Sulla - Knowledge (XXG)

1343:, forcing the consul to withdraw. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. 1665:(assembly of soldiers). Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to plebeian tribunate, thoroughly disliked the office. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favour of the plebeian class. Through Sulla's reforms to the plebeian council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. 620:(a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Years later, in 91 BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of a gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. 1486:. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers." The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. 51: 994: 1110:. In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89 BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families – known today as the 1244:

engaged the Pontic army – allegedly 90,000 – on the plain of Orchomenus. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla on foot personally rallied his men and stabilised the area. Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Archelaus tried to break out but was unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis.

654:, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed again to be heading for Italy. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; it is likely however that they acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla – a patrician, even if a poor one – as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. 4415:. "...no less arrogant were his public utterances, which Titus Ampius records: that the state was nothing, a mere name without body or form; that Sulla did not know his ABC when he laid down his dictatorship; that men ought now to be more circumspect in addressing him, and to regard his word as law. So far did he go in his presumption, that when a soothsayer once reported direful inwards without a heart, he said: "They will be more favorable when I wish it; it should not be regarded as a portent, if a beast has no heart..." 1694:, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for office. Sulla wanted to reduce the risk that a general might attempt to seize power, as he had done. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that an individual must wait for ten years before being re-elected to an office. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. 584:, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. After the massacre of a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he plotted successfully the assassination of another royal claimant before returning home. After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed ( 1059:'s army. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. No action was taken against the troops nor any action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. 499:", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Rome’s comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, 1930:. Sulla is depicted as ruthless and amoral, very self-assured, and personally brave and charming, especially with women. His charm and ruthlessness make him a valuable aide to Gaius Marius. Sulla's desire to move out of the shadow of aging Marius eventually leads to civil war. Sulla softened considerably after the birth of his son, and was devastated when the boy died at a young age. The novels depict Sulla full of regrets about having to put aside his homosexual relationship with a 492:, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla's stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. 696: 2103:

ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, which he allowed as being "fond of a jest." This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property."

635: 772:, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Parthian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals, with Rome being superior. The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. At this meeting, Sulla was told by a 971:

to which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs... so it continued to resist him". The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (

808: 1071:. After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. By the end of 87 BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86 BC. 1091: 5829: 687:

people demanded that he first stand for the aedilate so – due to his friendship with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, – he might spend money on games. Whether this story of Sulla's defeat is true is unclear. Regardless, Sulla stood for the praetorship again the next year and, promising he would pay for good shows, was elected praetor for 97 BC; he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship.

1403:

Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after another failure, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the

1560: 1789:

step in the Republic's fall. Sulla attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware.

1236:

near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men; in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000.

1354:, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. The remainder of 83 BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of 552: 2107:

young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.

4215:, p. 195. The "right wing, commanded by Crassus, won an easy victory, but the left, under Sulla's own command, broke... Sulla was forced to take refuge in his camp... when Sulla's fleeing troops reached the gates of Rome the veterans dropped the portcullis, compelling them to stand and fight. The battle continued well into the night". 1034:, Sulpicius, and nine others. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. 751:) on the Cappadocian throne. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him 914:, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90 BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88 BC; his colleague would be 1281:

Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy.

938:, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Pompey Strabo may have coveted a second consulship for similar reasons. The question as to whom to send against Mithridates would be one of the sources of the following domestic crisis. 850:

offensive campaigning. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of

675:. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the 1361:

Fighting in 82 BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Marius, buttressed by Samnite

1252:

In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back

1062:

Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War... a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens... what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign

662:

and served under Marius, and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. His prospects for advancement under Marius being stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding

2106:

His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a

1740:

that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies

1276:

After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. Sulla then settled affairs – "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" – in Asia, staying

1243:

to take over his command. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. Turning south, he

1788:

Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I?" Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another

1280:

The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests in favour of Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over

1047:

as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation; some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. He sent his army back to Capua and then conducted the elections for that year,

984:

and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position... little in return perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy. He may have felt, after this political humiliation, that

970:

for purposes of voting. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, according

841:

The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. At the start of the

833:

Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise

514:

declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. He had one child from this union, before

1463:

Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed

1407:

on the afternoon of 1 November 82 BC. Sulla was defeated and forced to flee into his camp but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing was victorious. Sulla's wing fled to the gates of Rome but were met with a closed gate, forcing them to stand and fight, eventually winning in the night. With

1393:

Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Pompey ambushed

1235:

Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus

1021:

Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". The troops were willing to follow

611:

Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a plan very similar to that of Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Sulla was popular with the men; charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including

1016:

Sulla was presented with a choice. He could acknowledge the law as valid. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. He can hardly have

792:

by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. Even though the prosecutor declined to

686:

as the commanding generals. Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99 BC. He was, however, defeated. In memoirs related via Plutarch, he claimed this was because the

2102:

He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a

1029:

When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Rome having no troops to defend itself, Sulla

849:

In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted

657:

Starting in 104 BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. The next year, Sulla was elected

2114:

He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made

1402:

forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. In the north at the same time,

607:

When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military

1744:

Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer

1330:

against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year –

1017:

been in any doubt. Like Caesar, he was an outsider in politics, totally self-centred in pursuit of his ambitions, always ready to break the rules of the political game to achieve his objective... If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react.

522:, who also was older than he. The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. 1161:

Early in 87 BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. He separately besieged Athens and

1129:, p. 150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens' being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Rome defended Delos unsuccessfully from a joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. They were, however, successful in holding 699:

So-called "Sulla", a copy (probably from the time of Augustus) after a portrait of an important Roman from the second century BC, with similarities to the so-called "Marius", suggesting that both statues were conceived and exhibited together as either siblings or rivals;

666:

In 102 BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the

1030:

entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius,

1917:; in it, he has Marcus Tullius Cicero's injured brother, Quintus, recovering in his home, as Quintus is a soldier under his command. He is shown as cold, calculating and ruthless, yet a devoted leader to his men and sternly wedded to his personal ideals for Rome. 1264:

Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate

555:

Denarius minted in Rome, portraying Sulla's first great victory, in which he ended the Jugurthine War. The front depicts Diana wearing a cruciform earring, a double necklace of pearls and pendants, and jewels in her hair, pulled into a knot; crescent above,

1052:, was elected consul for 87 BC in place of his candidate; his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. 1424:. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. 1042:

Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that all had been passed by force. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the

1520:("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for 1776:. An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full." Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the 1688:, who had held control since the Gracchan reforms, to the senators. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the 872:

under siege. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under

787:

from Cappadocia. He may have stayed in the east until 92 BC, when he returned to Rome. Keaveney places his departure in the year 93BC. Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed

1482:) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. The purge went on for several months. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two 1231:

was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible.

1011:

With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Thus,

1408:

Crassus pursuing the enemy as far into the countryside and victory at the Colline Gate, Sulla's forces had won. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over".

1458:

that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents."

