3934:
2211:, which had been adopted into United States slave law, the status of children followed that of the mother. Since Delaney was born to a woman who should have been considered free at the time, she should also have been free. A $ 2,000 (equivalent to $ 63,145 in 2023) bond was established by Judge Bryan Mullanphy, should Mitchell try to reclaim Delaney. Mitchell wanted to ensure that she was kept in St. Louis until the trial. Delaney was remanded to jail, where she was held for 17 months. During that time, Delaney was fell ill sue to the poor conditions of the jail that was crowded, cold, damp, and smelled of sewage. She did not have sufficient clothing to keep her warm. She benefited from visits from her mother and the kindness of the jailor Benjamin Lacy's sister-in-law, likely Minerva Ann (Doyle) Lacy, the wife of Lewis Fernandez Lacy.
2328:
until such time as they could pursue their journey. Methought, I will find him in this motley crowd, of all ages, from the crowing babe in its mother's arms, to the aged and decrepit, on whom the marks of slavery were still visible. I piled inquiry upon inquiry, until after long and persistent search, I learned that my father had always lived on the same plantation, fifteen miles from
Vicksburg. I wrote to my father and begged him to come and see me and make his home with me; sent him the money, so he would be to no expense, and when he finally reached St. Louis, it was with great joy that I received him. Old, grizzled and gray, time had dealt hardly with him, and he looked very little like the dapper master's valet, whose dark beauty won my mother's heart.
216:
2182:. Delaney was tasked with doing the laundry, a task at which she was inexperienced. Doing the laundry required carrying up to 50 gallons of water for each load, hand washing with lye, using laundry boards for each item of clothing, and wringing clothes. After that, clothes were hung on lines, starched, and ironed with heavy flat irons. Historian Tera Hunter states that it "was the single most onerous chore in the life of a nineteenth-century woman." She used water from the Missouri River, which was muddy and discolored the clothing. After Martha complained about the ruined clothing and called her lazy, Delaney replied,
2138:. One day, Mary complained that Polly put on "white airs" and threatened to sell and subsequently did sell Polly at a slave auction in St. Louis for $ 550 (equivalent to $ 15,737 in 2023) to Joseph Magehan, a carpenter and lumberman from St. Louis. According to Delaney's memoir and some subsequent sources, Polly escaped to Chicago, was caught, and returned to St. Louis, but there is no evidence that this occurred and there was no mention of it in records of Polly's court case.
2014:. He argued Delaney's case in court and won her freedom in February 1844. Delaney's and her mother’s cases were two of 301 freedom suits filed in St. Louis from 1814 to 1860. The memoir provides insight into the activities of Delaney's life during and after the freedom suits. There are some discrepancies, though, between the memoir and public records regarding her mother Polly's childhood, such as where she was born and whether she was born free or not.
33:
2462:
River to the city of St. Louis." However, Naomi Wood testified for Polly's trial that she had known Polly since she was a baby and described the history of her time as an enslaved child in
Kentucky with the Beattys and Crocketts. In addition, the census record of 1880 for Lucy A. Delaney states that her mother was born in Kentucky.
2215:
2327:
I frequently thought of father, and wondered if he were alive or dead; and at the time of the great exodus of negroes from the South, a few years ago, a large number arrived in St. Louis, and were cared for by the colored people of that city. They were sheltered in churches, halls and private houses,
2197:
After the wrapper was washed and ruined, Mary attempted to beat
Delaney with tongs, a broomstick, and a shovel, all of which Delaney was able to take away from her. After Mary's husband refused to beat her, they planned to sell her into the Deep South. Before they could take her away, Delaney escaped
2073:
Major Berry was immediately attracted by the bright and alert appearance of Polly, and at once negotiated with the trader, paid the price agreed upon, and started for home to present his wife with this flesh and blood commodity, which money could so easily procure in our vaunted land of freedom. Mrs.
2461:
Delaney's memoir states that Polly was born free and a group of men took her and three other free people hostage and brought them to
Missouri: “Polly, with four other colored persons, were kidnapped, and, after being securely bound and gagged, were put into a skiff and carried across the Mississippi
2253:
from people who knew her and her daughter. Judge Robert Wash (Fanny Berry Wash's widower and Polly's previous master) testified that
Delaney was definitely Polly's child. With the case settled by the principle of "once free, always free," Bates was able to convince the jury that her daughter should
2186:
You don't know nothing, yourself, about it, and you expect a poor ignorant girl to know more than you do yourself. If you had any feeling you would get somebody to teach me, and then I'd do well enough. She then gave me a wrapper to do up, and told me if I ruined it that as I did the other clothes,
2141:
Delaney, who took care of Mary Berry and Henry Sidney Coxe's children, was subject to the parents' "fiery personalities." The couple suffered from the loss of their two infant children and Henry's alcoholism. Mary filed for divorce in 1845, citing her husband's alcoholism, severe temper, and verbal
2549:
Gardner speculates that "Britton" could give a clue to her father's name. Or, it could refer to the surname of "Brinton", which in some records looks like
Britton in handwritten versions of the name; the Brintons were relatives of Henry Sidney Coxe. Or, it may be that someone misheard "Berry" when
2169:
in
October 1839. When her suit was finally heard in 1843, her attorney Harris Sproat convinced a jury that she had been in Illinois long enough to have earned her freedom. Polly was freed. She continued her efforts to secure her daughter Lucy Ann Berry's freedom, having filed a freedom suit on her
2111:
Delaney was reportedly very afraid of being sold and separated from her mother. Like many other enslaved mothers in
Missouri, Polly encouraged her daughters to plan for the time that they could escape their slaveholders. Sinha states, "A shared belief in courageous female resistance helped mothers
2388:
Polly releases motherhood from its ties to 'pure womanhood's' fragility, realigning nurture with liberation. Hardly feminine genuflection, Polly's triumph in male-dominated courts is matched by her daughter's refusal to be whipped. Darkness culminates in
Delaney's perpetuating her dead mother's
2352:
as the first independent black denomination in the United States. Delaney was elected president of the first colored society, the Female Union, an organization of
African-American women. She also served as president of the Daughters of Zion, as well the Free Union, the first society for African
2315:
of St. Louis. Called the Delaney House, it was built in 1845. She was a successful seamstress and her husband was a porter, cook, mail clerk, janitor, and laborer. They were members of the middle class. The Delaneys were married 42 years, until his death around 1891. Her mother lived with them.
2292:
To my mind it seemed a singular coincidence that the boat which bore the name of the great and good man, who had given me the first joy of my meagre life – the precious boon of freedom – and that his namesake should be the means of weighting me with my first great
2316:
Though the couple had four children, two did not survive infancy. The remaining son and daughter both died in their early twenties. In 1870, the Delaneys had three boys and three girls living with them, from 19 to nearly a year old. By 1880, they had no children living with them.
