991:. It consisted of a bismuth germanate crystal surrounded by a shield of borated plastic. Gamma rays striking the bismuth atoms produced a flash of light with an intensity proportional to the energy of the gamma ray which was recorded by detectors. The energy of the gamma ray is associated with the element responsible for its emission. Due to a low signal-to-noise ratio, multiple passes were required to generate statistically significant results. At nine passes per month, it was expected to take about three months to confidently estimate abundances of thorium, potassium, and uranium, and 12 months for the other elements. The precision varies according to element measured. For U, Th, and K, the precision is 7% to 15%, for Fe 45%, for Ti 20%, and for the overall distribution of KREEP 15% to 30%. The borated plastic shield was used in the detection of fast neutrons. The GRS was designed to achieve global coverage from an altitude of approximately 100 km (62 mi) and with a surface resolution of 150 km (93 mi).
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volume of hydrogen. For the implanted hydrogen studies, the NS was intended to examine the entire globe with a sensitivity of 50 ppmv. The Moon has a number of permanently shadowed craters near the poles with continuous temperatures of −190 °C (−310.0 °F). These craters may act as cold-traps of water from incoming comets and meteoroids. Any water from these bodies which found its way into these craters could become permanently frozen. The NS was also used to measure the abundance of hydrogen implanted by
89:
1218:
used (downlink only). Since the spacecraft was spin-stabilized, the spin resulted in a bias in the
Doppler signal due to the spacecraft antenna pattern spinning with respect to the Earth station of 0.417 Hz (27.3 mm/s) for the omnidirectional antenna, and −0.0172 Hz (−1.12 mm/s) for the medium gain antenna. LOS data was sampled at 5 seconds to account for the approximately 5 second spin rate of the spacecraft, leaving a residual of less than 0.1 mm/s.
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nominal lunar polar mapping orbit with an inclination of 90 degrees and a period of 118 minutes. Lunar calibration data was collected during the 11.6- and 3.5-hour orbits. Lunar mapping data collection started shortly after the 118 minute orbit was achieved. The data collection was periodically interrupted during the mission as planned for orbital maintenance burns, which took place to recircularize the orbit whenever the
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1130:. These putative outgassing events, in which radon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are vented, are hypothesized to be the source of the tenuous lunar atmosphere, and may be the result of the low-level volcanic/tectonic activity on the Moon. Information on the existence, timing, and sources of these events may help in a determination of the style and rate of lunar tectonics.
1017:(potassium, rare-earth element, and phosphorus containing material, which is thought to have developed late in the formation of the crust and upper mantle, and is therefore important to understanding lunar evolution). The GRS was also capable of detecting fast (epithermal) neutrons, which complemented the neutron spectrometer in the search for water on the Moon.
1079:-generated neutrons which have lost much of their energy in collisions with hydrogen atoms. Differences in the counts between the two canisters indicate the number of thermal neutrons detected, which in turn indicates the amount of hydrogen in the Moon's crust at a given location. Large quantities of hydrogen would likely be due to the presence of water.
767:
738:. All control was from the ground, the computer echoing each command to the ground for verification there. Once the command was ground-verified, an "execute" command from the ground told the computer to proceed with execution of the command. The computer built telemetry data as a combination of immediate data and also read from a
1114:
arranged on five of six sides of the cube. Alpha particles, produced by the decay of radon and polonium, leave tracks of charge on the silicon wafers when they impact the silicon. A high voltage is applied to the silicon, and the current is amplified by being funneled along the tracks to the aluminum
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was inserted into a 3.5-hour period intermediate orbit, followed 24 hours later (on
January 13, 1998) by transfer into a 92 km × 153 km (57 mi × 95 mi) preliminary mapping orbit, and then on January 16 by insertion into the near-circular 100 km (62 mi) altitude
1066:
science booms. The instrument had a surface resolution of 150 km (93 mi). The neutron spectrometer consisted of two canisters each containing helium-3 and an energy counter. Any thermal neutrons colliding with the helium atoms give an energy signature which can be detected and counted. One
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tracking signal as it reaches Earth, which can be converted to spacecraft accelerations. The accelerations can be processed to provide estimates of the lunar gravity field, from which the location and size of mass anomalies affecting the spacecraft orbit can be modeled. Estimates of the surface and
1082:
The NS was designed to detect minute amounts of water ice which were believed to exist on the Moon. It was capable of detecting water ice at a level of less than 0.01%. For the polar ice studies, the NS was slated to examine the poles to 80 degrees latitude, with a sensitivity of at least 10 ppm by
876:
was more than 20 km (12 mi) to 25 km (16 mi) from the 100 km nominal orbit; this occurred about once per month. On
December 19, 1998, a maneuver lowered the orbit to 40 km (25 mi) to perform higher resolution studies. The orbit was altered again on January 28 to a
1217:
signal at a nominal power of 5 W and peak power of 7 W. Command uplinks were sent at 2093.0542 MHz over a ±1 MHz bandwidth. The transponder was a standard Loral/Conic S-Band transponder. An omnidirectional antenna can be used for uplink and downlink, or a medium gain helix antenna can be
1012:
The most important elements detectable by the GRS were uranium (U), thorium (Th), and potassium (K), radioactive elements which generate gamma rays spontaneously, and iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), elements which emit gamma rays
1168:
DGE obtained data approximately five times as detailed: the "first truly operational gravity map of the Moon". The practical benefits of this are more stable long-term orbits and better fuel efficiency. Additionally, the DGE data is hoped to help researchers learn more about lunar origins and the
690:
The spacecraft was a graphite-epoxy drum, 1.36 m (4 ft 6 in) in diameter and 1.28 m (4 ft 2 in) high with three radial 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) instrument booms. A 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) extension boom at the end of one of the 2.5 m booms held the
534:
Data from the mission allowed the construction of a detailed map of the surface composition of the Moon, and helped to improve understanding of the origin, evolution, current state, and resources of the Moon. Several articles on the scientific results were published in the journal
455:
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22-newton thrusters (two aft, two forward, and two tangential). Three fuel tanks mounted inside the drum held 138 kg (304 lb) of hydrazine pressurized by helium. The power system consisted of body-mounted solar cells which produced an average of 186 W and a 4.8
1196:
This experiment provided the first lunar gravity data from a low polar orbit. Because line-of-sight tracking was required for this experiment, only the near-side gravity field could be estimated using this
Doppler method. The experiment was a byproduct of the spacecraft
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is non-uniformly distributed, being denser at the periphery of the magnetic features. Since hydrogen density is a desirable characteristic for hypothetical lunar bases, this information may be useful in choosing optimal sites for possible long-term Moon missions.
