493:
407:. In January 48 Caesar landed nearby with six legions and marched on the port, which he urgently needed in order to supply his troops and to land reinforcements. Torquatus manned the walls with locally raised Illyrian soldiers and the town's Greek civilians. The locals and the garrison, afraid of the legions, opened the town's gate and allowed Caesar entry. Two of Pompey's lieutenants who were guarding merchant ships loaded with grain for Pompey's troops sank them with their warships to prevent them from falling into Caesar's hands. Torquatus surrendered to Caesar, who released him unharmed.
142:
411:
44:
351:, deprived of the consulship, being replaced by Torquatus' father, and expelled from the Senate. Torquatus prosecuted Sulla for plotting the revenge killing of his father, while Cicero defended the accused. Torquatus accused Sulla of raising a force of armed men in 66 to secure the consulship for Catilina and murder the ruling consuls Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Torquatus' father, and
460:, forces of allied local kings and 60 war elephants. The two armies engaged in small skirmishes to gauge the strength of the opposing force, during which two legions switched to Caesar's side. Meanwhile, Caesar expected reinforcements from Sicily. In the beginning of February 46, Caesar arrived in Thapsus and besieged the city. The
429:
to besiege it. Six attempts to break through by Pompey were repulsed. Caesar's troops suffered food shortages while Pompey's were supplied by sea. However, Pompey held a limited amount of land and this created shortages of fodder for his animals. Water was also scarce because Caesar had diverted the
338:
centered on assassinating Cicero and overthrowing the
Republic with the help of foreign armed forces. Three years earlier, Torquatus' father and Cicero had publicly supported Catilina when he was unsuccessfully prosecuted for corruption and abuse of office. Despite this, Torquatus vigorously
346:
By this time, Torquatus and Cicero were on opposite sides. Torquatus accused
Publius Cornelius Sulla of being a part of Catilina's conspiracies. Sulla had been an enemy for the four years since Torquatus had accused him of bribery, resulting in his being tried, convicted and, under the
434:
and Caesar rushed up reinforcements and pushed him back. However, this weakened other parts of Caesar's line and after heavy fighting his troops fled. Pompey did not pursue, but Caesar broke off the siege. After much manoeuvring the two armies clashed at
563:
In the first book he attacks the doctrines of the
Epicurean school, and Torquatus defends them, alleging that they had been generally misunderstood; and in the second book Cicero enumerates the chief arguments with which the Stoics assailed
375:
to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had ended. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Torquatus was elected
339:
supported the Senate's efforts, which resulted in them unmasking the conspirators, capturing and executing several. The following year
Catilina, with what was left of his army, was cornered by three
359:
speech. Sulla was acquitted, almost certainly due to Cicero's oratory skills. Sulla's cousins, Publius and
Servius, were not so fortunate, as Cicero refused to consider defending them.
425:, Albania), where Pompey had an arsenal. Pompey hurried to defend Dyrrachium and arrived first. He built a fortified camp south of the city, so Caesar started to build a
225:. The last of these ended the war, in a defeat for the faction Torquatus supported; he escaped the field, but was captured and killed shortly after. He is portrayed by
396:
and most of the Senate fled to Greece. Torquatus' soldiers went over to Caesar, but he decided to oppose Caesar and joined Pompey. The following year was appointed
465:
430:
local streams. Pompey needed to break the siege. Torquatus led part of Pompey's army in an attack on a weak spot in Caesar's fortifications and broke through.
676:
311:
975:
553:
to whom the book was dedicated. (And who was shortly to be one of the assassins of Julius Caesar.) He was portrayed by Cicero in the first two books of
549:. Torquatus was a leading epicurean and was noted by Cicero for his knowledge of Greek literature and his breadth of learning. He was also a friend of
1006:
285:, the consul designates for the following year, of bribery in connection with the elections, thereby securing the election of his father in 65.
