877: 854: 835: 831:Pedro I 827: 807: 802: 782: 780: 776: 766: 741: 734: 714: 697: 686: 650: 646:horsemanship 630:Pedro I 606: 602: 589: 588: 527:Battles/wars 447: 428:Conservative 408:(1880-05-07) 333:Succeeded by 312: 295:Succeeded by 274: 264:Succeeded by 243: 209:Succeeded by 178: 166:Succeeded by 135: 123:Succeeded by 90: 48: 44:Lima e Silva 43: 39: 7179:1880 deaths 7174:1803 births 7103:(1940–2007) 7078:(1981–2022) 7072:(1921–1981) 7041:(1896-1897) 7035:(1893-1895) 7029:(1893-1894) 6848:Black Guard 6763:Coup d'état 6745:(1962–1963) 6743:Hermes Lima 6733:(1961–1962) 6724:(1961–1963) 6702:(1888–1889) 6696:(1885–1888) 6684:(1884–1885) 6678:(1883–1884) 6672:(1882–1883) 6660:(1880–1882) 6654:(1878–1880) 6648:(1875–1878) 6642:(1871–1875) 6636:(1870–1871) 6630:(1868–1870) 6624:(1866–1868) 6618:(1865–1866) 6616:Araújo Lima 6612:(1864–1865) 6600:(1862–1864) 6598:Araújo Lima 6588:(1861–1862) 6582:(1859–1861) 6576:(1858–1859) 6570:(1857–1858) 6568:Araújo Lima 6564:(1856–1857) 6545:(1852–1853) 6539:(1849–1852) 6533:(1848–1849) 6531:Araújo Lima 6515:(1847–1848) 6505:(1847–1889) 6357:(1864–1870) 6351:(1864–1865) 6345:(1851–1852) 6343:Platine War 6339:(1835–1840) 6333:(1835–1845) 6327:(1825–1828) 6315:(1822–1824) 6085:First Reign 5165:Morais 2003 5141:Haring 1969 5129:Haring 1969 5117:Barman 1999 5105:Barman 1999 5093:Barman 1999 5057:Salles 2003 5018:Castro 2002 4955:Castro 2002 4928:Castro 2002 4880:Calmon 1975 4856:Calmon 1975 4832:Barman 1999 4820:Barman 1999 4781:Barman 1999 4769:Nabuco 1975 4733:Morais 2003 4721:Nabuco 1975 4709:Nabuco 1975 4697:Barman 1999 4673:Barman 1999 4661:Barman 1999 4646:Barman 1999 4634:Barman 1999 4622:Barman 1999 4574:Calmon 1975 4562:Barman 1999 4521:Barman 1999 4400:Barman 1999 4385:Barman 1999 4157:Salles 2003 4137:Salles 2003 4092:Barman 1999 4068:Barman 1999 4032:Barman 1999 3949:Calmon 1975 3925:Calmon 1975 3810:Morais 2003 3786:Morais 2003 3699:Morais 2003 3655:Barman 1988 3575:Barman 1999 3492:Calmon 1975 3486:Barman 1988 3471:Barman 1988 3387:Morais 2003 3264:Barman 1988 3240:Barman 1988 3081:Barman 1999 2958:Haring 1969 2946:Barman 1988 2922:Barman 1988 2847:Barman 1988 2787:Barman 1988 2748:Barman 1988 2736:Barman 1988 2561:Barman 1988 2549:Barman 1988 2537:Barman 1988 2444:Morais 2003 2086:Morais 2003 1662:Later years 1441:Mato Grosso 1374:lower house 1184:Platine War 1178:Platine War 706:Early years 674:Platine War 559:Platine War 430:(from 1843) 323:Preceded by 285:Preceded by 254:Preceded by 197:Preceded by 154:Preceded by 111:Preceded by 36:family name 7158:Categories 6825:Monarchism 5851:1842–1846 5830:1840–1841 5286:Viana 