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471:, a district of San Juan. Most classes were taught in English, a change imposed by the American colonial government. Muñoz Marín's knowledge of English allowed him to be advanced to second grade, although he had some difficulty the next year. In 1908, Muñoz Marín was enrolled in a small private school in San Juan. Working with the teacher Pedro Moczó, in two years he covered all the material normally taught to students between third and eighth grade, passing tests with good grades.
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960:, also known as the Gag Law, which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements in the island. Marin was instrumental in the passage of this law as he was in control of the Senate at the time. The passage of the law allowed him to arrest any suspected nationalist without cause or due process and so allowed him to squash any potential question to his authority.
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peoples from the stew of poverty and demagoguism, which has become so characteristic of all the old colonial area. He was the creator, as much as one man could be, of a new status for a whole people and a new relationship among political entities. The
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico was a brilliant invention and its bringing into being a remarkable achievement.
1086:, led by Albizu Campos, also supported full independence and had abandoned the electoral process after low support. On October 30, 1950, a group of Puerto Rican nationalists attacked the governor's mansion and attempted to assassinate Muñoz Marín, by firing shots into his office. Cowering under his desk, Muñoz Marín "narrowly escaped death". They attacked
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Munoz led a movement and created a party, which consolidated the latent power of the stricken Puerto Rican mass and used it to force into being a disciplined program for rejuvenation. This effort has significance beyond itself. It soon became a wonder of a world looking for the means to lift backward
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After leaving the post of governor, Muñoz Marín continued his public service until 1970 as a member of the Puerto Rico Senate. In 1968, he had a serious dispute with
Governor Sánchez Vilella. Still an influential figure inside the Popular Democratic Party, Muñoz Marín decided not to support Sánchez's
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were trained to work in jobs being promoted by the government. Muñoz Marín backed legislation to limit the amount of land a company could own. His development programs brought some prosperity for an emergent middle class. A rural agricultural society was transformed into an industrial working class.
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Operation
Bootstrap encouraged investors to transfer or create manufacturing plants, offering them local and federal tax concessions, while maintaining access to American markets free of import duties. The program facilitated a shift to an industrial economy. During the 1950s, labor-intensive light
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Late in his life, Muñoz Marín's health weakened. On
January 5, 1976, he suffered a severe stroke, which temporarily affected his ability to move, read and speak. On April 30, 1980, he died at the age of 82, after suffering complications from a severe fever. His funeral became an island-wide event,
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Having made progress on illiteracy and other social problems, the party began debating how to establish an autonomous government. Muñoz Marín and his officials agreed to adopt a "Free
Associated State" structure, which had been proposed by Barceló decades before. In Spanish the proposal's name
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during this period for its good industrial jobs. Muñoz Marín said that he "did not agree with" the "continuing situation", and that the "battle for good life, should not have all its emphasis placed on industrialization. Part of it must be placed on agriculture." American critics felt that he
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In 1944 the
Popular Democratic Party won a majority again in the election, repeating the political victory of the previous elections. In 1947, Congress approved legislation allowing Puerto Ricans to elect their own Governor. Muñoz Marín successfully campaigned for the post and was the first
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366:, spearheading an administration that engineered profound economic, political and social reforms; accomplishments that were internationally lauded by many politicians, statesmen, political scientists and economists of the period. Muñoz Marín was instrumental in the suppression of the
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remained unchanged, but in
English, it was commonly referred to as a "Commonwealth", to avoid confusion with full statehood. The main goal of the proposal was to provide more autonomy to the island, including executive functions similar to those in states, and to pass a constitution.
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would acknowledge the progress in civil rights in Puerto Rico at the time, conceding that despite some issues related to class discrimination, "The Negro enjoys equality with the white man politically as well as legally," and that even opponents of Muñoz Marín "agree that he and his
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Civil rights groups and the
Catholic Church criticized Operation Bootstrap, for what they saw as government-promoted birth control, encouragement of surgical sterilization, and fostering the migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States mainland. In 1943 Puerto Rico would pass a
994:, sell or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years'
878:. It was coupled with a program of agrarian reform (land redistribution) which limited the area to be held by large sugarcane interests. During the first four decades of the 20th century, Puerto Rico's dominant economic commodity had been sugarcane by-products.
874:, the last non-Puerto Rican US-appointed Governor, and the republican-socialist coalition which headed the House of Representatives, Muñoz helped advance legislation for agricultural reform, economic recovery, and industrialization. This program became known as
410:. Luis's father assisted in establishing an insular police force, but opposed the military colonial government established by the United States. He resigned from office on February 4, 1899, but was later elected to the House of Delegates of Puerto Rico.
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In 1952, three United States senators referred to Muñoz Marin as a dictator when he would not approve "New
Industry" tax exemptions for housing construction projects. Muñoz Marin said housing was not a new industry in Puerto Rico and the senators,
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After resigning his senate seat in 1970, Muñoz Marín temporarily moved to Italy, where one of his daughters, Viviana, had established residence. During this time he traveled to various destinations in Europe, including France, Spain and Greece.
