17:
175:, not L. Varus, who made the games permanent as praetor in 211 BC. "The Games of Apollo had been exhibited the previous year, and when the question of their repetition the next year was moved by the praetor Calpurnius, the senate passed a decree that they should be observed for all time." He continues, “…Such is the origin of the Apollinarian Games, which were instituted for the cause of victory and not, as is generally thought, in the interests of the public health.”
186:
70:
The games were established after inspecting a collection of prophecies, the
Carmina Marciana. One of several seers (vates) responsible for these predictions was Marcius. The games were organized in accordance with the Oracles of Marcius, which had predicted the disaster at
299:
Cook, 2002. The
Calpurnii and Roman Family History: An Analysis of the Piso Frugi Coin in the Joel Handshu Collection at the College of Charleston. Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research at the College of Charleston. Volume 1, 2002: pp.
62:. The tradition goes that at the first celebration hereof, they were suddenly invaded by the enemy, and obliged to take to their arms. A cloud of darts and arrows fell upon their enemies, and the Romans soon returned victorious to their sports.
164:. A severe plague in 208 BC may have prompted the Senate to make them permanent, in honor of Apollo, who they regarded as a god of healing. From this day on, they were celebrated on 13 July and eventually grew to last 8 or 9 days.
200:
309:
Flower, 1995. Fabulae
Praetextae in Context: When Were Plays on Contemporary Subjects Performed in Republican Rome? The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1995), pp. 170-190.
78:
The prophecies dictated that the Romans should use Greek ritual to honor Diana and Latona, and that they should help contribute to the costs of the games, according to their means. The
417:
208:
410:
158:
at the time, renewed this vow and celebrated them again in 210 BC. They were made an annual festival by a law in 208 BC by L. Varus, who was then
140:
805:
172:
90:
was invading northern Italy. As in other times, the games were used to allay the public’s fears and distract them from
Hannibal’s invasion.
277:
Livy (25.12) Translated by Rev. Canon
Roberts, Ed. Ernest Rhys, Publisher: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., London, 1905. Obtained online at
363:
Livy 26.23.3 Translated by Rev. Canon
Roberts, Ed. Ernest Rhys, Publisher: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., London, 1905 Obtained online at
403:
327:
Green, 1930. Appropriations for the Games at Rome in 51 A. D. The
American Journal of Philology, Vol. 51, No. 3. (1930), pp. 249-250.
367:
318:
Coulter, 1940. Marcus Junius Brutus and the "Brutus" of Accius. The
Classical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 8. (May, 1940), pp. 460-470.
281:
815:
16:
147:. Initially a vow was made to hold them only once. There is some discussion as to who officially made them annual games.
820:
385:
810:
21:
739:
354:
H.H. Scullard, Festivals and
Ceremonies of the Roman Republic (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 159.
694:
263:
784:
714:
589:
151:
569:
484:
195:
83:
825:
644:
426:
371:
285:
79:
584:
115:
received less funding from the Roman government than other games/festivals such as the
94:
799:
734:
719:
659:
364:
278:
190:
160:
82:
were also consulted and confirmed this prophecy. This occurred at the height of the
754:
729:
684:
629:
619:
529:
464:
395:
123:
55:
336:“Cornelii Sullae” Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the ancient world. 2005 ed.
779:
749:
744:
689:
664:
609:
499:
474:
117:
769:
724:
709:
699:
679:
669:
654:
639:
624:
614:
579:
564:
559:
554:
519:
509:
489:
469:
449:
759:
704:
649:
634:
594:
574:
514:
454:
99:
345:“Licinius” Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the ancient world. 2005 ed.
764:
549:
534:
504:
494:
479:
444:
253:“Marcius” Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the ancient world. 2005 ed.
108:
87:
30:
774:
674:
599:
544:
524:
144:
244:“Ludi” Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the ancient world. 2005 ed.
539:
104:
72:
59:
25:
189: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
459:
15:
97:, with equestrian games as well as stage performances, including
430:
264:
https://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae023.html#25
168:
50:
399:
201:
Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
127:, because it was shorter and had only one day of races.
262:
Livy – Periochae, book 25, line 3. Obtained online at
139:
were games which were first organized in 212 BC, when
34:
on the reverse. Both sides of the coin refer to the
365:http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy26.html
279:http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy25.html
111:performed as part of this festival in 169 BC. The
204:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
411:
8:
295:
293:
418:
404:
396:
75:(the defeat of the Romans by Hannibal)
273:
271:
213:
240:
238:
236:
234:
232:
230:
7:
150:One version of events proposes that
392:, Cambridge University Press, 1974.
198:, ed. (1728). "Ludi Apollinares".
14:
184:
24:in 67 BC, depicting the head of
1:
806:Ancient Roman games festivals
103:, a category of Roman drama.