908:
mission was the third mission selected by NASA for full development and launch as part of NASA's
Discovery Program. Total cost for the mission was $ 63 million including development ($ 34 million), launch vehicle (~$ 25 million) and operations (~$ 4 million).
1209:
coefficients to degree and order 60. In the extended mission, in which the spacecraft descended to an orbit with an altitude of 50 km (31 mi) and then to 10 km (6.2 mi), this resolution was expected to improve by a factor of 100 or more.
742:
which allowed the computer to repeat data it had read 53 minutes earlier. This simple solid-state recorder ensured that all data collected during communications blackout periods would be received, providing the blackout was not longer than 53 minutes.
858:
had a 105-hour cruise to the Moon. During the cruise, the three instrument booms were deployed. The MAG and APS collected calibration data, while the GRS, NS, and ER outgassed for one day, after which they also collected calibration data in
900:
crater near the lunar south pole. It was hoped that the impact would liberate water vapor from the suspected ice deposits in the crater and that the plume would be detectable from Earth; however, no such plume was observed.
1115:
disk and is recorded for identification. The APS was designed to make a global examination of gas release events and polonium distribution with a surface resolution of 150 km (93 mi) and a precision of 10%.
691:
magnetometer. Total initial mass (fully fueled) was 296 kg (653 lb). It was spin-stabilized (nominal spin rate 12 rpm) with its spin axis normal to the ecliptic plane. The spacecraft was controlled by six
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tracking, and so has no listed weight or power requirements. The experiment was designed to give the near-side gravity field with a surface resolution of 200 km (120 mi) and precision of 5
1106:
The Alpha
Particle Spectrometer (APS) was a cube approximately 18 cm (7.1 in) colocated with the neutron spectrometer on the end of one of the three radial 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
1295:. the Moon has no global magnetic field, but it does have weak localized magnetic fields at its surface. These may be paleomagnetic remnants of a former global magnetic field, or may be due to
3961:
1271:, but MAG/ER discovered a small surface anomaly that can do so. This anomaly, about 100 km (62 mi) in diameter, has therefore been referred to as "the smallest known magnetosphere,
1001:
The fundamental purpose of the GRS experiment was to provide global maps of elemental abundances on the lunar surface. The GRS was designed to record the spectrum of gamma rays emitted by:
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1334:
could be measured with a spatial accuracy of about 3 km (1.9 mi) at the lunar surface. The MAG was a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer similar in design to the instrument used on
1137:
activity peaking during the mission, the lunar data was obscured by solar interference. The information was eventually recovered by subtracting out the effects of the solar activity.
937:, and a Doppler Gravity Experiment. The instruments were omnidirectional and required no sequencing. The normal observation sequence was to record and downlink data continuously.
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impacts or other local phenomena. This experiment was to help map these fields and provide information on their origins, allow possible examination of distribution of
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transponders, a slotted, phased-array medium-gain antenna for downlink, and an omnidirectional low-gain antenna for downlink and uplink. The on-board computer was a
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The
Magnetometer and Electron Reflectometer (collectively, MAG/ER) detected anomalous surface magnetic fields on the Moon, which are in stark contrast to a global
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D. J. Lawrence; W. C. Feldman; B. L. Barraclough; A. B. Binder; R. C. Elphic; S. Maurice; D. R. Thomsen (1998). "Global
Elemental Maps of the Moon: The
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in order to isolate it from spacecraft generated magnetic fields. The ER and MAG instruments had a combined mass of 5 kg (11 lb) and used 4.5
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on the lunar surface, aid in a determination of the size and composition of the lunar core, and provide information on the lunar induced magnetic
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spectra from the lunar surface, from which are derived the first "direct" measurements of the chemical composition for the entire lunar surface.
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15 km × 45 km (9.3 mi × 28.0 mi) orbit, ending the one year primary mission and beginning the extended mission.
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electrons reflected from the Moon by lunar magnetic fields. Stronger local magnetic fields can reflect electrons with larger pitch angles.
