2242:
31:
330:), was subsequently named a member of the council, and served a term as president from 1952. He gave nearly 50 talks at the club's regularly scheduled meetings on his various field trips and on local bird distribution and migration. As at the AOU, he emphasized identification of birds by field marks rather than in the hand, and the organization's meeting minutes expanded to accommodate his notes of recent sightings.
643:
635:
307:(AOU) in 1908 and was named a fellow in 1925. As the organization shifted focus from museum collections to the study of live birds, he contributed his opinions and talents to its transition. He was elected to the Finance Committee in 1934 and later served on the council, a subcommittee for faunistics, and other committees.
602:. He emphasized habitat preservation (of both breeding and wintering ranges) and public education, so that conservationists, sportsmen, voters, and policymakers alike could make informed decisions; he followed a path of moderation and compromise. In 1923, he argued against a measure to promote hunting on
453:
people are now able to do in the way of instantly recognizing a large number of birds by song, notes, tricks of flight, shape, etc, entirely apart from their colors, seems perfectly fabulous to the uninitiated and was flatly declared to be impossible a generation ago.... The battle for sight records
521:
in 1934. Griscom tested
Peterson's paintings for the book's publisher, Houghton Mifflin, demonstrating that the renderings provided the right details that could be used to identify birds in the field. Peterson himself wrote that his field guides were "profoundly influenced" by Griscom's teaching.
448:
visually, this judgment later confirmed by shooting the bird. Griscom's and his talent led the science away from using shotguns to using binoculars. Whether or not the story of the warbler is entirely true, Griscom was indeed skilled at quickly identifying birds by sight, using diagnostic features
477:
was in 1908, and he organized counts in the Boston area. He kept personal life and year lists: his North
America species total through 1939 was 640. But his particular passion was for Big Days, a friendly competition in which a team of birders traverses a region, intending to find and identify as
443:
Ludlow
Griscom helped to establish the now widely held view that birds can be reliably identified "in the field" by looking at field marks (distinctive plumages, behaviors, etc., that are discernible from far away) rather than "in the hand" (for example, by trapping or killing). The story is told
691:
in his honor. Originally designated to recognize "outstanding contributions to excellence in field birding," it now bears the title
Outstanding Contributions to Regional Ornithology and is "given to individuals who have dramatically advanced the state of ornithological knowledge for a particular
679:
in 1956, and in that same year he was named an honorary president of the organization. Mass
Audubon named the research station at its Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary for him. At Parker River National Wildlife Refuge, the "Dean of the Birdwatchers" is remembered by a bronze plaque mounted on a
492:
In preparing these works, Griscom drew in part on his own records. From 1907 until the end of his life, Griscom transcribed his field notes made during trips in the United States and overseas into a set of large ledger books. He recorded identification details of each bird species, estimated
465:
Nor did
Griscom accept sight records uncritically, viewing himself as a moderate in this respect. While he encouraged amateurs to pursue birding as a sport, he considered many nonprofessionals' published accounts of sightings to be so much clutter in the scientific literature. In his
650:
Ludlow
Griscom had his first stroke in 1950, beginning a decade of failing health. He retired from Harvard and the MCZ in 1955. As a courtesy, and in recognition of his many years of service, he was elected President of the AOU in 1956; he immediately resigned and was succeeded by
489:. Working from a growing volume of sightings by skilled observers, Griscom provided in these books the details of exactly where a bird could be found in a region (for instance, a specific park or beach), at what time of year (in spring migration, for example), and in what numbers.
584:
Ludlow
Griscom also enjoyed duck hunting as a sport. As in other areas, his opinions about managing game birds were moderate. He wrote favorably about game management practices in Great Britain; suggested reducing the issuance of non-resident hunting licenses; and argued for a
500:
In the field, Griscom is remembered by friends and students for his virtuosity in identification, his enthusiasm and brusque sense of humor, and his great satisfaction in teaching others the pleasures of birding. Probably his most illustrious field trip companion was
337:. He became chair of the Society's Budget Committee in 1937 and went on to assume more administrative and financial responsibilities. By the 1940s, the museum was in financial difficulty, and Griscom (now on the board of trustees) worked with new director
218:
The oldest of three children, Ludlow
Griscom had a sister, Joyce, who died in childhood, and a brother, Acton. As a boy, Ludlow's interest in birds showed itself as early as 1898. In 1907, he found fellow nature enthusiasts when he joined the
365:. He joined the board of directors, then became its chairman in 1944, a position he held until 1956. During this period, he worked to refine and moderate the organization's focus on conservation issues as it broadened its membership base.
