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231:, head of technical services at MSC, also known as "Mr. Fix It", to take on the task. Inspired by the memory of his mother hanging curtains during his childhood, Kinzler came up with the idea of inserting a horizontal pole through a hemmed pocket in the top of the flag to support it. This would make it appear to fly on the airless Moon as it would float in the wind on Earth. He worked out the details over several days, assisted by Deputy Division Chief Dave McCraw. Kinzler also suggested, designed, and oversaw the creation of the
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92:
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20:
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flag, it proved it could stand on its own. Scientists discovered later that the lunar dust has a different profile than terrestrial dust. Dust from Earth has rounded edges; dust from the Moon has sharp edges. The sharp edges of the lunar dust make them catch against each other, making it difficult to insert items into them.
239:
made of one-inch aluminum tubes in two telescoping parts, anodized with a gold color. Due to the limits of the astronauts' spacesuits, the total height of the flagpole was limited to their 28-inch (71 cm) minimum and 66-inch (170 cm) maximum reach. The flag cost $ 5.50 and the tubing cost $ 75.
262:
The flag assembly was stored immediately behind the left side of the LM ladder. Due to the heat of the exhaust from the descent engine, temperatures were calculated to be 250 °F (121 °C) for most of the landing, however they would increase to 2,000 °F (1,090 °C) during the final
330:
Flags were planted on each Apollo mission that landed on the Moon. Deploying the flag during the Apollo 11 mission proved to be a challenge. Armstrong and Aldrin had trouble inserting the pole into the lunar surface, and only managed to get it about seven inches deep. When they backed away from the
197:
The flag of the United States, and no other flag, shall be implanted or otherwise placed on the surface of the moon, or on the surface of any planet, by members of the crew of any spacecraft ... as part of any mission ... the funds for which are provided entirely by the
Government of the
148:
The committee was to decide on three things: items to be brought to the Moon and left there, items to be attached to the descent module, and items to be taken to the Moon and back to Earth. For items to be left on the Moon, the committee considered several options, including leaving the UN flag, a
238:
Though the flag itself was a simple, government supply 3-by-5-foot (0.91 by 1.52 m) nylon flag altered only by sewing the top hem, its packaging, tolerance of environmental conditions, and means of deployment presented minor engineering challenges. The horizontal and vertical poles were each
82:
which was not planted on the Moon) were ordered from a government supply catalog and measured 3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m); the last one planted on the Moon was the slightly larger, 6-foot (1.8 m)-wide flag which had hung in the MSC Mission
Operations Control Room for most of the Apollo
246:
is generally accepted to be the manufacturer of the flags used in the Lunar Flag
Assemblies and is cited as such by NASA, there is some uncertainty about the manufacturer; according to a NASA contractor report published in the 1990's, labels and bindings were removed from the flags to make them
267:
thermal insulation foil between the inner case and the flag. The insulation limited the temperature to which the flag was subjected to 180 °F (82 °C). The shroud was estimated to cost several hundred dollars. The flags deployed on the last three landing flights were carried in the
419:(LRO) indicates that flags placed during the Apollo 12, 16, and 17 missions were still standing as of 2012. Due to the resolution of the LRO cameras, shadows from the fabric of the flag can be seen but the pole cannot, showing that the flags did not disintegrate entirely.
263:
13 seconds at touchdown. To insulate the flag from these extreme conditions, it had to be packed inside a dual-walled protective shroud consisting of a stainless steel outer case separated from an aluminum layer by
Thermoflex insulation, with several layers of
184:
Some
Americans anticipated possible controversy over planting the United States flag on the Moon, since the Outer Space Treaty prohibited territorial claims to any extraterrestrial body. Since it was made clear the United States had no intention of making a
353:, had trouble with the latch mechanism which was supposed to keep the supporting pole horizontal, so the flag they deployed drooped at an angle. In response to this, the assembly was improved to include a double-latch locking mechanism for later missions.
250:
The assembly had to be designed with the astronauts' physical limitations in mind. Because of their thick spacesuits, the astronauts had limited range of motion and manual dexterity. The flag assembly was designed to work within those limitations.
422:
A photo review of the Apollo 11 site shows that Aldrin's observation that the flag fell over was likely correct, as no flag was seen in the images. As of 2012, experts were unable to determine if the Apollo 14 and 15 flags were still standing.