4713:
2092:. The major told Polly and her husband that they and his other slaves would be freed upon his death and the death of his wife. But, Berry's will did not stipulate that any slaves should be freed. After the major died in a duel, the widow Fannie Berry married
2029:
of St. Louis. They had a comfortable middle class life and Delaney and her husband were active leaders in the St. Louis area. Delaney and her husband had at least four children, a couple of whom died in childhood and a couple of whom died in their twenties.
1714:
2254:
be freed. The judge announced that she was found to be free. She left the jail the day the verdict was made. Once free, Delaney would have had to register with the city of St. Louis and find someone to post bond in support of her registration.
2205:. Since her own case had not been settled, Polly was still considered a slave with no legal standing, but under the slave law, she could file suit in Circuit Court in St. Louis for Delaney's freedom as "next friend". According to the rule of
2343:
She was active in women's clubs, religious organizations and charity groups. Such organizations developed rapidly in both the African-American and white communities nationally in the years following the Civil War. She joined the
3297:
Simon, Stephanie (March 18, 2003). "The Nation; Column One; Cries for Freedom Still Ring; in Long-Ago Lawsuits Uncovered in St. Louis, Slaves Tell of their Suffering. Dozens Won Release from Bondage before all-White Juries".
2484:
According to Edlie L. Wong, after Polly learned that the Coxes intended to sell her, she fled to Chicago. She began to worry about retribution being taken out on Delaney by Henry Coxe. She was pursued (under the
2261:, for $ 1,000 in damages against David D. Mitchell for false imprisonment. By this suit, Polly and Murdoch may have been trying to preclude Mitchell from appealing the court's decision, in addition to seeking
2518:
Delaney suggested in her memoir that Wash's attorneys proposed the strategy of filing separate suits for her and her daughter, to prevent a jury's worrying about taking too much property from one slaveholder.
4705:
2115:
Delaney, her mother and sister went to Taylor and Fannie Berry's daughter, Mary, who married Henry Sidney Coxe on March 21, 1837. Nancy was taken with them on their honeymoon trip, with a stop in
1835:
4681:
2857:
1699:
1230:
2389:
legacy of freedom in her election to numerous civic posts, including the presidency of the 'Female Union'—the first society for African American women—and of the Daughters of Zion.
2356:
Delaney was secretary to a black veteran's group after the Civil War. She belonged to the Col. Shaw Woman's Relief Corps, No. 34, a women's auxiliary to the Col. Shaw Post, 343,
4793:
1971:(also known as Polly Wash), filed a lawsuit for herself, she filed a lawsuit on her daughter's behalf in 1842. Delaney was held in jail for 17 months while awaiting the trial.
1584:
956:
693:
1320:
961:
1961:, longer than 90 days. According to Illinois state law, enslaved people that reside in Illinois for more than 90 days should be indentured and freed. The country's rule of
5249:
32:
2127:
was invalid). In Niagara Falls, Nancy received assistance from a servant at the hotel where they had been staying, and she made it safely across the border into Canada.
653:
5203:
3017:
5330:
1008:
2100:. Polly and her family remained enslaved and she became known as Polly Wash. Fannie died on February 6, 1829, after which Judge Wash sold Delaney's father to a
1554:
1704:
2368:
and a unit that achieved renown for courage in the Civil War. Delaney dedicated her memoir to the GAR, which had fought for the freedom of enslaved people.
5295:
2085:
1035:
2502:
Anna K. Roberts states that she left St. Louis on a steamboat to cross the Mississippi to meet up with Naomi Woods, who she knew from her childhood near
1781:
533:
5280:
5217:
3975:
983:
5198:
4972:
1754:
1574:
747:
5300:
2017:
Delaney and her mother lived in St. Louis briefly before her first marriage in 1845 to Frederick Turner, which brought the mother and daughter to
1912:
5325:
5135:
4956:
4876:
1018:
436:
3726:
Williams, Joe (January 16, 1997). "History in the Re-Making: The Missouri Historical Society tells stories of early African-American Heroes".
5285:
4908:
4737:
2025:
explosion. The women returned to St. Louis, and in 1849, Lucy Berry married Zachariah Delaney. Lucy's mother lived with the Delaney's in the
1596:
1273:
1045:
5290:
4753:
4113:
1788:
1749:
1392:
2411:
on August 31, 1910. Funeral services were held for her at the St. James African Methodist Episcopal Church in St. Louis, sponsored by the
5315:
4561:
2996:
1830:
1467:
1127:
978:
774:
683:
5320:
5092:
4964:
4195:
3890:
3869:
3848:
3802:
3781:
3553:
3497:
3467:
3380:
3145:
2791:
2718:
2618:
2345:
1850:
1544:
1298:
5193:
5153:
2101:
1672:
1549:
973:
742:
609:
2293:
sorrow; this thought seemed to reconcile me to my grief, for that name was ever sacred, and I could not speak it without reverence.
1519:
215:
5241:
5012:
1803:
1013:
998:
944:
629:
619:
614:
443:
299:
2575:
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, The New York Public Library Digital Collections
5183:
4745:
1798:
1569:
375:
1709:
5225:
3915:
2273:
Delaney and her mother worked as seamstresses in St. Louis after they gained their freedom. In 1845, Delaney met and married
2239:
2007:
1268:
1256:
836:
648:
294:
3020:. Note: Murdoch filed almost one-third of the freedom suits filed between 1840 and 1847, all on behalf of enslaved persons.
2178:
By 1842, Delaney went to Mary's younger sister, Martha. She was believed to have been a gift to Marth upon her marriage to
5073:
4900:
4805:
4689:
4556:
4391:
3968:
1840:
1623:
484:
5233:
5188:
4854:
4545:
4452:
4349:
4125:
2365:
1942:
1845:
1689:
1559:
1220:
988:
968:
528:
496:
5257:
5158:
5004:
4360:
2361:
1905:
1855:
1579:
1497:
624:
405:
225:
2418:
The city of St. Louis has frequently acknowledged Lucy Ann Berry's significance to local and national Black History.
2142:
abuse. Mary withdrew the suit after Henry enumerated her faults. They agreed to stay married, but lived separately.
2062:
and lived there from 1818 to around 1823. She was then sold to Major Taylor Berry and his wife, Frances (Fannie) of
4769:
4550:
3995:
2486:
2357:
2231:
2124:
2120:
2003:
1958:
1764:
1616:
1601:
1492:
688:
358:
5066:
4729:
4697:
4462:
4240:
2570:
2097:
2089:
1860:
1759:
1290:
1278:
868:
841:
346:
4777:
4422:
3961:
3396:
1640:
1509:
1062:
851:
336:
237:
4217:
2667:
516:
2384:, most of which were published prior to the Civil War and Emancipation. The book accomplishes the following:
2074:
Fanny Berry was highly pleased with Polly's manner and appearance, and concluded to make a seamstress of her.