941:

Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased

604:, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107 BC. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. 4460:, says that "was not the close of his life more horrible than the sufferings which had been experienced by any of those who had been proscribed by him? His very flesh eating into itself, and so engendering his own punishment." 1261:, respectively. Mithridates would also equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. 834:

of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune

1436:) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82 BC were now dead. 4255:, p. 182, continuing, those who surrendered at Praeneste were either slaughtered en masse after Sulla tired of holding trials or were divided into Roman and non-Romans with the non-Romans butchered and Romans let go. 1295:

Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83 BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome:

930:, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the 538:

in 108 BC. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul

1381:

then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Sulla had his enemies declared

1323:

The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. The Senate moved the

1269:, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at 1185:) on 1 March 86 BC. The Acropolis was then besieged. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of glorious past" but the city was sacked. In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of 842:

war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul

1701:, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of 1170:

had since been demolished). Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in

1684:, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the 1501:

records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses."

1796:, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. The 1653:

Sulla sought to strengthen the senatorial aristocracy's position in the state. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the

1377:

to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor

1316:

and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including

1745:(symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Accounts were also written that he had an 2099:

Sulla was red-blond and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance."

1998:

His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely

1476:

or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. senators and

612:

Marius. Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106 BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King

1714:, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. He dismissed his 1869:, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion – but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. This mixture was later referred to by 424:, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. The 4811:. "The date of his formal abdication of the dictatorship... still seems best put at the beginning of 80... the older view that he remained dictator until 79 has been abandoned". 6317: 1823:

bearing the name of the dictator, as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period:

1358:; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87 BC. 495:

One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "

515:

his first wife's death. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of whom nothing is known other than her name. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with the

2032: 1532:, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to an individual. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for 1674:

gain automatic membership in the Senate. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. This also

1549: 1332: 1493:, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters. 1055:

After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of

4633:

Lentzsch, Simon (2024). "In the footsteps of the past – the Severans and the Tomb of Hannibal". In Hoffmann-Salz, Julia; Heil, Matthäus; Wienholz, Holger (eds.).

1450:

In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a proscription (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as

2115:

friends easily. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money.

5003: 4408: 4314: 5489: 1150: 4149: 60: 5756: 5659: 5353: 589: 489: 181: 5685: 4373: 2039: 1816: 1373:

After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. He left one of his allies,

476: 210: 6327: 6287: 5180: 1765: 1528:

had established as an independent state). This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the

1433: 1266: 943: 910:, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). This had been preceded by the 6267: 5381: 1240: 593: 4826: 1181:

Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the

980:

During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the

367:. A gifted general, he achieved successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the 6262: 5587: 5327: 5127: 5052: 5012: 4846: 4646: 4357: 3655: 2473: 2226: 951: 915: 1902:. In each, he is portrayed as a bloody, womanising, ruthless tyrant who eventually repents his ways and steps down from the throne of Rome. 6312: 6257: 1824: 1347: 597: 776:

seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime.

4044:, p. 188. "His generosity to his troops in Asia had been such that he was able not only to declare but to enforce a ban on looting". 893:; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near 6322: 6307: 6154: 843: 768:. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, 50: 6277: 5868: 5079: 4746: 4560: 2010: 6302: 6025: 5377: 5098: 5033: 4910: 1640: 585: 904:

Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. In 89 BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the

463:. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Later political leaders such as 6272: 4157: 1828: 1022:

Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly

5574: 5537: 5411: 5369: 4875: 4863: 2281: 2014: 1378: 1301: 1198: 993: 835: 456: 107: 6252: 5532: 5335: 4684: 1068: 526:, pp. 10–11 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. 1201:

outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed.

1943: 1832: 1720:

and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. In a manner that the historian

1026:). They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. 4404: 5729: 5259: 4887: 4310: 2067: 1258: 1117:

Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. The Athenian politician

736: 5680: 5494: 4605: 4145: 2249: 1224: 1210: 926:

Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89 BC, was not uncontested.

748: 676: 205: 838:

was assassinated in 91 BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted.

560:

behind. The reverse shows Sulla seated on a raised seat with a bound Jugurtha kneeling beside him; before him kneels

5266:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius. 1621: 6097: 6074: 5914: 5542: 2497: 1404: 1317: 1130: 927: 713: 437: 5461: 1593: 1578: 802: 384: 121: 6065: 5956: 5942: 5621: 5580: 4638: 4334: 1326: 5288: 4762: 510:

Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics.

6282: 2174: 1464:

all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time.

1374: 1351: 1254: 1031: 744: 507:, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day". 480: 1760:

in AD 14. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and

5654: 5235: 1668:

Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year and required that all newly elected

1600: 1300:, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with 5989: 5967: 5810: 5792: 5664: 5562: 4508: 2079: 1985: 1889: 1732:

As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near

1445: 1297: 963: 881:. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a 672: 504: 452: 399: 186: 5649: 1882:

The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history:

793:

show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated.

6242: 6163: 5998: 5861: 5768: 5594: 5522: 5465: 5445: 5339: 4958: 2245: 2238: 1952: 1899: 1870: 1574: 1340: 1309: 1099: 1056: 1049: 998: 950:

and the Pompeys. He was also assigned by the senate, probably with the support of his consular colleague,

935: 898: 663:

opportunities from him. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it.

421: 341: 31: 6247: 5804: 5644: 5481: 5471: 5360: 5349: 5318: 5174: 1907: 1866: 1363: 1138: 1085: 1006: 519: 429: 268: 169: 1607: 5611: 1227:

was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian Acropolis was taken. The later battle of

6020: 5527: 5514: 5499: 4998: 2253: 2051: 1854:

visited and renovated Sulla's tomb and commissioned a statue of Sulla to be erected alongside one of

1658: 1483: 1290: 1228: 1214: 460: 349: 273: 263: 5109: 1390:, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. 467:

followed the precedent set by Sulla with his military coup to attain political power through force.

6292: 5947: 5780: 5567: 5455: 5404: 5311: 5242:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 4. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press. 2387: 2185: 1815:

Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. His son,

1662: 1497:

that he regretted sparing the boy's life in light of the grown man's notorious ambition. Historian

1182: 906: 858: 2601: 2567: 1800:

power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the

1589: 375:, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior 6297: 6184: 5723: 5504: 5213: 5162: 5133: 3869: 3486: 2548: 2540: 2491: 1927: 1756:

in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of

1477: 1472:

that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence.

1451: 780: 1366:

that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. After the battle, Marius withdrew to

379:

took credit for ending the war. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the

6141: 6124: 6106: 5907: 5854: 5711: 5243: 5154: 5123: 5094: 5075: 5058: 5048: 5029: 5008: 4916: 4906: 4842: 4838: 4742: 4680: 4642: 4620: 4556: 4550: 4353: 4141: 3661: 3651: 3478: 2532: 2479: 2469: 2450: 2308: 2059: 1525: 1417: 1355: 1103: 1064: 931: 826: 695: 392: 5189: 4347: 985:

the only way to recover his career was to come back from the Mithridatic command victorious.

885:, the highest Roman military honour. Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with 6194: 6083: 6016: 5963: 5695: 5205: 5115: 4834: 4153: 2524: 2347: 2085: 1903: 1654: 1529: 1429: 947: 874: 659: 634: 448: 304: 220: 17: 1657:(the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic 5922: 5799: 5690: 5307: 4453: 4276: 4161: 2438: 2047: 1922: 1836: 1702: 1270: 1194: 1171: 1111: 901:. All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. 765: 215: 2265:

83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government

1764:

were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by

6237: 6145: 6052: 5984: 5893: 5834: 5751: 5616: 5441: 5397: 5089:

Olbrycht, Marek (2009). "Mithradates VI Eupator and Iran". In Højte, Jakob Munk (ed.).