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abandoned the
Coalition, which by this time had weakened, and he worked to establish a new independence movement. Barceló adopted several of Muñoz Marín's ideas of social and economic reforms and autonomy, using them to form the ideology of the
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605:, the mountain-dwelling peasants of Puerto Rico, two dollars in exchange for their votes. He joined the Socialist Party, a decision regarded as a "disaster" by his family. In October 1920, the Socialist Party recruited members of the
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Victoria, Muñoz Marín's youngest daughter joined the group, which he didn't oppose. The day before the party had an assembly to elect its candidates, Muñoz Marín announced his decision not to run for another term. He recommended
655:. Deciding that exploiting his father's name in Puerto Rican politics was better than starving in Greenwich Village, he borrowed money from a group of friends and returned to the island. Upon arriving, he discovered that
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In Bridgeport, Connecticut, Luis Muñoz Marín School on the East Side of the city was opened in January of 1992 and dedicated on May 3rd, 1992 to honor his achievements. It serves students from pre-kindergarten to grade
737:, a poor sector that had suffered much damage in the hurricane. When photos of her visit were published, former American governors and the incumbent were outraged to have been overlooked. Following his wife's report,
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1289:, with Special Distinction. The citation read: "Poet, politician, public servant, patriot, he has led his people on to new heights of dignity and purpose and transformed a stricken land into a vital society."
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program. Muñoz Marín became a popular political figure due to his involvement in the program, which provided for considerable investment of federal funds in Puerto Rico to develop infrastructure and housing.
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On March 13, 1932, Muñoz Marín was nominated by the party for the post of senator. Although the party did not win a majority in the 1932 elections, Muñoz Marín received enough votes to gain a position in the
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took place on July 25, 1952. Security for the event was tightened to avoid any incident, and invitations were issued. Muñoz Marín feared that the new status could affect the Puerto Rican culture or "
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Muñoz Marín officially took office on January 2, 1949. He held the post of Governor for sixteen years, being re-elected again in 1952, 1956 and 1960. In 1957, Muñoz Marín was awarded an honorary
599:. Excited about the prospect of meeting him, they moved to Puerto Rico, where the couple's first daughter, Munita, was born. Upon arriving, he noticed that some of the landowners were paying the
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As a result of his opposition to the bill and disagreement with Antonio R. Barceló, Muñoz Marín was expelled from the Liberal Party. Muñoz Marín's expulsion severely affected his public image.
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industries were developed on the island, such as textiles; manufacturing later gave way to heavy industry, such as petrochemicals and oil refining, in the 1960s and 1970s. Taught in Spanish,
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have given Negroes a square deal and opened positions to them, especially in the teaching profession and the higher ranks of the police force, from which they were conventionally debarred."
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456:. After receiving further threats from the statehood movements, the family moved to New York City. There Muñoz Marín learned English, while his father founded the bilingual newspaper,
784:(Law of flight). This was the term for a police officer arresting a man, releasing him, and shooting him in the back while the policeman retreated, claiming the suspect had "fled."
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La Obra de Félix Córdova Dávila, Correspondencia Política entre Félix Córdova Dávila y Antonio R. Barceló (1917–1921), published by Oficina del Historiador de Puerto Rico, 2008,
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In late 1916, Muñoz Marín and his mother were called to Puerto Rico by their friend Eduardo Georgetti, who said Luis' father was suffering from an infection spreading from his
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after a 10-year transition under a limited autonomy.) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill, but Muñoz Marín opposed it. Tydings did not gain passage of the bill.
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that collected several of his father's previously unpublished works. After collecting $ 5,000 from his father's friends for this alleged "publication" Muñoz Marín spent the
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In 1931, after traveling throughout the United States, Muñoz Marín noticed the instability of the country's economy — and his own personal finances — after the
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1009:(Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only non-member of PPD in the Puerto Rican House, the law was repressive and in direct violation of the First Amendment of the
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A month later Muñoz Marín and his mother returned to New York; he sold his law books and refused to return to Georgetown. Within one month he published a book titled
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magazine, in 1949 and 1958. The articles called him "one of the most influential politicians in recent times, whose works will be remembered for years to come."
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Days before Luis' birth, his father traveled to Spain to present a proposal of autonomy for Puerto Rico, which was accepted. His father was elected to serve as
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1125:(lit. "the gag law") to arrest thousands of Puerto Ricans without due process, including pro-independence supporters who were not involved in the uprisings.
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Zthe balcony David Dubinsky, Governor Munoz, and an unidentified man break ground for the ILGWU - IBEC Santiago Iglesias housing project in Puerto Rico, 1957
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During his first campaign for the Puerto Rico Senate in 1932, Muñoz Marín was accused of being a narcotics addict; he was alleged to be addicted to opium.
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He returned to Puerto Rico two years later, when he began writing an autobiography. He promoted the gubernatorial candidacy of the senate's president
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and married María Escolástica Barrios. One of his great-grandmothers was Rosa Solá, a woman held in slavery by his great grandfather, Vicente Marín.