4647:
4571:
4493:
4376:
4028:
2207:
2162:
2063:
2055:
1967:
asserts that if the mother was free at the child's birth, the child should be free. After Delaney's mother,
1963:
1825:
1564:
1514:
1442:
1215:
993:
937:
920:
351:
2214:
1113:
5031:
4948:
4437:
4265:
4148:
4131:
4052:
3741:
O'Neil, Tim (May 17, 2014). "Look Back 250 – Slavery was a Fact of Life in St. Louis from the Beginning".
2492:
Corbett states that Magehan had taken Polly down the Mississippi River. She escaped and walked to Chicago.
2320:
2047:
1998:, for her own and her daughter's freedom from slavery. For Delaney's case, Berry attracted the support of
1898:
1867:
1372:
1025:
873:
597:
563:
558:
2230:, prepared the case to free Delaney. He was highly involved in freedom suits in St. Louis. The prominent
5305:
4980:
4916:
4529:
4503:
4401:
4165:
4100:
4022:
2407:
She died at the Negro Masonic Home, purchased by the Freemasons for aged members and widows in 1907, in
1734:
1589:
1502:
1487:
1169:
1157:
903:
888:
673:
448:
370:
2249:
By the time the case went to trial, her mother's case had been settled, and Polly was freed. Polly had
2218:
Lucy Ann Britton v. David D. Mitchell freedom suit and damages, November 1844, St Louis Circuit Court
5310:
5178:
5168:
4830:
4721:
4614:
4416:
2496:
2051:
1872:
1776:
1739:
1667:
1611:
1480:
1437:
1251:
1181:
856:
636:
538:
422:
329:
3813:
3674:
5173:
4785:
4576:
4483:
4365:
4324:
4319:
4212:
2412:
1360:
1340:
1225:
1210:
1079:
1050:
1040:
930:
878:
846:
643:
501:
469:
464:
417:
274:
5127:
4406:
4177:
4076:
3613:
3459:
Gender and the Jubilee: Black Freedom and the Reconstruction of Citizenship in Civil War Missouri
3161:
2437:
2408:
2262:
2223:
2088:
an unnamed enslaved man of the Berry's and they had two daughters, Nancy and Lucy. They lived in
1987:
1606:
1452:
1427:
1417:
1382:
1377:
1345:
1310:
1303:
1244:
1237:
1094:
913:
908:
898:
668:
521:
479:
474:
427:
395:
385:
322:
71:
4653:
4058:
3814:"Crossing Jordon: The Mississippi River in the Black Experience in Greater St. Louis, 1815–1860"
3513:
2527:
It was customary to lease out slaves to offset expenses and earn money for such slaves' masters.
2323:
and with her sister from Canada, Nancy and Lucy were reunited with their father during a visit.
543:
489:
3700:
2054:, which legally made them free. However, months later, in April 1818, Polly was transported to
5039:
4625:
4509:
4222:
3911:
3886:
3880:
3865:
3844:
3838:
3798:
3777:
3605:
3549:
3493:
3463:
3376:
3141:
3030:
2787:
2714:
2708:
2614:
2495:
The National Park Service says in its article about Delaney that Polly went to Chicago on the
2312:
2202:
2179:
2131:
2038:
Lucy Ann Berry was born into slavery in St. Louis, Missouri around 1828 and 1830. Her mother,
2026:
1694:
1412:
1407:
1350:
1335:
1315:
1137:
1132:
1067:
1030:
863:
829:
658:
511:
400:
279:
3771:
3487:
3457:
3370:
3135:
2781:
2608:
4838:
4593:
4284:
4119:
3938:
3597:
2303:
Lucy Ann married Zachariah Delaney in St. Louis on November 16, 1849, a free black man from
2278:
2018:
1884:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1422:
1387:
1355:
1325:
1198:
1186:
1164:
1142:
1089:
925:
893:
195:
3943:
3882:
Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel
3081:
Name: Henry S Coxe, Spouse: Mary Ann Berry, Marriage Date: 21 Mar 1837, Volume/Page: 02-044
5209:
5163:
4988:
4940:
4924:
4892:
4761:
4604:
4540:
4472:
4355:
4314:
4271:
4171:
4070:
3984:
2503:
2427:
2381:
2243:
2227:
2011:
1983:
1938:
1793:
1684:
1679:
1432:
1402:
1397:
1120:
1084:
883:
801:
506:
252:
2997:"'You have no business to whip me': the freedom suits of Polly Wash and Lucy Ann Delaney"
4619:
4599:
4586:
4524:
4488:
4411:
4329:
4246:
4183:
4046:
4040:
3948:
African-American Life in St. Louis, 1804–1865, from the Records of the St. Louis Courts
2537:
2442:
2135:
2119:, New York. Nancy had been previously instructed by Polly to escape into Canada (where
2059:
1877:
1771:
663:
341:
304:
262:
3859:
3337:
2046:
around 1803 or 1805. In October 1817, when Polly was about fourteen, she was taken to
5274:
4630:
4609:
4581:
4519:
4478:
4467:
4427:
4386:
4381:
4344:
4290:
4094:
4064:
3617:
2161:
Having been held illegally as a slave in Illinois, Polly sued for her freedom in the
2116:
1815:
1744:
1191:
1174:
949:
779:
769:
553:
203:
3792:
3760:
2130:
While Polly was owned by the Coxes, she periodically worked on riverboats along the
2112:
and daughters support heavy loads of responsibility, pain, sorrow, and loneliness."
2050:. After 90 days in Illinois, slaveholders were required to register their slaves as
5108:
5100:
4442:
4396:
4370:
4309:
4189:
3646:
2349:
2235:
1999:
1979:
1950:
1820:
1657:
1633:
1539:
1532:
1263:
791:
764:
727:
705:
592:
309:
289:
267:
257:
247:
242:
232:
2380:
the only first-person account of a freedom suit. The text is also classified as a
2281:. Her mother lived with them. Turner died soon after in a boiler explosion on the
2201:
Polly filed suit on September 8, 1842, as a "next friend" of her daughter against
1072:
3397:"Fearful Explosion and Loss of Life – about 20 Lives Lost and 40 Persons Scalded"
4822:
4566:
4514:
4334:
4277:
4082:
4034:
2265:
for poor conditions that Delaney suffered in jail. They later dropped the suit.
2156:
2093:
2039:
1968:
1946:
1662:
1650:
1003:
806:
796:
754:
568:
183:
2360:(GAR). The veterans' group was named after the white commanding officer of the
37:"Yours Truly", Lucy A. Delaney, The New York Public Library Digital Collections
5047:
4996:
4932:
4659:
4534:
4447:
4431:
4339:
4088:
3586:"'Face to Face': Localizing Lucy Delaney's From the Darkness Cometh the Light"
2432:
2304:
2105:
1930:
1810:
1107:
811:
678:
3609:
3773:
Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature
3372:
Ain't But a Place: An Anthology of African American Writings about St. Louis
2282:
2274:
2250:
2022:
1991:
1055:
720:
582:
50:
3585:
737:
3601:
4814:
4498:
4456:
2810:"Lucy A. Delaney (wife of Zachariah Delaney), Morgan Street, St. Louis",
2238:, a slaveholder, argued the case in court. He was later appointed as the
2043:
1995:
1954:
1645:
1203:
1147:
1099:
759:
604:
459:
365:
54:
3439:
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S., Marriage Index, 1804–1876, volume 07, page 37
2353:
American women. She was a leader in the black women's Masonic movement.