141:] the first lunar landing as an historic forward step of all mankind that has been accomplished by the United States", and that would not give the impression that the United States was "taking possession of the moon" in violation of the
371:
crew had deploying experiments, the flag planting happened later in the mission than intended; at the end of the second EVA rather than the first. The LFA was stored in the MESA on the side of the descent stage of the LM. Astronauts
66:(LM), most of them on the descent ladder inside a thermally insulated tubular case to protect them from exhaust gas temperatures calculated to reach 2,000 °F (1,090 °C). The assembly was designed and supervised by
135:
as the chair on
February 25. Paine instructed the committee to select symbolic activities that would not jeopardize crew safety or interfere with mission objectives; that would "signalize [
127:
was fine with leaving symbolic items on the Moon as long as they did not affect the crew's training schedule and that the items met dimensional and weight requirements. Acting NASA Administrator
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United States. ... this act is intended as a symbolic gesture of national pride in achievement and is not to be construed as a declaration of national appropriation by claim of sovereignty.
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landing craft, was blown over by the blast of the rocket exhaust during takeoff. As a result, care was taken by subsequent crews to place the flags at greater distances from the Lunar Module.
176:(LM) descent stage (which would be left on the Moon) bearing the inscription: "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind."
407:
Since the nylon flag was purchased from a government catalog, it was not designed to handle the harsh conditions of space. Some experts theorize that the colors of some flags may have
123:
flag on the first landing. Officials at NASA were surveyed, and the overwhelming consensus was to plant an
American flag. The American public was canvassed and supported the idea.
360:
was aborted due to a major spacecraft malfunction encountered before reaching the Moon. The flag was stored externally in the MESA, and was destroyed with the Lunar Module
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322:
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272:(MESA, an equipment drawer which opened from the side of the Lunar Module) rather than on the ladder. This eliminated the need for the thermal protection shroud.
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United States flag, a set of miniature flags of all nations, and another commemorative marker on the surface. The committee solicited suggestions from the
99:
Building on
President John F. Kennedy's 1961 plan to land a man on the Moon in the 1960s and bring him safely back to Earth, in January 1969 President
709:
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The complete package needed to be as light as possible so as not to cut into the lunar payload and weighed 9 pounds 7 ounces (4.3 kg).
1494:
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As we explore the reaches of space, let us go to the new worlds together – not as new worlds to be conquered, but as a new adventure to be shared.
227:, director of the MSC and a member of the Committee on Symbolic Activities, still needed to select someone to design the flag assembly. He asked
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easier to attach to the aluminium staff, thus removing any identifying information about the company that produced the flags.
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71:
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165:, the Space Council, and congressional committees. The most common proposal among those solicited was to plant a flag.
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lunar valley. As he deployed it, Cernan said, "This was one of the proudest moments of my life. I guarantee it."
43:
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302:. This flag measured 20% wider and taller than the others requiring a 6-foot (1.8 m) long horizontal pole.
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The committee recommended planting the U.S. flag on the Moon. They also recommended installing a
142:
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reported that the Apollo 11 flag, placed about 27 feet (8.2 m) from the centerline of the
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to the Moon, no serious controversy materialized. Four months after the Apollo 11 landing, the
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The flag deployed during Apollo 17 has a unique history. It traveled to the Moon and back on
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carried a second, identical flag to the Moon and back, and presented it to flight controller
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Where No Flag Has Gone Before: Political and
Technical Aspects of Placing a Flag on the Moon
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passed a bill in
November 1969, which was signed into law by President Nixon, stating:
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created the Committee on Symbolic Activities for the First Lunar Landing and appointed
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51:
27:
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Harrison Schmitt poses by the American flag deployed on Apollo 17, December 11, 1972.
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100:
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710:"Did a N.J. company really make the moon flag? 50 years later, no one seems to know"
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flags were hung on telescoping staffs and horizontal bars constructed of one-inch
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953:. Washington, D.C.: NASA. July 15, 1971. pp. 21, 25. Release No: 71-119K.
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through the prior Apollo landings was flown to the Moon on the final mission,
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The flag which had hung in the Mission Operations Control Room (MOCR) in the
26:
salutes the first American flag erected on the Moon, July 21, 1969 (photo by
1244:
454:
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard M. Nixon, 1969
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350:
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299:
212:
79:
1173:
The American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History
536:
1189:
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521:. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA.
