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365:(golf sauce). After being served prawns with the usual sauce during lunch with a group of friends at the Ocean Club in Mar del Plata, Leloir came up with a peculiar combination of ketchup and mayonnaise to spice up his meal. With the financial difficulties that later plagued Leloir's laboratories and research, he would joke, "If I had patented that sauce, we'd have a lot more money for research right now."
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and remarked, "never have I received so much for so little". Leloir and his team reportedly celebrated by drinking champagne from test tubes, a rare departure from the humility and frugality that characterized the atmosphere of
FundaciĂłn Instituto Campomar under Leloir's direction. The $ 80,000 prize
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Leloir's parents, Federico
Augusto Rufino Leloir Bernal and Hortensia Aguirre de Leloir, traveled from Buenos Aires to Paris in the middle of 1906 with the intention of treating Federico's illness. However, Federico died in late August, and a week later Luis was born in an old house at 81 VĂctor Hugo
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in the United States desperate for funding, and surprisingly was accepted. In 1958, the institute found a new home in a former all-girls school, a donation from the
Argentine government. As Leloir and his research gained greater prominence, further research came from the Argentine Research Council,
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in the liver; together with J. M. Muñoz, he produced an active cell-free system, a first in scientific research. It had initially been assumed that in order to study a cell, scientists could not separate it from its host organism, as oxidation could only occur in intact cells. Along the way, Muñoz
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At the beginning of 1948, Leloir and his team identified the sugar nucleotides that were fundamental to the metabolism of carbohydrates, turning the
Instituto Campomar into a biochemistry institution well known throughout the world. Immediately thereafter, Leloir received the Argentine Scientific
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and drop him off at 1719 Julián
Alvarez Street, location of FundaciĂłn Instituto Campomar, with Leloir wearing the same worn out, gray overalls. He worked sitting on the same straw seat for decades and encouraged colleagues to eat lunch in the laboratory to save time, bringing enough meat stew to
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and his medical internship in Ramos MejĂa hospital. After some initial conflicts with colleagues and complications in his method of treating patients, Leloir decided to dedicate himself to research in the laboratory, claiming that "we could do little for our patients... antibiotics, psychoactive
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During his childhood, the future Nobel Prize winner found himself observing natural phenomena with particular interest; his schoolwork and readings highlighted the connections between the natural sciences and biology. His education was divided between
Escuela General San MartĂn (primary school),
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at the
University of Buenos Aires, which named Leloir, Carlos Eugenio Cardini and Enrico Cabib as titular professors in the university's newly founded Biochemical Institute. The institute would help develop scientific programs in budding Argentine universities as well as attract researchers and
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Leloir returned to Buenos Aires in 1937 after his brief stay at
Cambridge. 1943 saw Leloir marry; Luis Leloir and Amelia Zuberbuhler (1920-2013) would later have a daughter also named Amelia. However, his return to Argentina was amidst conflict and strife; Houssay had been expelled from the
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As his work in the laboratory was coming to an end, Leloir continued his teaching position in the
Department of Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, taking a hiatus only to complete his studies at Cambridge and at the Enzyme Research Laboratory in the United States.
710:"This is only one step in a much larger project. I discovered (no, not me: my team) the function of sugar nucleotides in cell metabolism. I want others to understand this, but it is not easy to explain: this is not a very noteworthy deed, and we hardly know even a little
422:. The two would develop a close relationship, collaborating on various projects until Houssay's death in 1971; in his lecture after winning the Nobel Prize, Leloir claimed that his "whole research career has been influenced by one person, Prof. Bernardo A. Houssay".
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After only two years, Leloir received recognition from the medical department at the
University of Buenos Aires for having produced the best doctoral thesis. Feeling that his knowledge in fields such as
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in hopes of receiving his doctorate. However, he got off to a rocky start, requiring four attempts to pass his anatomy exam. He finally received his diploma in 1932 and began his residency in the
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Cardini, C. E.; Paladini, A. C.; Caputto, R.; Leloir, L. F. (1950). "Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: The Coenzyme of the Galactose–Glucose Phosphate Isomerization".
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Leloir was known for his humility, focus and consistency, described by many as a "true monk in science". Every morning his wife Amelia would drive him in their
572:, Enrico Cabib, Raúl Trucco, Alejandro Paladini, Carlos Cardini and José Luis Reissig, with whom he investigated and discovered why a malfunctioning kidney and
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With maternal name included (in usual Spanish-language practice) his name would be Luis Federico Leloir Aguirre, but the "Aguirre" is nearly always omitted.