276:, Curator of Birds. Early on, Griscom had looked to Chapman for career advice, but over time, relations between the two became strained. Blocked for further promotion, Griscom left his position as assistant curator of ornithology in 1927.
310:
Griscom's participation in the AOU was not without friction. At times, he was critical of certain AOU ways and means that he found old-fashioned, in particular the workings of the Check-List
Committee; the committee in the 1940s included
242:
was one of his neighbors, and they became good friends. Griscom's master's thesis dealt with field identification of ducks of the eastern United States, and he received his A.M. degree from Cornell in 1915. He taught there and at the
2292:
454:
and field identification of the living bird has been won, so far as I know, and there is no real quarrel left about what birds can be recognized alive and when this recognition can be used in scientific research.
250:
Griscom married Edith Sumner Sloan on September 14, 1926; the couple had three children, Edith Rapallo, Andrew, and Joan Ludlow. Griscom was an enthusiastic opera- and concertgoer and accomplished pianist.
597:
From his position as an eminent ornithologist and officer of organizations like NAS, Griscom was an activist on behalf of conservation issues, especially those that affected coastal Massachusetts and the
462:, as he certainly did so on his Latin American expeditions. In the U.S., he estimated that he collected one bird per year between 1928 and 1945, and he held a permit for scientific collecting until 1955.
341:
to right the ship. In a controversial move, Griscom organized the sale of a portion of the Society's books (many of which were duplicated within the Boston area), with much of the library going to the
319:. Peters, who was also Griscom's colleague at the MCZ, was in many ways the antithesis of Griscom: quietly working in the museum while Griscom attracted attention with his rapid field identifications.
247:
and continued to study toward a doctorate. However, financial pressures prevented him from completing that degree, even though his father ultimately consented to his career choice.
473:
Ludlow Griscom is best remembered, however, for his eager participation in and promotion of the rising practice of birding by eye and ear, of watching birds as a sport. His first
672:
470:(1923), he used only those sight records that he considered reliable, and he made the fine distinction between merely reporting an observation and accepting it as a record.
655:. Despite having additional strokes, Griscom continued to watch birds and record his observations, making his last journal entry on May 14, 1959. On May 28, he died in
776:
295:. Griscom was named research ornithologist in 1948. However, Griscom's age and declining health, beginning with a stroke in 1950, led to his retirement in 1955.
961:
2307:
384:
Griscom's field work included extensive travel across the United States and several expeditions to Central and South America. For the AMNH, he worked in
493:
numbers of birds, observed behaviors, and made note of weather conditions. The collected sixteen volumes of these ledgers are in the collection of the
2317:
2312:
326:, a limited-membership group of ornithologists that was in certain respects a predecessor of the AOU. He was elected treasurer in 1930 (succeeding
449:
first learned from his museum work, and he influenced other birders and ornithologists to use the same techniques. Later in his career, he wrote:
2302:
2287:
1822:
1085:
907:
619:
287:(MCZ), where he proved to be an effective and hard-working administrator in addition to his scientific contributions. He worked closely with
346:. As the decade ended, Washburn and Griscom perceived the need to expand the museum's attendance. They reorganized the institution as the
2297:
265:
208:
140:
478:
many bird species as possible in a 24-hour period. An excellent one-day count for Griscom in coastal Massachusetts was 160 species.