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encouraged the migration to reduce overpopulation. Despite efforts to provide more work in agriculture on the islands, the migration continued.
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in Puerto Rico, which won the election in 1904. Following the party's victory, his father was elected as a member of the House of Delegates.
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in the balcony of a house owned by electrician Luis Pérez Álvarez, in 1947. Muñoz Marín was elected as the fourth President of the Senate.
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Muñoz Marín criticized the bill for what he said would be adverse effects on the island's economy. He compared it to a principle known as
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became active in Puerto Rican politics. In 1992, she became the first woman to run as a candidate for the governorship of Puerto Rico.
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971:) passed the legislature on May 21, 1948, and was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
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The Art of Politics, as Practiced by Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Muñoz Marín, and Fiorello H. LaGuardia
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The Art of Politics, as Practiced by Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Muñoz Marín, and Fiorello H. LaGuardia
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passed in the United States, and was perceived as an effort to suppress opposition to the PPD and the independence movement.
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of independence in Latin America. Once the conflict was over, he traveled to Puerto Rico along with his commanding officer,
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During his term as President of the Senate, Muñoz was an advocate of the working class of Puerto Rico. Along with Governor
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pursued work in factories instead of agriculture, to avoid the losses from frequent hurricanes. Many people migrated to
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and Amalia Marín Castilla. His father was a poet, publisher, and a politician, responsible for founding two newspapers,
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By the 1930s, Puerto Rico's political scenario had changed; the only party actively asking for independence was the
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dwarfing his own father's funeral in 1916, and attended by tens of thousands of followers. He was buried at the
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1995:
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See baptismal record of Ramón Marín, republished in Ramón Marín, Obra Completa. Socorro Girón, ed. Ponce, 1989.
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512:, composed of several stories and a one-act play. For several months, he served as the congressional clerk to
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891:("Operation Serenity"), a series of projects geared toward promoting education and appreciation of the arts.
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was elected as governor. Muñoz Marín and Sánchez Vilella's friendship was severely strained after this.
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One of Muñoz Marín's paternal great-grandfathers, Luis Muñoz Iglesias, was born on October 12, 1797, in
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In 1901 when Muñoz Marín was three years old, a group of statehood supporters broke into his father's
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During the early stages of World War II, many thousands of Puerto Ricans were drafted to serve in the
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Along with many liberal democratic administrators from the New Deal relief organization known as the
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from Maryland supported a bill in 1936 to give independence to Puerto Rico. (He had co-sponsored the
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but disliked its strict discipline and failed the tenth grade. In 1915, his father enrolled him at
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in order to win upcoming elections. Disappointed, Muñoz Marín returned to the mainland, moving to
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2523:"Jaime Benítez y la autonomía universitaria"; by: Mary Frances Gallart; Publisher: CreateSpace.
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poetry. They had a daughter and a son together, but often lived apart before separating in 1938.
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On October 18, 1898, Puerto Rico was taken by the United States following Spain's defeat in the
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2634:"Uncovering the roots of fury in Puerto Rico with Julio Ricardo Varela: podcast and transcript"
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America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the United States and Puerto Rico
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Muñoz Marín also received the highest decorations from various other governments, including:
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building and vandalized most of the equipment. Following this incident, the family moved to
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Before his campaigns of 1938 and 1939, while he was still legally married, Muñoz Marín met
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Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón, "La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)"
804:. This organization served as opposition to the Liberal Party, which was led by Barceló.
632:, who was the president of the newly formed Liberal Party, called Muñoz Marín to work on
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Frank Otto Gatell, "Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936"
1187:("The twenty-twos") and began running a campaign, calling on civilians for support.
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would ended a great deal of race-related discrimination in Puerto Rico. In 1945,
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Luis Muñoz Marín was born on February 18, 1898, at 152 Calle de la Fortaleza in
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anywhere, even in one's own home. It also became a crime to speak against the
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An etching of Muñoz Marín is on a five cent red stamp in the Great Americans
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Muñoz Marín began his elementary education at William Penn Public School in
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issued a 5-cent stamp honoring Muñoz Marín in their Great Americans Series.
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responded in kind by calling him a dictator on the floor of the US Senate.
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Following the government police massacre of Nationalist protesters at the
555:. Muñoz Marín and his wife Muna Lee underwent a legal separation in 1938.
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1063:. It was passed by 82% of the people of Puerto Rico, and approved by the
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with his family. Shortly after, his first son, Luis Muñoz Lee, was born.
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journalist, politician, statesman and was the first elected governor of
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The Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements
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1059:, was called. Muñoz Marín participated in that and the drafting of the
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Festival, Music Conservatory, and Puerto Rico's Institute of Culture.