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and Leloir, unable to procure the costly refrigerated centrifuge needed to separate cell contents, improvised by spinning a tire stuffed with salt and ice.
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share with everyone. Indeed, despite Leloir's frugality and extreme dedication to his research, he was a sociable man, claiming not to like working alone.
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Society Prize, one of the many awards he would receive both in Argentina and internationally. During this time, his team dedicated itself to the study of
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348:. His grades were unspectacular, and his first stint in college ended quickly when he abandoned his architectural studies that he had begun in Paris'
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is lacking, he continued attending classes at the university as a part-time student. In 1936 he traveled to England to begin advanced studies at the
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as a research assistant. Leloir would later credit Green with instilling within him the initiative to establish his own research in Argentina.
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He died in Buenos Aires on December 2, 1987, of a heart attack soon after returning to his home from the laboratory, and is buried in
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are synthesized and converted into energy in the body. Although born in France, Leloir received the majority of his education at the
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garnered international attention and led to significant progress in understanding, diagnosing and treating the congenital disease
1981:
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and was director of the private research group FundaciĂłn Instituto Campomar until his death in 1987. His research into sugar
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959:
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692:, becoming only the third Argentine to receive the prestigious honor in any field at the time. In his acceptance speech at
312:. After returning to Argentina in 1908, Leloir lived together with his eight siblings on their family's extensive property
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Zorreguieta, Angeles; Ugalde, Rodolfo A.; Leloir, Luis F. (1985). "An intermediate in cyclic β1–2 glucan biosynthesis".
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Leloir, Luis F. (1951). "The enzymatic transformation of uridine diphosphate glucose into a galactose derivative".
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Parodi AJ, Krisman CR, Leloir LF, Mordoh J (September 1967). "Properties of synthetic and native liver glycogen".
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money was spent directly on research, and when asked about the significance of his achievement, Leloir responded:
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on succinic dehydrogenase; from this moment Leloir began to specialize in researching carbohydrate metabolism.
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Lorenzano, Julio CĂ©sar. Por los caminos de Leloir. Editorial Biblos; 1a edition, July 1994. ISBN 9-5078-6063-0
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In 1983, Leloir became one of the founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences, later renamed the
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in maintaining good health. Leloir's research in the Biochemical Laboratory of Cambridge centered around
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NachĂłn, Carlos Alberto. Luis Federico Leloir: ensayo de una biografĂa. Bank Foundation of Boston, 1994.
613:; Leloir and his colleagues elucidated the primary mechanisms of galactose metabolism (now called the
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1399:"The Substance Causing Renal Hypertension"(E. Braun-Menedez, J.C. Fasciolo, L.F. Leloir, J.M. Muñoz)
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In his later years Leloir continued to study glycogen and other aspects of carbohydrate metabolism.
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Zuberbuhler de Leloir, Amelia. Retrato personal de Leloir. Vol. 8, No. 25, pp. 45–46, 1983.
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1592:, 8th edition, 2001. Scriver, Beaudet, et al., McGraw-Hill, vol I, chapter 72, p.1553-1587.
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In 1945, Leloir ended his exile and returned to Argentina to work under Houssay at the
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Leloir published a short autobiography, entitled "Long Ago and Far Away" in the 1983
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and the institute would later become associated with the University of Buenos Aires.
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Ariel Barrios Medina, "Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987): un esbozo biográfico" web:
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http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/ConociendoNuestraCiencia/nobel%20leloir.html
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On December 2, 1970, Leloir received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry from the King of
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Leloir celebrating with colleagues December 10, 1970, after winning the Nobel Prize.
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729:'s novels that depicted the country wildlife and scenery of Leloir's childhood.
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548:, which Leloir would direct from its creation in 1947 by businessman and patron
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http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/leloir-lecture.html
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Trucco, R.E.; Caputto, R; Leloir, L.F.; Mittelman, N (1948). "Galactokinase".
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Luis Leloir, "Two decades of research on the biosynthesis of saccharides" web:
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Caputto, R; Leloir, L.F.; Trucco, R.E.; Cardini, C.E.; Paladini, A C (1949).
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Following Jaime Campomar's death in 1957, Leloir and his team applied to the
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The following year, he reached an agreement with Rolando GarcĂa, dean of the
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Leloir (left) with Armando Parodi and his daughter Amelia in the laboratory.