1968 5225:Souza 2008 5189:Sousa 1972 5153:Viana 1968 5069:Sodré 2004 4994:Souza 2008 4982:Souza 2008 4892:Bento 2003 4805:Souza 2008 4793:Lira 1977b 4757:Lira 1977b 4745:Lira 1977b 4685:Lira 1977a 4610:Bento 2003 4538:Lira 1977a 4337:Lira 1977a 4143:Viana 1968 4131:Lira 1977a 4104:Bento 2003 4080:Lira 1977a 4056:Lira 1977a 4044:Pinho 1936 4017:Lira 1977a 4002:Lira 1977a 3990:Lira 1977a 3978:Souza 2008 3750:Lira 1977a 3643:Souza 2008 3626:Souza 2008 3611:Souza 2008 3587:Lira 1977a 3563:Souza 2008 3548:Souza 2008 3536:Bento 2003 3524:Souza 2008 3512:Souza 2008 3459:Souza 2008 3447:Souza 2008 3435:Souza 2008 3423:Souza 2008 3411:Souza 2008 3399:Souza 2008 3372:Souza 2008 3360:Souza 2008 3348:Souza 2008 3336:Souza 2008 3312:Pinho 1936 3288:Souza 2008 3228:Souza 2008 3192:Souza 2008 3180:Souza 2008 3168:Souza 2008 3156:Souza 2008 3132:Souza 2008 3120:Bento 2003 3105:Souza 2008 3093:Lira 1977a 3069:Bento 2003 3057:Souza 2008 3030:Bento 2003 3018:Souza 2008 3006:Souza 2008 2994:Souza 2008 2982:Souza 2008 2970:Souza 2008 2934:Lira 1977a 2910:Bento 2003 2823:Souza 2008 2811:Bento 2003 2722:Souza 2008 2710:Bento 2003 2695:Souza 2008 2683:Souza 2008 2656:Souza 2008 2639:Souza 2008 2513:Souza 2008 2471:Siber 1916 2432:Souza 2008 2420:Souza 2008 2408:Souza 2008 2396:Souza 2008 2384:Bento 2003 2365:Bento 2003 2353:Souza 2008 2341:Bento 2003 2329:Souza 2008 2317:Souza 2008 2305:Souza 2008 2293:Souza 2008 2281:Souza 2008 2269:Souza 2008 2257:Souza 2008 2245:Souza 2008 2228:Souza 2008 2216:Souza 2008 2185:Souza 2008 2161:Souza 2008 2149:Souza 2008 2137:Souza 2008 2120:Souza 2008 2069:Bento 2003 2057:Cohen 1998 2045:References 1998:commission 1983:ancestors. 1881:Emperor's 1874:Emperor's 1693:Freemasons 1603:Dezembrada 1555:See also: 1550:Dezembrada 1488:Uruguaiana 1340:(reds) or 1302:saquaremas 1295:saquaremas 1274:See also: 1250:alongside 1247:Dom Afonso 1211:plantation 1194:Dom Afonso 1166:saquaremas 1162:saquaremas 1158:saquaremas 1088:saquaremas 1012:presidente 884:Cisplatina 880:Montevideo 864:See also: 755:Cisplatina 619:Cisplatina 594:pronounced 489:Allegiance 438:Politician 435:Occupation 406:7 May 1880 377:1803-08-25 6553:1853–1856 6448:Lei Áurea 6407:Luís Gama 6337:Cabanagem 6109:Provinces 5530:310545470 5494:1679-7221 1836:Greatness 1775:São Paulo 1633:, c. 1869 1621:Aftermath 1453:Argentine 1369:saquarema 1357:saquarema 1342:puritanos 1338:vermelhos 1334:saquarema 1330:president 1306:saquarema 1230:saquarema 1216:In 1851, 1206:saquarema 1135:saquarema 1129:in 1835, 1125:began in 1096:saquarema 1092:saquarema 892:Argentina 634:abdicated 512:1808–1880 476:Iron Duke 467:Nicknames 455:Signature 313:In office 275:In office 244:In office 179:In office 136:In office 91:In office 7082:Bertrand 6773:Category 6721:Republic 6240:Military 6181:Politics 6149:Pedro II 6132:Monarchy 6104:Nobility 5719:(1972). 