1616:
1980:
966:
1768:, whom he had confirmed in office without his father's support, joined the revolt in 833. While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched south. The armies met on the plains of the Rothfeld. There, Gregory met the emperor and may have tried to sow dissension amongst his ranks. Soon much of Louis's army had evaporated before his eyes, and he ordered his few remaining followers to go, because "it would be a pity if any man lost his life or limb on my account." The resigned emperor was taken to
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1358:
4430:
899:
5020:
385:
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58:
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1761:, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin (he was less harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war. Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father's authority. His ministers had been in contact with Pepin and may have convinced him and Louis the German to rebel, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Charles.
953:. However, Charlemagne's other legitimate sons died—Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811—and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an already ailing Charlemagne in Aachen on 11 September 813. On his father's death in 814, he inherited the entire Carolingian Empire and all its possessions (with the sole exception of the kingdom of Italy; although within Louis's empire, in 813 Charlemagne had ordered that
1247:, had the effect of greatly reducing his prestige as a Frankish ruler, for he also recited a list of minor offences about which no secular ruler of the time would have taken any notice. He also made the egregious error of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in a position of power in the court of Lothair and the latter in a position in his own house.
1519:
1261:
1188:
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839:. Charlemagne's intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at a young age. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a vital role as bulwarks against exterior threats to the empire. Louis reigned over the
1208:. Intimidated by the emperor's swift action, Bernard met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. He was taken to Aachen by Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to death for treason. Louis had the sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Bernard did not survive the ordeal, however, dying after two days of agony. Others also suffered:
1118:, Louis and his court were crossing a wooden gallery from the cathedral to the palace in Aachen, when the gallery collapsed, killing many. Louis, having barely survived and feeling the imminent danger of death, began planning for his succession. Three months later among the approval of his Aachen court and the clergy he issued an imperial decree of eighteen chapters, the
4563:
887:, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. King Louis was formally invested with his armour in 791 at the age of fourteen. However, the princes were not given independence from central authority as Charlemagne wished to implant in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on remote military expeditions. Louis joined his brother Pippin at the
1643:, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close to his wife, who had been involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had played a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself believed her own death was divine retribution for that event. It took many months for his courtiers and advisors to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, in 820, to
1615:
1843:, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith's sister and Louis the German's new wife, worked on the younger Louis to make peace with his father, for the sake of unity of the empire. The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and
808:(778). Charlemagne wanted Louis to grow up in the area where he was to reign. However, wary of the customs his son may have been assimilating into in Aquitaine, Charlemagne, who had remarried to Fastrada after the death of Hildegard, sent for Louis in 785. Louis presented himself in Saxony at the royal
1817:
for the second time in his reign. The penitential ritual that was undertaken began when Louis arrived at the church and confessed multiple times to the crimes levied against him. The crimes had been historic and recent, with accusations of oath breaking, violation of the public peace and inability to
1748:
The next revolt occurred a mere two years later, in 832. The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father's court, where he was so poorly received he left against his father's orders. Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be stirred up to revolt by his nobles and desiring to reform his morals, Louis
1958:
held at Worms on 20 May, Louis gave
Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western. Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy,
1167:
With this settlement, Louis attempted to combine his sense for the Empire's unity, supported by the clergy, while at the same time providing positions for all of his sons. Instead of treating his sons equally in status and land, he elevated his first-born son
Lothair above his younger brothers and
1163:
If one of the subordinate kings died, he was to be succeeded by his sons. If he died childless, Lothair would inherit his kingdom. In the event of
Lothair dying without sons, one of Louis the Pious's younger sons would be chosen to replace him by "the people". Above all, the Empire would not be
2690:
Paired gold medallions of father and son had been struck on the occasion of the synod of Paris (825) that asserted
Frankish claims as emperor, recently denigrated by the Byzantines; see Karl F. Morrison, "The Gold Medallions of Louis the Pious and Lothaire I and the Synod of Paris (825)"
1822:. Afterwards, he threw his sword belt at the base of the altar and received judgement through the imposition of the hands of the bishops. Louis was to live the rest of his life as a penitent, never to hold office again. The penance divided the aristocracy. The anonymous biographer of the
1711:
Then
Lothair finally set out with a large Lombard army, but Louis had promised his sons Louis the German and Pepin of Aquitaine greater shares of the inheritance, prompting them to shift loyalties in favour of their father. When Lothair tried to call a general council of the realm in
1933:, giving all of the young king of Bavaria's lands, save Bavaria itself, to Charles. Emperor Louis did not stop there, however. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis declared Charles the new king of Aquitaine. The nobles, however, elected Pepin's son
1212:, in eclipse since the death of Charlemagne, was accused of having supported the rebellion, and was thrown into a monastic prison, dying soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had been poisoned. The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience for the rest of his life.
740:
by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father but faced distinctly different problems.
1005:
He quickly sent all of his many unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces to nunneries in order to avoid any possible entanglements from overly powerful brothers-in-law. Sparing his illegitimate half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and
Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins,
1403:, chief of the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818. Soon, Ceadrag too had turned against the Franks and allied with the Danes, who were to become the greatest menace of the Franks in a short time.
1909:
of some of his followers killed on previous expeditions before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them. They fled, but it would not be the last time they harried the northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over
1481:, was then deposed by Louis in 816, possibly for failing to suppress or collaborating with the Basque revolt south of the western Pyrenees, so sparking off a Basque uprising that was duly put down by the Frankish emperor in Dax. Seguin was replaced by
1468:
On the southwestern frontier, problems commenced early when c. 812, Louis the Pious crossed the western
Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. The expedition made its way back north, where it narrowly escaped an ambush attempt arranged by the
1991:. He died on 20 June 840 in the presence of many bishops and clerics and in the arms of his half-brother Drogo as he pardoned his son Louis, proclaimed Lothair emperor and commended the absent Charles and Judith to his protection.
1203:
of Aachen left
Bernard in Italy in an uncertain and subordinate position as king of Italy, and he began plotting to declare independence. Upon hearing of this, Louis immediately directed his army towards Italy, and headed for
729:, in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm among them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew
1723:
Pepin returned to
Aquitaine and Judith—after being forced to humiliate herself with a solemn oath of innocence—to Louis's court. Only Wala was severely dealt with, making his way to a secluded monastery on the shores of
1720:, the Austrasians and Rhinelanders came with a following of armed retainers, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their father and bow at his feet (831). Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy.