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http://www.clubdelprogreso.com/index.php?sec=04_05&sid=43&id=2513
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1187:"Cientificos Argentinos Distinguidos Con El Premio Nobel En Ciencia" web:
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Elected an International Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
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1379:(19). American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: 158–160.
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Valeria Roman, "A cien años del nacimiento de Luis Federico Leloir" web:
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580:. That same year, his colleague Caputto, in his investigations of the
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324:: El TuyĂş comprises 400 km of sandy land along the coastline from
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University of Buenos Aires for signing a public petition opposing the
406:, who pointed Leloir towards investigating in his doctoral thesis the
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that his grandparents had purchased after their immigration from the
76:
1495:"The enzymatic transformation of galactose into glucose derivatives"
1164:"Historia de San Clemente del TuyĂş: Historia de la ciudad y la zona"
1367:
Kresge, Nicole; Simoni, Robert D; Hill, Robert L. (May 13, 2005).
963:
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72:
1343:"[Bernardo A. Houssay] BiografĂa de Luis Federico Leloir"
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Instituto de Investigaciones BioquĂmicas de la FundaciĂłn Campomar
410:
and carbohydrate metabolism. Houssay happened to be friends with
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1934:
1241:
http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/08/27/sociedad/s-01259864.htm
637:, England, France, Spain, and other Latin American countries.
243:(September 6, 1906 – December 2, 1987) was an Argentine
913:
Argentina Chemistry Association's Juan José Jolly Kyle Award
455:, who had obtained that distinction in 1929 for his work in
1920:
451:, under the supervision of another Nobel Prize winner, Sir
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399:
drugs, and all the new therapeutic agents were unknown ."
382:
Leloir (top left) with family on an Argentine resort, 1951
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Holton JB, Walter JH, and Tyfield LA. "Galactosemia" in
1030:"Luis Federico Leloir. 6 September 1906-3 December 1987"
905:
Honorary Doctorate from Universidad Nacional de CĂłrdoba
751:
The FundaciĂłn Instituto Campomar has since been renamed
3640:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1590:
The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease
949:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1972
617:) and determined the cause of galactosemia, a serious
536:
Luis Leloir and Carlos Eugenio Cardini at work in the
332:
which has since become a popular tourist attraction.
1369:"Luis F. Leloir and the Biosynthesis of Saccharides"
1034:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
604:) to convert unusable galactose into usable glucose.
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1972:
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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
921:Honorary member of the English Biochemical Society
725:. The title, Leloir claims, is derived from one of
202:
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150:
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105:
83:
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39:
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1617:Mordoh J, Leloir LF, Krisman CR (January 1965).
1211:. Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes. Archived from
787:Leloir with his wife Amelia and cardiac surgeon
1926:The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
707:
27:Argentine physician and biochemist (1906–1987)
3670:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3346:
1946:
1607:, Thomas Gale, Thomson Corporation, 2005-2006
1600:
1598:
359:It was during the 1920s that Leloir invented
53:An early photograph of Leloir in his twenties
30:"Leloir" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1619:"In vitro Synthesis of Particulate Glycogen"
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
568:By 1947 he had formed a team that included
349:
340:(secondary school), and for a few months at
1285:Green, D E; Leloir, L F; Nocito, V (1945).
520:at the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
3645:Washington University in St. Louis faculty
3353:
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1953:
1939:
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308:Road in Paris, a few blocks away from the
36:
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1312:
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602:Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
939:Legion de Honor “Orden de Andrés Bello”
806:
531:
220:Fundación Instituto Campomar (1947–1981)
1875:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1546:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1015:
856:Elected an International Member of the
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
459:and in revealing the critical role of
420:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
1023:
1021:
1019:
847:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
630:Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences
7:
3635:Foreign members of the Royal Society
3625:Illustrious Citizens of Buenos Aires
492:and the military government led by
1767:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970"
1373:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1131:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.000245
467:, more specifically the effects of
1815:Mario Bunge, "Luis F. Leloir" web:
1794:. Chubut Argentina. Archived from
506:Washington University in St. Louis
211:Washington University in St. Louis
25:
3675:20th-century Argentine physicians
3665:20th-century Argentine biologists
3650:University of Buenos Aires alumni
633:scholars from the United States,
2183:
867:Bunge and Born Foundation Award
110:
47:
3655:Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
1272:"Bernardo Houssay Biographical"
829:T. Ducett Jones Memorial Award
858:American Philosophical Society
1:
1605:World of Scientific Discovery
1512:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)56863-0
1386:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)67598-6
1304:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41491-8
1118:Annual Review of Biochemistry
821:Third National Science Award
723:Annual Review of Biochemistry
700:'s famous 1940 speech to the
642:National Institutes of Health
3630:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
3605:Physicians from Buenos Aires
1735:10.1016/0006-291X(85)90613-8
1690:10.1016/0003-9861(67)90066-5
1623:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1558:10.1016/0003-9861(51)90096-3
538:FundaciĂłn Instituto Campomar
528:FundaciĂłn Instituto Campomar
3620:Columbia University faculty
960:Order of Bernardo O'Higgins
799:Leloir family mausoleum in
516:and thereafter worked with
3691:
1921:FundaciĂłn Instituto Leloir
1082:"Biography of Luis Leloir"
888:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
875:Gairdner Foundation Award
753:FundaciĂłn Instituto Leloir
392:University of Buenos Aires
265:University of Buenos Aires
207:University of Buenos Aires
158:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
127:University of Buenos Aires
29:
3615:Argentine Nobel laureates
3512:
2181:
1401:The Journal of Physiology
988:: Science and Technology
684:for his discovery of the
453:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
386:After returning again to
350:
255:for his discovery of the
229:
185:
46:
3107:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2386:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1966:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1124:. Annual Reviews: 1–15.
930:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
414:, the brother-in-law of
253:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
164:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1403:(1940) no.98 pg.283-298
1114:"Far Away and Long Ago"
771:Awards and distinctions
449:University of Cambridge
412:Carlos Bonorino Udaondo
223:University of Cambridge
145:Carbohydrate metabolism
3518:Nobel Prize recipients
3464:Physiology or Medicine
3404:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
3271:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3259:M. Stanley Whittingham
2230:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1871:"Luis Federico Leloir"
1792:"Luis Federico Leloir"
1678:Arch. Biochem. Biophys
1209:"Luis Federico Leloir"
1047:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0009
804:
792:
780:
714:
661:
605:
596:Chemical structure of
541:
383:
286:. Leloir is buried in
251:who received the 1970
3610:Argentine biochemists
2641:Christian B. Anfinsen
2281:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1207:Pedro Tesone (2006).
1112:Leloir, Luis (1983).
798:
786:
778:
659:
595:
535:
508:, collaborating with
496:. Leloir fled to the
381:
326:San Clemente del TuyĂş
3380:Luis Federico Leloir
3303:Karl Barry Sharpless
2800:Dudley R. Herschbach
2625:Luis Federico Leloir
1899:search.amphilsoc.org
1895:"APS Member History"
1790:Comodoro Rivadavia.
1644:10.1073/pnas.53.1.86
897:Benito Juárez Award
801:La Recoleta Cemetery
734:La Recoleta Cemetery
727:William Henry Hudson
396:Hospital de ClĂnicas
288:La Recoleta Cemetery
236:Luis Federico Leloir
41:Luis Federico Leloir
3295:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3207:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2944:Jens Christian Skou
2912:F. Sherwood Rowland
2824:Charles J. Pedersen
2788:Herbert A. Hauptman
2481:Vincent du Vigneaud
2098:Richard Willstätter
1982:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1635:1965PNAS...53...86M
1427:1950Natur.165..191C
958:Grand Cross of the
884:Columbia University
761:Parkinson's disease
757:Alzheimer's disease
696:, he borrowed from
623:lactose intolerance
522:Columbia University
494:Pedro Pablo RamĂrez
352:École Polytechnique
216:Columbia University
141:Lactose intolerance
3255:John B. Goodenough
3183:William E. Moerner
3063:Richard R. Schrock
3035:Roderick MacKinnon
3007:K. Barry Sharpless
2832:Johann Deisenhofer
2661:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2657:Ernst Otto Fischer
2581:Robert S. Mulliken
2517:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
2465:Hermann Staudinger
2285:Irène Joliot-Curie
1833:2007-09-24 at the
1246:2007-06-17 at the
1194:2016-07-29 at the
1028:Ochoa, S. (1990).
805:
793:
781:
765:multiple sclerosis
686:metabolic pathways
662:
606:
542:
384:
338:Colegio Lacordaire
257:metabolic pathways
3582:
3581:
3495:Economic Sciences
3328:
3327:
3311:Moungi G. Bawendi
3231:Richard Henderson
3075:Roger D. Kornberg
3043:Aaron Ciechanover
2876:Rudolph A. Marcus
2780:Robert Merrifield
2716:Peter D. Mitchell
2489:Cyril Hinshelwood
2250:Friedrich Bergius
2174:Richard Zsigmondy
2090:Theodore Richards
2038:Ernest Rutherford
1851:www.nasonline.org
1421:(4188): 191–192.