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The GRS was a small cylinder which was mounted on the end of one of the three 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) radial booms extending from
1527:
A. S. Konopliv; A. B. Binder; L. L. Hood; A. B. Kucinskas; W. L. Sjogren; J. G. Williams (1998). "Improved
Gravity Field of the Moon from
1353:. The MAG was in turn extended further on a 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) boom—a combined 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) from
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Neutron
Spectrometer data showing excess hydrogen at the Moon's south pole. Magenta and dark blue show highest hydrogen concentrations.
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The neutron spectrometer was a narrow cylinder colocated with the Alpha Particle Spectrometer at the end of one of the three radial
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when hit by cosmic rays or solar wind particles. The uranium, thorium, and potassium in particular were used to map the location of
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data. The left side of the image shows the far side of the Moon where the increased uncertainty in the gravity field can be seen.
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fields, and study of lunar outgassing events. The mission ended July 31, 1999, when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a
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863:. The craft was inserted into an 11.6-hour period capture orbit about the Moon at the end of the cruise phase. After 24 hours
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In 2013 an unidentified object was discovered in an unstable orbit around the Earth, and assigned the provisional number
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The downlink telemetry signal was transmitted at 2273 MHz, over a ±1 MHz bandwidth as a right-hand circularly
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26:
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DGE was to learn about the surface and internal mass distribution of the Moon. This is accomplished by measuring the
1075:. The cadmium screens out thermal (low energy or slow-moving) neutrons, while the tin does not. Thermal neutrons are
568:. After it crashed into the Indian Ocean it was identified as probably the translunar injector of Lunar Prospector.
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system in the Solar System." Due to this and other magnetic features of the Moon's surface, hydrogen deposited by
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The Doppler Gravity Experiment (DGE) was the first polar, low-altitude mapping of the lunar gravity field. The
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and direction at spacecraft altitude with a spatial resolution of about 100 km (62 mi) when ambient
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Total magnetic field strength at the surface of the Moon, derived from the electron reflectometer experiment.
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The ER and the electronics package were located at the end of one of the three radial science booms on
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The instrument mapped the distribution of various important elements across the Moon. For example, the
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A visualization of the lunar gravity field based on spherical harmonic coefficients determined from
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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The APS was damaged during launch, ruining one of the five detecting faces. Additionally, due to
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Neutron Spectrometer (NS) data, mission scientists have determined that there is evidence for
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515:, including mapping of surface composition including lunar hydrogen deposits, measurements of
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1267:(which the Moon lacks). the Moon's overall magnetic field is too weak to deflect the
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The detailed data collected has shown that for low lunar orbit the only stable or "
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1916:
750:(April 28, 1928 – July 18, 1997), astrogeologist and co-discoverer of
561:, is highly critical of the bureaucracy of NASA overall, and of its contractors.
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18:
Third mission of the Discovery program; polar orbital reconnaissance of the Moon
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2010:
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science booms. It contained ten silicon detectors sandwiched between gold and
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was steered into a deliberate collision in a permanently shadowed area of the
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Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
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internal mass distribution give information on the crust, lithosphere, and
847:
Following launch on January 7, 1998 UT (January 6 EST) aboard a four-stage
507:. At a cost of $ 62.8 million, the 19-month mission was designed for a low
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probe leaving Earth orbit after separating from the booster fourth stage.
727:
1310:
The ER determined the location and strength of magnetic fields from the
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signatures of radioactive decay of radon gas and its byproduct product,
1008:
elements in the crust bombarded by cosmic rays and solar wind particles.
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1662:"Fiery space debris that hit Earth in November likely from Moon rocket"
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686:
spacecraft is shown mated atop the Star 37 Trans Lunar Injection module
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5590:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
1005:
the radioactive decay of elements contained in the Moon's crust; and
892:
The mission ended on July 31, 1999 at 9:52:02 UT (5:52:02 EDT) when
1691:"Gene Shoemaker - Founder of Astrogeology | U.S. Geological Survey"
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nature of the lunar core. The DGE identified three new near-side
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had previously produced a relatively low-resolution map, but the
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outgassing events on the surface of the Moon. The APS recorded
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GRS identified several regions with high iron concentrations.
575:
1964:
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in
1574:
Binder, Alan B. (1998-09-04). "Lunar Prospector: Overview".
531:, after the presence of hydrogen was successfully detected.
2129:
Isbell, Douglas; Morse, David; Rische, Becky (1999-10-13).
1055:
in the polar craters of the Moon, an estimated 3 billion
1291:(MAG) were designed to collect information on the lunar
746:
The probe also carried a small amount of the remains of
1720:"Gene Shoemaker | American astrogeologist | Britannica"
503:
for full development and construction as part of the
4526:
4437:
4391:
4384:
4332:
4233:
4170:
4163:
4103:
4004:
3997:
3851:
3717:
3674:
3608:
3599:
3524:
3499:
3450:
3418:
3342:
3333:
3164:
3082:
3002:
2916:
2804:
2751:
2571:
2511:
2502:
2482:
2466:
2440:
2364:
2355:
2206:
1878:Bell, Trudy E. (2006-11-06). Phillips, Tony (ed.).
1225:" are at inclinations near 27º, 50º, 76º, and 86º.