5596:(1975). 5400:(1975). 1970:Endnotes 1958:See also 1751:carriage 1710:de facto 1607:Asunción 1579:Asunción 1477:progress 1023:São Luís 1008:Balaiada 1004:Maranhão 975:Balaiada 969:Balaiada 850:Salvador 838:adjutant 799:strategy 682:nobility 664:and the 658:Balaiada 544:Balaiada 448:See list 191:Pedro II 148:Pedro II 104:Pedro II 30:In this 6708:(1889) 6370:Slavery 6144:Pedro I 6099:Economy 6089:Regency 6077:History 1786:patrono 1747:Valença 1740:Uruguai 1591:Ytororó 1543:passage 940:in the 903:Uruguay 890:(later 803:alferes 795:tactics 751:João VI 672:in the 653:regency 605:" and " 188:Monarch 145:Monarch 100:Monarch 7053:(1993) 7047:(1902) 7023:(1822) 6933:People 6829:Brazil 6739:(1962) 6690:(1885) 6666:(1882) 6606:(1864) 6594:(1862) 6527:(1848) 6521:(1848) 6502:Empire 6421:Others 6321:(1824) 6215:Others 5783: 5755: 5736: 5705: 5673: 5654: 5613: 5582: 5545: 5528: 5509: 5492: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5420:Caxias 5386: 5351: 5332: 1894:Honors 1883:Veador 1790:caxias 1762:Legacy 1736:Paraná 1236:chose 1077:brevet 1056:Sabará 1031:Caxias 725:Brazil 660:, the 443:Awards 6865:(UNR) 5872:1851 4461:See: 4396:See: 4115:See: 3482:See: 2706:See: 2623:See: 1717:Death 842:Bahia 711:Birth 40:Alves 7076:Luiz 6783:List 6305:Wars 5781:ISBN 5753:ISBN 5734:ISBN 5703:ISBN 5671:ISBN 5652:ISBN 5611:ISBN 5580:ISBN 5543:ISBN 5526:OCLC 5507:ISBN 5490:ISSN 5471:ISBN 5452:ISBN 5433:ISBN 5384:ISBN 5349:ISBN 5330:ISBN 1597:and 1595:Avay 1153:'." 955:and 765:and 742:The 644:and 517:Rank 403:Died 371:Born 6827:in 1473:red 748:Dom 627:Dom 416:), 391:), 38:is 7160:: 6555:) 6091:, 6087:, 6083:, 5690:78 5630:35 5371:35 5317:44 5244:^ 5037:^ 4962:^ 4947:^ 4812:^ 4653:^ 4528:^ 4513:^ 4486:^ 4024:^ 4009:^ 3968:^ 3817:^ 3730:^ 3689:^ 3674:^ 3633:^ 3618:^ 3555:^ 3379:^ 3112:^ 3049:^ 2890:^ 2767:^ 2663:^ 2648:^ 2604:^ 2493:^ 2478:^ 2451:^ 2372:^ 2235:^ 2204:^ 2127:^ 2112:^ 2093:^ 2076:^ 1889:). 1812:. 1804:, 1738:, 1593:, 1459:. 797:, 395:, 387:, 6817:e 6810:t 6803:v 6760:× 6756:† 6710:× 6557:† 6551:( 6486:e 6479:t 6472:v 6095:) 6079:( 6055:e 6048:t 6041:v 5789:. 5761:. 5742:. 5711:. 5679:. 5660:. 5619:. 5588:. 5551:. 5532:. 5515:. 5496:. 5479:. 5460:. 5441:. 5392:. 5357:. 5338:. 1931:. 1924:. 1917:. 1910:. 1903:. 1885:( 1878:. 1868:. 1861:. 1423:. 1388:( 1380:( 592:( 379:) 375:( 46:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias

Index