952:
881:
468:, could not risk the loss of this position and were forced to accept battle. Scipio commanded "without skill or success", and Caesar won a
352:
456:
raised an army which included 40,000 men (about 8 legions), a powerful cavalry force led by Caesar's former right-hand man, the talented
1011:
356:
492:
854:
991:
335:
267:
517:
218:
166:
672:
504:
I have finished the five books De
Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, so as to give the Epicurean doctrine to Lucius Torquatus.
484:. Scipio committed suicide on board a ship and Torquatus either committed suicide with him or was captured and executed.
319:
206:
996:
282:
271:
257:
253:
449:
278:
117:
477:
381:
176:
330:
in 63. After Cicero had beaten him to the consulship, the distinguished ex-general and military governor
1001:
534:
17:
415:
389:
318:
were against anyone who attempted to use these legislative assemblies to reform the state. As a fellow
210:
155:
550:
385:
355:. He also accused Cicero of manufacturing evidence. This was the occasion for Cicero delivering his
348:
436:
969:
728:
965:
948:
923:
909:
895:
877:
862:
845:
469:
222:
171:
439:
where Pompey was decisively defeated. Torquatus' role, if any, in this defeat is not known.
180:
481:
426:
404:
214:
161:
472:
which ended the war. Torquatus fled the field along with Scipio, attempting to escape to
457:
303:
145:
410:
141:
985:
680:
372:
260:
538:
530:
340:
327:
307:
275:
202:
113:
537:. It consists of five books, in which Cicero explains the philosophical views of
568:
The work was written in 45, after
Torquatus' death, but the debate is set in 50.
957:
842:
A New
Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography
431:
934:
555:
397:
231:
73:
546:
294:
43:
422:
927:
913:
866:
266:, one of the oldest Roman houses. In 69 BC he was elected a member of the
849:
542:
473:
444:
331:
236:
899:
377:
323:
55:
509:
368:
289:
226:
491:
409:
263:
380:(commander of a field army) for 49 and given command of six
205:
politician and military commander. He was active during the
945:
Pharsalus 48 B.C.: Caesar and Pompey – Clash of the Titans
392:. He marched rapidly on Rome and captured it. Pompey, the
936:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Biography and Mythology
314:
for the benefit of a few power hungry individuals. The
960:, (1958) "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature",
939:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.
874:
Rubicon: The
Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic
274:. In 66 BC he was the first to accuse newly elected
861:(1952) New York: American Philological Association.
709:
Holmes III, p. 119–120; Anthon & Smith, p. 903.
302:were the traditionalist senatorial majority of the
151:
136:
131:
123:
107:
99:
94:
72:
54:
34:
922:, Vol. III (1923) Cambridge: The Clarendon Press.
908:, Vol. II (1923) Cambridge: The Clarendon Press.
962:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, v7 n2
920:The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire
906:The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire
894:, Vol. I (1923) Cambridge: The Clarendon Press.
892:The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire
306:, politicians who believed that the role of the
561:
502:
292:, both strong supporters of the self described
769:Broughton, p. 296; Anthon & Smith, p. 903.
700:Anthon & Smith, p. 903; Broughton, p. 276.
691:Broughton, p. 256; Anthon & Smith, p. 903.
859:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II
840:Anthon, Charles & Smith, William. (1850)
614:Anthon & Smith, p. 903; Holmes I, p. 445.
8:
559:as a spokesman advocating Epicurean ethics.
388:river, the boundary of Italy, and ignited
371:, ordered populist politician and general
42:
31:
448:, or power to command, Torquatus was in
976:"An Introduction to Treatise de Finibus"
213:. He commanded troops at the battles of
18:Lucius Manlius Torquatus (Praetor 49 BC)
602:
577:
322:Torquatus supported Cicero during his
814:
27:Roman general and consul (died 46 BC)
7:
533:orator, politician and philosopher
421:Caesar moved on Dyrrachium (modern
288:Torquatus was closely aligned with
414:Roman-controlled territory during
25:
529:) is a philosophical work by the
86:January 48 – April 46 BC
68:January – December 49 BC
403:Pompey put him in charge of the
140:
312:legislative people's assemblies
1007:Senators of the Roman Republic
268:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
1:
518:De finibus bonorum et malorum
497:De finibus bonorum et malorum
974:Yonge, Charles Duke, (2016)
947:. Oxford; New York: Osprey.