4884:
1628:
710:
390:
207:
3908:
Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide
2489:) and "gave herself up to her captors", who returned her to St. Louis.
1937:; c. 1828–1830 – August 31, 1910) was an African American seamstress,
4846:
1330:
1152:
732:
715:
577:
412:
380:
3840:
St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764–1865
2862:
St. Louis Legal Encoding Project, Washington University in St. Louis
2198:
to the cottage of her mother, who had her hide at a friend's house.
3953:
2213:
587:
573:
548:
3489:
Discovering African American St. Louis: A Guide to Historic Sites
2783:
Contested Democracy: Freedom, Race, and Power in American History
4770:
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
3533:, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2814:, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration
2308:
454:
284:
3957:
3864:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. p. 146.
4706:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
3950:, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service
2378:
From the Darkness Cometh the Light, or, Struggles for Freedom,
2058:
of central Missouri, where she was sold. She was taken up the
3093:
3091:
3089:
2892:
2890:
1976:
From the Darkness Cometh the Light, or, Struggles for Freedom
115:
From the Darkness Cometh the Light, or, Struggles for Freedom
2632:
2630:
2257:
Wash filed a second suit on behalf of her daughter entitled
3861:
Redemption songs : suing for freedom before Dred Scott
3762:
From the Darkness Cometh the Light or Struggles for Freedom
2396:
The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature
2096:
of St. Louis, a lawyer later appointed as a justice of the
1945:
and was primarily held by the Major Taylor Berry and Judge
1990:
period. The memoir recounts her mother's legal battles in
3701:"Freemason Home purchased for members, wives, or orphans"
4682:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
3924:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
3342:
University Libraries, Washington University in St. Louis
3518:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1965. p. 16780.
3922:
Slavery On Trial: Law, Abolitionism, and Print Culture
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3208:
3206:
3166:
Gateway Arch National Park, U.S. National Park Service
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
2835:
2833:
2732:
2730:
2415:. She was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in St. Louis.
2319:
After the Civil War, Lucy located her father outside
1585:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
5146:
5119:
5084:
5058:
5023:
4804:
4673:
4640:
4300:
4256:
4231:
4205:
4158:
4141:
4015:
4004:
2858:"Polly Wash, a woman of color v. Joseph M. Magehen"
1978:. This is the only known first-person account of a
179:
120:
110:
102:
94:
86:
78:
61:
42:
23:
5250:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
3137:In Her Place: A Guide to St. Louis Women's History
2277:worker Frederick Turner, with whom she settled in
1949:families. As a teenager, she was the subject of a
3035:Missouri Intelligencer and Boon's Lick Advertiser
2713:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 211, 214.
2577:. The New York Public Library Digital Collections
2311:. The Delaneys lived in a house on Gay Street in
3910:, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989.
2780:Sinha, Manisha; Eschen, Penny Marie Von (2007).
1700:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
16:African American writer and activist (1830–1910)
5204:List of last surviving American enslaved people
3579:
3577:
3544:Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelps, Shirelle (1992).
3462:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 17–18.
2386:
2325:
2290:
2184:
2071:
4794:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
3269:
3257:
2915:
2805:
2803:
2636:
3969:
3824:(1). The State Historical Society of Missouri
3669:
3667:
3515:Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates
2786:. Columbia University Press. pp. 87–88.
1906:
8:
3641:
3639:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
1705:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3651:Greenwood Cemetery Preservation Association
3492:. Missouri History Museum. pp. 25–26.
3437:"Zachary Delaney married Lucy Ann Turner",
3245:
3197:
3140:. Missouri History Museum. pp. 56–57.
3109:
3097:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2939:
2896:
2881:
2691:
4012:
3976:
3962:
3954:
3843:. St. Louis, MO: Missouri History Museum.
3432:
3430:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2610:Enslaved Women in America: An Encyclopedia
2571:"Yours truly Lucy A. Delaney, 1870 - 1890"
2222:In February 1844, the case went to trial.
1974:In 1891, Delaney published the narrative,
1941:, and community leader. She was born into
1913:
1899:
190:
31:
20:
5218:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
3481:
3479:
5199:Treatment of slaves in the United States
4973:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
4287:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
3451:
3449:
3447:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3292:
3290:
3075:"Mary Ann Berry married Henry S. Coxe",
2852:
2850:
2848:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2702:
2700:
2506:, and the years before that in Kentucky.
2471:Nancy later married a successful farmer.
1710:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1575:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1555:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3630:
3568:
3421:
3375:. Missouri History Museum. p. 34.
3338:"Lucy Ann Britton v. David D. Mitchell"
3185:
3121:
2927:
2824:
2760:
2748:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2562:
2454:
202:
144: 1845; died 1848)
82:Greenwood Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri
5136:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
4957:Queen: The Story of an American Family
4877:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
2480:There are a wide variety of opinions:
5331:19th-century African-American writers
4909:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
4738:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
4174:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
3794:Black pioneers : an untold story
3529:"Lucy Delaney, St. Louis, Missouri",
2536:Murdoch had prosecuted the murder of
2259:Lucy Ann Britton v. David D. Mitchell
2006:politician and judge, and the future
1929:
1597:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1274:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
4754:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
4249:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
3324:
3312:
3281:
3233:
3212:
3062:
2839:
2736:
1789:Slave marriages in the United States
1393:Human trafficking in the Middle East
90:Author, seamstress, community leader
3776:. University Press of Mississippi.
3077:St. Louis Marriage Index, 1804–1876
2226:, the former district attorney for
1128:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
5296:Freedom suits in the United States
5093:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
4965:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
4243:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
4196:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
3015:– via Gale Academic OneFile.
2346:African Methodist Episcopal Church
2021:. In 1848, Turner was killed in a
1782:last survivors of American slavery
14:
5194:Songs of the Underground Railroad
5154:Abolitionism in the United States
4662:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
4293:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
3935:Works by or about Lucy A. Delaney
3812:Roberts, Anna K. (October 2018).
3743:McClatchy – Tribune Business News
2812:1880 United States Federal Census
2707:Twitty, Anne (October 31, 2016).
2069:Delaney said of the transaction:
743:Field slaves in the United States
610:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
5281:19th-century American memoirists
5242:Slave Songs of the United States
4746:The Underground Railroad Records
4656:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
3837:Van Ravenswaay, Charles (1991).