992:
991:
698:Winston Churchill
621:that resulted in
588:Sugar nucleotides
408:suprarenal glands
233:
232:
187:Scientific career
69:September 6, 1906
16:(Redirected from
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3520:
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3348:
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3319:Alexei I. Ekimov
3305:
3299:Morten P. Meldal
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3223:Jacques Dubochet
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2718:
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975:Legion of Honour
807:
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619:genetic disorder
404:Bernardo Houssay
402:In 1933, he met
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342:Beaumont College
275:metabolism, and
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176:Legion of Honour
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3123:Richard F. Heck
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1782:
1771:NobelPrize.org
1758:
1729:(1): 352–357.
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1552:(2): 186–190.
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2693:
2689:
2682:
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2653:
2650:
2649:William Stein
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2597:George Porter
2594:
2590:
2589:Manfred Eigen
2585:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
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2533:Melvin Calvin
2529:
2526:
2525:Willard Libby
2521:
2518:
2513:
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2505:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2473:Linus Pauling
2469:
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2461:
2458:
2457:Richard Synge
2454:
2453:Archer Martin
2449:
2446:
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2402:Arne Tiselius
2398:
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2226:Arthur Harden
2222:
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2218:Adolf Windaus
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2198:
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2151:Francis Aston
2147:
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2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2082:Alfred Werner
2078:
2075:
2074:Paul Sabatier
2071:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2022:Henri Moissan
2018:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1991:
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1798:on 2007-02-28
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1684:(3): 769–78.
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1499:J. Biol. Chem
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1468:Arch. Biochem
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1349:on 2008-04-23
1348:
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1215:on 2007-02-10
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789:René Favaloro
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631:
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624:
620:
616:
612:
611:glycoproteins
603:
599:
594:
587:
585:
583:
582:mammary gland
579:
576:helped cause
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
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498:United States
495:
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479:United States
478:
476:
474:
473:pyrophosphate
470:
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261:carbohydrates
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104:
100:
96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
61:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
3660:TWAS fellows
3548:
3484:Bernard Katz
3379:
3247:George Smith
3127:Akira Suzuki
3083:Gerhard Ertl
3067:Yves Chauvin
3015:John B. Fenn
3003:Ryoji Noyori
2990:2001–present
2964:Ahmed Zewail
2924:Harold Kroto
2908:Mario Molina
2836:Robert Huber
2808:John Polanyi
2792:Jerome Karle
2728:Georg Wittig
2624:
2613:Derek Barton
2605:Lars Onsager
2557:Giulio Natta
2553:Karl Ziegler
2545:John Kendrew
2313:Richard Kuhn
2238:Hans Fischer
2054:Otto Wallach
1990:Emil Fischer
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1823:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1785:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1744:11336/143171
1726:
1722:
1716:
1699:11336/140861
1681:
1677:
1671:
1629:(1): 86–91.
1626:
1622:
1612:
1604:
1589:
1584:
1567:11336/140700
1549:
1545:
1539:
1522:11336/135761
1502:
1498:
1488:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1444:11336/140707
1418:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:the original
1314:11336/135717
1294:
1290:
1280:
1266:
1254:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1202:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1170:(in Spanish)
1167:
1158:
1141:11336/135573
1121:
1117:
1086:. Retrieved
1064:
1037:
1033:
995:Bibliography
813:Distinction
750:
742:
731:
722:
720:
709:
708:
679:
667:
663:
652:
639:
627:
607:
578:hypertension
567:
543:
502:Pharmacology
482:
429:
401:
385:
374:Buenos Aires
360:
358:
334:
320:of northern
313:
306:
292:Buenos Aires
284:galactosemia
280:hypertension
273:carbohydrate
235:
234:
203:Institutions
197:Biochemistry
186:
137:Galactosemia
95:Buenos Aires
89:(1987-12-02)
3600:1987 deaths
3595:1906 births
3382:(Argentina)
3363:Nobel Prize
3215:Ben Feringa
3199:Aziz Sancar
3179:Stefan Hell
3175:Eric Betzig
2952:Walter Kohn
2920:Robert Curl
2896:George Olah
2884:Kary Mullis
2860:Elias Corey
2852:Thomas Cech
2804:Yuan T. Lee
2772:Henry Taube
2305:Paul Karrer
2293:Peter Debye
2273:Harold Urey
2159:Fritz Pregl
2120:Fritz Haber
2062:Marie Curie
1040:: 202–208.