1149:
Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aachen by his father. He was promised the succession to most of the
Frankish dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the overlord of his brothers and
997:
Upon arriving at the imperial court in Aachen in an atmosphere of suspicion and anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was to purge the palace of what he considered undesirable. He destroyed the old Germanic
1928:
In 837, Louis crowned Charles king over all of Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of his brother Louis's land. Louis the German promptly rose in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at
1937:. When Louis threatened invasion, the third great civil war of his reign broke out. In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the
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to Charles, with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished. An insurrection was soon at hand.
1828:
criticized the whole affair on the basis that God does not judge twice for sins committed and confessed. Lothair's allies were generously compensated. Ebbo himself received the monastery of
1681:, even suggesting Bernard to be the true father of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them.
1881:
In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of
694:, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position that he held until his death except from November 833 to March 834, when he was deposed.
1666:, as Louis's attempts to provide for his fourth son met with stiff resistance from his older sons, and the last two decades of his reign were marked by civil war. At
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tokens and texts which had been collected by Charlemagne. He further exiled members of the court he deemed morally "dissolute", including some of his own relatives.
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and a court. Charlemagne constituted this sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his realm after the destructive war against the Aquitanians and Basques under
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and charged him with the reform of the Frankish church. One of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all religious houses in Louis's realm adhered to the
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3347:
1704:, Louis the German joined him. At that time, the emperor returned from another campaign in Brittany to find his empire at war with itself. He marched as far as
1041:
his chief counsellors. The latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to that office, but betrayed him later. He retained some of his father's ministers, such as
1153:
Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitaine, his territory including Gascony, the march around Toulouse, and the counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
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909:
Louis was one of Charlemagne's three legitimate sons to survive infancy. His twin brother, Lothair, died during infancy. According to the Frankish custom of
1952:
Lothair, for the first time in a long time, allied with his father and pledged support at Worms in exchange for a redivision of the inheritance. At a final
1171:
The decree failed to create order as it omitted Bernard, who immediately began to conspire. When Louis began to issue changes in favor of his second wife
1092:. From the start of his reign, his coinage imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait, which gave it an image of imperial authority and prestige. In 816,
1104:
and again crowned Louis on Sunday 5 October. As a result, most French kings were crowned in Reims, following the custom established by Louis the Pious.
2269:. In addition to Chasseneuil near Poitiers, scholars have suggested that Louis may have been born at Casseneuil (Lot et Garonne) or at Casseuil on the
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1708:, an ancient royal town, before being surrounded by Pepin's forces and captured. Judith was incarcerated at Poitiers and Bernard fled to Barcelona.
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1914:, but a treaty was confirmed between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Pious ordered the construction of a North Sea fleet and the sending of
1979:
1231:, and a council of clerics and nobles of the realm that had been convened for the reconciliation of Louis with his three younger half-brothers,
812:
dressed in Basque costumes along with other youths in the same garment, which may have made a good impression in Toulouse, since the Basques of
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and, failing, handed it to them. The CĂłrdoban authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom, including
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1395:—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of the Frankish emperor's power and dared not stir up any trouble. In 816, however, the
1430:, was sent out against him, but he died on campaign and, in 820, his margravate was invaded by Slovenes. In 821, an alliance was made with
1179:, his sons Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused to accept. The rule of sons being favoured over brothers in succession remained also untouched.
97:
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and Bartholmew, Archbishop of Narbonne were also deposed. Later that year Lothair fell ill; once again the events turned in Louis favour.
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2308:"The Penitential State. Authority and Atonement in the Ages of Louis the Pious (814–840) – 1. Louis the Pious – A boy who became a king"
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On Lothair's return to Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, died of a pestilence. On 2 February 835 at the palace
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Louis fell ill soon after his final victorious campaigns and retreated to his summer hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine near his
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With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having committed adultery with
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leaving the western for Charles. The emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine and had Charles recognised by the nobles and clergy at
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the Pious summoned all his forces to meet in Aquitaine in preparation of an uprising, but Louis the German garnered an army of
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In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons that was only exacerbated by Louis's attempts to include his son
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and Aquitaine, respectively, though without the royal titles. He proceeded to divide the empire among his three sons:
1994:
Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into yet another civil war. It lasted until 843 with the signing of the
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In 830, at Wala's insistence that Bernard of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led an army of
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acknowledged Louis's suzerainty and after he was reluctant to settle the matter peacefully with the Bulgarian ruler
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In 815, Louis had already given his two eldest sons a share in the government, when he had sent his elder sons
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and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Alps, they did not lose their freedom.
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During his reign in Aquitaine, Louis was charged with the defence of the empire's southwestern frontier. He
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divided: the Emperor would rule supreme over the subordinate kings, whose obedience to him was mandatory.
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of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as ruler of the Frankish heartland of
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in 840. Louis then, in a final flash of glory, rushed into Bavaria and forced the younger Louis into the
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4328:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
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2042:
1934:
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777:. He had a twin brother named Lothair, who died young. Louis and Lothair were given names from the old
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decided to send an expedition against the Cordoban caliphate (827). The counts in charge of the army,
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809:
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222:
3032:, the main source for his reign, written c. 840 by an unknown author usually called "the Astronomer"
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Mayke De Jong, "Power and Humility in Carolingian society: the Public Penance of Louis the Pious",
1863:
1862:, Louis presided over a general council to deal with the events of the previous year. Known as the
1852:
1813:, presided over a synod at the Church of Saint Medard in Soissons which saw Louis undertake public
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2339:, who worries that "you have few firm columns, I fear, on which to sustain the fortress of God."
2335:, suggests that Charlemagne may have been influenced by the letter he received in about 775 from
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82:
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as a three-year-old child in 781. In the following year he was sent to Aquitaine accompanied by
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and northern Italy among other regions was only short-lived until 855 and later reorganized as
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3092:. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).