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and sent them to confront the Nationalists in various towns, besides
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Popular Democratic Party (PDP) of Puerto Rico Gubernatorial Nominees
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3058:"Postal Service Will Issue a 5-cent Stamp Honoring Luis Munoz Marin"
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There is a 1974 oil painting of Muñoz Marín by Puerto Rican painter
2253:, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Feb., 1958), pp. 25–44, accessed 15 December 2012
1140:. The government began promoting cultural activities, founding the
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In 1923, he returned alone to Puerto Rico, supposedly to publish a
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Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction in 1963
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500:. Muñoz Rivera died on November 15, 1916, when Luis was eighteen.
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In 1985, Puerto Rico's largest international airport was renamed
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in 1952. Supporters of independence left the PPD and founded the
3149:"Father of Modern Puerto Rico's Portrait Showing at Smithsonian"
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2445:. Howard University History Department Faculty Publications. 23
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During the 1920s Muñoz Marín spent the majority of his time in
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359:, regarded as the "Architect of the Puerto Rico Commonwealth."
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Luis Munoz Marin Blvd, a major throughfare, in Jersey City, NJ
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2413:. Center for History and New Media, George Mason University.
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List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
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In 1940, the Popular Democratic Party won a majority in the
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and Chief of the Cabinet for the Government of Puerto Rico.
1571:"Roberto Sanchez Vilella, 84, Puerto Rican Governor, Dies"
351:(February 18, 1898 – April 30, 1980) was a
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Center for History and New Media, George Mason University
1965:, pp. 94–95; Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2006;
1925:, pp. 70–73; Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2006;
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Presidents of the Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)
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Poet and Politician of Puerto Rico: Don Luis Muñoz Marín
2826:. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc. p.
2741:"Several Motives Are Behind Charges Against Muñoz-Marin"
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2276:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 243.
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The Americas Series of the University of Wisconsin Press
1230:) and decided to run for governor under this new party.
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In 1920, Muñoz Marín was selected to deliver a check to
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in Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín and Mendoza had a daughter,
3175:"TIME Magazine Cover: Luis Munoz Marin - June 23, 1958"
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one of the speeches made in Spanish by Luis Muñoz Marín
2443:"Race Relations In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands"
2074:"Summary of November 3, 1992 General Election Results"
2048:"Late leader's daughter takes up cause in Puerto Rico"
1373:
Muñoz Marín was presented with the Key to the City of
628:. Several years later, after things had quieted down,
1963:
Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution
1923:
Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution
1362:(1958), Tugwell described Muñoz Marín's achievements,
982:
Under this law it became a crime to own or display a
2567:"La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría"
1775:
Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Ricos democratic revolution
3630:
3475:
1777:. Editorial de la Univ. de Puerto Rico. p. 16.
1277:honored Muñoz Marín for his accomplishments with a
1128:The inauguration acts for the establishment of the
936:and the second Puerto Rican to serve in that post.
833:
320:
310:
299:
283:
273:
259:
243:
216:
211:
175:
163:
151:
133:
121:
106:
80:
62:
42:
3956:Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
3252:
3229:
2982:
2865:Méndez-Méndez, Serafín; Fernandez, Ronald (2015).
2819:
1253:, the new leader of the Popular Democratic Party.
532:, who had grown up in Oklahoma. Lee was a leading
3319:Chair of the Puerto Rico Popular Democratic Party
1601:"Don Luis Muñoz Marín: el último de los próceres"
1431:An illustrated color portrait of Muñoz Marín, by
1175:On December 6, 1962, Muñoz Marín was awarded the
16:First elected governor of Puerto Rico (1949–1965)
1801:(in Spanish). Fundación Rafael Hernández Colón.
1312:, which honored him with the Grand Cross of the
948:Puerto Rican flag removed by an American soldier
659:had destroyed most of the sugar crops where the
478:. This position is a non-voting delegate to the
362:In 1948 he was the first democratically elected
2162:
2160:
2158:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1365:
1349:Muñoz Marín was featured twice on the cover of
811:(PRRA), in 1938, Muñoz Marín helped create the
696:. Muñoz Marín joined the Liberal Party and led
624:, did not write the book, and quickly left the
33: and the second or maternal family name is
819:, or PPD). The party committed to helping the
3751:
3453:
2871:Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia
2303:
2301:
1233:The PPD was defeated for the first time, and
8:
3117:"Luis Muñoz Marín School For Social Justice"
1222:Governor Sánchez purchased the franchise of
708:. Shortly after, Rudy Black, a reporter for
3200:"1990 5c Great Americans: Luis Munoz Marin"
1945:, p. 57; Fundacion Luis Muñoz Marín, 2003;
1296:, which awarded him the Grand Cross of the
3758:
3744:
3736:
3460:
3446:
3438:
3303:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
1786:
1784:
975:. It closely resembled the anti-communist
801:Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo
192:January 2, 1941 – January 2, 1949
147:January 2, 1941 – January 2, 1949
76:January 2, 1949 – January 2, 1965
50:
39:
3931:Democratic Party governors of Puerto Rico
2695:; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
2235:
2233:
1729:
1727:
809:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration
663:worked, leaving the majority unemployed.