2272:
343:
334:
291:, the museum's director, with whom he had a warm relationship; after Barbour's death in 1946, Griscom reported to the new director,
485:
and his works on the faunistics of Massachusetts birds were some of the first books in a new genre: birdfinding guides rather than
304:
2267:
615:
614:, in support of federal conservation of habitat. In particular, he argued for protection of two natural areas that would become
529:, whose members included Peterson, Allan Cruickshank, and Joseph J. Hickey. In his time at Harvard, he was freshman advisor to
2220:
513:
It can be argued that Ludlow Griscom's single most important contribution to ornithology and conservation was his influence on
1669:
541:
369:
333:
Also in 1927, Griscom became an associate member of the New England Museum of Natural History, which was sponsored by the
284:
273:
144:
404:. In 1925, Griscom was part of a team led by Gregory Mason and Herbert Spinden that collected specimens for the AMNH in
684:
537:
220:
2251:
638:
Grave marker for Ludlow and Edith Sloan Griscom, framed by Hinoki False Cypress, Mount Auburn Cemetery, Massachusetts.
623:
323:
396:
in 1924; members of the party described fifteen new species of birds while he himself published descriptions of the
2194:
327:
1902:
1294:
972:
754:
734:
723:
676:
656:
354:
347:
161:
76:
397:
565:
526:
401:
269:
268:(AMNH) in New York, initially in the ichthyology department where he co-authored one paper on fishes with
244:
1658:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 8–9, 11–12. Cited in Dunlap (2011), p. 73.
272:. He transferred to the Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology the following year, where he worked for
2224:
935:
The Warblers of America: A Popular Account of the Wood Warblers as They Occur in the Western Hemisphere.
660:
557:
502:
239:
235:
154:
88:
795:
Fernald, Merritt L., and Ludlow Griscom. 1935. "Three Days of Botanizing in Southeastern Virginia,"
2282:
2277:
688:
603:
494:
474:
183:
known as a pioneer in field ornithology. His emphasis on the identification of free-flying birds by
444:
that, as a young birder of about twenty, he impressed senior ornithologists by identifying a female
713:"Fresh-water Fishes of the Congo Basin Obtained by the American Museum Congo Exhibition, 1909–1915"
514:
459:
227:
98:
303:
Griscom maintained a high level of activity in several professional organizations. He joined the
187:
became widely adopted by professionals and amateurs. Many called him "Dean of the Birdwatchers."
1925:
1663:
1317:
280:
231:
102:
58:
1750:
646:
Grave marker for Ludlow and Edith Sloan Griscom (reverse), Mount Auburn Cemetery, Massachusetts.
389:
207:, distinguished himself through military service. Griscom's family traces its ancestry back to
1814:
1808:
1818:
1081:
1062:
903:
611:
437:
409:
338:
312:
2246:
1917:
1309:
530:
445:
429:
405:
316:
1034:. Vol. 61. Clifton, New Jersey: James T. White & Company. 1982. pp. 189–190.
599:
433:
428:
in 1930. Griscom named two new species as a result of the Guatemala trip, the flightless
417:
200:
199:, the son of Clement Acton Griscom Jr. and Genevieve Sprigg Ludlow. Ludlow's grandfather
1744:
885:
New England Bird Studies II. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 340 pp.
745:
589:
for ducks for a limited period of time, lest the birds become non-migrant and poor game.
30:
976:
878:
New England Bird Studies I. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 156 pp.
573:
413:
288:
204:
392:, collecting botanical specimens as well as observing birds. He led an expedition to
372:(Mass Audubon), contributing articles, book reviews, and observational reports to its
2261:
1055:
777:"The Birds of Dutchess County, New York from Records Compiled by Maunsell S. Crosby,"
586:
421:
196:
180:
642:
634:
357:(NAS) in both an editorial and executive capacity. He was a contributing editor to
750:
Handbook series no. 9. American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. 400 pp.
486:
292:
212:
889:
844:
806:
786:
279:
That same year, Griscom moved to Boston to become Research Curator of Zoology at
505:, who accompanied Griscom on a trip through Dutchess County, New York, in 1942.
130:
827:
796:
940:
Miller, A. H., Herbert Friedman, Ludlow Griscom, and Robert T. Moore. 1957.