790:
trajectory from January 7, 1998 to January 19, 1998
606:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
429:
417:
380:
372:
364:
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336:
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257:
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213:
203:
187:
182:
166:
158:
150:
140:
130:
125:
109:
96:
75:
65:
57:
553:. The Principal Investigator for the mission was
1229:Electron Reflectometer and Magnetometer (MAG/ER)
980:(GRS) produced the first global measurements of
1913:"Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer results"
1410:
1408:
1406:
5586:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
4609:
3955:
3904:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
2180:
8:
3884:List of species that have landed on the Moon
32:
1420:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
4616:
4602:
4594:
4523:
4519:
4506:
4388:
4329:
4325:
4312:
4167:
4001:
3994:
3981:
3962:
3948:
3940:
3605:
3339:
2508:
2361:
2187:
2173:
2165:
917:The spacecraft carried six instruments: a
87:
31:
966:concentrations on the Moon, as mapped by
827:from January 11, 1998 to January 20, 1998
666:Learn how and when to remove this message
1402:
557:. His personal account of the mission,
3879:List of artificial objects on the Moon
1445:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1392:List of artificial objects on the Moon
1338:. It could measure the magnetic field
2003:"Alpha Particle Spectrometer results"
1091:The Alpha Particle Spectrometer (APS)
7:
3580:International Lunar Research Station
1854:"Doppler Gravity Experiment Results"
1318:. The instrument measured the pitch
1287:The electron reflectometer (ER) and
604:adding citations to reliable sources
21:For the proposed lunar landers, see
1631:. Tucson: Ken Press. p. 1181.
559:Lunar Prospector: Against all Odds
2294:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
2095:"Eureka! Ice Found At Lunar Poles"
1628:Lunar Prospector: Against all Odds
1474:"Eureka! Ice Found At Lunar Poles"
1378:, a current Russian lander program
1102:Alpha Particle Spectrometer (APS)
499:was the third mission selected by
14:
5638:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon
4575:indicates active current missions
3974:Planetary Missions Program Office
1205:(0.05 mm/s²) in the form of
442:Alpha particle spectrometer (APS)
5633:Spacecraft that orbited the Moon
4512:Solar System Exploration program
4375:
4154:
3899:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1940:
1141:Doppler Gravity Experiment (DGE)
1067:of the canisters was wrapped in
710:Communications were through two
580:
453:
444:Doppler gravity experiment (DGE)
376:January 11, 1998, 10:28 UTC
312:99.45 kilometers (61.80 mi)
40:
4581:indicate missions yet to launch
3616:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
2124:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1730:from the original on 2022-04-25
1701:from the original on 2022-04-28
1672:from the original on 2019-03-24
1509:from the original on 2019-10-24
1455:from the original on 2019-08-12
1426:from the original on 2019-01-15
1118:The APS was designed to detect
591:needs additional citations for
322:101.2 kilometers (62.9 mi)
2049:"Neutron Spectrometer results"
1829:"Neutron Spectrometer Results"
1191:internal structure of the Moon
99:
1:
1774:10.1126/science.281.5382.1484
1596:10.1126/science.281.5382.1475
1553:10.1126/science.281.5382.1476
819:Animation of Lunar Prospector
786:Animation of Lunar Prospector
231:Lockheed Martin Space Systems
154:296.4 kilograms (653 lb)
3914:List of crewed lunar landers
3874:List of missions to the Moon
3697:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
3656:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
3428:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost
2743:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
2399:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
941:Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS)
435:Gamma ray spectrometer (GRS)
5628:Spacecraft launched in 1998
3756:International Lunar Network
1660:Berger, Eric (2016-01-14).
1387:Resource Prospector (rover)
1240:Electron Reflectometer (ER)
935:Alpha Particle Spectrometer
734:and 64 kilobytes of static
448:Electron reflectometer (ER)
162:126 kilograms (278 lb)
27:Resource Prospector (rover)
5659:
1346:disturbances are minimal.
1059:(800 billion US gallons).
549:with the prime contractor
20:
5580:
4648:
4568:
4522:
4518:
4505:
4373:
4328:
4324:
4311:
4152:
3993:
3980:
3922:
2562:List of Apollo astronauts
1752:Gamma-Ray Spectrometer".
1032:Neutron Spectrometer (NS)
1021:Neutron Spectrometer (NS)
572:Spacecraft and subsystems
547:NASA Ames Research Center
459:Official insignia of the
452:
440:neutron spectrometer (NS)
434:
425:
360:
356:
277:
273:
240:
236:
191:January 7, 1998, 02:28:44
178:
174:
121:
117:
53:
39:
3859:Colonization of the Moon
2099:Lunar Prospector website
2076:Lunar Prospector website
2053:Lunar Prospector website
2030:Lunar Prospector website
2007:Lunar Prospector website
1984:Lunar Prospector website
1625:Binder, Alan B. (2005).