3961:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
3085:"Luis Muñoz Marín Dual Language Academy"
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
1057:Constitutional Convention of Puerto Rico
3971:Presidents of the Senate of Puerto Rico
3936:Georgetown University Law Center alumni
3856:
2945:"Luis Munoz Marin – June 23, 1958"
2804:
2802:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2462:
2460:
2223:
2221:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2033:
2031:
1717:
1715:
1562:
1032:, and people who did not vote for him.
813:Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico
568:In 1940, a month after his election as
441:. He subsequently settled in a farm in
203:January 2, 1965 – August, 1970
3976:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent
3951:Politicians from San Juan, Puerto Rico
3259:. United States: Raintree Publishers.
3090:Cleveland Metropolitan School District
2689:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza;
2501:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941.
2274:Puerto Rican Politics and the New Deal
1741:
1739:
1581:from the original on November 22, 2018
1390:Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
830:
417:, Spain. At age 14, he had joined the
370:and its efforts to gain independence.
3991:20th-century Puerto Rican politicians
2915:"Luis Munoz Marin – May 2, 1949"
2505:from the original on December 1, 2011
2322:from the original on November 1, 2007
1147:During the decade of the 1950s, most
773:, which provided independence to the
719:In August 1932, Muñoz Marín received
712:, arranged a meeting between him and
524:On July 1, 1919, Muñoz Marín married
485:In 1911, he began his studies at the
337:Fourth government of Luis Muñoz Marín
329:Second government of Luis Muñoz Marín
7:
3946:Members of the Senate of Puerto Rico
2644:from the original on August 25, 2019
1891:JONATHAN COHEN (December 20, 2004).
1211:Sculpture of Muñoz Marín inside the
998:, a fine of $ 10,000 (US), or both.
476:Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico
333:Third government of Luis Muñoz Marín
325:First Government of Luis Muñoz Marín
3393:President of the Puerto Rico Senate
3056:Sama, Dominic (February 25, 1990).
2251:Hispanic American Historical Review
1659:from the original on April 16, 2016
1642:Luis Muñoz Marín By A. W. Maldonado
1024:thousands of Puerto Ricans without
474:In 1910, his father was elected as
135:President of the Puerto Rico Senate
3255:Hispanic Stories: Luis Muñoz Marín
3129:from the original on June 21, 2020
3097:from the original on July 24, 2019
2739:Edson, Peter (February 28, 1952).
2573:from the original on July 13, 2014
2547:from the original on March 3, 2016
2417:from the original on June 29, 2011
2352:from the original on June 29, 2011
2084:from the original on March 6, 2012
1903:from the original on July 11, 2018
1808:from the original on July 29, 2018
1691:from the original on July 20, 2011
1605:The World of Puerto Rican Politics
14:
3981:20th-century Puerto Rican writers
3228:Bernier-Grand, Carmen T. (1995).
3037:from the original on July 5, 2020
2895:from the original on July 5, 2020
1899:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1828:"Luis Muñoz Marín: Primeros Años"
1285:, and in 1963 he was awarded the
680:. That organization's president,
421:and battled Napoleon Bonaparte's
401:Secretary of State of Puerto Rico
3893:
3876:
3859:
3296:
1541:List of governors of Puerto Rico
1505:
1491:
1477:
1084:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
1055:During his terms as governor, a
1007:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
839:
536:feminist and a rising writer of
504:Poetry and ideological contrasts
491:Georgetown University Law Center
2981:. June 23, 1958. Archived from
2262:Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 55–56
2016:Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 61–62
1988:"Luis Muñoz Marín: El Político"
1893:"MUNA LEE: A PAN-AMERICAN LIFE"
1881:Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 32–33
1763:Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 18–19
1733:Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 10–11
1679:"Luis Muñoz Iglesias (Spanish)"
1069:Puerto Rican Independence Party
940:Passage of Law 53 (the Gag Law)
2168:"Borinquén : Throughline"
1319:Muñoz Marín received Honorary
1306:Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa
678:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
597:Socialist Party of Puerto Rico
551:" that seriously strained his
1:
3726:indicate acting officeholders
2342:"Puerto Rican Labor Movement"
1721:Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 8–9
1304:, which conferred on him the
1287:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1259:Muñoz Rivera Family Mausoleum
1177:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1028:– including members of other
792:Acción Social Independentista
579:In the 1980s, their daughter
487:Georgetown Preparatory School
349:José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín
264:Muñoz Rivera Family Mausoleum
221:José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín
2387:(in Spanish). Archived from
2316:: Guide to Hispanic Heritage
1994:(in Spanish). Archived from
1834:(in Spanish). Archived from
1526:List of Puerto Rican writers
1521:Portrait of Luis Muñoz Marín
1450:United States Postal Service
1397:United States Postal Service
1104:Puerto Rico Adjutant General
1098:. Muñoz Marín mobilized the
741:included Puerto Rico in the
694:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
657:Hurricane San Felipe Segundo
587:Formation of political ideas
25:, the first or paternal
3631:Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
3295:(public domain audiobooks)
3281:Luis Muñoz Marín Foundation
3236:. New York: Orchand Books.