523:On the ends of good and evil
452:in 47. There the surviving
326:in 66 BC and his tumultuous
207:Crisis of the Roman Republic
787:Anthon & Smith, p. 903.
593:Anthon & Smith, p. 903.
1028:
384:. On 10 January 49 Caesar
235:as a spokesman advocating
367:In 50 the Senate, led by
310:was being usurped by the
252:Torquatus was the son of
192:
90:
79:
61:
50:
41:
1012:Ancient Roman patricians
943:Sheppard, Simon, (2006)
283:Publius Autronius Paetus
254:Lucius Manlius Torquatus
199:Lucius Manlius Torquatus
36:Lucius Manlius Torquatus
933:Smith, William (2005).
855:Broughton, T. Robert S.
478:trapped at Hippo Regius
332:Lucius Sergius Catilina
279:Publius Cornelius Sulla
566:
506:
499:
418:
400:(military governor).
256:, and belonged to the
992:1st-century BC Romans
964:(19580401): 172–188.
872:Holland, Tom (2004).
659:Cicero, Pro Sulla, 6.
623:Cassius Dio, 36.44.3.
535:Marcus Tullius Cicero
495:
413:
353:Lucius Aurelius Cotta
270:, a senior religious
551:Marcus Junius Brutus
349:Lex Acilia Calpurnia
605:, pp. 202–210.
386:crossed the Rubicon
201:(died 46 BC) was a
127:Politician, general
876:. London: Abacus.
751:Broughton, p. 289.
718:Broughton, p. 276.
584:Broughton, p. 134.
525: –
500:
419:
416:Caesar's Civil War
390:Caesar's Civil War
211:Caesar's Civil War
156:Caesar's Civil War
953:978-1-84603-814-3
918:Holmes, T. Rice,
904:Holmes, T. Rice,
890:Holmes, T. Rice,
883:978-0-349-11563-4
650:Holmes I, p. 482.
641:Holmes I, p. 445.
405:defence of Oricum
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16:(Redirected from
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470:crushing victory
298:(good men). The
237:Epicurean ethics
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336:a conspiracy
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177:Hippo Regius
152:Battles/wars
114:Hippo Regius
81:
63:
29:
668:Suetonius,
432:Mark Antony
324:praetorship
219:Dyrrhachium
167:Dyrrhachium
986:Categories
844:. London.
815:Smith 2005
733:, 3.31–69.
572:References
556:De Finibus
527:De Finibus
476:, but was
398:propraetor
328:consulship
248:Early life
232:De Finibus
137:Allegiance
124:Occupation
74:Propraetor
970:0018-2311
928:889250448
914:163400823
867:868514975
742:Sheppard.
547:Platonism
488:Epicurean
464:, led by
437:Pharsalus
357:Pro Sulla
272:collegium
258:patrician
243:Biography
82:In office
64:In office
850:66925767
677:Archived
543:Stoicism
474:Hispania
445:imperium
900:2845034
834:Sources
382:cohorts
378:praetor
341:legions
320:senator
276:consuls
223:Thapsus
183:†
172:Thapsus
103:Unknown
56:Praetor
968:
951:
926:
912:
898:
880:
865:
848:
826:Yonge.
805:Yonge.
796:Yonge.
778:Yonge.
670:Julius
545:, and
510:Cicero
450:Africa
423:Durrës
369:Pompey
308:Senate
290:Cicero
261:Manlia
227:Cicero
215:Oricum
179:
162:Oricum
118:Africa
564:them.
531:Roman
203:Roman
111:46 BC
966:ISSN
949:ISBN
924:OCLC
910:OCLC
896:OCLC
878:ISBN
863:OCLC
846:OCLC
462:boni
454:boni
394:boni
334:led
316:boni
300:boni
295:boni
281:and
264:gens
221:and
209:and
108:Died
100:Born
229:in
988::
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675:.
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521:(
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