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2011:
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1693:, too, opposed the redivision of the empire and lent their episcopal prestige to the rebels.
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1438:, and Liudewit was brought to heel. In 824 several Slav tribes in the north-western parts of
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Agobard, "Personal Attestation to the Penance of Louis the Pious" in Lievan Van Acker (ed.)
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While at his palace of Doué, Anjou, Louis received news of his father's death. He rushed to
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villas to Louis, in the thought that he would take in each in turn as winter residence:
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The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814–840
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before the emperor could react. Once again the elder Louis divided his vast realm. At
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The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814–840
2015:
1781:
1490:
1236:
945:, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he added
926:
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64:
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Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians
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Past Convictions: The Penance of Louis the Pious and the Decline of the Carolingians
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1998:, in which the division of the empire into three souvereign entities was settled.
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rulership. Furthermore, the penance of 833 was officially reversed and Archbishop
1780:. The despicable show of disloyalty and disingenuousness earned the site the name
1705:
2842:
2812:
1866:, Louis himself was reinvested with his ancestral garb and the crown, symbols of
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1967:. The empire now settled as he had declared it at Worms, he returned in July to
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1159:, the youngest son, was proclaimed King of Bavaria and the neighbouring marches.
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Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814–840)
2022:. The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.
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On the far southern edge of his great realm, Louis had to control the Lombard
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2331:"The Gentle Voices of Teachers": Aspects of Learning in the Carolingian Age
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in the pass of Roncevaux thanks to the precautions he took, i.e. hostages.
2513:
2442:
1971:, where he disbanded the army. The final civil war of his reign was over.
1457:
whom Charlemagne had never subjugated. He extracted promises from Princes
4799:
4159:
4128:
4034:
3816:
3692:
3044:
2336:
1954:
1946:
1906:
1829:
1713:
1701:
1632:
1439:
1435:
1384:
1363:
1224:
978:
950:
934:
880:
864:
770:
714:
706:
2355:, transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press), 116.
2252:
3712:
2270:
1894:
1886:
1814:
1777:
1773:
1700:, with the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Paris. At
1697:
1682:
1543: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1498:
1427:
1392:
1388:
1285: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1216:
1142:
1015:
856:
828:
793:
758:
710:
330:
242:
3325:
2901:, Ed. William W. Kibler and Grover A. Zinn, (Routledge, 1995), p. 615.
3616:
2979:
1942:
1911:
1844:
1023:
789:
2307:
1983:
The parting of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun in 843
1485:, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor. In 820 an assembly at
1018:, sending them into monastic exile at St-Philibert on the island of
2494:, ed. Ian Levy, Gary Macy, Kristen Van Ausdall, (Brill, 2012), 194.
2435:
Framing the Carolingian Reforms: The Early Years of Louis the Pious
1122:, that laid out plans for an orderly dynastic succession. The term
4325:
2999:
1938:
1898:
1790:
1750:
1614:
1494:
1415:
1396:
1356:
1186:
1101:
1050:
999:
964:
897:
72:
overlaid. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, Codex Reg. lat 124, f.4v
913:, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers,
2962:
2030:
1874:
officially resigned after confessing to a capital crime, whilst
1871:
1806:
1419:
1368:
1243:, and Theodoric. This act of contrition, partly in emulation of
1034:
4275:
3620:
3329:
1406:
A greater Slavic menace was gathering on the southeast. There,
851:, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against
2006:
became the kernels of modern France and Germany respectively.
1512:
1254:
3152:
Cassinogilum: an argument for Casseneuil as Louis' birthplace
3085:
overview of Louis's household, court and other subordinates.
30:"Louis I the Fair" redirects here. For the Polish duke, see
733:
for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement.
2930:. Villeneuve-d'Ascq: Patrick van Kerrebrouc. p. 255.
1126:
is a modern (19th-century) creation. The decree is called
3079:
Prosopographie de l'entourage de Louis le Pieux (781–840)
2045:(married c. 794), he had three sons and three daughters:
1836:
was allowed to keep the lands reclaimed from his father.
1505:, were slow in acting and the expedition came to naught.
4985:
from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.
2868:
Marios Costambeys; Matthew Innes; Simon MacLean (2011).
2786:, trans. Thomas F.X. Noble (Pennsylvania, 2009), p. 282.
2371:
God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215
3090:
Fränkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen
2798:, trans. Janet L. Nelson (Manchester, 1991), pp. 32–33.
690:
from 781. As the only surviving son of Charlemagne and
2537:
Church Architecture and Liturgy in the Carolingian Era
2488:
Church Architecture and Liturgy in the Carolingian Era
2273:
near La RĂ©ole, where the Dropt flows into the Garonne.
2113:
By an unknown concubine he had an illegitimate child:
1168:
gave him the largest part of the Empire as his share.
1026:, respectively, despite the latter's initial loyalty.
62:
Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a
2760:, trans. Courtney M. Booker (Turnhout, 1981). p. 324.
1920:
into Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there.
1855:. Louis was restored the next year, on 1 March 834.
27:
Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from AD 813 to 840
5084:
5060:
5027:
4990:
4968:
4906:
4840:
4821:
4776:
4751:
4713:
4693:
4662:
4630:
4580:
4570:
4542:
4522:
4496:
4456:
4437:
4400:
4360:
4333:
4239:
4213:
4175:
4149:
4103:
4078:
3999:
3910:
3806:
3682:
1655:. In 823 Judith gave birth to a son, who was named
1635:, he was greeted by news of the death of his wife,
1446:, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in the
1215:In 822, as a deeply religious man, Louis performed
361:
351:
341:
329:
291:
277:
265:
248:
232:
228:
218:
205:
197:
190:
151:
143:
135:
128:
118:
108:
96:
88:
77:
41:
1631:In 818, as Louis was returning from a campaign to
773:. He was the third son of Charlemagne by his wife
2913:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity
2709:"Vita Hludowici imperatoris: Text - IntraText CT"
3014:in the lists of both French and German monarchs.
2553:
2551:
2549:
717:in 812. As emperor, he included his adult sons,
2541:A Companion to the Eucharist in the Middle Ages
2492:A Companion to the Eucharist in the Middle Ages
1375:At the start of Louis's reign, the many tribes—
1130:in the only surviving contemporary manuscript.