2808:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 89
2796:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 88
2787:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 87
2778:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 86
2764:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 85
2729:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 83
2679:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 81
2667:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 80
2541:"Ley Núm. 282 del año 2006"
2466:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 76
2370:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 74
2295:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 60
2286:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 58
2227:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 54
2215:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 53
2206:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 52
2197:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 51
2152:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 48
2143:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 46
2125:, File #100-5745; pp. 16–17
2102:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 36
2037:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 73
2025:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 63
1856:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 26
1754:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 15
1745:Bernier-Grand et al., p. 12
1100:Puerto Rican National Guard
1061:Constitution of Puerto Rico
1020:Muñoz Marín used Law 53 to
817:Partido Popular Democratico
4007:
2711:Bernier-Grand et al., p.82
2385:Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín
2130:February 15, 2010, at the
2111:Bernier-Grand et al., p.41
1992:Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín
1832:Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín
1457:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1358:In Rexford Tugwell's book
887:Muñoz Marín also launched
528:, an American writer from
181:from the at-large district
20:
3773:
3719:
3426:
3417:
3409:
3399:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3289:Works by Luis Muñoz Marín
3251:Chrisman, Abbott (1989).
2875:Santa Barbara, California
2605:. NYU Press. p. 77.
1639:Maldonado, A. W. (2006).
1629:Bernier-Grand et al., p.1
1422:National Portrait Gallery
1263:Barranquitas, Puerto Rico
838:
790:He created a group named
751:University of Puerto Rico
725:Fort San Felipe del Morro
342:
268:Barranquitas, Puerto Rico
207:
196:
185:
140:
69:
58:
49:
3941:Governors of Puerto Rico
3469:Governors of Puerto Rico
3307:Party political offices
2818:Wetterau, Bruce (1996).
2411:"Women in World History"
2272:Mathews, Thomas (1960).
2245:October 7, 2018, at the
1314:Order of the Sun of Peru
765:in 1937, the US Senator
374:Early life and education
3430:Roberto Sánchez Vilella
3420:Governor of Puerto Rico
3371:Roberto Sánchez Vilella
3347:Governor of Puerto Rico
2975:"The Bard of Bootstrap"
2599:Malavet, Pedro (2004).
2487:Academia Jurisprudencia
2481:March 27, 2012, at the
2441:Williams, Eric (1945).
2314:Encyclopædia Britannica
1536:Puerto Rican literature
1193:Roberto Sánchez Vilella
934:Governor of Puerto Rico
932:democratically elected
827:President of the Senate
595:, the president of the
570:President of the Senate
364:governor of Puerto Rico
128:Roberto Sánchez Vilella
64:Governor of Puerto Rico
3986:The Century Foundation
3329:Rafael Hernández Colón
2499:"Puerto Rican History"
1448:series, issued by the
1435:, was on the cover of
1370:
1273:On November 13, 1961,
1251:Rafael Hernández Colón
1215:
1213:Capitol of Puerto Rico
1130:Estado Libre Associado
1079:
1065:United States Congress
949:
921:
581:Victoria Muñoz Mendoza
480:United States Congress
3848:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
3476:Colony of Puerto Rico
3386:Rafael Martínez Nadal
3122:Newark Public Schools
3017:Garden City, New York
2381:"Operación Serenidad"
2134:Retrieved 05-31-2013.
2078:Elections Puerto Rico
1998:on September 23, 2007
1773:Maldon, A.W. (2006).
1645:. La Editorial, UPR.
1546:Puerto Rican Politics
1531:List of Puerto Ricans
1452:on February 18, 1990.
1210:
1102:under the command of
1077:
947:
919:
861:Senate of Puerto Rico
739:Franklin D. Roosevelt
315:Georgetown University
254:San Juan, Puerto Rico
158:Rafael Martínez Nadal
89:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2693:Pedro Aponte Vázquez
2052:The Lewiston Journal
1838:on November 18, 2004
1799:rafaelhernandezcolon
1334:University of Kansas
1170:John Marshall Butler
1044:degree (LL.D.) from
771:Tydings–McDuffie Act
759:Río Piedras massacre
733:before traveling to
639:The American Mercury
530:Raymond, Mississippi
514:Félix Córdova Dávila
408:Spanish–American War
387:. He was the son of
3337:New political party
3204:www.mysticstamp.com
3007:Tugwell, Rexford G.
2391:on October 16, 2007
2309:"Muñoz Marín, Luis"
1383:Luis Somoza Debayle
1338:Columbia University
1013:, which guarantees
954:Puerto Rican Senate
889:Operación Serenidad
876:Operation Bootstrap
865:Dorado, Puerto Rico
706:Puerto Rican Senate
682:Pedro Albizu Campos
520:Marriage and family
3403:Samuel R. Quiñones
3378:Political offices
3343:Popular Democratic
2987:on January 3, 2013
2879:ABC-CLIO Greenwood
2743:. The Times - News
1941:Luis Muñoz Marín,
1792:"Luiz Muñoz Marin"
1577:. March 26, 1997.