75:
637:"The American flags astronauts planted on the moon are disintegrating"
507:
Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979).
286:
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264:
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had practiced on Earth how to arrange themselves, the flag, and the
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due to sunlight and space radiation, or that the fabric might have
321:
290:
Cernan and Schmitt presenting the flag flown on Apollo 17 to Kranz
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206:
90:
55:
18:
452:
Nixon, Richard M. (1969). "Inaugural Address, January 20, 1969".
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47:
16:
Nylon banner and aluminum staff used on the Apollo Moon landings
1193:
137:
223:
About three months prior to the July 1969 Apollo 11 mission,
708:
NJ.com, Rob Jennings | NJ Advance Media for (2019-07-18).
850:"Six Flags on the Moon: What is Their Current Condition?"
661:"Six Flags on the Moon: What is Their Current Condition?"
514:
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft
54:. Six such flag assemblies were planted on the Moon. The
258:
Diagram showing the astronauts' vertical range of motion
1133:
A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts
314:
after the flight, to replace the one left on the Moon.
603:"Red, White & Blue: U.S. Flag at Home on the Moon"
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tubes. The flags were carried on the outside of the
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1372:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system
415:entirely. A review of photographs taken by the
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109:
1490:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
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78:, Texas. Six of the flags (including one for
8:
978:
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364:when it reentered the Earth's atmosphere.
279:Apollo 12 flag with faulty latch mechanism
211:The first Lunar Flag Assembly, carried on
95:Richard Nixon during the 1969 inauguration
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1470:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
384:around the LM for the best photography.
877:
804:
487:
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215:, prior to packing and mounting on the
1495:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
915:
913:
564:from the original on December 17, 2018
433:List of artificial objects on the Moon
552:"This Is Why No One Can Own the Moon"
235:affixed to the Apollo Lunar Modules.
7:
1542:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
1485:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment
1480:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
735:
585:
70:, head of technical services at the
1074:Fincannon, James (April 21, 2012).
1024:Fincannon, James (April 21, 2012).
960:from the original on March 27, 2009
890:Fincannon, James (April 21, 2012).
848:Fincannon, James (April 12, 2012).
751:Fincannon, James (April 21, 2012).
550:Fabry, Merrill (January 27, 2016).
517:. NASA History Series. Foreword by
1512:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
1500:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment
1163:(Report). Contractor Report. NASA.
1053:"Apollo Moon Flags Still Standing"
817:Bressan, David (August 21, 2017).
270:Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly
163:NASA Historical Advisory Committee
103:set an international tone for the
14:
1465:Solar Wind Composition Experiment
819:"The Geological Side Of The Moon"
778:Jones, Eric M. (August 4, 2017).
1655:Category:Apollo program hardware
1650:
1649:
1112:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
601:Johnson, Sandra L. (Fall 2008).
1283:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
991:Beatty, Kelly (July 30, 2012).
685:"Where No Flag Has Gone Before"
1573:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
1453:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
1423:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
689:historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov
159:Archivist of the United States
46:designed to be erected on the
1:
1532:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
1507:Modular Equipment Transporter
993:"Viewing the Flags of Apollo"
115:This inspired an idea within
1632:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
1443:Portable Life Support System
1352:Apollo Abort Guidance System
1080:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
1030:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
1026:"Apollo 12 Flag Still Aloft"
926:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
920:Jones, Eric M., ed. (1996).
896:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
892:"Apollo 12 Flag Still Aloft"
854:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
784:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
757:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
417:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1611:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1076:"Apollo 14 Flag Deployment"
753:"Apollo 15 Flag Deployment"
119:to have astronauts plant a
107:in his inaugural address:
1697:
1679:Flags of the United States
1578:Mobile quarantine facility
1522:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
1647:
1527:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter
1475:Active Seismic Experiment
1387:Descent propulsion system
1136:. London: Penguin Books.
44:flag of the United States
42:) was a kit containing a
1517:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
1392:Ascent propulsion system
1367:Lunar Sounder Experiment
1362:Apollo Guidance Computer
1357:Apollo Docking Mechanism
1159:Platoff, Anne M (1993).