2434: 2006: 1999: 1938: 1777: 1773: 1746: 1690: 1515: 1421: 1336: 1090: 825:), had deteriorated over the years up to 91 BC. From 133 BC and the start of 569: 444: 432:. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched on Rome again and crushed the 364: 353: 332: 253: 139: 4096:, p. 191 asserts that Carbo returned to hold the elections. This may be an error. 6231: 6179: 6137: 5951: 5775: 5762: 5137: 4905:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4412: 4318: 2552: 2259:

85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation

2200: 1974: 1969: 1960:, which are centred around the lives of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Junius Brutus. 1957: 1894: 1753: 1711: 1533: 1490: 683: 671:. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the 500: 484: 464: 2291:

provincial command of Gallia Cisalpina he was allotted as consul, but retaining the

6199: 6159: 6110: 6092: 5451: 2430: 1793: 1724:

thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship.

1677: 1614: 1473: 1156: 807: 629: 601: 540: 535: 488:, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. 413: 380: 376: 360: 258: 156: 127: 4739:

Swords against the Senate: the rise of the Roman army and the fall of the Republic

4553:: a Brief History of Civilization from Ancient Times to the Dawn of the Modern Age 962:

Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes,

5023: 4900: 1416:

After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of

6189: 6070: 6007: 6002: 5787: 4545: 1884: 1792:

While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the

1559: 967: 966:, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the 882: 388: 286: 86: 5938: 4990: 1801: 1304:(who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. 1175: 1167: 1107: 1063:

enemies". Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Cinna

862: 740: 729: 705: 617: 577: 345: 5217: 5158: 5062: 4635:

The Eastern Roman Empire under the Severans: Old Connections, new Beginnings?

3665: 3482: 2536: 2268:

83–82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna

1741:

were involved (e.g. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death).

1277:

there until 84 BC. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships.

1239:

After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent

503:, a kind of crude comedy. Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to 6061: 5980: 5717: 5247: 2483: 2446: 1931: 1851: 1769: 1721: 1498: 1399: 1367: 1186: 973: 761: 753: 712:

His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with

613: 561: 133: 2688: 2686: 2166:

in the army of Marius (serving his third consulship) in Gallia Transalpina;

5278: 5209: 5119: 4920: 3645: 1988:

published in the UK in 1957. The novel is in the form of an autobiography.

735:

While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore

398:

Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the

6150: 6056: 6043: 6034: 6029: 5878: 4799:, Oxford University Press, 1999, translation by Robin Waterfield. p. 181. 4296:, Oxford University Press, 1999, translation by Robin Waterfield. p. 210. 2463: 2371: 2142: 1855: 1840: 1757: 1733: 1698: 1670: 1537: 1521: 1395: 1387: 1118: 1023: 894: 890: 851: 812: 769: 668: 651: 573: 391:

for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Sulla was closely associated with

372: 82: 56: 4989:(in German). Vol. 7. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1522–66 – via 3753:, p. 148, noting on the number of victims, "less credibly 150,000". 1339:– who had dangerously divided their forces. He defeated Norbanus at the 946:. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential 551: 6133: 6128: 6119: 6115: 6079: 5900: 5255: 5166: 3490: 3467: 2205: 2192: 1809: 1313: 1220: 1163: 1048:

which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. His enemy,

886: 869: 784: 773: 725: 581: 516: 511: 395:, adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favoured of Aphrodite/Venus. 368: 2544: 2512: 2298:

78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome

1697:

Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the

534:

After meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the

6088: 6011: 5993: 3873: 2359: 1805: 1761: 1716: 1305: 1273:

in autumn 85 BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus.

1253:

to Rome. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to

1190: 701: 647: 639: 420:, headed by Marius. In a dispute over the command of the war against 5846: 2468:. John Joseph Dobbins, Pedar William Foss. London: Routledge. 2007. 1950:

Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the

1581:. Unsourced or badly sourced material may be challenged and removed. 4160:. Many source place Scaevola's death at the symbolically important 2528: 2280:

80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. His colleague was

857:

The next year, 89 BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul

459:, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the 6101: 6038: 5971: 2110:

The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla:

992: 977:) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. 868:

and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. He brought

821: 806: 694: 633: 550: 5114:. Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh University Press. 4981: 2028:

His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility.

2009:, who first married Quintus Pompeius Rufus the Younger and later 1835:

in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of

1394:

eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the

716:(possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the 5975: 5111:

The end of the Roman republic, 149 to 44 BC: conquest and crisis

2608:. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 665. 2574:. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 933. 2159:

to Marius (serving his second consulship) in Gallia Transalpina;

2132: 1859: 1844: 1797: 878: 5850: 5393: 1536:'s dictatorship and for the eventual end of the Republic under 1320:, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. 760:

Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the

5282: 4349:

Aspects of Roman history, 82 BC–AD 14: a source-based approach

2276:

dictator legibus faciendis et rei publicae constituendae causa

1553: 1219:

In the summer of 86 BC, two major battles were fought in

30:

This article is about the Roman dictator. For other uses, see

5072:

Cataclysm 90 BC: The forgotten war that almost destroyed Rome

5045:

The breakdown of the Roman republic: from oligarchy to empire

3650:(1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing. p. 244. 2311: – politician and collector of books from ancient Athens 2295:

for the reconstruction of the temples on the Capitoline Hill.

2002:, Caesar's first cousin once removed. They had two children: 1780:. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy." 861:. But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi, Sulla was 475:

Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of

2441:

nickname he had acquired during his campaigns, ἐπαφρόδιτος (

2073:

A son who died young, shortly before his mother's own death.

1873:

in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler.

5279:

L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus')

4882:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association. 4870:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association. 2416:

For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated,

319: 4196: 4194: 4001: 3999: 3234: 3232: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3130: 3128: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2747: 2745: 2743: 1710:

At the start of his second consulship in 80 BC with

854:, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. 720:. The next year, 96 BC, he was assigned – "probably 313: 5389: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3408: 3406: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2583: 2581: 2284:. Resigned the dictatorship at the beginning of the year 2271:

82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate

1468:

The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to

829:' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from 608:

experience, as Marius too had married into that family.

416:

supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the

4140:, p. 105. The victims were Pompey's father-in-law 3950: 3948: 3923: 3921: 3884: 3882: 3837: 3835: 3822: 3820: 3818: 4987:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

3333: 3331: 2020:

The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young.

1579:

adding more reliable sources to verify the information

877:, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards 2606:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology

2572:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology

2453:(to Romans) – due to his skill and luck as a general. 2433:– the fortunate – was attained later in life, as the 2184:

101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the

1831:

in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and

1362:

support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at

310: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2313:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2149:

to Gaius Marius in the war with Jugurtha in Numidia;

2066:

in 54 BC). Fausta's son from her first marriage was

1518:

legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa

815:

in southern Italy, conquered in 89 BC by Sulla.