2157:Polly Berry § Freedom suits
620:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
615:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
444:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
214:
4622:(19th century Indian Territory)
4596:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
2540:in Alton by anti-abolitionists.
2376:In 1891, Delaney published her
2167:Polly Wash v. Joseph A. Magehan
1570:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1121:East, Southeast, and South Asia
168:
164:
141:
5301:United States slavery case law
5226:Slave-Trading in the Old South
4280:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
3681:. September 4, 1910. p. 7
3548:. Gale Research. p. 263.
3134:Corbett, Katherine T. (1999).
2008:United States Attorney General
1953:, because her mother lived in
1269:Slave raiding in Easter Island
167: 1849; died
1:
5326:19th-century American writers
4901:The Confessions of Nat Turner
4866:
4859:
4690:The Narrative of Robert Adams
4104:
3885:. New York University Press.
3675:"Delaney – Entered into rest"
3037:. February 6, 1829. p. 2
2995:Gardner, Eric (Spring 2007).
5286:19th-century American slaves
5234:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
5189:Slavery in the United States
4546:Greensbury Washington Offley
3797:. New York: Atheneum Books.
3791:Katz, William Loren (1999).
3546:Notable Black American Women
3403:. August 14, 1848. p. 2
2613:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 56–58.
2366:United States Colored Troops
2348:in 1855, founded in 1816 in
1560:Temporary Slavery Commission
1221:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
5291:Writers of slave narratives
5258:The Hemingses of Monticello
5159:African-American literature
3486:Wright, John Aaron (2002).
2607:Berry, Daina Ramey (2012).
2362:54th Massachusetts Infantry
2187:she would whip me severely.
1580:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
625:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
5347:
5316:African-American activists
5074:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
4180:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
3996:Slave Narrative Collection
3818:Missouri Historical Review
3707:. March 9, 1907. p. 4
3369:Early, Gerald Lyn (1998).
2487:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
2358:Grand Army of the Republic
2154:
2125:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
2121:slavery had been abolished
1765:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1602:Anti-Slavery International
1367:North Africa and West Asia
5321:American women memoirists
5067:To a Southern Slaveholder
4855:The Bondwoman's Narrative
4730:My Bondage and My Freedom
4714:The Life of Josiah Henson
4698:American Slavery as It Is
4126:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
3991:
3858:VanderVelde, Lea (2014).
3765:. St. Louis: J. T. Smith.
3759:Delaney, Lucy A. (1891).
2098:Supreme Court of Missouri
2090:Franklin County, Missouri
1861:Emancipation Proclamation
1533:Opposition and resistance
1291:Sex trafficking in Europe
1279:Blackbirding in Polynesia
842:Trans-Saharan slave trade
30:
5013:The Underground Railroad
4778:The Peculiar Institution
4423:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
3728:St.Louis Post – Dispatch
3679:St. Louis Globe-Democrat
1641:Compensated emancipation
852:Indian Ocean slave trade
5184:Films featuring slavery
4648:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
4572:William Henry Singleton
4377:Ellen and William Craft
3879:Wong, Edlie L. (2009).
3730:. pp. 46-GO, 46:1.
3584:Gardner, Eric. (2007).
3079:, St. Louis, Missouri,
3001:African American Review
2208:partus sequitur ventrem
2064:Howard County, Missouri
1964:partus sequitur ventrem
1565:1926 Slavery Convention
1321:Germany in World War II
938:North and South America
460:Contract of manumission
5032:Amos Fortune, Free Man
4266:Juan Francisco Manzano
4241:Marie-Joseph Angélique
4149:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
4132:Johann Georg Wolffgang
4114:Guðríður Símonardóttir
4053:James Leander Cathcart
3770:Gardner, Eric (2010).
3456:Romeo, Sharon (2016).
2400:
2336:
2321:Vicksburg, Mississippi
2301:
2219:
2195:
2082:
2048:Edwardsville, Illinois
1046:British Virgin Islands
598:Circassian slave trade
564:Safavid imperial harem
559:Ottoman Imperial Harem
4981:Walk Through Darkness
4917:Underground to Canada
4530:Jermain Wesley Loguen
4475:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
4402:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
4218:Konstantin Mihailović
4166:Lovisa von Burghausen
3602:10.1353/leg.2007.0007
2550:Polly filed the suit.
2217:
2165:in the case known as
1285:Europe and North Asia
1245:Australia and Oceania
945:Pre-Columbian America
517:Slave raid of Suðuroy
449:Slavery in al-Andalus
371:Black Sea slave trade
300:21st-century jihadism
5179:Caribbean literature
5169:Atlantic slave trade
4722:Twelve Years a Slave
4615:Booker T. Washington
4417:Jordan Winston Early
3920:Jeannine Delombard,
3906:Ann Allen Shockley,
2497:Underground Railroad
2288:on August 12, 1848.
2042:was born a slave in
1740:Indentured servitude
1668:Underground Railroad
1468:United Arab Emirates
857:Zanzibar slave trade
824:By country or region
637:Atlantic slave trade
539:Ma malakat aymanukum
423:Venetian slave trade
5174:Captivity narrative
5005:The Book of Negroes
4786:The Slave Community
4650:(1845–1847, Brazil)
4577:James Lindsay Smith
4484:John Andrew Jackson
4419:(1814 – after 1894)
4373:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
4366:William Wells Brown
4325:Jared Maurice Arter
4320:William J. Anderson
4213:Johann Schiltberger
3705:St. Louis Palladium
3531:1870 Federal Census
3272:, pp. 404–405.
3270:Van Ravenswaay 1991
3258:Van Ravenswaay 1991
3248:, pp. 151–152.
3112:, pp. 150–151.
3031:"Frances Wash died"
2916:Van Ravenswaay 1991
2666:Garfield, Deborah.
2637:Van Ravenswaay 1991
2413:Heroines of Jericho
2364:, the first of the
2269:Marriage and family
2240:US Attorney General
2052:indentured servants
1982:and one of the few
1826:Slave Route Project
957:Americas indigenous
847:Red Sea slave trade
837:Contemporary Africa
700:Topics and practice
470:Crimean slave trade
465:Bukhara slave trade
418:Genoese slave trade
295:Contemporary Africa
275:Forced prostitution
5128:Unchained Memories
4633:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
4407:Frederick Douglass
4178:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
4077:Maria ter Meetelen
2438:Marguerite Scypion
2409:Hannibal, Missouri
2394:Deborah Garfield,
2224:Francis B. Murdoch
2220:
1607:Blockade of Africa
914:Somali slave trade
830:Sub-Saharan Africa
522:Turkish Abductions
480:Khivan slave trade
475:Khazar slave trade
428:Balkan slave trade
386:Prague slave trade
72:Hannibal, Missouri
5268:
5267:
5040:I, Juan de Pareja
5024:Young adult books
4831:Uncle Tom's Cabin
4674:Non-fiction books
4669:
4668:
4626:Harriet E. Wilson
4510:Elizabeth Keckley
4356:Henry "Box" Brown
4274:(1860–1965, Cuba)
4268:(1797–1854, Cuba)
4223:George of Hungary
4198:(1792 – fl. 1828)
3647:"Notable Burials"
3633:, pp. 62–63.