652:
184:
113:
1615:
Peterson, Roger Tory (17 December 1967). "Birders: A More Civilized Breed".
843:
Griscom, Ludlow, and J. C. Greenway, Jr. 1941. "Birds of Lower Amazonia,"
607:
569:
525:
During his New York years, Griscom became a teacher to a group known as the
425:
385:
230:
in 1912. Despite initial resistance on the part of his parents, he entered
203:
was a prominent merchant and shipping executive. His maternal grandfather,
888:
Griscom, Ludlow. 1950. "Distribution and Origin of the Birds of Mexico,"
1810:
In the Field, Among the Feathered: A History of Birders & Their Guides
925:
350:, and with Griscom as president, the new museum opened its doors in 1951.
610:. In the 1940s, he lobbied government officials, among them his friend
2198:
1929:
1321:
1295:"The Forty-third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union"
805:
Griscom, Ludlow. 1935. "The Ornithology of the Republic of Panama,"
836:
Griscom, Ludlow. 1937. "A Monographic Study of the Red Crossbill,"
815:
Griscom, Ludlow. 1936. "Modern Problems of Field Identification,"
561:
553:
393:
1921:
1313:
2293:
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
712:
641:
633:
765:
353:
On the national scene, Griscom became an important member of the
927:
The Birds of Massachusetts: An Annotated and Revised Check List.
913:
Friedman, Herbert, Ludlow Griscom, and Robert T. Moore. 1950.
785:
Griscom, Ludlow. 1934. "The Ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico,"
1749:. New York, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History. pp.
1061:. Chicago, Illinois: The A. N. Marquis Company. 1960. pp.
941:
914:
898:
Griscom, Ludlow, introduction and text for 288 plates. 1950.
376:. He served as a Director of the organization for nine years.
226:
Griscom received an A.B. degree, with a major in pre-law, from
2013:
Griscom, Ludlow (January 1948). "Duck Shooting Can Be Saved".
755:"Field Studies of the Anatidae of the Atlantic Coast, Part II"
606:
that would have stressed populations of the ultimately doomed
36:
735:"Field Studies of the Anatidae of the Atlantic Coast, Part I"
942:"Distributional Check-list of the Birds of Mexico, Part II"
857:
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 190 pp.
822:
Fernald, Merritt L., and Ludlow Griscom. 1937. "Notes on
798:
Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University
948:
33. Cooper Ornithological Club, Berkeley, Calif. 436 pp.
921:
29. Cooper Ornithological Club, Berkeley, Calif. 202 pp.
915:"Distributional Check-list of the Birds of Mexico, Part I"
568:. He had some 40,000 sheets of pressed plants in his own
953:
Birds of Martha's Vineyard, with an Annotated Check List.
2008:
2006:
933:
Griscom, Ludlow, and Alexander Sprunt, Jr., eds. 1957.
860:
Griscom, Ludlow. 1946. "Fifty Years of Conservation,"
2129:
2127:
2030:
2028:
1896:
1894:
1526:
1524:
1499:
1497:
1078:
Dean of the Birdwatchers: A Biography of Ludlow Griscom
867:
Griscom, Ludlow. 1948. "Duck Shooting Can Be Saved,"
1448:
1446:
1204:
1202:
564:
on several expeditions, mostly under the direction of
924:
Griscom, Ludlow, and Dorothy Eastman Snyder. 1955.
234:
as a graduate student of ornithology, studying under
1813:. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. pp.
1114:
1112:
1099:
1097:
838:
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
1080:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
971:is used to indicate this person as the author when
955:
Privately printed, Martha's Vineyard, Mass. 164 pp.
883:
The Birds of Concord: A Study in Population Trends.
673:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
160:
150:
136:
126:
108:
94:
84:
65:
44:
21:
1054:
770:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
717:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
552:A complementary field of interest for Griscom was
780:Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York
701:"One need not shoot a bird to know what it was."
458:This is not to say that Griscom never collected
179:(June 17, 1890 – May 28, 1959) was an American
874:Griscom, Ludlow, and Edith V. Folger. 1948.