316: 6172: 5931: 5885: 5743: 5704: 5673: 5637: 5630: 5604: 5555: 5513: 5480: 5434: 5427: 1843:). His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor 1509:At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC, the 1098:During the close of the Social War, in 89 BC, 359:Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of 333:[ˈɫ̪uːkius̠korˈneːlʲius̠ˈs̠uɫːaˈfeːlʲiːks̠] 307: 282: 246: 238: 195: 162: 152: 113: 101: 93: 75: 67: 41: 4966:(DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa 1178:. These sieges lasted until spring of 86 BC. 3010:, p. 206, calling it "revisionary nonsense". 2287:79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the 764:, where he was approached by an embassy from the 682:Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted 5194:and Sulla's empowerment as dictator (82–79 BCE)" 1920:Sulla is a central character in the first three 1913:Sulla is a character in Taylor Caldwell's novel 1749:, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. 1707:(treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. 1550:Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla 1427:Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of 1346:For 82 BC, the consular elections returned 1094:Asia Minor just before the First Mithridatic War 638:Depiction of Marius as victor over the invading 4928:Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". In 2215:90–89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as 2112: 2082:, with whom he had only one child, a daughter: 1461: 1014: 679:in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. 451:, over a century before. He used his powers to 4436: 4434: 2225:Holds the consulship for the first time, with 2017:(third wife of Julius Caesar) with the former. 1736:to be with his family. Plutarch states in his 5862: 5405: 5093:. Aarhus University Press. pp. 163–190. 5004:Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic 4980: 4902:The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC 4713:Ciceronian oratory and the ghosts of the past 747:, who wanted to install one of his own sons ( 8: 4741:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 99. 897:before capturing the new Italian capital at 779:In 94 BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of 6318:Ancient Romans who received the grass crown 5283:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic 3046:, stating merely, "He was assigned Cilicia 2237:87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King 819:Relations between Rome and its allies (the 428:seized power once he left with his army to 5869: 5855: 5847: 5634: 5431: 5412: 5398: 5390: 5296: 1847:made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. 49: 38: 3785: 3471:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3250: 2972: 2919: 2417: 1641:Learn how and when to remove this message 1197:; after a battle with the Pontic general 1174:, and dispatched a large army across the 1125:and established a tyranny over the city. 408:factions at Rome. He was a leader of the 5047:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4783: 4724: 4699: 4616: 4588: 4495: 4240: 4224: 3611: 3599: 3571: 3555: 3527: 3424: 3310: 3262: 3238: 3223: 3211: 3194: 3134: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3031: 3019: 2995: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2787: 2775: 2751: 2719: 2707: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2621: 2587: 2335: 2035:, with whom he also had three children: 1772:and his ashes placed in his tomb in the 1089: 523: 4899:Crook, John; et al., eds. (1994). 4839:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1877 4715:. University of Michigan: UCLA. p. 263. 3766: 2988: 2731: 2674: 2328: 2262:84 BC: Reorganizes the province of Asia 1412:Dictatorship and constitutional reforms 5172: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4808: 4532: 4264: 4252: 4236: 4212: 4200: 4185: 4173: 4133: 4121: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3990: 3900: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3631: 3627: 3615: 3587: 3575: 3567: 3543: 3531: 3515: 3453: 3436: 3412: 3397: 3385: 3361: 3322: 3043: 2692: 2489: 2404: 1312:, raised a legion from his clients in 1151:Siege of Athens and Piraeus (87–86 BC) 997:Bust formerly thought to be of Sulla, 743:. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by 350:first major civil war in Roman history 27:Roman general and dictator (138–78 BC) 5588:Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis 5091:Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom 4880:The magistrates of the Roman republic 4868:The magistrates of the Roman republic 4137: 3876:for 60,000 and 120,000, respectively. 3503: 3373: 3349: 3337: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3007: 2984: 2799: 2763: 2617: 2615: 331: 7: 5250:– via Perseus Digital Library. 4352:. Taylor & Francis. p. 33. 4346:Davies, Mark; Swain, Hilary (2010). 3978: 3966: 3954: 3939: 3927: 3912: 3888: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3826: 3809: 3797: 3781: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 1524:(which the prominent Marian general 1350:, in his third consulship, with the 1126: 1114:– and confiscated their properties. 5179:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 5028:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 4960:Gaius Marius: a political biography 2088:, who was born after Sulla's death. 497:Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix 447:, which had been dormant since the 136:against Mithridates (87–84 BC) 5188:Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan (2004). 3468:"Sulla's March on Rome in 88 B.C." 2011:Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus 1910:also wrote operas on this subject. 596:) was defeated. In 109, Rome sent 25: 4937:Hind, John GF. "Mithridates". In 2177:(who was consul at the time) and 1333:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus 1075:Proconsular command and Civil War 5828: 5827: 4876:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon 4864:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon 4158:Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex 4152:, and – most scandalously – the 1768:or Hortensius. Sulla's body was 1558: 1495:Sulla later noted in his memoirs 691:Cilician governorship (96–93 BC) 572:had started in 112 BC when 479:, was born into a branch of the 457:reform Roman constitutional laws 436:and their Italian allies at the 383:, and Italian allies during the 352:and became the first man of the 336:; 138–78 BC), commonly known as 303: 59:minted in 54 BC by his grandson 5198:Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 3647:SPQR: a history of ancient Rome 2232:Invades Rome and outlaws Marius 1379:Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus 363:twice, as well as reviving the 108:Constitutional reforms of Sulla 6328:People of the Mithridatic Wars 6288:Leaders who took power by coup 5043:Mackay, Christopher S (2009). 2152:106 BC: End of Jugurthine War; 1963:Sulla is a major character in 356:to seize power through force. 1: 6268:1st-century BC Roman praetors 5074:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 4894:. Cambridge University Press. 4509:"Plutarch, Sulla, chapter 36" 2511:Balsdon, J. P. V. D. (1951). 2125: 1934:to take up his public career. 