3571:, pp. 60–61.
3424:, pp. 55–56.
3401:Democratic Banner
3300:Los Angeles Times
3188:, pp. 22–23.
3124:, pp. 46–47.
2930:, pp. 10–11.
2710:Before Dred Scott
2668:"Lucy A. Delaney"
2313:Mill Creek Valley
2203:David D. Mitchell
2180:David D. Mitchell
2132:Mississippi River
2027:Mill Creek Valley
1988:post-Emancipation
1986:published in the
1923:
1922:
1873:Freedmen's Bureau
1695:Third Servile War
1690:International law
1257:Human trafficking
1019:Human trafficking
694:Thirteen colonies
512:Sack of Baltimore
280:Human trafficking
189:
188:
154:Zachariah Delaney
69:(aged 79–80)
5338:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4839:The Heroic Slave
4594:Pierre Toussaint
4589:(1793 VA – 1860)
4553:(1827 VA – 1900)
4285:Pierre Toussaint
4120:Antoine Qaurtier
4109:
4106:
4013:
3985:Slave narratives
3978:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3939:Internet Archive
3896:
3875:
3854:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3808:
3787:
3766:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3453:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3246:VanderVelde 2014
3243:
3237:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3198:VanderVelde 2014
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3110:VanderVelde 2014
3107:
3101:
3098:VanderVelde 2014
3095:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2992:
2943:
2940:VanderVelde 2014
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2900:
2897:VanderVelde 2014
2894:
2885:
2882:VanderVelde 2014
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2777:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2704:
2695:
2692:VanderVelde 2014
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2672:Oxford Reference
2663:
2640:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2403:Death and legacy
2398:
2339:Civic engagement
2334:
2299:
2286:The Edward Bates
2279:Quincy, Illinois
2242:under President
2193:
2170:behalf in 1842.
2080:
2019:Quincy, Illinois
2010:under President
1984:slave narratives
1933:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1885:Emancipation Day
1718:
1685:Slave Trade Acts
376:Byzantine Empire
218:
191:
172:
170:
166:
145:
143:
131:Frederick Turner
68:
35:
21:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5210:Book of Negroes
5164:Anti-Tom novels
5142:
5115:
5080:
5054:
5019:
4989:The Known World
4869:
4862:
4800:
4762:Up from Slavery
4665:
4654:Miguel de Buría
4636:
4605:Wallace Turnage
4541:Solomon Northup
4473:Fountain Hughes
4315:Jordan Anderson
4302:
4296:
4272:Esteban Montejo
4258:
4252:
4233:
4227:
4201:
4172:Olaudah Equiano
4154:
4137:
4107:
4071:Elizabeth Marsh
4059:Ólafur Egilsson
4047:Felice Caronni
4008:
4006:
4000:
3987:
3982:
3944:"Freedom Suits"
3931:
3903:
3901:Further reading
3893:
3878:
3872:
3857:
3851:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3811:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3769:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3219:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3018:GALE|A168334126
3010:
3008:
2994:
2993:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2606:
2605:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:Alton, Illinois
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2428:Charlotte Dupuy
2424:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2382:slave narrative
2374:
2341:
2335:
2333:Lucy A. Delaney
2332:
2300:
2298:Lucy A. Delaney
2297:
2271:
2244:Abraham Lincoln
2228:Alton, Illinois
2194:
2192:Lucy A. Delaney
2191:
2176:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2081:
2079:Lucy A. Delaney
2078:
2036:
2012:Abraham Lincoln
1951:freedom lawsuit
1919:
1890:
1889:
1794:Slave narrative
1750:Fugitive slaves
1730:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1680:Slave rebellion
1535:
1525:
1524:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1295:United Kingdom
1231:Yankee princess
825:
817:
816:
544:Avret Pazarları
490:Avret Pazarları
359:Medieval Europe
325:
315:
314:
253:Forced marriage
228:
175:
174:
162:
158:
155:
147:
139:
135:
132:
74:, United States
70:
66:
65:August 31, 1910
57:, United States
49:
47:
38:
26:
25:Lucy A. Delaney
17:
12:
11:
5:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4949:Middle Passage
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4810:
4808:
4806:Fiction/novels
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4623:
4620:Wallace Willis
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4600:Harriet Tubman
4597:
4590:
4587:Austin Steward
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4557:William Parker
4554:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4527:
4525:J. Vance Lewis
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4489:Harriet Jacobs
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4465:
4463:William Grimes
4460:
4455:(19th century
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:Kate Drumgoold
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Solomon Bayley
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4301:North America:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4257:North America:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4247:John R. Jewitt
4244:
4237:
4235:
4232:North America:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4206:Ottoman Empire
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4184:Jean Marteilhe
4181:
4175:
4169:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4067:(late 19th c.)
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4041:Isaac Brassard
4038:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4009:of enslavement
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3930:
3929:External links
3927:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:978-0814794654
3891:
3876:
3871:978-0199927296
3870:
3855:
3850:978-0252019159
3849:
3834:
3809:
3804:978-0689814105
3803:
3788:
3783:978-1604732849
3782:
3767:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3733:
3718:
3692:
3663:
3635:
3623:
3573:
3561:
3555:978-0810347496
3554:
3536:
3521:
3505:
3499:978-1883982454
3498:
3475:
3469:978-0820348018
3468:
3443:
3426:
3414:
3388:
3382:978-1883982287
3381:
3354:
3329:
3327:, p. 142.
3317:
3315:, p. 132.
3305:
3286:
3284:, p. 135.
3274:
3262:
3260:, p. 404.
3250:
3238:
3236:, p. 141.
3217:
3215:, p. 127.
3202:
3200:, p. 151.
3190:
3178:
3162:"Lucy Delaney"
3153:
3147:978-1883982300
3146:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3100:, p. 150.
3085:
3067:
3065:, p. 140.
3048:
3022:
2944:
2942:, p. 149.
2932:
2920:
2918:, p. 403.
2901:
2899:, p. 146.
2886:
2884:, p. 148.
2874:
2844:
2842:, p. 138.
2829:
2817:
2799:
2793:978-0231141109
2792:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2739:, p. 161.
2726:
2720:978-1107112063
2719:
2696:
2694:, p. 147.