1575:The New York Times
1485:Puerto Rico portal
1426:Smithsonian Museum
1411:Newark, New Jersey
1375:Managua, Nicaragua
1344:Harvard University
1325:Rutgers University
1228:Partido del Pueblo
1224:The People's Party
1216:
1197:Secretary of State
1080:
1005:, a member of the
950:
926:United States Army
922:
844:You may listen to
689:Antonio R. Barceló
653:stock market crash
630:Antonio R. Barceló
458:Puerto Rico Herald
439:Miguel de la Torre
435:Admirable Campaign
278:Popular Democratic
178:Puerto Rico Senate
170:Samuel R. Quiñones
99:Lyndon B. Johnson
3841:
3840:
3733:
3732:
3436:
3435:
3427:Succeeded by
3400:Succeeded by
3368:Succeeded by
3326:Succeeded by
3266:978-0-8172-2907-8
3243:978-0-531-08737-4
3155:. August 13, 2015
2955:on April 22, 2008
2925:on August 6, 2008
2701:978-1-931702-01-0
2640:. July 30, 2019.
2612:978-0-8147-5680-5
2529:978-1-4611-3699-6
2121:FBI File Report:
2054:. October 8, 1985
1971:978-0-8477-0163-6
1951:978-0-913480-53-3
1931:978-0-8477-0163-6
1871:978-1-934461-12-9
1513:Literature portal
1441:on June 23, 1968.
1428:in Washington DC.
1268:Legacy and honors
1219:re-election bid.
1030:political parties
1015:freedom of speech
1011:U.S. Constitution
1003:Leopoldo Figueroa
1001:According to Dr.
984:Puerto Rican flag
965:Ley de la Mordaza
897:Civil Rights Act
857:
856:
721:Eleanor Roosevelt
714:Eleanor Roosevelt
593:Santiago Iglesias
545:Greenwich Village
389:Luis Muñoz Rivera
368:Nationalist Party
346:
345:
231:February 18, 1898
3998:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3846:Luis Muñoz Marín
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3439:
3410:Preceded by
3383:Preceded by
3304:
3300:
3299:
3285:
3270:
3258:
3247:
3235:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2951:. Archived from
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2921:. Archived from
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2873:(2nd ed.).
2862:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2765:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2668:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2569:. May 31, 2008.
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2305:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2123:Luis Muñoz Marín
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1984:
1973:
1961:A.W. Maldonado,
1959:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1921:A.W. Maldonado,
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1796:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:on March 3, 2016
1607:. Archived from
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1567:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1499:Biography portal
1496:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1341:
1185:Los veinte y dos
1179:by US President
1162:Olin D. Johnston
1096:Utuado Uprisings
848:
843:
842:
831:
667:Political career
607:Republican Party
250:
230:
228:
212:Personal details
201:
190:
166:
154:
145:
124:
117:
109:
102:
97:
94:John F. Kennedy
92:
87:
84:Harry S. Truman
74:
54:
44:Luis Muñoz Marin
40:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:sister projects
3850:
3842:
3837:
3828:Delgado Altieri
3793:Hernández Colón
3783:Sánchez Vilella
3769:
3764:
3734:
3729:
3715:
3665:Hernández Colón
3655:Hernández Colón
3645:Sánchez Vilella
3632:
3626:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3432:
3423:
3415:
3413:Jesús T. Piñero
3405:
3396:
3388:
3373:
3350:
3331:
3322:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3267:
3250:
3244:
3227:
3224:
3222:Further reading
3219:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
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3183:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
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3147:
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3132:
3130:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3063:Chicago Tribune
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2943:
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2938:
2928:
2926:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2881:. p. 291.
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2842:
2840:
2838:
2817:
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2174:. July 16, 2020
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1473:
1418:Francisco Rodón
1328:
1275:John F. Kennedy
1270:
1243:
1205:
1181:John F. Kennedy
1136:" the island's
1107:Luis R. Esteves
1038:
988:U.S. government
973:Jesús T. Piñero
942:
914:
872:Rexford Tugwell
846:
840:
829:
767:Millard Tydings
761:) and again at
674:
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274:Political party
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45:
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3818:García Padilla
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3703:
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3690:García Padilla
3687:
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3677:
3672:
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3662:
3660:Romero Barceló
3657:
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3633:(1949–present)
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2867:"Muñoz Family"
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1123:Ley de Mordaza
1042:Doctor of Laws
1037:
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952:In 1948, the
941:
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910:
855:
854:
836:
835:
834:External audio
828:
825:
673:
670:
668:
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462:Unionist Party
427:Peninsular War
397:La Democracia.
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251:(aged 82)
247:April 30, 1980
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3798:Muñoz Mendoza
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3023:. p. x.
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1446:postage stamp
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1401:
1398:
1395:In 1990, the
1394:
1392:in his honor.