1833:Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix 1682:to draw up a list of senators 1137:Gaius Sentius and his legate 6263:1st-century BC Roman consuls 4957:Evans, Richard John (1995). 4711:Dufallo, Basil John (1999). 2600:Smith, William, ed. (1870). 2517:The Journal of Roman Studies 2078:His fifth and last wife was 1850:It is recorded that Emperor 1386:, probably from outside the 564:, offering an olive branch. 443:Sulla revived the office of 299:Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix 18:Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix 6313:Roman governors of Hispania 6258:1st-century BC Roman augurs 4946:Seager, Robin. "Sulla". In 4833:. Oxford University Press. 4831:Oxford Classical Dictionary 4442:Memorable Deeds and Sayings 4150:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 4146:Gaius Papirius Carbo Arvina 3868:, p. 155, referencing 2244:86 BC: Participates in the 2138:110 BC: Marries first wife; 1211:Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC) 954:, the Mithridatic command. 677:Battle of the Raudian Field 547:Jugurthine War (107–106 BC) 6344: 6323:Ancient Roman triumphators 6308:Roman governors of Cilicia 5915:On the Malice of Herodotus 5370:Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius 5025:Sulla: The Last Republican 5022:Keaveney, Arthur (2005) . 4827:"Cornelius Sulla, Publius" 4639:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2070:, suffect consul in 34 BC. 2025:His second wife was Aelia. 1839:, daughter of the emperor 1547: 1454:). Plutarch states in his 1443: 1405:Battle of the Colline Gate 1318:Publius Cornelius Cethegus 1288: 1208: 1154: 1148: 1083: 1004: 928:Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo 800: 714:Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo 627: 598:Quintus Caecilius Metellus 438:Battle of the Colline Gate 29: 6278:Roman Republican generals 6208: 5822: 5622:Temple of Hercules Custos 5581:Lex Cornelia de maiestate 5374: 5358: 5346: 5332: 5316: 5304: 5299: 5145:Tatum, W Jeffrey (2003). 5108:Steel, Catherine (2013). 5070:Matyszak, Philip (2014). 4763:"Plutarch, Life of Sulla" 4675:Caldwell, Taylor (1965). 4307:The Life of Julius Caesar 3772:, 12 and Vell. Pat. 2.23. 1676:removed the need for the 1327:senatus consultum ultimum 624:Cimbrian War (104–101 BC) 490:Publius Cornelius Rufinus 412:, who sought to maintain 292: 233: 229: 48: 6303:Ancient Roman patricians 4979:Fröhlich, Franz (1900). 4892:Roman Republican Coinage 4737:Hildinger, Erik (2002). 4555:. Simon & Schuster. 2175:Quintus Lutatius Catulus 2095:Appearance and character 1980:Sulla is the subject of 1766:Lucius Marcius Philippus 1375:Quintus Lucretius Afella 1370:and was there besieged. 1123:strategos epi ton hoplon 1024:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 922:First consulship, 88 BC 745:Mithridates VI of Pontus 6273:Ancient Roman dictators 6173:Translators and editors 5354:Gn. Cornelius Dolabella 5007:. New York: Doubleday. 4825:Badian, Ernst (2016) . 2566:Smith, William (1870). 2445:), that is, beloved of 2040:Faustus Cornelius Sulla 1941:in the 2002 miniseries 1890:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1829:Faustus Cornelius Sulla 1817:Faustus Cornelius Sulla 1434:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus 1298:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1241:Lucius Valerius Flaccus 1121:had himself elected as 964:Publius Sulpicius Rufus 944:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus 724:as was customary" – to 673:Battle of Aquae Sextiae 594:Aulus Postumius Albinus 477:Publius Cornelius Sulla 211:Faustus Cornelius Sulla 55:Portrait of Sulla on a 5575:Constitutional reforms 2987:, p. 206, citing 2496:: CS1 maint: others ( 2227:Quintus Pompeius Rufus 2117: 2058:in 58 BC), then later 1993:Marriages and children 1900:George Frideric Handel 1825:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 1659:"Servian" organization 1466: 1341:Battle of Mount Tifata 1248:Peace with Mithridates 1100:Mithridates VI Eupator 1095: 1057:Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo 1050:Lucius Cornelius Cinna 1019: 1002: 999:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 952:Quintus Pompeius Rufus 936:Mithridates VI Eupator 916:Quintus Pompeius Rufus 899:Bovianum Undecimanorum 816: 709: 643: 565: 202:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 32:Sulla (disambiguation) 6253:2nd-century BC Romans 5806:The First Man in Rome 5482:First Mithridatic War 5210:10.3406/ccgg.2004.858 5120:10.1515/9780748629022 4982:"Cornelius 392" 4661:Niccolò Machiavelli, 4513:www.perseus.tufts.edu 2766:, pp. 74 et seq. 1982:The Sword of Pleasure 1908:Johann Christian Bach 1867:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo 1348:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo 1289:Further information: 1267:Gaius Flavius Fimbria 1155:Further information: 1139:Quintus Bruttius Sura 1093: 1086:First Mithridatic War 1080:First Mithridatic War 1007:March on Rome (88 BC) 996: 811:Ruins of the town of 810: 803:Social War (91–87 BC) 698: 637: 600:to continue the war. 554: 461:tribunes of the plebs 387:. He was awarded the 269:First Mithridatic War 5595:Lex Cornelia annalis 5556:Legislative activity 5382:Ap. Claudius Pulcher 5260:"Bellum Iugurthinum" 3644:Beard, Mary (2015). 3185:, pp. 111, 114. 2465:The world of Pompeii 2274:82/81 BC: Appointed 2254:battle of Orchomenus 2217:legatus pro praetore 2181:in Gallia Cisalpina; 2050:, who first married 2031:His fourth wife was 1747:infestation of worms 1728:Retirement and death 1575:improve this article 1569:needs better sources 1452:enemies of the state 1446:Sulla's proscription 1352:younger Gaius Marius 1215:Battle of Orchomenus 1067:with his co-consul, 1065:violently quarrelled 844:Lucius Julius Caesar 836:Marcus Livius Drusus 646:In 104 BC, the 329:Latin pronunciation: 5948:Alexander the Great 4950:, pp. 165–207. 4932:, pp. 104–128. 4227:, pp. 122–123. 4188:, pp. 193–194. 4124:, pp. 191–192. 4068:, pp. 190–191. 4032:, pp. 187–188. 3993:, pp. 181–182. 3915:, pp. 157–158. 3705:, pp. 178–179. 3466:Levick, BM (1982). 3439:, pp. 169–170. 3388:, pp. 167–168. 3325:, pp. 165–166. 3098:, pp. 174–179. 2975:, pp. 570–572. 2388:Velleius Paterculus 2338:, pp. 456–457. 2250:battle of Chaeronea 2204:of the province of 2186:Battle of Vercellae 1967:, the first of the 1937:Sulla is played by 1877:Cultural references 1663:Centuriate Assembly 1491:Gaius Julius Caesar 1225:Battle of Chaeronea 1133:, then governed by 989:First march on Rome 907:lex Plautia Papiria 859:Lucius Porcius Cato 453:purge his opponents 145:Consul (80 BC) 6185:Arthur Hugh Clough 5505:Treaty of Dardanos 5378:P. Servilius Vatia 5340:L. Cornelius Cinna 5300:Political offices 5234:Plutarch (1916) . 4941:, pp. 129–64. 4440:Valerius Maximus, 4331:The Life of Caesar 3364:, pp. 165–67. 2437:equivalent of the 2013:, giving birth to 1973:mystery novels by 1928:Colleen McCullough 1096: 1003: 817: 781:Tigranes the Great 710: 644: 566: 6225: 6224: 6212:Comparison extant 6142:Tiberius Gracchus 5908:De genio Socratis 5844: 5843: 5739: 5738: 5551: 5550: 5388: 5387: 5375:Succeeded by 5350:M. Tullius Decula 5333:Succeeded by 5328:Q. Pompeius Rufus 5147:Classical Journal 5129:978-0-7486-1944-3 5054:978-0-521-51819-2 5014:978-1-4000-7897-4 4888:Crawford, Michael 4848:978-0-19-938113-5 4648:978-3-647-30251-5 4551:Heroes of History 4359:978-0-415-49693-3 4142:Publius Antistius 3788:, pp. 42–43. 3657:978-0-87140-423-7 3376:, pp. 88–89. 3265:, pp. 43–44. 3226:, pp. 41–42. 