2684:
2641:
2626:
2620:978-0313349089
2619:
2588:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2538:Elijah Lovejoy
2529:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2473:
2464:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:List of slaves
2440:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2404:
2401:
2391:
2373:
2370:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2295:
2270:
2267:
2189:
2175:
2172:
2155:Main article:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2136:Illinois River
2076:
2060:Missouri River
2035:
2032:
2002:, a prominent
1939:slave narrator
1935:Lucy Ann Berry
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:List of slaves
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:Dutch Republic
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
966:
965:
964:
954:
953:
952:
941:
940:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
860:
859:
849:
844:
839:
833:
832:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
787:
783:
782:
777:
775:Child soldiers
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
751:
750:
740:
735:
730:
725:
724:
723:
718:
713:
702:
701:
697:
696:
691:
686:
684:Spanish Empire
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:Middle Passage
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
639:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
526:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
494:
493:
492:
485:Ottoman Empire
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
440:
439:
433:
432:
431:
430:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
403:
398:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
361:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
332:
326:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
305:Sexual slavery
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
271:
270:
265:
263:Child marriage
260:
250:
245:
240:
238:Child soldiers
235:
229:
224:
223:
220:
219:
211:
210:
200:
199:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
160:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
63:
59:
58:
46:Lucy Ann Berry
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5343:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:Documentaries
5118:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:South America
4639:
4632:
4631:Zamba Zembola
4629:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:Bethany Veney
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Venture Smith
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:James Roberts
4560:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Lunsford Lane
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:Paul Jennings
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Omar ibn Said
4477:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Josiah Henson
4466:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4453:William Green
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4428:Peter Fossett
4426:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Lucinda Davis
4385:
4383:
4382:Hannah Crafts
4380:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4350:James Bradley
4348:
4346:
4345:Leonard Black
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:United States
4299:
4292:
4291:Marcos Xiorro
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4095:Thomas Pellow
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4065:Petro Kilekwa
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:, p. 47.
2826:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:, p. 46.
2762:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:Circuit Court
2158:
2150:
2146:Freedom suits
2145:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:Niagara Falls
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Slave catcher
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Forced labour
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:Abolitionists
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:comfort women
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:Chukri System
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Latin America
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:interregional
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:prison labour
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:United States
967:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
828:
827:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
784:
781:
780:White slavery
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:Slave raiding
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
739:
738:Corvée labour
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Abbasid harem
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:Barbary Coast
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
438:
435:
434:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
318:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
222:
221:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:Forced labour
201:
197:
193:
192:
185:
182:
178:
149:
148:
126:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:Notable works
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
79:Resting place
77:
73:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
5306:1820s births
5256:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5134:
5126:
5107:
5101:The Octoroon
5099:
5091:
5072:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4494:Thomas James
4443:Moses Grandy
4438:David George
4397:Lucy Delaney
4371:Peter Bruner
4310:Sam Aleckson
4190:Roustam Raza
4101:Joseph Pitts
4023:Robert Adams
4007:by continent
3947:
3921:
3907:
3881:
3860:
3839:
3826:. Retrieved
3821:
3817:
3793:
3772:
3761:
3753:Bibliography
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3704:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3678:
3654:. Retrieved
3650:
3631:Delaney 1891
3626:
3596:(1): 50–71.
3593:
3589:
3569:Delaney 1891
3564:
3545:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3488:
3458:
3438:
3422:Delaney 1891
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3400:
3391:
3371:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3299:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3193:
3186:Roberts 2018
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3165:
3156:
3136:
3129:
3122:Gardner 2010
3117:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3039:. Retrieved
3034:
3025:
3009:. Retrieved
3004:
3000:
2935:
2928:Delaney 1891
2923:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:
2825:Gardner 2010
2820:
2811:
2782:
2761:Gardner 2010
2756:
2751:, p. 9.
2749:Delaney 1891
2744:
2709:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2609:
2579:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2545:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2476:
2467:
2457:
2417:
2406:
2395:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2355:
2350:Philadelphia
2342:
2326:
2318:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2272:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2236:Edward Bates
2221:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2140:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2056:Little Dixie
2037:
2016:
2000:Edward Bates
1980:freedom suit
1975:
1973:
1962:
1934:
1926:Lucy Delaney
1925:
1924:
1821:Slave patrol
1658:Freedom suit
1634:Sierra Leone
1624:Colonization
1540:Abolitionism
1520:Baháʼí Faith
1493:Christianity
1443:Saudi Arabia
1299:Penal Labour
1264:Blackbirding
1170:Debt bondage
1158:penal system
984:Contemporary
974:Field slaves
962:U.S. Natives
921:South Africa
792:Galley slave
765:Slave market
755:House slaves
728:Blackbirding
706:Conscription
630:21st century
593:Umm al-walad
437:Muslim world
406:Emancipation
310:Wage slavery
290:Penal labour
268:Wife selling
258:Bride buying
243:Conscription
233:Child Labour
226:Contemporary
114:
67:(1910-08-31)
48:c. 1828–1830
18:
5311:1910 deaths
4870: 1861
4863: 1853
4567:Moses Roper
4551:John Parker
4537:(1790–1880)
4515:Boston King
4506:(1799–1874)
4335:Polly Berry
4278:Mary Prince
4192:(1783–1845)
4186:(1684-1777)
4168:(1698–1733)
4151:(1684–1736)
4134:(1644–1744)
4128:(1660–1736)
4122:(1632–1702)
4116:(1598–1682)
4108: 1735
4091:(1708–1754)
4083:Mende Nazer
4073:(1735–1785)
4061:(1564–1639)
4055:(1767–1843)
4049:(1747–1815)
4043:(1620–1702)
4035:Francis Bok
4031:(1714-1761)
4029:Marcus Berg
4025:(c. 1790–?)
4005:Individuals
3828:February 3,
3711:February 4,
3685:February 4,
3656:February 4,
3407:February 3,
3347:February 4,
3171:February 3,
3041:January 30,
2867:January 29,
2677:January 30,
2263:reparations
2234:politician
2094:Robert Wash
2040:Polly Berry
1969:Polly Berry
1947:Robert Wash
1836:court cases
1713: [
1663:Slave Power
1651:Manumission
1498:Catholicism
1373:Afghanistan
1114:Puerto Rico
1026:The Bahamas
1004:Slave codes
807:Shanghaiing
797:Impressment
689:Slave Coast
569:Qajar harem
529:Concubinage
502:slave trade
184:Polly Berry
103:Nationality
5275:Categories
5048:Copper Sun
4997:Unburnable
4933:Dessa Rose
4660:Osifekunde
4592:Venerable
4535:James Mars
4448:Lear Green
4432:Monticello
4392:Noah Davis
4361:John Brown
4340:Henry Bibb
4283:Venerable
4089:Hark Olufs
3916:0452009812
3011:January 4,
2581:January 4,
2558:References
2433:Dred Scott
2305:Cincinnati
2251:affidavits
2106:Deep South
2102:plantation
2034:Early life
1959:free state
1851:J.Q. Adams
1841:Washington
1811:Slave name
1760:convention
1735:Common law
1108:Encomienda
904:Seychelles
889:Mauritania
812:Slave ship
679:Panyarring
674:New France
323:Historical
87:Occupation
4773:(1936–38)
4259:Caribbean
4085:(b. 1982)
4037:(b. 1979)
3618:162365748
3610:1534-0643
3325:Wong 2009
3313:Wong 2009
3282:Wong 2009
3234:Wong 2009
3213:Wong 2009
3063:Wong 2009
2840:Wong 2009
2737:Katz 1999
2283:steamboat
2275:steamboat
2023:steamboat
1992:St. Louis
1846:Jefferson
1503:Mormonism
1438:Palestine
1252:Australia
1182:Indonesia
1073:Lei Áurea
1056:Code Noir
1036:Caribbean
1009:Treatment
748:Treatment
721:Devshirme
583:Odalisque
401:In Russia
342:Babylonia
330:Antiquity
51:St. Louis
5069:" (1848)
4815:Oroonoko
4499:John Jea
4103:(1663 –
4097:(1705–?)