3909:Apollo 11 anniversaries
3746:European Lunar Explorer
2969:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
1382:Prospector (spacecraft)
833: Lunar Prospector
796: Lunar Prospector
770:Artist's impression of
261:July 31, 1999, 09:52:02
253:Deorbited (Moon impact)
23:Prospector (spacecraft)
4128:Moon Mineralogy Mapper
3095:Emirates Lunar Mission
2137:. NASA. Archived from
2101:. NASA. Archived from
2078:. NASA. Archived from
2055:. NASA. Archived from
2032:. NASA. Archived from
2009:. NASA. Archived from
1986:. NASA. Archived from
1963:. NASA. Archived from
1915:. NASA. Archived from
1880:"Bizarre Lunar Orbits"
1856:. NASA. Archived from
1831:. NASA. Archived from
1476:. NASA. Archived from
1260:
1252:
1241:
1154:
1103:
1044:
1033:
978:Gamma Ray Spectrometer
970:
956:
953:Gamma Ray Spectrometer
931:Electron Reflectometer
919:Gamma Ray Spectrometer
889:
844:
812:
779:
752:Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
687:
265:1999-07-31UTC09:52:03Z
195:1998-01-07UTC02:28:44Z
4318:New Frontiers program
4241:Enceladus Life Finder
3704:Lunar Orbital Station
3156:Peregrine Mission One
1796:"Iron Distribution -
1258:
1247:
1236:
1148:
1098:
1039:
1028:
962:
948:
883:
818:
785:
769:
740:circular queue buffer
681:
511:investigation of the
287:Reference system
126:Spacecraft properties
5613:Missions to the Moon
5536:Mars Climate Orbiter
4632:Orbital launches in
3869:List of lunar probes
3864:Google Lunar X Prize
3813:Project Harvest Moon
2926:Lunar Roving Vehicle
2406:(relay satellite at
2156:Exploring the Moon:
1336:Mars Global Surveyor
923:Neutron Spectrometer
754:, to the Moon for a
682:The fully assembled
600:improve this article
4218:Io Volcano Observer
4186:Titan Mare Explorer
3894:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3823:Resource Prospector
3751:First Lunar Outpost
3734:Baden-Württemberg 1
3690:Boeing Lunar Lander
2815:Apollo Lunar Module
2629:(propulsion module)
2594:Apollo Lunar Module
2196:Spacecraft missions
1766:1998Sci...281.1484L
1760:(5382): 1484–1489.
1588:1998Sci...281.1475B
1582:(5382): 1475–1476.
1545:1998Sci...281.1476K
1503:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1449:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1176:The purpose of the
398: /
308:Periselene altitude
36:
4271:Mars Geyser Hopper
4214:Mission 15 and 16
3562:Cislunar Explorers
2131:"Press release on
1948:Spaceflight portal
1724:www.britannica.com
1416:"Lunar Prospector"
1261:
1253:
1251:Magnetometer (MAG)
1242:
1207:spherical harmonic
1171:mass concentration
1155:
1104:
1045:
1034:
971:
957:
890:
845:
823:trajectory around
813:
780:
688:
615:"Lunar Prospector"
446:Magnetometer (MAG)
342:117.9 minutes
332:90.55 degrees
318:Aposelene altitude
282:Orbital parameters
5623:NASA space probes
5618:Discovery Program
5595:
5594:
5093:Gurwin Techsat 1B
4591:
4590:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4540:JUICE instruments
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4371:
4370:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4193:Mission 13 and 14
4150:
4149:
3987:Discovery program
3937:
3936:
3783:Lunar Mission One
3740:#dearMoon project
3713:
3712:
3595:
3594:
3440:Lunar Trailblazer
3329:
3328:
2771:Moon Impact Probe
2498:
2497:
1638:978-1-928771-31-9
1539:(5382): 1476–80.
1499:"Ice on the Moon"
1330:as small as 0.01
1314:and direction of
676:
675:
668:
650:
505:Discovery Program
492:
491:
467:Discovery program
373:Orbital insertion
5650:
5643:1999 on the Moon
5200:Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1
4653:Lunar Prospector
4637:
4636:
4635:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4595:
4524:
4520:
4507:
4389:
4379:
4330:
4326:
4313:
4168:
4158:
4022:Lunar Prospector
4002:
3995:
3982:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3606:
3556:Lunar Pathfinder
3340:
3236:Lunar Flashlight
2723:Lunar Prospector
2509:
2390:(service module)
2362:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2158:Lunar Prospector
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2133:Lunar Prospector
2118:Lunar Prospector
2113:
2111:
2110:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2026:"MAG/ER results"
2021:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1959:Lunar Prospector
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1890:. Archived from
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1806:. Archived from
1798:Lunar Prospector
1792:
1786:
1785:
1750:Lunar Prospector
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1529:Lunar Prospector
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1412:
1355:Lunar Prospector
1351:Lunar Prospector
1249:Lunar Prospector
1238:Lunar Prospector
1178:Lunar Prospector
1151:Lunar Prospector
1108:Lunar Prospector
1100:Lunar Prospector
1064:Lunar Prospector
1049:Lunar Prospector
1041:Lunar Prospector
1030:Lunar Prospector
996:Lunar Prospector
989:Lunar Prospector
975:Lunar Prospector
968:Lunar Prospector
950:Lunar Prospector
906:Lunar Prospector
894:Lunar Prospector
886:Lunar Prospector
865:Lunar Prospector
856:Lunar Prospector
843:
838:
834:
832:
822:
811:
806:
797:
795:
789:
776:Lunar Prospector
748:Eugene Shoemaker
718:80C86 (based on
684:Lunar Prospector
671:
664:
660:
657:
651:
649:
608:
584:
576:
543:Lunar Prospector
496:Lunar Prospector
461:Lunar Prospector
457:
438:Lunar Prospector
413:
412:
410:
409:
408:
403:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:
352:January 16, 1998
268:
266:
198:
196:
183:Start of mission
110:Mission duration
101:
92:
91:
85:
47:Lunar Prospector
44:
37:
34:Lunar Prospector
5658:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5608:LQ30 quadrangle
5598:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5576:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4592:
4587:
4552:
4514:
4489:
4433:
4380:
4367:
4320:
4295:
4286:Phobos Surveyor
4246:Icebreaker Life
4229:
4159:
4146:
4099:
4017:Mars Pathfinder
3989:
3976:
3968:
3938:
3933:
3918:
3889:Lunar resources
3847:
3719:
3709:
3670:
3601:
3591:
3520:
3495:
3446:
3414:
3335:
3325:
3160:
3152:(Chandrayaan-2)
3083:Failed landings
3078:
2998:
2974:(Chandrayaan-3)
2912:
2899:(Chandrayaan-3)
2800:
2747:
2698:Lunar Orbiter 1
2567:
2512:Crewed landings
2504:
2494:
2478:
2462:
2436:
2411:
2357:
2351:
2243:Lunar Precursor
2210:
2202:
2193:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2128:
2120:Mission Profile
2108:
2106:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1955:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1639:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1371:Lunar resources
1367:
1328:Field strengths
1312:energy spectrum
1293:magnetic fields
1231:
1143:
1093:
1053:lunar water ice
1023:
943:
915:
836:
835:
830:
829:
828:
820:
804:
803:
793:
792:
791:
787:
764:
762:Mission profile
703:h rechargeable
672:
661:
655:
652:
609:
607:
597:
585:
574:
551:Lockheed Martin
545:was managed by
527:near the lunar
488:
487:
479:
470:
458:
447:
445:
443:
441:
436:
406:
404:
400:
397:
392:
389:
387:
385:
384:
264:
262:
194:
192:
145:Lockheed Martin
86:
81:
49:
30:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5656:
5654:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5482:
5477:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5355:Molniya-1T #99
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4547:Europa Clipper
4543:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
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4441:
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4431:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4406:
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4404:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
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4334:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4309:
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4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
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4263:
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4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
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4226:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:NEAR Shoemaker
4008:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Lunar Observer
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2126:
2114:
2091:
2068:
2045:
2022:
1999:
1976:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1934:External links
1932:
1930:
1929:
1904:
1870:
1845:
1820:
1787:
1740:
1711:
1682:
1652:
1637:
1617:
1566:
1519:
1490:
1465:
1436:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1230:
1227:
1142:
1139:
1124:alpha particle
1112:aluminum disks
1092:
1089:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1006:
942:
939:
914:
911:
861:cislunar space
763:
760:
696:monopropellant
674:
673:
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
490:
489:
480:
476:NEAR Shoemaker
472:
471:
464:
450:
449:
432:
431:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
382:
378:
377:
374:
370:
369:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
245:End of mission
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:Cape Canaveral
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
94:
93:
79:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
50:
45:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5655:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5405:Progress M-40
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:Globalstar 21
5301:
5299:
5298:
5297:Globalstar 20
5294:
5292:
5291:
5290:Globalstar 18
5287:
5285:
5284:
5283:Globalstar 17
5280:
5278:
5277:
5276:Globalstar 16
5273:
5271:
5270:
5269:Globalstar 13
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:Globalstar 12
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:Globalstar 11
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:Globalstar 10
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Progress M-39
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Globalstar 15
4909:
4907:
4906:Globalstar 14
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4794:Progress M-38
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Inmarsat-3 F5
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:Lunar Gateway
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Lunar IceCube
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3004:Sample return
3001:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
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2627:Chandrayaan-3
2625:
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2622:Chandrayaan-1
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2382:Chandrayaan-2
2380:
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2256:
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2249:
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2241:
2239:
2238:Lunar Orbiter
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
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2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2144:on 2015-12-13
2140:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2105:on 2006-12-09
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2082:on 2008-07-12
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:"DGE results"
2069:
2059:on 2008-05-31
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2036:on 2010-05-27
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2013:on 2005-12-26
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1990:on 2006-02-11
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:"GRS results"
1977:
1967:on 1998-01-09
1966:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1933:
1919:on 2010-05-27
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1894:on 2021-12-04
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1860:on 2008-07-12
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1835:on 2008-05-31
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1810:on 2008-06-26
1809:
1805:
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1508:
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1494:
1491:
1480:on 2020-08-03
1479:
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1278:
1274:
1273:magnetosheath
1270:
1266:
1265:magnetosphere
1257:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1223:frozen orbits
1219:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1182:Doppler shift
1179:
1174:
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1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:, and one in
1070:
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1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:Based on the
1042:
1038:
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1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1007:
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1002:
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992:
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645:
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631:
627:
624:
620:
617: –
616:
612:
611:Find sources:
605:
601:
595:
594:
589:This article
587:
583:
578:
577:
571:
569:
567:
562:
560:
556:
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498:
497:
486: →
485:
484:
478:
477:
473:←
469:
468:
462:
456:
451:
439:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
402:87.7°S 42.1°E
383:
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375:
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359:
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341:
339:
335:
331:
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299:
295:
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291:Selenocentric
289:
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153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
113:570 days
112:
108:
104:
102:
95:
90:
84:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:Lunar orbiter
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:
28:
24:
16:
5587:
5583:
5534:
5484:
5424:
5395:Deep Space 1
5350:Orbcomm FM28
5345:Orbcomm FM27
5340:Orbcomm FM26
5335:Orbcomm FM25
5330:Orbcomm FM24
5325:Orbcomm FM23
5320:Orbcomm FM22
5315:Orbcomm FM21
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5241:Globalstar 9
5239:
5234:Globalstar 7
5232:
5227:Globalstar 5
5225:
5198:
5186:
5164:
5157:
5153:Orbcomm FM20
5148:Orbcomm FM19
5143:Orbcomm FM18
5138:Orbcomm FM17
5133:Orbcomm FM16
5128:Orbcomm FM15
5123:Orbcomm FM14
5118:Orbcomm FM13
5078:Resurs-O1 #4
5053:Molniya 3-49
5038:Intelsat 805
4995:
4901:Globalstar 8
4896:Globalstar 6
4888:
4789:Intelsat 806
4734:Globalstar 4
4729:Globalstar 3
4724:Globalstar 2
4719:Globalstar 1
4689:Brasilsat B3
4676:
4669:
4662:
4652:
4578:
4572:
4545:
4538:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4341:New Horizons
4339:
4181:Comet Hopper
4139:
4132:
4110:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4021:
3927:
3778:Lunar Lander
3765:
3738:
3726:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3582:(late 2020s)
3408:Artemis VIII
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3186:Chang'e 5-T1
3178:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2813:
2722:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2388:Chang'e 5-T1
2301:South Korean
2157:
2146:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2132:
2117:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:the original
2098:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2075:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2052:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2029:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:the original
2006:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:the original
1983:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1958:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1884:Science@NASA
1883:
1873:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1823:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1797:
1790:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1703:. Retrieved
1695:www.usgs.gov
1694:
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1666:Ars Technica
1665:
1655:
1627:
1620:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1511:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1354:
1350:
1348:
1309:
1289:magnetometer
1286:
1262:
1248:
1237:
1220:
1212:
1195:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1132:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1081:
1063:
1061:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1029:
1011:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
974:
972:
967:
949:
927:Magnetometer
916:
905:
903:
893:
891:
885:
864:
855:
846:
799:
775:
756:space burial
745:
709:
705:NiCd battery
700:
689:
683:
662:
653:
643:
636:
629:
622:
610:
598:Please help
593:verification
590:
563:
558:
542:
541:
536:
533:
495:
494:
493:
481:
474:
465:
460:
437:
298:Eccentricity
141:Manufacturer
58:Mission type
46:
33:
15:
5572:Kosmos 2364
5567:Kosmos 2363
5562:Kosmos 2362
5557:Kosmos 2361
5510:MightySat-1
5431:SPARTAN-201
5370:Eutelsat W2
5166:Soyuz TM-28
5113:Kosmos 2360
5083:Fasat-Bravo
5048:Kosmos 2359
5043:Kosmos 2358
5033:Kosmos 2357
5028:Kosmos 2356
5023:Kosmos 2355
5018:Kosmos 2354
5013:Kosmos 2353
5008:Kosmos 2352
4946:EchoStar IV
4941:Kosmos 2351
4926:Kosmos 2350
4916:Nilesat 101
4779:Teledesic 1
4739:Kosmos 2349
4704:Orbcomm FM4
4699:Orbcomm FM3
4678:Soyuz TM-27
4177:Mission 12
4104:Opportunity
4047:Deep Impact
3808:OrbitBeyond
3718:Cancelled /
3586:Argonaut M1
3544:Beresheet 2
3532:Hakuto-R M2
3400:Artemis VII
3368:Artemis III
3206:Longjiang-1
3100:Hakuto-R M1
2663:Longjiang-2
2638:Explorer 35
2282:Chandrayaan
2208:Exploration
913:Instruments
888:space probe
555:Alan Binder
509:polar orbit
430:Instruments
407:-87.7; 42.1
405: /
381:Impact site
328:Inclination
214:Launch site
188:Launch date
151:Launch mass
5602:Categories
5547:Iridium 20
5542:Iridium 11
5525:Nadezhda 5
5466:Iridium 86
5461:Iridium 85
5456:Iridium 84
5451:Iridium 83
5409:Sputnik 41
5380:Hot Bird 5
5221:Iridium 82
5216:Iridium 81
5211:Iridium 80
5206:Iridium 79
5177:Iridium 76
4991:Zhongwei 1
4986:Iridium 75
4981:Iridium 74
4976:Iridium 73
4971:Iridium 72
4966:Iridium 70
4936:Iridium 71
4931:Iridium 69
4884:Iridium 68
4879:Iridium 67
4874:Iridium 66
4869:Iridium 65
4864:Iridium 64
4859:Iridium 63
4854:Iridium 62
4844:Iridium 60
4839:Iridium 59
4834:Iridium 58
4829:Iridium 57
4824:Iridium 55
4819:Iridium 61
4814:Iridium 51
4784:Hot Bird 4
4764:Iridium 56
4759:Iridium 54
4754:Iridium 53
4749:Iridium 52
4744:Iridium 50
4438:Candidates
4423:Mission 4
4408:Mission 3
4398:Mission 2
4355:OSIRIS-REx
4276:Moon Diver
4234:Candidates
3818:Prospector
3793:Lunokhod 3
3666:Moon Diver
3661:McCandless
3574:MoonRanger
3392:Artemis VI
3376:Artemis IV
3353:Artemis II
3251:Mariner 10
3140:Surveyor 2
3135:OMOTENASHI
2954:Lunokhod 1
2872:Surveyor 1
2633:Clementine
2148:2006-04-24
2109:2006-04-24
2086:2006-04-24
2063:2006-04-24
2040:2006-04-24
2017:2006-04-24
1994:2006-04-24
1971:2006-04-24
1923:2008-07-14
1898:2017-09-08
1864:2008-07-14
1839:2008-07-14
1814:2008-07-14
1734:2022-04-28
1705:2022-04-28
1676:2019-03-24
1513:2018-07-04
1484:2018-07-04
1459:2018-07-04
1430:2023-01-09
1398:References
1361:of power.