711:Nichols, John T., and Ludlow Griscom. 1917.
675:. He received the Conservation Medal from the
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:The National Cyclopedia of American Biography
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
891:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
862:Bulletin of the Massachusetts Audubon Society
846:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
808:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
788:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
680:five-ton granite boulder near Hellcat Swamp.
622:, which covers most of the barrier island of
517:, leading to the first edition of Peterson's
8:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
900:Audubon's Birds of America, Popular Edition.
766:"The Distribution of Bird-life in Guatemala"
368:Closer to home, Griscom was active with the
322:Once in Boston, in 1927, Griscom joined the
2252:Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries
299:Professional organizations and related work
18:
951:Griscom, Ludlow, and Guy Emerson. 1959.
264:In 1916, Griscom joined the staff of the
388:in 1917. In 1923, he explored Quebec's
988:
659:, Massachusetts. Griscom is buried at
1661:
2195:"American Birding Association Awards"
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1901:Peterson, Roger Tory (October 1965).
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1641:
1629:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1515:
1503:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1193:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1103:
930:Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass. 295 pp.
620:Parker River National Wildlife Refuge
7:
937:Devin-Adair, New York, N.Y. 356 pp.
902:Macmillan, New York, N.Y. 320 pp.
536:Ludlow Griscom was also a mentor to
671:Ludlow Griscom was a fellow of the
2308:Columbia College (New York) alumni
747:Birds of the New York City Region.
724:"Problems of Field Identification"
556:. In the early 1920s, he visited
266:American Museum of Natural History
141:American Museum of Natural History
16:American ornithologist (1890-1959)
14:
1746:Birds of the New York City Region
483:Birds of the New York City Region
468:Birds of the New York City Region
344:University of Southern California
335:Boston Society of Natural History
2318:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
2313:20th-century American zoologists
2243:Works by or about Ludlow Griscom
616:Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge
29:
2221:International Plant Names Index
503:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
2303:University of Virginia faculty
1293:Palmer, T. S. (January 1926).
1076:Davis, William E. Jr. (1994).
305:American Ornithologists' Union
211:, a 17th-century physician in
1:
2288:Scientists from New York City
1903:"In Memoriam: Ludlow Griscom"
542:Massachusetts Audubon Society
380:Field ornithology and birding
370:Massachusetts Audubon Society
285:Museum of Comparative Zoology
145:Museum of Comparative Zoology
685:American Birding Association
221:Linnaean Society of New York
162:Author abbrev. (botany)
1617:The New York Times Magazine
361:and an associate editor of
324:Nuttall Ornithological Club
112:Identification of birds by
2334:
2298:Cornell University faculty
1807:Dunlap, Thomas R. (2011).
1668:: CS1 maint: postscript (
881:Griscom, Ludlow. 1949.
853:Griscom, Ludlow. 1945.
775:Griscom, Ludlow. 1933.
764:Griscom, Ludlow. 1932.
753:Griscom, Ludlow. 1923.
744:Griscom, Ludlow. 1923.
733:Griscom, Ludlow. 1922.
722:Griscom, Ludlow. 1922.
328:Charles Foster Batchelder
201:Clement Acton Griscom Sr.
170:
119:
28:
2273:Harvard University staff
2254:botanists database entry
1743:Griscom, Ludlow (1923).
1654:Griscom, Ludlow (1945).
677:National Audubon Society
519:Field Guide to the Birds
432:(now extinct) and (with
355:National Audubon Society
348:Boston Museum of Science
77:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2268:American ornithologists
876:The Birds of Nantucket.
540:, a fellow director of
424:off Panama in 1927 and
398:yellow-green brushfinch
1057:Who Was Who in America
946:Pacific Coast Avifauna
919:Pacific Coast Avifauna
647:
639:
566:Merritt Lyndon Fernald
527:Bronx County Bird Club
402:Tacarcuna bush-tanager
270:John Treadwell Nichols
245:University of Virginia
1356:, pp. 71, 74–75.