4079:(1704–?)
2422:See also
2392:—
2331:—
2296:—
2190:—
2123:and the
2077:—
2044:Kentucky
1996:Missouri
1955:Illinois
1878:Iron bit
1868:40 acres
1831:breeding
1646:Freedman
1481:Religion
1341:Portugal
1226:Thailand
1216:Maldives
1211:Malaysia
1204:Kwalliso
1148:Booi Aha
1100:Restavek
1080:Colombia
1051:Trinidad
1041:Barbados
931:Zanzibar
879:Ethiopia
760:Saqaliba
654:Database
605:Saqaliba
366:Ancillae
196:a series
194:Part of
106:American
95:Language
55:Missouri
5147:Related
4941:Beloved
4925:Kindred
4893:Jubilee
4885:Our Nig
3937:at the
2104:in the
2086:married
1943:slavery
1856:Lincoln
1729:Related
1629:Liberia
1515:Judaism
1453:Tunisia
1428:Morocco
1418:Lebanon
1383:Bahrain
1378:Algeria
1346:Romania
1311:Denmark
1304:Slavery
1238:Vietnam
909:Somalia
899:Nigeria
874:Comoros
802:Pirates
711:Ghilman
644:Bristol
534:history
507:pirates
396:History
285:Peonage
208:slavery
180:Parents
173:
161:
157:
146:
138:
134:
98:English
5261:(2008)
5253:(2002)
5245:(1867)
5237:(2008)
5229:(1931)
5221:(1847)
5213:(1783)
5139:(2008)
5131:(2003)
5112:(2022)
5104:(1859)
5096:(1858)
5077:(1853)
5059:Essays
5051:(2006)
5043:(1965)
5035:(1951)
5016:(2016)
5008:(2007)
5000:(2006)
4992:(2003)
4984:(2002)
4976:(2001)
4968:(1996)
4960:(1993)
4952:(1990)
4944:(1987)
4936:(1986)
4928:(1979)
4920:(1977)
4912:(1976)
4904:(1967)
4896:(1966)
4888:(1859)
4880:(1856)
4850:(1853)
4847:Clotel
4842:(1852)
4834:(1852)
4826:(1841)
4818:(1688)
4797:(2018)
4789:(1972)
4781:(1956)
4765:(1901)
4757:(1881)
4749:(1872)
4741:(1861)
4733:(1855)
4725:(1853)
4717:(1849)
4709:(1845)
4701:(1839)
4693:(1816)
4685:(1789)
4434:–1901)
4430:(1815
4352:(1834)
4234:Canada
4159:Europe
4016:Africa
3914:
3889:
3868:
3847:
3801:
3780:
3616:
3608:
3590:Legacy
3552:
3496:
3466:
3379:
3144:
2790:
2717:
2617:
2372:Memoir
2084:Polly
1777:owners
1413:Kuwait
1408:Jordan
1361:Sweden
1351:Russia
1336:Poland
1331:Norway
1153:Laogai
1138:Brunei
1133:Bhutan
1095:revolt
1068:Brazil
1031:Canada
994:partus
979:female
864:Angola
733:Coolie
716:Mamluk
669:Nantes
649:Brazil
578:Cariye
413:Thrall
381:Kholop
347:Greece
121:Spouse
5085:Plays
3614:S2CID
2449:Notes
2151:Polly
1804:songs
1799:films
1717:]
1673:songs
1510:Islam
1488:Bible
1463:Yemen
1458:Qatar
1448:Syria
1423:Libya
1388:Egypt
1356:Spain
1326:Malta
1199:Korea
1187:Japan
1165:India
1143:China
1090:Haiti
950:Aztec
926:Sudan
894:Niger
786:Naval
659:Dutch
588:Qiyan
574:Jarya
549:Harem
391:Serfs
337:Egypt
171:)
163:(
159:
140:(
136:
5109:Omar
4142:Asia
3912:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3845:ISBN
3830:2022
3799:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3713:2022
3687:2022
3658:2022
3606:ISSN
3550:ISBN
3494:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3409:2022
3377:ISBN
3349:2022
3173:2022
3142:ISBN
3043:2022
3013:2011
2869:2022
2788:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2679:2022
2615:ISBN
2583:2022
2309:Ohio
2232:Whig
2174:Lucy
2134:and
2004:Whig
1957:, a
1755:laws
1617:U.S.
1612:U.K.
1550:U.S.
1545:U.K.
1433:Oman
1403:Iraq
1398:Iran
1085:Cuba
989:maps
884:Mali
869:Chad
455:Baqt
352:Rome
248:Debt
206:and
169:1890
62:Died
43:Born
4823:Sab
3822:113
3598:doi
3007:(1)
1931:née
5277::
4867:c.
4865:–
4860:c.
4457:MD
4105:c.
3946:,
3820:.
3816:.
3703:.
3677:.
3666:^
3649:.
3638:^
3612:.
3604:.
3594:24
3592:.
3588:.
3576:^
3478:^
3446:^
3429:^
3399:.
3357:^
3340:.
3289:^
3220:^
3205:^
3164:.
3088:^
3051:^
3033:.
3005:41
3003:.
2999:.
2947:^
2904:^
2889:^
2860:.
2847:^
2832:^
2802:^
2768:^
2729:^
2699:^
2670:.
2644:^
2629:^
2591:^
2573:.
2307:,
2246:.
2108:.
2066:.
1994:,
1715:fa
198:on
165:m.
142:m.
53:,
5065:"
4872:)
4858:(
4459:)
4110:)
3977:e
3970:t
3963:v
3895:.
3874:.
3853:.
3832:.
3807:.
3786:.
3745:.
3715:.
3689:.
3660:.
3620:.
3600::
3558:.
3502:.
3472:.
3411:.
3385:.
3351:.
3302:.
3175:.
3150:.
3045:.
2871:.
2796:.
2723:.
2681:.
2639:.
2623:.
2585:.
2499:.
1928:(
1914:e
1907:t
1900:v
1110:)
1106:(
576:/
451:
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