891:campaign in Italy against the Duke Grimoald of
2671:
2669:
2667:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2353:The Carolingians: The Family who Forged Europe
1219:for causing Bernard's death, at his palace of
1076:, whom he made abbot of the newly established
4287:
3632:
3341:
3137:Louis the Pious and his piety re-reconsidered
3108:. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.
3074:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
2874:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 379–.
2396:The Carolingians:The Family who Forged Europe
2333:, Ohio State University Press, p. 64 n39
2213:
2199:
1182:
753:was on campaign in Spain, at the Carolingian
620:
8:
2814:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe
2806:
2804:
2758:Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis
2564:Louis the Pious and the Carolingian Kingdoms
2265:Einhard gives the name of his birthplace as
2181:
705:in 801 and asserted Frankish authority over
2655:The New Cambridge Medieval History, 700–900
666:; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called
4976:
4760:
4701:
4577:
4530:
4366:
4294:
4280:
4272:
3639:
3625:
3617:
3348:
3334:
3326:
3166:
3099:The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy
3060:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009,
2969:, between 13 November 833 and 1 March 834.
2661:, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 114.
2627:The External School in Carolingian Society
627:
613:
372:
56:
38:
3104:Godman, Peter, and Roger Collins (eds.).
3081:. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. A useful
2915:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
1847:against Lothair, and the usurper fled to
1603:Learn how and when to remove this message
1345:Learn how and when to remove this message
990:and crowned himself emperor to shouts of
957:, Pepin's son, be made and called king).
2651:The Frankish Kingdoms, 814–898: The West
2231:(1957). "Louis the Pious Reconsidered".
1978:
972:
816:were a mainstay of the Aquitanian army.
2954:
2680:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 318–330.
2301:
2299:
2137:Einhard; Stammerer, Notker the (2013).
2129:
1941:, and the Danes returned to ravage the
1235:whom he soon made abbot of St-Quentin,
1183:Bernard's rebellion and Louis's penance
765:; the place is usually identified with
749:Louis was born in 778 while his father
375:
3157:Chasseneuil-du-Poitou and not Casseuil
2844:A history of the Middle Ages, 300–1500
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
1786:ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est
1399:rebelled and were quickly followed by
4981:West Francia was in the hands of the
1072:(the Second Benedict), a Septimanian
819:In 794, Charlemagne gave four former
804:, which culminated in the disastrous
7:
4260:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
3125:, University of Pennsylvania Press.
2817:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1901:as far as Nijmegen, and their king,
1784:, or LĂĽgenfeld, or Campus Mendacii,
1541:adding citations to reliable sources
1283:adding citations to reliable sources
781:, possibly to suggest a connection.
761:and the anonymous chronicler called
68:(soldier of Christ), with a poem of
1061:. Later he replaced Elisachar with
2245:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1957.tb02281.x
2073:Hildegard (or Matilda) (b. c. 802)
1851:, skirmishing with loyalists near
1764:Soon Lothair, with the support of
1662:The birth of this son damaged the
1414:, was harassing the border at the
25:
2431:"Framing the Carolingian Reforms"
1639:. Ermengarde was the daughter of
1191:Louis the Pious doing penance at
5018:
4742:
4561:
4428:
3601:
3600:
2899:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
1517:
1259:
383:
5168:People from Vienne (department)
5138:9th-century Holy Roman Emperors
2374:. W. W. Norton. pp. 312–.
2090:, he had a daughter and a son:
1528:needs additional citations for
1270:needs additional citations for
1031:Bernard, margrave of Septimania
2911:McKitterick, Rosamond (2008).
2678:Early Medieval Europe 300–1000
2567:. Jovian Press. pp. 28–.
757:of Cassinogilum, according to
1:
5173:8th-century Frankish nobility
3123:The Laws of the Salian Franks
2926:Settipani, Christian (1993).
2410:"Louis I, Holy Roman emperor"
2329:Sullivan, Richard E. (1995),
1818:control his adulterous wife,
1801:, essentially Roman in design
1065:, abbot of many monasteries.
797:
569:Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor
5148:9th-century dukes of Bavaria
2928:La Préhistoire des Capétiens
2847:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2170:Ludovicus or Hludowicus Pius
885:besieged it for seven months
3037:Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris
2773:(Cambridge, 2009), pp. 1–3.
2624:Hildebrandt, M. M. (1992).
2601:10.1093/0198269064.001.0001
2504:Booker, Courtney M (2012).
1897:. In 837, they went up the
745:Birth and rule in Aquitaine
5199:
5143:9th-century kings of Italy
4728:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
3029:Vita Hludovici Imperatoris
2796:The Annals of Saint Bertin
2698:.4 (October 1961:592–599).
1885:. At about that time, the
1450:and regained their lands.
847:, the largest city of the
29:
5016:
4979:
4763:
4740:
4704:
4647:
4559:
4533:
4426:
4369:
4313:
4258:
3652:
3596:
3363:
3304:
3284:
3264:
3255:
3245:
3226:
3218:
3208:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3169:
3121:Fischer Drew, Katherine.
2978:Crowned by his father at
2784:The Life of Emperor Louis
2722:Medieval European Coinage
2437:. JSTOR. pp. 31–58.
1088:, named for its creator,
994:by the attending nobles.
992:Vivat Imperator Ludovicus
941:, while giving Pepin the
366:Chalcedonian Christianity
55:
46:
4318:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
2630:. Brill. pp. 166–.
2143:Two Lives of Charlemagne
2079:(c. 806 – 876), king of
2025:Louis was buried in the
1770:Saint-MĂ©dard de Soissons
949:, Provence, and part of
686:, from 813. He was also
5163:Medieval child monarchs
5158:Children of Charlemagne
3673:List of French monarchs
3096:Ganshof, François-Louis
2676:Collins, Roger (1991).
2539:, Michael S. Driscoll,
2490:, Michael S. Driscoll,
2429:Kramer, Rutger (2019).
2415:Encyclopedia Britannica
2408:Contreni, John (2021).
2239:(146). JSTOR: 171–180.