1110:The Last Man on the Moon
610:Houston History Magazine
509:"Affairs for the Public"
72:Manned Spacecraft Center
1674:Apollo program hardware
1458:list of retroreflectors
1221:Apollo program hardware
979:Cernan & Davis 2009
151:Smithsonian Institution
1563:Launch Umbilical Tower
1377:Apollo Telescope Mount
1108:; Davis, Don (2009) .
367:Because of issues the
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296:Mission Control Center
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191:United States Congress
113:
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1318:Apollo service module
1304:Apollo command module
948:"Apollo 15 Press Kit"
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233:commemorative plaques
210:
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22:
1627:Lunar escape systems
1537:Heat Flow Experiment
1448:Lunar Roving Vehicle
382:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1599:Lunar Flag Assembly
1568:Crawler-transporter
1323:Apollo Lunar Module
998:Sky & Telescope
217:Apollo Lunar Module
155:Library of Congress
64:Apollo Lunar Module
36:Lunar Flag Assembly
1051:Soderman, Teague.
519:Samuel C. Phillips
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180:Legal requirements
143:Outer Space Treaty
97:
32:
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1413:Apollo/Skylab A7L
1143:978-0-14-311235-8
1005:on August 6, 2012
187:territorial claim
60:anodized aluminum
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1605:Fallen Astronaut
1397:Scimitar antenna
1382:Apollo TV camera
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1001:. Archived from
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539:. NASA SP-4205.
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356:The landing of
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635:Mosher, Dave.
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456:. Best Books.
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409:faded to white
404:
403:Current status
401:
397:Taurus–Littrow
395:erected it in
349:, the crew of
319:
318:Flags deployed
316:
225:Robert Gilruth
204:
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133:Willis Shapley
121:United Nations
105:Apollo program
88:
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52:Apollo program
28:Neil Armstrong
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1594:Lunar plaque
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1175:. ABC-CLIO.
1172:
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1086:December 23,
1084:. Retrieved
1079:
1069:
1059:December 23,
1057:. Retrieved
1046:
1036:December 23,
1034:. Retrieved
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1003:the original
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830:December 28,
828:. Retrieved
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174:lunar module
167:
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125:Deke Slayton
114:
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68:Jack Kinzler
39:
35:
33:
1638:Moon Museum
1406:Space suits
393:Gene Cernan
378:James Irwin
374:David Scott
343:Pete Conrad
333:Buzz Aldrin
304:Gene Cernan
50:during the
24:Buzz Aldrin
1668:Categories
1587:Ceremonial
1418:Beta cloth
1345:components
1343:Spacecraft
1292:Spacecraft
1273:J-2 engine
1268:F-1 engine
1261:components
1099:References
964:January 6,
719:2021-05-24
694:2021-05-24
670:2021-05-24
646:2021-05-24
312:Gene Kranz
87:Background
1436:equipment
1245:Saturn IB
1152:958200469
1009:August 1,
932:March 13,
902:March 11,
863:August 1,
790:March 10,
736:Vile 2018
586:Vile 2018
389:Apollo 11
369:Apollo 15
358:Apollo 13
351:Apollo 12
347:Alan Bean
300:Apollo 17
213:Apollo 11
172:onto the
145:of 1967.
83:program.
80:Apollo 13
74:(MSC) in
1310:Columbia
1250:Saturn V
1240:Saturn I
1171:(2018).
1130:(2007).
955:Archived
620:17 March
562:Archived
427:See also
362:Aquarius
1620:Related
1299:Apollo
616:(1): 60
537:4664449
242:Though
76:Houston
1179:
1150:
1140:
1116:
1082:. NASA
1055:. NASA
1032:. NASA
928:. NASA
898:. NASA
824:Forbes
786:. NASA
759:. NASA
535:
525:
460:
265:Kapton
219:ladder
203:Design
170:plaque
161:, the
157:, the
153:, the
1329:Eagle
958:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
606:(PDF)
439:Notes
337:Eagle
56:nylon
1177:ISBN
1148:OCLC
1138:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1088:2018
1061:2018
1038:2018
1011:2012
966:2019
934:2019
904:2019
865:2012
858:NASA
832:2018
792:2019
765:2018
622:2014
570:2018
557:TIME
533:OCLC
523:ISBN
458:ISBN
376:and
345:and
306:and
117:NASA
48:Moon
34:The
138:sic
40:LFA
1670::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