986:Konex Award
738:Mario Bunge
676:Nobel Prize
649:Later years
574:angiotensin
562:fatty acids
437:mathematics
303:Early years
269:nucleotides
225:(1936–1943)
218:(1944–1945)
213:(1943–1944)
106:Nationality
32:2548 Leloir
18:Luis Leloir
3589:Categories
3453:Louis NĂ©el
3391:Literature
3051:Irwin Rose
3031:Peter Agre
2956:John Pople
2764:Aaron Klug
2669:Paul Flory
2617:Odd Hassel
2541:Max Perutz
2422:Kurt Alder
2418:Otto Diels
2246:Carl Bosch
1904:2022-11-09
1880:2022-11-09
1856:2022-11-09
1802:2007-03-19
1776:2020-10-28
1353:2008-04-12
1219:2007-03-19
1174:2020-10-28
1011:References
947:Elected a
514:Gerty Cori
488:regime in
457:physiology
362:salsa golf
330:Mar de AjĂł
249:biochemist
65:1906-09-06
3372:Chemistry
3365:laureates
2736:Paul Berg
2691:1976–2000
2432:1951–1975
2362:Otto Hahn
2193:1926–1950
1973:1901–1925
1962:Laureates
694:Stockholm
598:galactose
558:oxidation
510:Carl Cori
441:chemistry
426:Cambridge
388:Argentina
298:Biography
259:by which
245:physician
117:Argentine
99:Argentina
3480:(Sweden)
3455:(France)
3449:(Sweden)
1831:Archived
1663:14283209
1576:14885999
1531:18119268
1480:18871223
1453:44975916
1323:21006939
1244:Archived
1192:Archived
1056:11622277
984:Diamond
745:Fiat 600
461:vitamins
240:ForMemRS
170:ForMemRS
3439:Physics
1964:of the
1753:3970697
1708:6078102
1631:Bibcode
1423:Bibcode
1150:6351722
690:lactose
540:, 1960.
490:Germany
469:cyanide
465:enzymes
445:biology
433:physics
346:England
314:El TuyĂş
3309:2023:
3293:2022:
3281:2021:
3269:2020:
3253:2019:
3237:2018:
3221:2017:
3205:2016:
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2603:1968:
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2244:1931:
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2216:1928:
2208:1927:
2200:1926:
2172:1925:
2157:1923:
2149:1922:
2141:1921:
2133:1920:
2118:1918:
2096:1915:
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2068:1912:
2060:1911:
2052:1910:
2044:1909:
2036:1908:
2028:1907:
2020:1906:
2012:1905:
2004:1904:
1996:1903:
1988:1902:
1980:1901:
1751:
1706:
1661:
1654:219438
1651:
1574:
1529:
1478:
1451:
1415:Nature
1321:
1148:
1088:7 June
1054:
763:, and
717:Legacy
682:Sweden
443:, and
369:Career
193:Fields
178:(1982)
172:(1972)
166:(1970)
160:(1967)
151:Awards
77:France
3549:1970
3415:Peace
3361:1970
1449:S2CID
981:1983
971:1982
964:Chile
955:1976
944:1972
936:1971
926:1970
918:1969
910:1968
902:1968
894:1968
880:1967
872:1966
864:1965
853:1963
842:1961
834:1960
826:1958
818:1943
810:Year
635:Japan
554:yeast
322:Spain
277:renal
73:Paris
3574:1975
3569:1974
3564:1973
3559:1972
3554:1971
3544:1969
3539:1968
3534:1967
3529:1966
3524:1965
3419:1970
3395:1970
2346:1942
2339:1941
2332:1940
2265:1933
2166:1924
2127:1919
2112:1917
2105:1916
1749:PMID
1704:PMID
1659:PMID
1572:PMID
1527:PMID
1476:PMID
1319:PMID
1146:PMID
1090:2010
1052:PMID
670:TWAS
512:and
486:Nazi
471:and
247:and
84:Died
59:Born
1739:hdl
1731:doi
1727:126
1694:hdl
1686:doi
1682:121
1649:PMC
1639:doi
1562:hdl
1554:doi
1517:hdl
1507:doi
1503:179
1439:hdl
1431:doi
1419:165
1381:doi
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1299:doi
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688:in
560:of
504:at
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