3086:, pp. 32–33. 3062:, pp. 31–32. 3022:, pp. 28–29. 2998:, pp. 28–29. 2963:, pp. 27–28. 2862:, pp. 19–21. 2778:, pp. 11–12. 2475:978-0-415-17324-7 2309:Apellicon of Teos 2060:Titus Annius Milo 1651: 1650: 1643: 1625: 1526:Quintus Sertorius 1356:Hispania Citerior 1291:Sulla's civil war 827:Tiberius Gracchus 739:to the throne of 296: 295: 274:Sulla's civil war 16:(Redirected from 6335: 6195:Philemon Holland 6084:Cato the Younger 5964:Aratus of Sicyon 5871: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5831: 5830: 5696:Cornelia Postuma 5635: 5612:Memoirs of Sulla 5432: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5347:Preceded by 5305:Preceded by 5297: 5267: 5251: 5221: 5184: 5178: 5170: 5141: 5104: 5085: 5066: 5039: 5018: 4994: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4677:A Pillar of Iron 4672: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4630: 4624: 4614: 4608: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4445: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4416: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4343: 4337: 4327: 4321: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4154:pontifex maximus 4131: 4125: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3877: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3779: 3773: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3641: 3635: 3625: 3619: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2666: 2665:, pp. 8–10. 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2625: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2487: 2460: 2454: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2348:Valerius Maximus 2345: 2339: 2333: 2314: 2164:Tribunus militum 2130: 2127: 2086:Cornelia Postuma 2033:Caecilia Metella 1915:A Pillar Of Iron 1904:Pasquale Anfossi 1762:funeral orations 1683: 1655:Plebeian Council 1646: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1583: 1562: 1554: 1530:Second Punic War 1513:appointed Sulla 1512: 1496: 1471: 1470:similar killings 1430:princeps senatus 1205:Boeotian battles 948:Caecilii Metelli 875:Lucius Cluentius 718:ludi Apollinares 660:military tribune 471:Family and youth 449:Second Punic War 335: 330: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 221:Cornelia Postuma 104: 53: 39: 21: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6283:Cornelii Sullae 6228: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6204: 6168: 6155:Aemilius Paulus 5927: 5923:Pseudo-Plutarch 5881: 5875: 5845: 5840: 5818: 5812:The Grass Crown 5800:Masters of Rome 5735: 5700: 5691:Fausta Cornelia 5669: 5626: 5600: 5547: 5509: 5490:Siege of Athens 5476: 5435:Early campaigns 5428:Military career 5423: 5418: 5384: 5380: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5338: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5312:L. Porcius Cato 5310: 5308:Pompeius Strabo 5275: 5270: 5254: 5236:"Life of Sulla" 5233: 5229: 5227:Ancient sources 5224: 5187: 5171: 5144: 5130: 5107: 5101: 5088: 5082: 5069: 5055: 5042: 5036: 5021: 5015: 4997: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4913: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4665:, chapter XVIII 4660: 4656: 4649: 4641:. p. 234. 4632: 4631: 4627: 4615: 4611: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4458:Natural History 4454:Pliny the Elder 4452: 4448: 4439: 4432: 4423: 4419: 4411:30 May 2012 at 4398: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4372:Lacus Curtius, 4371: 4367: 4360: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4317:30 May 2012 at 4304: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4277:Anthony Everitt 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239:, p. 195; 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4162:Temple of Vesta 4136:, p. 192; 4132: 4128: 4120:, p. 181; 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080:, p. 181; 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784:, p. 151; 3780: 3776: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3658: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3630:, p. 173; 3626: 3622: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3570:, p. 173; 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2741: 2730: 2726: 2722:, pp. 8–9. 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2691: 2684: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2653:, pp. 6–7. 2649: 2645: 2637: 2628: 2620: 2613: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2579: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2488: 2476: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2312: 2305: 2289:post consulatum 2193:Praetor urbanus 2128: 2122: 2097: 2048:Fausta Cornelia 2038:They had twins 1995: 1923:Masters of Rome 1879: 1837:Claudia Antonia 1786: 1730: 1675: 1647: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1584: 1582: 1572: 1563: 1552: 1546: 1510: 1507: 1494: 1469: 1448: 1442: 1414: 1293: 1287: 1250: 1217: 1209:Main articles: 1207: 1172:northern Greece 1159: 1153: 1147: 1112:Asiatic vespers 1088: 1082: 1077: 1069:Gnaeus Octavius 1045:comitia tributa 1040: 1009: 991: 960: 924: 805: 799: 766:Parthian Empire 693: 632: 626: 549: 532: 473: 328: 306: 302: 278: 234:Military career 225: 216:Cornelia Fausta 191: 148: 142:(82–80 BC) 124:(90–89 BC) 102: 89: 80: 79:78 BC (aged 60) 63: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6230: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6215:Four unpaired 6213: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6146:Gaius Gracchus 6131: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5987: 5985:Cato the Elder 5978: 5961: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5897: 5894:Parallel Lives 5889: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5752:Parallel Lives 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5617:Curia Hostilia 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5459: 5449: 5442:Jugurthine War 5438: 5436: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5385: 5376: 5373: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5334: 5331: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5274: 5273:External links 5271: 5269: 5268: 5252: 5240:Parallel Lives 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5185: 5153:(2): 203–216. 5142: 5128: 5105: 5099: 5086: 5081:978-1848847897 5080: 5067: 5053: 5040: 5034: 5019: 5013: 4995: 4976: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4911: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4847: 4821: 4819: 4818:Modern sources 4816: 4814: 4813: 4801: 4788: 4776: 4754: 4748:978-0306812798 4747: 4729: 4717: 4704: 4692: 4685: 4667: 4654: 4647: 4625: 4609: 4602:Life of Pompey 4593: 4591:, p. 228. 4581: 4568: 4562:978-0743235945 4561: 4537: 4535:, p. 207. 4525: 4500: 4498:, p. 175. 4488: 4475: 4462: 4446: 4430: 4417: 4392: 4379: 4365: 4358: 4338: 4322: 4298: 4285: 4269: 4267:, p. 196. 4257: 4245: 4243:, p. 123. 4229: 4217: 4205: 4203:, p. 194. 4190: 4178: 4176:, p. 193. 4166: 4126: 4110: 4108:, p. 191. 4098: 4086: 4084:, p. 191. 4070: 4058: 4056:, p. 190. 4046: 4034: 4022: 4020:, p. 187. 4010: 4008:, p. 182. 3995: 3983: 3981:, p. 162. 3971: 3969:, p. 161. 3959: 3957:, p. 160. 3944: 3942:, p. 159. 3932: 3930:, p. 158. 3917: 3905: 3903:, p. 181. 3893: 3891:, p. 157. 3878: 3858: 3856:, p. 156. 3846: 3844:, p. 155. 3831: 3829:, p. 154. 3814: 3812:, p. 153. 3802: 3800:, p. 151. 3790: 3786:Broughton 1952 3774: 3755: 3743: 3741:, p. 148. 