93:The games were held in the
22:Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi
842:
440:
390:Roman Republican Coinage
222:Roman Republican Coinage
54:) held annually by the
816:210s BC establishments
224:, vol. I pp. 344, 419.
39:
171:suggests that it was
28:on the obverse and a
19:
695:Quinquennial Neronia
58:in honor of the god
821:Festivals of Apollo
48:were solemn games (
20:Denarius minted by
370:2016-05-29 at the
284:2009-06-17 at the
173:C. Calpurnius Piso
40:
793:
792:
196:Chambers, Ephraim
107:(239–169 BC) had
833:
811:July observances
605:Ludi Apollinares
570:Ieiunium Cereris
485:Capitoline Games
420:
413:
406:
397:
386:Michael Crawford
374:
361:
355:
352:
346:
343:
337:
334:
328:
325:
319:
316:
310:
307:
301:
297:
288:
275:
266:
260:
254:
251:
245:
242:
225:
218:
205:
188:
187:
137:Ludi Apollinares
113:Ludi Apollinares
84:Second Punic War
45:Ludi Apollinares
36:Ludi Apollinares
841:
840:
836:
835:
834:
832:
831:
830:
796:
795:
794:
789:
645:Navigium Isidis
436:
427:Roman festivals
424:
382:
377:
372:Wayback Machine
362:
358:
353:
349:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
322:
317:
313:
308:
304:
298:
291:
286:Wayback Machine
276:
269:
261:
257:
252:
248:
243:
228:
219:
215:
194:
185:
181:
156:praetor urbanus
133:
80:Sibylline Books
68:
12:
11:
5:
839:
837:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
798:
797:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
685:Plebeian Games
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
585:Latin Festival
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
438:
437:
425:
423:
422:
415:
408:
400:
394:
393:
381:
378:
376:
375:
356:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
302:
289:
267:
255:
246:
226:
212:
211:
210:
206:
180:
177:
132:
129:
95:Circus Maximus
67:
64:
56:ancient Romans
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
838:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Taurian Games
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:Secular Games
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
660:October Horse
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
428:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
401:
398:
391:
387:
384:
383:
379:
373:
369:
366:
360:
357:
351:
348:
342:
339:
333:
330:
324:
321:
315:
312:
306:
303:
296:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
274:
272:
268:
265:
259:
256:
250:
247:
241:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
217:
214:
209:
207:
203:
202:
197:
192:
191:public domain
183:
182:
178:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
162:
161:curule aedile
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
125:
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:
46:
37:
33:
32:
27:
23:
18:
755:Tubilustrium
730:Septimontium
630:Meditrinalia
620:Lusus Troiae
604:
530:Epulum Jovis
465:Armilustrium
432:
389:
380:Bibliography
359:
350:
341:
332:
323:
314:
305:
258:
249:
221:
216:
199:
166:
159:
155:
149:
136:
134:
124:Ludi Plebeii
122:
116:
112:
98:
92:
77:
69:
49:
44:
43:
41:
35:
29:
780:Volturnalia
750:Tricennalia
745:Tiberinalia
690:Quinquatria
665:Opiconsivia
610:Ludi Romani
500:Carmentalia
475:Bacchanalia
118:Ludi Romani
800:Categories
785:Vulcanalia
770:Vicennalia
740:Terminalia
725:Sementivae
710:Saturnalia
700:Regifugium
680:Poplifugia
670:Parentalia
655:Neptunalia
640:Mercuralia
625:Matronalia
615:Lupercalia
580:Larentalia
565:Furrinalia
560:Fornacalia
555:Fordicidia
520:Decennalia
510:Compitalia
490:Caprotinia
470:Augustalia
450:Ambarvalia
220:Crawford,
179:References
100:praetextae
66:First ludi
760:Veneralia
705:Robigalia
650:Nemoralia
635:Megalesia
595:Liberalia
575:Junonalia
515:Consualia
455:Amburbium
167:However,
765:Vestalia
550:Floralia
535:Equirria
505:Cerealia
495:Caristia
480:Brumalia
445:Agonalia
368:Archived
282:Archived
152:L. Varus
141:C. Sulla
109:Thyestes
88:Hannibal
31:desultor
775:Vinalia
715:Rosalia
675:Parilia
600:Lucaria
590:Lemuria
545:Feralia
525:Divalia
193::
145:praetor
86:, when
826:212 BC
540:Februa
433:(ludi)
431:games
154:, the
131:Timing
105:Ennius
73:Cannae
60:Apollo
26:Apollo
460:Argei
429:and
300:1-10
169:Livy
143:was
135:The
51:ludi
42:The
121:or
802::
388:,
292:^
270:^
229:^
419:e
412:t
405:v
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