1689:, and Jesse of Amiens,
1412:Slavs in Lower Pannonia
4536:Sons of Charles Martel
4352:Childebert the Adopted
4179:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
3668:List of Frankish kings
3663:Simplified family tree
2811:Riché, Pierre (1993).
2595:. Oxford Scholarship.
2589:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.
2214:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2177:
2169:
2027:Abbey of Saint-Arnould
1984:
1889:terrorized and sacked
1802:
1628:
1372:
1196:
1086:Rule of Saint Benedict
983:
970:
943:Iron Crown of Lombardy
906:
905:crowns Louis the Pious
806:Battle of Roncesvalles
663:
655:
647:
414:Childebert the Adopted
271:Abbey of Saint-Arnould
4303:Pippinids, Arnulfings
3116:The Dark Ages 476–918
2871:The Carolingian World
2745:Early Medieval Europe
2514:10.9783/9780812201383
2443:10.2307/j.ctvd1c74c.6
2366:Lewis, David Levering
2043:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
1982:
1794:
1772:, his son Charles to
1753:allies and conquered
1679:Bernard of Septimania
1618:
1360:
1223:near Vouziers in the
1190:
1059:Archbishop of Cologne
976:
968:
901:
282:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
49:Emperor of the Romans
4733:Counts of Vermandois
3658:Detailed family tree
3135:Noble, Thomas F. X.
3056:Booker, Courtney M.
2967:Archbishop of Rheims
2961:Declared deposed by
2659:Rosamond McKitterick
2086:By his second wife,
2067:Adelaide (b. c. 799)
1961:Clermont-en-Auvergne
1949:for a second time).
1805:On 13 November 833,
1537:improve this article
1465:, but to no effect.
1455:princes of Benevento
1279:improve this article
1096:, who had succeeded
911:partible inheritance
810:Council of Paderborn
546:Pepin I of Aquitaine
5178:Carolingian dynasty
5086:Charles of Lorraine
5049:Charles of Lorraine
4919:Louis the Stammerer
4707:Sons of Charlemagne
4596:Charles the Younger
4591:Pepin the Hunchback
4094:Henry VI of England
3357:Holy Roman emperors
3229:Carolingian Emperor
3176:Carolingian dynasty
3077:Depreux, Philippe.
2653:, Janet L. Nelson,
2593:The Frankish Church
2183:Louis le DĂ©bonnaire
2061:(797–838), king of
2052:(795–855), king of
2041:By his first wife,
1989:palace at Ingelheim
1864:Synod of Thionville
1776:, and the queen to
1670:in 829, Louis gave
1664:Partition of Aachen
1623:as depicted in the
1210:Theodulf of Orléans
1039:Archbishop of Reims
915:Charles the Younger
861:Sancho I of Gascony
779:Merovingian dynasty
699:conquered Barcelona
528:Charles the Younger
522:Pepin the Hunchback
377:Carolingian dynasty
4992:Charles the Simple
4933:Charles the Simple
4241:House of Bonaparte
4151:House of Bonaparte
4081:House of Lancaster
3647:Monarchs of France
3258:King of the Franks
3045:on-line Latin text
2897:, Steven Fanning,
2728:, Mark Blackburn,
2099:Eberhard of Friuli
2037:Marriage and issue
1985:
1803:
1716:, in the heart of
1687:Archbishop of Lyon
1629:
1424:margrave of Friuli
1373:
1239:whom he soon made
1197:
1090:Benedict of Nursia
1070:Benedict of Aniane
984:
971:
907:
784:Louis was crowned
703:Emirate of CĂłrdoba
676:King of the Franks
465:Drogo of Champagne
306:Pepin of Aquitaine
214:King of the Franks
130:King of the Franks
83:Carolingian Empire
5153:Frankish warriors
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4937:Charles the Child
4879:Louis the Younger
4787:Louis II of Italy
4689:
4688:
4658:
4657:
4518:
4517:
4414:Hugh of Champagne
4269:
4268:
4230:Louis Philippe II
4153:(1804–1814; 1815)
3614:
3613:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3305:Succeeded by
3300:
3285:Succeeded by
3280:
3265:Succeeded by
3246:Succeeded by
3209:Succeeded by
3202:King of Aquitaine
3088:Eichler, Daniel.
3066:978-0-8122-4168-6
2937:978-2-95015-093-6
2881:978-0-521-56366-6
2854:978-0-7425-5409-2
2574:978-1-5378-0424-8
2523:978-0-8122-0138-3
2381:978-0-393-06790-3
2192:Ludwig der Fromme
2152:978-0-14-139410-7
2088:Judith of Bavaria
1969:Frankfurt am Main
1820:Judith of Bavaria
1613:
1612:
1605:
1587:
1552:"Louis the Pious"
1448:March of Pannonia
1355:
1354:
1347:
1329:
1294:"Louis the Pious"
1201:ordinatio imperii
1124:Ordinatio Imperii
1120:Ordinatio Imperii
1109:Ordinatio imperii
1068:He also employed
786:King of Aquitaine
688:King of Aquitaine
682:with his father,
664:Ludwig der Fromme
637:
636:
371:
370:
286:Judith of Bavaria
256:(aged 61–62)
192:King of Aquitaine
16:(Redirected from
5190:
5183:Sons of emperors
5022:
4977:
4944:Lothair the Lame
4908:Charles the Bald
4842:Louis the German
4761:
4746:
4702:
4578:
4565:
4531:
4432:
4379:Chlodulf of Metz
4367:
4321:* ≡ "brother of"
4296:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4224:Louis Philippe I
4215:House of Orléans
4177:House of Bourbon
4105:House of Bourbon
3641:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3604:
3603:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3311:
3291:
3271:
3219:Preceded by
3185:
3171:Louis the Pious
3167:
3083:prosopographical
3070:De Jong, Mayke.
3015:
3008:
3002:
2992:Papal coronation
2989:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2959:
2942:
2941:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2782:The Astronomer,
2780:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2747:1 (1992). p. 29.