3731: 3729:, p. 145. 3719: 3717:, p. 144. 3707: 3695: 3693:, p. 175. 3683: 3681:, p. 174. 3671: 3656: 3636: 3620: 3618:, p. 173. 3614:, p. 62; 3604: 3592: 3590:, p. 173. 3580: 3574:, p. 59; 3560: 3548: 3546:, p. 172. 3536: 3534:, p. 172. 3530:, p. 56; 3520: 3518:, p. 171. 3508: 3506:, p. 167. 3496: 3477:(4): 503–508. 3458: 3456:, p. 170. 3441: 3429: 3417: 3415:, p. 169. 3402: 3400:, p. 168. 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3301:, p. 123. 3291: 3289:, p. 126. 3279: 3277:, p. 125. 3267: 3255: 3251:Broughton 1952 3243: 3228: 3216: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3173:, p. 109. 3163: 3161:, p. 105. 3151: 3149:, p. 104. 3139: 3124: 3122:, p. 173. 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2977: 2973:Broughton 1951 2965: 2953: 2941: 2924: 2922:, p. 564. 2920:Broughton 1951 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2802:, p. 184. 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2739: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2682: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2626: 2611: 2592: 2577: 2558: 2529:10.2307/298093 2503: 2474: 2455: 2422: 2420:, p. 557. 2418:Broughton 1952 2409: 2392: 2380: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2285: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2246:sack of Athens 2242: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2220: 2213: 2196: 2188: 2182: 2167: 2160: 2153: 2150: 2139: 2136: 2121: 2118: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2046:in 54 BC, and 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2005:The first was 2000:Julia Caesaris 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1978: 1961: 1948: 1939:Richard Harris 1935: 1918: 1911: 1878: 1875: 1785: 1782: 1778:Campus Martius 1774:Campus Martius 1754:public funeral 1729: 1726: 1691:cursus honorum 1649: 1648: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1548:Main article: 1545: 1542: 1506: 1503: 1444:Main article: 1441: 1438: 1422:Campus Martius 1413: 1410: 1337:Gaius Norbanus 1286: 1283: 1249: 1246: 1206: 1203: 1149:Main article: 1146: 1145:Sack of Athens 1143: 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1039: 1036: 1005:Main article: 990: 987: 959: 956: 923: 920: 801:Main article: 798: 795: 692: 689: 628:Main article: 625: 622: 576:, grandson of 570:Jugurthine War 548: 545: 531: 528: 501:Atellan farces 472: 469: 340:, was a Roman 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 280: 279: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 254:Jugurthine War 250: 248: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 231: 230: 227: 226: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 199: 197: 193: 192: 190: 189: 184: 179: 176: 173: 166: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 147: 146: 143: 137: 131: 125: 120:Legate during 117: 115: 111: 110: 105: 103:Notable credit 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 81: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 61:Pompeius Rufus 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6340: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243:138 BC births 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180:Jacques Amyot 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5952:Julius Caesar 5949: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5472:March on Rome 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5371: 5365:80 BC 5363: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5323:88 BC 5321: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5291:Life of Sulla 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5100:9788779344433 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5035:0-415-33660-0 5031: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4912:0-521-85073-8 4908: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4784:Keaveney 2005 4780: 4777: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4727:, p. 10. 4726: 4725:Keaveney 2005 4721: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4700:Keaveney 2005 4696: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4679:. Doubleday. 4678: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617:Crawford 1974 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4589:Keaveney 2005 4585: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4496:Keaveney 2005 4492: 4489: 4485: 4484:Bellum Civile 4479: 4476: 4472: 4471:Life of Sulla 4466: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426:Life of Sulla 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413:archive.today 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4388:Life of Sulla 4383: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4319:archive.today 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4241:Keaveney 2005 4238: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4225:Keaveney 2005 4221: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612:Keaveney 2005 3608: 3605: 3602:, p. 59. 3601: 3600:Keaveney 2005 3596: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572:Keaveney 2005 3569: 3564: 3561: 3558:, p. 57. 3557: 3556:Keaveney 2005 3552: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528:Keaveney 2005 3524: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3427:, p. 49. 3426: 3425:Keaveney 2005 3421: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3352:, p. 88. 3351: 3346: 3343: 3340:, p. 89. 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3313:, p. 44. 3312: 3311:Keaveney 2005 3307: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263:Keaveney 2005 3259: 3256: 3253:, p. 32. 3252: 3247: 3244: 3241:, p. 43. 3240: 3239:Keaveney 2005 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224:Keaveney 2005 3220: 3217: 3214:, p. 41. 3213: 3212:Keaveney 2005 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3197:, p. 40. 3196: 3195:Keaveney 2005 3191: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3137:, p. 35. 3136: 3135:Keaveney 2005 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3120:Olbrycht 2009 3116: 3113: 3110:, p. 33. 3109: 3108:Keaveney 2005 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096:Olbrycht 2009 3092: 3089: 3085: 3084:Keaveney 2005 3080: 3077: 3074:, p. 32. 3073: 3072:Keaveney 2005 3068: 3065: 3061: 3060:Keaveney 2005 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3034:, p. 30. 3033: 3032:Keaveney 2005 3028: 3025: 3021: 3020:Keaveney 2005 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2996:Keaveney 2005 2993: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2961:Keaveney 2005 2957: 2954: 2951:, p. 27. 2950: 2949:Keaveney 2005 2945: 2942: 2939:, p. 26. 2938: 2937:Keaveney 2005 2933: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2910:, p. 25. 2909: 2908:Keaveney 2005 2904: 2901: 2898:, p. 24. 2897: 2896:Keaveney 2005 2892: 2889: 2886:, p. 23. 2885: 2884:Keaveney 2005 2880: 2877: 2874:, p. 38. 2873: 2872:Keaveney 2005 2868: 2865: 2861: 2860:Keaveney 2005 2856: 2853: 2850:, p. 18. 2849: 2848:Keaveney 2005 2844: 2841: 2838:, p. 16. 2837: 2836:Keaveney 2005 2832: 2829: 2826:, p. 14. 2825: 2824:Keaveney 2005 2820: 2817: 2814:, p. 13. 2813: 2812:Keaveney 2005 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2790:, p. 12. 2789: 2788:Keaveney 2005 2784: 2781: 2777: 2776:Keaveney 2005 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2754:, p. 11. 