706:Selected publications
661:Mount Auburn Cemetery
645:
637:
487:identification guides
240:Louis Agassiz Fuertes
191:Early life and family
155:Arthur Augustus Allen
89:Mount Auburn Cemetery
35:Griscom (right) with
2073:, pp. 171, 183.
1183:. 15 September 1926.
689:Ludlow Griscom Award
630:Later life and death
495:Peabody Essex Museum
475:Christmas Bird Count
195:Griscom was born in
2201:on 20 December 2008
2172:, pp. 197–198.
2097:, pp. 172–176.
2085:, pp. 170–172.
2061:, pp. 168–169.
1988:, pp. 22, 164.
1964:, pp. 107–108.
1952:, pp. 44, 107.
1888:, pp. 109–110.
1864:, pp. 128–129.
1797:, pp. 124–128.
1785:, pp. 113–114.
1632:, pp. 102–103.
1518:, pp. 156–157.
962:author abbreviation
871:52(9):22–23, 83–85.
515:Roger Tory Peterson
363:Audubon Field Notes
228:Columbia University
99:Columbia University
2021:(9): 22–23, 83–85.
855:Modern Bird Study.
802::129–157, 167–189.
648:
640:
281:Harvard University
232:Cornell University
103:Cornell University
59:New York, New York
1824:978-0-19-973459-7
1685:, pp. 57–66.
1656:Modern Bird Study
1593:, pp. 64–66.
1581:, pp. 60–61.
1569:, pp. 59–60.
1545:, pp. 57–58.
1479:, pp. 93–94.
1467:, pp. 90–92.
1247:, pp. 35–37.
1235:, pp. 32–34.
1179:"Griscom-Sloan".
1169:, pp. 12–14.
1157:, pp. 10–12.
1087:978-1-56098-310-1
908:978-1-135-15875-0
612:Ira N. Gabrielson
604:Martha's Vineyard
438:belted flycatcher
420:, he visited the
410:Yucatan Peninsula
339:Bradford Washburn
313:Alexander Wetmore
174:
173:
151:Academic advisors
121:Scientific career
2325:
2247:Internet Archive
2231:
2230:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2197:. Archived from
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2015:Field and Stream
2010:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1036:
1035:
1028:
980:
970:
969:
968:
869:Field and Stream
687:established the
531:Chandler Robbins
446:Cape May warbler
406:British Honduras
359:Audubon Magazine
317:James Lee Peters
72:
54:
52:
33:
19:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2258:
2257:
2239:
2234:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1922:10.2307/4083222
1905:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1314:10.2307/4075288
1297:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1030:
1029:
990:
986:
981:
966:
965:
964:
959:
708:
698:
669:
632:
600:Atlantic flyway
595:
582:
550:
511:
434:Jonathan Dwight
418:Maunsell Crosby
390:Gaspé Peninsula
382:
301:
262:
257:
236:Arthur A. Allen
193:
95:Alma mater
80:
74:
70:
61:
56:
50:
48:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2237:External links
2235:
2233:
2232:
2212:
2186:
2184:, p. 198.
2174:
2162:
2160:, p. 193.
2150:
2148:, p. 159.
2138:
2136:, p. 195.
2123:
2111:
2109:, p. 182.
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2049:, p. 177.
2039:
2037:, p. 166.
2024:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1976:, p. 120.
1966:
1954:
1942:
1916:(4): 598–605.
1890:
1878:
1876:, p. 108.
1866:
1854:
1852:, p. 130.
1842:
1840:, p. 103.
1830:
1823:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1773:, p. 123.
1763:
1735:
1733:, p. 138.
1723:
1721:, p. 131.
1711:
1709:, p. 186.
1699:
1697:, p. 132.
1687:
1675:
1646:
1644:, p. 107.
1634:
1622:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1533:, p. 161.
1520:
1508:
1506:, p. 156.
1493:
1491:, p. 154.