2741:
2735:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2662:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2555:
2544:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2501:
2495:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2303:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2203:
2185:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2134:
2104:Charles the Bald
2077:Louis the German
2070:Rotrude (b. 800)
2010:, that included
1996:Treaty of Verdun
1931:Quierzy-sur-Oise
1853:Chalon-sur-SaĂ´ne
1744:Second civil war
1736:, was exiled to
1691:bishop of Amiens
1621:Charles the Bald
1608:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1545:
1521:
1513:
1487:Quierzy-sur-Oise
1350:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1287:
1263:
1255:
1206:Chalon-sur-SaĂ´ne
1177:Charles the Bald
1114:On 9 April 817,
931:Divisio Regnorum
919:King of Neustria
859:with their duke
799:
731:Bernard of Italy
629:
622:
615:
592:Louis the German
580:Charles the Bald
561:Treaty of Verdun
453:Pepin of Herstal
447:Chlodulf of Metz
402:Pippin the Elder
387:
373:
321:Charles the Bald
311:Louis the German
255:
178:Charles the Bald
169:Louis the German
102:11 September 813
60:
39:
32:Louis I of Brzeg
21:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5107:
5080:
5056:
5023:
5014:
4986:
4971:
4956:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4911:
4902:
4895:
4889:Charles the Fat
4887:
4877:
4861:Louis the Child
4845:
4836:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4795:Louis the Blind
4772:
4756:
4753:Louis the Pious
4747:
4738:
4709:
4696:
4685:
4654:
4643:
4626:
4606:Louis the Pious
4566:
4557:
4538:
4524:
4514:
4492:
4452:
4433:
4424:
4396:
4356:
4329:
4324:
4309:
4300:
4270:
4265:
4254:
4235:
4209:
4171:
4145:
4099:
4074:
4001:House of Valois
3995:
3906:
3867:Charles the Fat
3826:Pepin the Short
3811:
3802:
3678:
3677:
3648:
3645:
3615:
3610:
3592:
3359:
3354:
3310:
3290:
3270:
3261:
3251:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3214:
3205:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3161:Camille Jullian
3148:
3118:. London, 1914.
3053:
3051:Further reading
3042:Thegan of Trier
3024:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3005:
2990:
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2839:Riddle, John M.
2837:
2836:
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2825:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2769:Mayke De Jong,
2768:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2726:Philip Grierson
2720:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2657:, Vol. II, ed.
2649:
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2587:
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2559:Poupardin, René
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2306:Mayke de Jong.
2305:
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2277:
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2227:
2226:
2222:
2210:Luis el Piadoso
2201:Ludovico il Pio
2164:
2160:
2153:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2039:
1977:
1945:coast (sacking
1926:
1924:Third civil war
1905:, demanded the
1876:Agobard of Lyon
1811:Agobard of Lyon
1766:Pope Gregory IV
1746:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1589:
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1544:
1534:
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1511:
1509:First civil war
1351:
1340:
1334:
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1128:divisio imperii
1116:Maundy Thursday
1112:
1094:Pope Stephen IV
1082:Aix-la-Chapelle
1078:Inden Monastery
963:
895:at least once.
800:768) and later
747:
648:Hludowicus Pius
640:Louis the Pious
633:
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595:
583:
571:
564:
552:
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540:Louis the Pious
504:Pepin the Short
487:
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449:(d. 696 or 697)
443:(d. 662 or 679)
430:
420:
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397:
325:
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273:
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103:
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42:Louis the Pious
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3276:Middle Francia
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3190:Regnal titles
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2730:Lucia Travaini
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2394:Riché (1993),
2387:
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2341:
2321:
2275:
2258:
2229:Ganshof, F. L.
2220:
2178:Louis le Pieux
2158:
2151:
2145:. Penguin UK.
2128:
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2118:Arnulf of Sens
2111:
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2054:Middle Francia
2038:
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2008:Middle Francia
1976:
1973:
1925:
1922:
1917:missi dominici
1841:Rabanus Maurus
1825:Vita Hludovici
1745:
1742:
1647:, daughter of
1611:
1610:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1434:, duke of the
1353:
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1241:Bishop of Metz
1229:Pope Paschal I
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4506:Nibelung I →
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3798:Childeric III
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3763:Theuderic III
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3728:Childebert II
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3131:0-8122-1322-X
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3112:Oman, Charles
3110:
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2824:0-8122-1342-4
2820:
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2647:
2644:
2639:
2637:90-04-09449-0
2633:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2610:9780198269069
2606:
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2461:j.ctvd1c74c.6
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2349:Riché, Pierre
2345:
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2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:Low Countries
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1923:
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1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1798:sesquisolidus
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:Field of Lies
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
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1707:
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1646:
1642:
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1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1596:
1593:February 2020
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554: –
1553:
1549:
1548:Find sources:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1526:This section
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
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1324:
1320:
1317:
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1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296: –
1295:
1291:
1290:Find sources:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1268:This section
1266:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:Frontier wars
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
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1218:
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1207:
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1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