1391:
1387:
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1361:
1357:
1354:
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1348:
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1330:Bates College
1326:
1323:degrees from
1322:
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1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:French Legion
1295:
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1166:Owen Brewster
1163:
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1046:Bates College
1043:
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901:Eric Williams
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832:
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805:
803:
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793:
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783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:in 1935 (the
756:
752:
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732:
731:
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722:
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715:
711:
710:La Democracia
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641:
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634:La Democracia
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586:
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582:
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549:Bohemian life
546:
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511:
503:
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260:Resting place
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105:
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79:
73:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
3900:
3883:
3871:from Commons
3866:
3845:
3833:Manuel Ortiz
3813:Acevedo Vilá
3788:Negrón López
3777:
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3680:Acevedo Vilá
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293:Inés Mendoza
249:(1980-04-30)
234:Old San Juan
198:
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165:Succeeded by
142:
123:Succeeded by
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23:Spanish name
18:
3926:1980 deaths
3921:1898 births
3778:Muñoz Marín
3695:R. Rosselló
3670:P. Rosselló
3640:Muñoz Marín
3478:(1898–1949)
2747:October 18,
1283:White House
1203:Later years
1134:Americanize
1026:due process
782:Ley de Fuga
775:Philippines
755:Río Piedras
735:El Fanguito
498:gallbladder
450:El Diario's
433:during the
423:French Army
357:Puerto Rico
295:(1946–1980)
290:(1919–1938)
238:Puerto Rico
153:Preceded by
116:(appointed)
108:Preceded by
101:(1963-1965)
96:(1961-1963)
91:(1953-1961)
86:(1945-1953)
3915:Categories
3885:Quotations
3702:(de facto)
3424:1949–1965
3397:1941–1949
3323:1938–1972
3313:New office
3209:October 7,
3184:October 7,
3159:October 7,
2991:January 2,
2959:August 10,
2929:August 10,
2837:1568021283
2648:August 25,
2395:October 2,
2356:October 1,
2326:October 1,
2088:January 3,
2058:January 3,
2002:October 1,
1907:October 1,
1842:October 1,
1615:October 1,
1557:References
1381:President
1379:Nicaraguan
1241:Retirement
1113:, such as
645:The Nation
611:New Jersey
227:1898-02-18
3711:Pierluisi
3700:Pierluisi
3564:Roosevelt
3536:Benedicto
3021:Doubleday
2618:March 16,
2421:August 8,
1695:March 13,
1585:April 30,
1404:Cleveland
977:Smith Act
687:In 1932,
393:El Diario
379:Childhood
311:Education
284:Spouse(s)
199:In office
188:In office
143:In office
81:President
72:In office
3808:Calderón
3675:Calderón
3616:Gallardo
3604:Gallardo
3569:Beverley
3559:Beverley
3515:Winthrop
3293:LibriVox
3179:TIME.com
3153:NBC News
3127:Archived
3095:Archived
3035:Archived
3009:(1958).
2893:Archived
2642:Archived
2638:NBC News
2571:Archived
2551:April 1,
2545:Archived
2503:Archived
2479:Archived
2415:Archived
2350:Archived
2320:Archived
2243:Archived
2178:July 16,
2128:Archived
2082:Archived
1943:Memorias
1901:Archived
1803:Archived
1686:Archived
1663:June 27,
1657:Archived
1579:Archived
1471:See also
1138:language
1111:San Juan
1094:and the
1036:Governor
743:New Deal
574:Victoria
553:marriage
534:Southern
526:Muna Lee
510:Borrones
469:Santurce
415:Palencia
305:Victoria
300:Children
288:Muna Lee
21:In this
3823:Bernier
3803:Acevedo
3724:Italics
3685:Fortuño
3586:Winship
3133:July 5,
3101:July 5,
3041:July 5,
2899:July 5,
2449:May 26,
2172:NPR.org
1812:May 12,
1424:of the
1420:at the
1281:at the
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992:publish
969:gag law
956:passed
884:jíbaros
852:YouTube
821:jíbaros
672:Senator
661:jíbaros
602:jíbaros
425:in the
321:Cabinet
27:surname
3622:Piñero
3580:Horton
3554:Towner
3525:Colton
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1294:France
1195:, his
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1092:Jayuya
1022:arrest
958:Law 53
626:island
454:Caguas
3868:Media
3650:Ferré
3610:Swope
3598:Leahy
3592:Colom
3548:Huyke
3542:Reily
3530:Yager
3505:Allen
3500:Davis
3495:Herny
3485:Miles
1806:(PDF)
1795:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1682:(PDF)
1377:, by
906:party
763:Ponce
622:money
443:Cidra
35:Marín
31:Muñoz
3902:Data
3574:Gore
3520:Post
3510:Hunt
3364:1960
3360:1956
3356:1952
3352:1948
3261:ISBN
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3211:2020
3186:2020
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2993:2013
2979:Time
2961:2008
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2423:2009
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2328:2007
2180:2020
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2004:2007
1967:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1909:2007
1867:ISBN
1844:2007
1814:2020
1697:2009
1665:2015
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1587:2009
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1352:TIME
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