1481:
1469:
1457:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1198:
1186:
1181:New York Times
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1086:
1068:
1037:
987:
985:
982:
977:botanical name
958:
957:
956:
949:
938:
931:
922:
911:
896:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
841:
834:
820:
813:
803:
793:
783:
773:
762:
751:
742:
731:
720:
707:
704:
703:
702:
697:
694:
668:
665:
631:
628:
594:
591:
581:
578:
574:Gray Herbarium
549:
546:
510:
507:
456:
455:
414:Cozumel Island
381:
378:
300:
297:
289:Thomas Barbour
261:
258:
256:
253:
205:William Ludlow
192:
189:
177:Ludlow Griscom
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
117:
116:
110:
109:Known for
106:
105:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 68)
67:
63:
62:
57:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
23:Ludlow Griscom
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2330:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2226: Griscom
2222:
2216:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:, p. 77.
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:, p. 29.
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:. p. 65.
1618:
1611:
1608:
1605:, p. 66.
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:, p. 59.
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:, p. 88.
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:, p. 80.
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:, p. 81.
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:, p. 85.
1415:
1410:
1407:
1404:, p. 79.
1403:
1398:
1395:
1392:, p. 78.
1391:
1386:
1383:
1380:, p. 46.
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:, p. 74.
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:, p. 70.
1343:
1338:
1335:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 95.
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:, p. 35.
1270:
1265:
1262:
1259:, p. 53.
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1223:, p. 14.
1222:
1217:
1214:
1211:, p. 27.
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:, p. 23.
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
989:
983:
978:
974:
963:
960:The standard
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
928:
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
892:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
847:
842:
839:
835:
832:
830:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
809:
804:
801:
799:
794:
791:
789:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
749:
748:
743:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
709:
705:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
686:
683:In 1980, the
681:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
644:
636:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
592:
590:
588:
587:closed season
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
520:
516:
508:
506:
504:
498:
496:
490:
488:
484:
479:
476:
471:
469:
463:
461:
452:
451:
450:
447:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:Atitlán grebe
427:
423:
422:Pearl Islands
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
308:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
274:Frank Chapman
271:
267:
259:
254:
252:
248:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:New York City
190:
188:
186:
182:
181:ornithologist
178:
169:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:Resting place
83:
78:
68:
64:
60:
55:June 17, 1890
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
2225:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:the original
2189:
2182:Davis (1994)
2177:
2170:Davis (1994)
2165:
2158:Davis (1994)
2153:
2146:Davis (1994)
2141:
2134:Davis (1994)
2119:Davis (1994)
2114:
2107:Davis (1994)
2102:
2095:Davis (1994)
2090:
2083:Davis (1994)
2078:
2071:Davis (1994)
2066:
2059:Davis (1994)
2054:
2047:Davis (1994)
2042:
2035:Davis (1994)
2018:
2014:
1998:Davis (1994)
1993:
1986:Davis (1994)
1981:
1974:Davis (1994)
1969:
1962:Davis (1994)
1957:
1950:Davis (1994)
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1913:
1909:
1886:Davis (1994)
1881:
1874:Davis (1994)
1869:
1862:Davis (1994)
1857:
1850:Davis (1994)
1845:
1838:Davis (1994)
1833:
1809:
1802:
1795:Davis (1994)
1790:
1783:Davis (1994)
1778:
1771:Davis (1994)
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1738:
1731:Davis (1994)
1726:
1719:Davis (1994)
1714:
1707:Davis (1994)
1702:
1695:Davis (1994)
1690:
1683:Davis (1994)
1678:
1655:
1649:
1642:Davis (1994)
1637:
1630:Davis (1994)
1625:
1616:
1610:
1603:Davis (1994)
1598:
1591:Davis (1994)
1586:
1579:Davis (1994)
1574:
1567:Davis (1994)
1562:
1555:Davis (1994)
1550:
1543:Davis (1994)
1538:
1531:Davis (1994)
1516:Davis (1994)
1511:
1504:Davis (1994)
1489:Davis (1994)
1484:
1477:Davis (1994)
1472:
1465:Davis (1994)
1460:
1453:Davis (1994)
1438:Davis (1994)
1433:
1426:Davis (1994)
1421:
1414:Davis (1994)
1409:
1402:Davis (1994)
1397:
1390:Davis (1994)
1385:
1378:Davis (1994)
1373:
1366:Davis (1994)
1361:
1354:Davis (1994)
1349:
1342:Davis (1994)
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1308:(1): 68–80.