2753: 2752:Keaveney 2005 2748: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720:Keaveney 2005 2716: 2713: 2709: 2708:Keaveney 2005 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663:Keaveney 2005 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651:Keaveney 2005 2647: 2644: 2640: 2639:Keaveney 2005 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2624:, p. 165 2623: 2622:Keaveney 2005 2618: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588:Keaveney 2005 2584: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513:"Sulla Felix" 2507: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2376:Life of Sulla 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336:Crawford 1974 2332: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2282:Metellus Pius 2279: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147:pro quaestore 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2129: 138 BC 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2068:Gaius Memmius 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052:Gaius Memmius 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984:, a novel by 1983: 1979: 1976: 1975:Steven Saylor 1972: 1971: 1970:Roma Sub Rosa 1966: 1962: 1959: 1958:Conn Iggulden 1955: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944:Julius Caesar 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1738:Life of Sulla 1735: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712:Metellus Pius 1708: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1645: 1642: 1634: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1592: – 1591: 1587: 1586:Find sources: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1567:This article 1565: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534:Julius Caesar 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1492: 1489:The teenaged 1487: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1456:Life of Sulla 1453: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Pompey Strabo 1308:, the son of 1307: 1303: 1302:Metellus Pius 1299: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1092: 1087: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1000: 995: 988: 986: 983: 978: 976: 975: 969: 965: 957: 955: 953: 949: 945: 939: 937: 933: 929: 921: 919: 917: 913: 909: 908: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 867: 864: 860: 855: 853: 847: 845: 839: 837: 832: 828: 824: 823: 814: 809: 804: 796: 794: 791: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 755: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 707: 703: 697: 690: 688: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 664: 661: 655: 653: 649: 641: 636: 631: 623: 621: 619: 615: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 563: 559: 553: 546: 544: 542: 537: 529: 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May 2008 4686:0385053037 4663:The Prince 4600:Plutarch, 4577:Ad Atticum 4518:9 December 4486:, 1.12.105 4469:Plutarch, 4424:Plutarch, 4386:Plutarch, 4329:Plutarch, 4292:Plutarch, 4138:Steel 2013 3504:Evans 1995 3374:Steel 2013 3350:Steel 2013 3338:Steel 2013 3299:Gabba 1994 3287:Gabba 1994 3275:Gabba 1994 3183:Gabba 1994 3171:Gabba 1994 3159:Gabba 1994 3147:Gabba 1994 3008:Tatum 2003 2985:Tatum 2003 2800:Evans 1995 2764:Evans 1995 2319:References 2201:Propraetor 2131:: Born in 2120:Chronology 1956:novels by 1671:quaestores 1601:newspapers 1229:Orchomenus 1176:Hellespont 1168:Long Walls 1135:propraetor 1108:Roman Asia 797:Social War 749:Ariarathes 741:Cappadocia 730:Asia Minor 706:Glyptothek 618:Mauretania 578:Massinissa 414:senatorial 385:Social War 264:Social War 122:Social War 6298:Optimates 6138:Cleomenes 6125:Sertorius 6098:Poplicola 6093:Agesilaus 6066:Marcellus 6062:Pelopidas 5999:Demetrius 5981:Aristides 5877:Works of 5718:Metrobius 5712:Nicopolis 5515:Civil War 5495:Chaeronea 5456:Vercellae 5446:2nd Cirta 5258:(1921) . 5218:2117-5624 5204:: 37–84. 5159:0009-8353 5138:247651331 5063:270232275 3979:Hind 1994 3967:Hind 1994 3955:Hind 1994 3940:Hind 1994 3928:Hind 1994 3913:Hind 1994 3889:Hind 1994 3866:Hind 1994 3854:Hind 1994 3842:Hind 1994 3827:Hind 1994 3810:Hind 1994 3798:Hind 1994 3782:Hind 1994 3765:, citing 3763:Hind 1994 3751:Hind 1994 3739:Hind 1994 3727:Hind 1994 3715:Hind 1994 3666:902661394 3483:0018-2311 2602:"Rufinus" 2553:166133294 2537:0075-4358 2492:cite book 2447:Aphrodite 2429:The name 2324:Citations 2241:of Pontus 1852:Caracalla 1827:in 5 BC, 1819:, issued 1722:Suetonius 1631:July 2024 1499:Suetonius 1400:Lucanians 1368:Praeneste 1285:Civil war 1255:Nicomedes 1199:Archelaus 1187:Epidaurus 1183:Acropolis 1131:Macedonia 1127:Hind 1994 1038:Aftermath 982:iustitium 974:iustitium 958:Sulpicius 912:lex Julia 863:prorogued 790:imperator 762:Euphrates 754:imperator 614:Bocchus I 520:Nicopolis 481:patrician 434:populares 426:populares 418:populares 410:optimates 405:populares 401:optimates 346:statesman 242:107–82 BC 134:Proconsul 6164:Camillus 6151:Timoleon 6057:Lycurgus 6044:Lysander 6035:Lucullus 6030:Pericles 5879:Plutarch 5835:Category 5724:Epicadus 5681:Cornelia 5674:Children 5660:Caecilia 5248:40115288 5001:(2003). 4890:(1974). 4878:(1952). 4866:(1951). 4579:, 9.10.2 4575:Cicero, 4548:(2002). 4482:Appian, 4409:Archived 4375:Pomerium 4315:Archived 2523:: 1–10. 2484:74522705 2390:, 2.17.2 2372:Plutarch 2303:See also 2252:and the 2162:103 BC: 2155:104 BC: 2143:Quaestor 2044:quaestor 2007:Cornelia 1856:Hannibal 1841:Claudius 1770:cremated 1758:Augustus 1717:lictores 1704:maiestas 1699:pomerium 1538:Augustus 1522:Hispania 1516:dictator 1505:Dictator 1398:and the 1396:Samnites 1388:pomerium 1271:Dardanus 1119:Aristion 1106:invaded 895:Aesernia 891:Aeclanum 852:Aesernia 813:Aeclanum 774:Chaldean 770:Orobazus 684:triumphs 669:river Po 652:Teutones 650:and the 574:Jugurtha 445:dictator 373:Jugurtha 369:Numidian 354:Republic 206:Cornelia 196:Children 182:Caecilia 153:Opponent 140:Dictator 57:denarius 6129:Eumenes 6120:Theseus 6116:Romulus 6107:Pyrrhus 6080:Phocion 5990:Crassus 5901:Moralia 5720:(lover) 5686:Faustus 5665:Valeria 5655:Cloelia 5538:Clusium 5281:in the 5264:Sallust 5256:Sallust 5167:3298069 4854:6 April 4621:449–451 4444:, 9.3.8 4428:, p. 37 4390:, p. 34 4283:, p. 41 3491:4435825 2994:, 5.1; 2568:"Sulla" 2362:, 1.105 2350:, 9.3.8 2293:curatio 2222:88 BC: 2206:Cilicia 2198:96 BC: 2190:97 BC: 2171:Legatus 2157:Legatus 2080:Valeria 2064:praetor 2056:praetor 2015:Pompeia 1953:Emperor 1821:denarii 1810:Crassus 1734:Puteoli 1686:equites 1661:to the 1615:scholar 1590:"Sulla" 1544:Reforms 1484:talents 1479:equites 1420:on the 1418:Bellona 1314:Picenum 1221:Boeotia 1195:Olympia 1164:Piraeus 887:Stabiae 870:Pompeii 831:de jure 785:Armenia 726:Cilicia 590:Spurius 582:Numidia 562:Bocchus 517:hetaira 512:Sallust 505:Valeria 342:general 187:Valeria 178:Cloelia 172:(Ilia?) 163:Spouses 83:Puteoli 6089:Pompey 6026:Fabius 6021:Brutus 6012:Cicero 6003:Antony 5994:Nicias 5793:Mozart 5769:Handel 5744:Legacy 5631:Family 5367:With: 5325:With: 5246: 5216: 5165: 5157: 5136: 5126: 5097: 5078: 5061: 5051: 5032: 5011: 4970:8 June 4921:121060 4919: 4909: 4845: 4769:3 July 4745: 4683: 4645: 4559: 4401:Julius 4356: 4281:Cicero 3874:Appian 3870:Memnon 3767:Plut. 3664: 3654: 3489: 3481: 2989:Plut. 2732:Plut. 2693:Sall. 2675:Plut. 2551: 2545:298093 2543: 2535: 2482: 2472: 2378:, 6.10 2360:Appian 2248:, the 1806:Pompey 1794:Senate 1784:Legacy 1679:censor 1617: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1511:Senate 1384:hostes 1306:Pompey 1223:. 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