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1001:
995:
993:
989:
981:
980:
975:
969:Europe in 814
967:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:King of Italy
924:
920:
916:
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904:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:Spanish March
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:(capitulated
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
742:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:south of the
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:the Debonaire
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
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581:
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541:
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460:
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367:
364:
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344:
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309:
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154:
150:
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127:
124:
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117:
114:
111:
107:
104:5 October 816
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
66:
65:miles Christi
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4798:
4752:
4731:
4706:
4605:
4535:
4526:Carolingians
4507:
4384:
4373:
4307:Carolingians
4261:
4250:Napoleon III
4228:
4202:
4195:
4164:
4138:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4040:Charles VIII
3841:
3808:Carolingians
3793:Theuderic IV
3783:Chilperic II
3778:Dagobert III
3758:Childeric II
3753:Chlothar III
3698:Childebert I
3684:Merovingians
3543:Ferdinand II
3513:Maximilian I
3483:Frederick II
3372:
3316:West Francia
3313:
3312:
3296:East Francia
3293:
3292:
3273:
3272:
3256:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3200:
3195:
3181:
3174:
3136:
3122:
3115:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3057:
3035:
3027:
3011:
3006:
2987:
2974:
2957:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2870:
2863:
2843:
2833:
2813:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2721:
2717:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2677:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2626:
2619:
2592:
2583:
2563:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2464:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2413:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2370:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2266:
2261:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2215:Ludovico PĂo
2161:
2142:
2139:"Chronology"
2132:
2112:
2108:West Francia
2085:
2081:East Francia
2040:
2024:
2004:East Francia
2000:West Francia
1993:
1986:
1953:
1951:
1927:
1915:
1880:
1857:
1838:
1823:
1804:
1796:
1785:
1763:
1747:
1722:
1710:
1695:
1676:
1663:
1661:
1630:
1625:Vivian Bible
1619:Louis's son
1599:
1590:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1547:
1535:Please help
1530:verification
1527:
1467:
1452:
1422:rivers. The
1405:
1374:
1362:
1341:
1332:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1289:
1277:Please help
1272:verification
1269:
1245:Theodosius I
1214:
1200:
1198:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1077:
1067:
1028:
1004:
996:
991:
985:
977:
930:
908:
848:
818:
783:
748:
735:
696:
671:
667:
639:
638:
598:East Francia
586:West Francia
539:
485:Carolingians
404:(c. 580–640)
239:Cassinogilum
236:16 April 778
182:West Francia
173:East Francia
63:
47:
36:
18:Ludovico PĂo
4928:Carloman II
4695:Carolingian
4582:Charlemagne
4509:Nibelungids
4342:Carloman →
4243:(1852–1870)
4217:(1830–1848)
4186:Louis XVIII
4166:Napoleon II
4107:(1589–1792)
4085:(1422–1453)
4030:Charles VII
4003:(1328–1589)
3877:Charles III
3862:Carloman II
3838:(Charles I)
3836:Charlemagne
3788:Chlothar IV
3743:Sigebert II
3733:Chlothar II
3718:Chilperic I
3708:Charibert I
3568:Charles VII
3523:Ferdinand I
3468:Frederick I
3463:Lothair III
3393:Charles III
3368:Charlemagne
3314:as king of
3294:as king of
3274:as king of
3222:Charlemagne
3184:778 20 June
3010:Counted as
2267:Cassanoilum
2020:Lotharingia
1868:Carolingian
1795:Louis on a
1734:Saint Denis
1732:, abbot of
1728:. Although
1726:Lake Geneva
1651:, count of
1501:, count of
1493:, count of
1459:Grimoald IV
1361:Louis on a
1047:St. Maximin
1045:, abbot of
1020:Noirmoutier
903:Charlemagne
889:Mezzogiorno
879:, over the
837:Chasseneuil
821:Gallo-Roman
767:Chasseneuil
751:Charlemagne
684:Charlemagne
516:Charlemagne
459:Grimoald II
346:Charlemagne
336:Carolingian
254:(840-06-20)
252:20 June 840
210:Charlemagne
206:Predecessor
180:as King of
171:as King of
147:Charlemagne
144:Predecessor
113:Charlemagne
109:Predecessor
5133:840 deaths
5128:778 births
5122:Categories
5062:Lothair IV
5038:Lothair IV
4983:Robertians
4899:→ Adalbert
4871:Zwentibold
4805:Lothair II
4439:Grimoald I
4392:, his sons
4362:Arnulfings
4348:Grimoald I
4160:Napoleon I
4140:Louis XVII
4119:Louis XIII
4065:Charles IX
4060:Francis II
4025:Charles VI
3991:Charles IV
3966:Philip III
3956:Louis VIII
3921:Hugh Capet
3914:(987–1328)
3847:Charles II
3831:Carloman I
3813:Robertians
3738:Dagobert I
3723:Sigebert I
3703:Chlothar I
3588:Francis II
3583:Leopold II
3563:Charles VI
3533:Rudolph II
3498:Charles IV
3388:Charles II
3308:Charles II
2996:Stephen IV
2466:27 January
2314:25 January
2310:. Academia
2124:References
2106:, king of
2097:, married
1860:Thionville
1637:Ermengarde
1563:newspapers
1477:, duke of
1410:, duke of
1305:newspapers
1141:to govern
1100:, visited
947:Septimania
865:Provençals
843:. In 797,
763:Astronomus
680:co-emperor
572:(795–855;
559:After the
510:Carloman I
428:Arnulfings
356:Hildegarde
161:as King of
98:Coronation
4923:Louis III
4873:→ Godfrey
4791:Ermengard
4778:Lothair I
4623:Theoderic
4572:Pepin III
4472:Pepin III
4448:Theudoald
4386:Ansegisel
4335:Pippinids
4197:Louis XIX
4191:Charles X
4134:Louis XVI
4124:Louis XIV
4070:Henry III
4050:Francis I
4045:Louis XII
4020:Charles V
4010:Philip VI
3971:Philip IV
3951:Philip II
3946:Louis VII
3926:Robert II
3857:Louis III
3819:(751–987)
3768:Clovis IV
3748:Clovis II
3686:(509–751)
3578:Joseph II
3573:Francis I
3553:Leopold I
3518:Charles V
3503:Sigismund
3488:Henry VII
3448:Henry III
3443:Conrad II
3413:Louis III
3378:Lothair I
3268:Lothair I
3249:Lothair I
3242:(817–840)
3238:Lothair I
3196:New title
2732:, p. 329
2063:Aquitaine
1839:Men like
1738:Paderborn
1718:Austrasia
1706:Compiègne
1672:Alemannia
1483:Lupus III
1381:Obotrites
1371:, 818–823
1335:June 2020
1227:, before
1055:Hildebold
1043:Elisachar
939:Austrasia
929:. In the
893:Benevento
845:Barcelona
802:Hunald II
775:Hildegard
701:from the
692:Hildegard
594:(804–876)
582:(823–877)
548:(797–838)
542:(778–840)
536:(773–810)
530:(772–811)
524:(768–811)
518:(742–814)
512:(751–771)
506:(714–768)
494:(686–741)
471:Theudoald
467:(670–708)
455:(635–714)
441:Ansegisel
437:(582–640)
410:(616–656)
395:Pippinids
301:Lothair I
261:, Francia
259:Ingelheim
219:Successor
159:Lothair I
152:Successor
123:Lothair I
119:Successor
5029:Louis IV
5001:Louis IV
4941:Carloman
4881:→ Louis
4853:Carloman
4832:Pepin II
4800:Bosonids
4678:Adalhard
4632:Carloman
4544:Carloman
4489:Remigius
4467:Carloman
4390:Pepin II
4129:Louis XV
4114:Henry IV
4055:Henry II
4035:Louis XI
3986:Philip V
3961:Louis IX
3941:Louis VI
3936:Philip I
3892:Louis IV
3882:Robert I
3852:Louis II
3817:Bosonids
3693:Clovis I
3606:Category
3558:Joseph I
3538:Matthias
3493:Louis IV
3473:Henry VI
3453:Henry IV
3438:Henry II
3433:Otto III
3418:Berengar
3383:Louis II
3288:Louis II
3262:814–840
3206:781–814
2841:(2008).