1305:
1301:
1288:
1281:Davis (1994)
1276:
1269:Davis (1994)
1264:
1257:Davis (1994)
1252:
1245:Davis (1994)
1240:
1233:Davis (1994)
1228:
1221:Davis (1994)
1216:
1209:Davis (1994)
1194:Davis (1994)
1189:
1180:
1174:
1167:Davis (1994)
1162:
1155:Davis (1994)
1150:
1145:, p. 8.
1143:Davis (1994)
1138:
1133:, p. 6.
1131:Davis (1994)
1126:
1121:, p. 3.
1119:Davis (1994)
1106:, p. 4.
1104:Davis (1994)
1077:
1071:
1056:
1031:
952:
945:
934:
926:
918:
899:
890:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
845:
837:
828:
823:
816:
807:
797:
787:
779:
769:
758:
746:
738:
727:
716:
682:
670:
649:
596:
593:Conservation
583:
576:at Harvard.
558:Newfoundland
551:
538:Allen Morgan
535:
524:
518:
512:
499:
491:
482:
480:
472:
467:
464:
457:
442:
383:
373:
367:
362:
358:
352:
332:
321:
309:
302:
293:Alfred Romer
278:
263:
249:
225:
217:
213:Pennsylvania
209:Thomas Lloyd
194:
176:
175:
137:Institutions
120:
71:(1959-05-28)
69:May 28, 1959
2283:1959 deaths
2278:1890 births
741:39:517–530.
719:37:653–756.
667:Recognition
624:Plum Island
260:Museum work
185:field marks
131:Ornithology
114:field marks
2262:Categories
984:References
840:11:77–210.
653:Ernst Mayr
481:Griscom's
51:1890-06-17
39:, May 1942
1664:cite book
895::341–382.
864:30:65–72.
833::306–308.
819:38:12–18.
817:Bird-Lore
812::261–382.
792::367–422.
772:64:1–439.
761:40:69–80.
730:39:31–41.
692:region."
657:Cambridge
608:heath hen
570:herbarium
460:specimens
426:Guatemala
386:Nicaragua
1935:5 August
1756:5 August
1327:5 August
850::81–344.
782:3:1–184.
572:and the
509:Protégés
416:. With
400:and the
374:Bulletin
2245:at the
1930:4083222
1910:The Auk
1322:4075288
1302:The Auk
967:Griscom
829:Rhodora
759:The Auk
739:The Auk
728:The Auk
580:Hunting
166:Griscom
2205:9 July
1928:
1821:
1320:
1084:
973:citing
906:
824:Diodia
696:Quotes
562:Quebec
554:botany
548:Botany
436:) the
412:, and
408:, the
394:Panama
255:Career
127:Fields
79:, U.S.
1926:JSTOR
1906:(PDF)
1815:76–83
1318:JSTOR
1298:(PDF)
1065:–350.
2207:2012
1937:2012
1819:ISBN
1758:2012
1670:link
1329:2012
1082:ISBN
904:ISBN
618:and
560:and
315:and
66:Died
45:Born
1918:doi
1310:doi
1063:349
944:,
917:,
893:103
826:,"
800:107
726:,
283:'s
238:.
37:FDR
2264::
2223:.
2126:^
2027:^
2019:52
2017:.
2005:^
1924:.
1914:82
1912:.
1908:.
1893:^
1817:.
1666:}}
1662:{{
1523:^
1496:^
1445:^
1316:.
1306:43
1304:.
1300:.
1201:^
1111:^
1096:^
1040:^
991:^
975:a
848:88
831:39
810:78
790:75
768:,
757:,
737:,
715:,
663:.
626:.
544:.
533:.
497:.
440:.
223:.
215:.
143:,
101:,
2229:.
2209:.
1939:.
1920::
1827:.
1760:.
1751:9
1672:)
1331:.
1312::
1090:.
979:.
910:.
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