2693:Speculum
2591:(1983).
2561:(2017).
2368:(2009).
2351:(1993),
2337:Cathwulf
2253:24403332
2012:Burgundy
1955:placitum
1947:Dorestad
1935:Pepin II
1907:weregild
1849:Burgundy
1830:St Vaast
1714:Nijmegen
1702:Verberie
1641:Ingerman
1633:Brittany
1627:, c. 845
1440:Bulgaria
1436:Dalmatia
1408:Ljudevit
1401:Slavomir
1385:Slovenes
1364:denarius
1225:Ardennes
1173:Judith's
1074:Visigoth
1029:He made
1016:tonsured
982:of Louis
979:Denarius
951:Burgundy
935:Neustria
881:Pyrenees
835:and the
814:Vasconia
771:Poitiers
715:Pyrenees
709:and the
707:Pamplona
668:the Fair
500:(d. 754)
498:Carloman
473:(d. 741)
461:(d. 714)
416:(d. 662)
408:Grimoald
362:Religion
5104:Charles
5071:Louis V
5042:Charles
4972:Francia
4953:Charles
4893:Bernard
4823:Pepin I
4813:Charles
4724:Bernard
4682:Bernhar
4664:Bernard
4610:Lothair
4482:Bernard
4418:Godfrey
4344:Pepin I
4262:italics
4204:Henry V
4015:John II
3976:Louis X
3931:Henry I
3902:Louis V
3897:Lothair
3887:Rudolph
3842:Louis I
3713:Guntram
3478:Otto IV
3458:Henry V
3428:Otto II
3403:Lambert
3373:Louis I
3233:813–840
3212:Pepin I
3101:. 1971.
3022:Sources
3012:Louis I
2271:Garonne
2233:History
2206:Spanish
2196:Italian
2050:Lothair
1965:Ostmark
1943:Frisian
1895:Antwerp
1891:Utrecht
1887:Vikings
1883:Crémieu
1832:whilst
1815:penance
1809:, with
1778:Tortona
1730:Hilduin
1698:Gascons
1683:Agobard
1657:Charles
1653:Altdorf
1577:scholar
1503:Orléans
1499:Matfrid
1479:Gascony
1471:Basques
1444:Omurtag
1428:Cadolah
1393:Basques
1389:Bretons
1319:scholar
1221:Attigny
1217:penance
1193:Attigny
1150:cousin.
1143:Bavaria
1135:Lothair
1098:Leo III
1063:Hildwin
1008:Adalard
955:Bernard
869:Leibulf
857:Gascons
853:CĂłrdoba
829:Ebreuil
790:regents
769:, near
759:Einhard
738:Charles
719:Lothair
711:Basques
278:Spouses
243:Francia
223:Pepin I
201:781–814
139:814–840
92:813–840
81:of the
79:Emperor
5088:, sons
5076:Arnulf
5064:, sons
5031:, sons
5011:Rorico
5005:Arnulf
4994:, sons
4897:Ratold
4866:Ratold
4857:Arnulf
4780:, sons
4697:Empire
4666:, sons
4584:, sons
4574:, sons
4486:Jerome
4460:, sons
4410:Arnulf
4404:, sons
3981:John I
3423:Otto I
3408:Arnulf
3129:
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2934:
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2188:German
2174:French
2149:
2095:Gisela
2014:, the
1912:Frisia
1845:Saxony
1755:Swabia
1645:Judith
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
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1497:, and
1475:SĂ©guin
1321:
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1195:in 822
1053:, and
1033:, and
1024:Corbie
1014:to be
988:Aachen
921:, and
875:under
871:, and
867:under
833:Angeac
794:Waifar
674:, was
660:German
652:French
352:Mother
342:Father
316:Gisela
266:Burial
5100:Louis
5053:Henry
5045:Louis
5008:Drogo
4950:Pepin
4947:Drogo
4825:, son
4717:, son
4715:Pepin
4651:Pepin
4640:Pepin
4634:, son
4614:Drogo
4601:Pepin
4553:Drogo
4546:, son
4523:Early
4500:, son
4477:Grifo
4441:, son
4421:Pepin
4402:Drogo
4326:Begga
3236:with
3182:Born:
3163:(PDF)
3000:Reims
2949:Notes
2457:JSTOR
2398:, 94.
2249:JSTOR
2166:Latin
2059:Pepin
1975:Death
1939:Loire
1903:Rorik
1899:Rhine
1834:Pepin
1759:Jonac
1668:Worms
1584:JSTOR
1570:books
1495:Tours
1432:Borna
1416:Drava
1397:Sorbs
1377:Danes
1367:from
1326:JSTOR
1312:books
1237:Drogo
1157:Louis
1139:Pepin
1102:Reims
1051:Trier
1049:near
1000:pagan
961:Reign
923:Pepin
873:Goths
849:Marca
755:villa
727:Louis
723:Pepin
644:Latin
563:(843)
331:House
293:Issue
198:Reign
136:Reign
89:Reign
5095:Otto
4970:West
4912:sons
4885:Hugh
4876:Otto
4846:sons
4809:Hugh
4757:sons
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4619:Hugh
4305:and
3815:and
3140:Link
3127:ISBN
3062:ISBN
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2932:ISBN
2895:Metz
2876:ISBN
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2002:and
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