1324:solar wind
1281:solar wind
1269:solar wind
1166:Prospector
1160:Clementine
1085:solar wind
1077:cosmic-ray
870:periselene
726:) with 64
626:newspapers
529:south pole
258:Decay date
227:Contractor
5584:underline
5446:Iridium 2
5188:Galaxy 10
5172:Iridium 3
5159:Mercury 3
5108:Sinosat-1
5073:Tubsat-N1
4769:Kakehashi
4658:Skynet 4D
4573:Underline
4392:Finalists
4385:Proposals
4362:Dragonfly
4171:Finalists
4164:Proposals
4042:MESSENGER
3833:Ukrselena
3683:DSE-Alpha
3641:Garatéa-L
3631:Blue Moon
3626:Artemis-7
3550:ispace M3
3515:Chang'e 8
3509:Chang'e 7
3452:Luna-Glob
3384:Artemis V
3266:Pioneer 4
3256:NEA Scout
3231:LunaH-Map
3180:Apollo 13
3090:Beresheet
3069:Chang'e 5
3013:Apollo 11
2932:Apollo 15
2822:Chang'e 5
2753:Impactors
2607:Chang'e 1
2602:Artemis I
2520:Apollo 11
2448:Chang'e 3
2404:Queqiao 1
2318:Luna-Glob
1604:0036-8075
1376:Luna-Glob
1340:amplitude
1316:electrons
1277:bow shock
1215:polarized
1173:regions.
982:gamma-ray
898:Shoemaker
874:aposelene
849:Athena II
728:kilobytes
693:hydrazine
656:July 2020
269: UTC
208:Athena II
199: UTC
83:1998-001A
77:COSPAR ID
5530:Astrid 2
5515:Satmex 5
5415:AfriStar
5400:SEDSAT-1
5390:Maqsat 3
5375:Sirius 3
5194:Astra 2A
5068:Tubsat-N
4714:Ad Astra
4527:Missions
4412:MoonRise
4402:MoonRise
4333:Missions
4251:ISOCHRON
4112:ASPERA-3
4027:Stardust
3998:Missions
3828:SELENE-2
3803:MoonRise
3798:MoonLITE
3720:concepts
3646:ISOCHRON
3602:missions
3600:Proposed
3336:missions
3271:Ranger 5
2903:EagleCam
2776:Ranger 4
2580:Apollo 8
2572:Orbiters
2505:missions
2490:ArgoMoon
2422:Tiandu-1
2377:CAPSTONE
2365:Orbiters
2358:missions
2340:Lunokhod
2289:Japanese
2258:Surveyor
2218:American
2211:programs
1961:website"
1728:Archived
1699:Archived
1670:Archived
1647:61137782
1507:Archived
1453:Archived
1424:Archived
1365:See also
1301:minerals
1128:polonium
884:Path of
517:magnetic
483:Stardust
463:mission
250:Disposal
159:Dry mass
66:Operator
5588:italics
5480:Bonum 1
5385:USA-140
5364:USA-141
5103:SAFIR-2
5098:WESTPAC
5063:Shtil-1
4956:NOAA-15
4951:USA-139
4921:BSat-1B
4804:USA-138
4684:USA-137
4579:Italics
4465:Oceanus
4450:CORSAIR
4291:Whipple
4223:Trident
4208:VERITAS
4198:DAVINCI
4134:Strofio
4094:DAVINCI
4087:VERITAS
4067:InSight
4037:CONTOUR
4032:Genesis
3928:italics
3852:Related
3773:Lunar-A
3651:LunaNet
3609:Robotic
3576:(2020s)
3570:(2020s)
3564:(2020s)
3538:DESTINY
3492:(2030s)
3490:Luna 31
3486:(2030s)
3484:Luna 30
3480:(2030s)
3478:Luna 29
3472:Luna 28
3466:Luna 27
3460:Luna 26
3436:(2025)
3344:Artemis
3334:Planned
3196:Galileo
3191:Geotail
3054:Luna 16
2994:Jinchan
2806:Landers
2738:SMART-1
2668:Luna 10
2441:Landers
2432:ICUBE-Q
2384:Orbiter
2372:ARTEMIS
2313:Russian
2270:Chang'e
2265:Chinese
2248:Pioneer
2228:Artemis
2198:to the
2160:Mission
2135:impact"
1782:9727970
1762:Bibcode
1754:Science
1612:9727967
1584:Bibcode
1576:Science
1561:9727968
1541:Bibcode
1533:Science
1184:in the
1162:mission
1135:sunspot
1069:cadmium
964:Thorium
839:
640:scholar
566:WT1190F
537:Science
521:gravity
393:42°06′E
390:87°42′S
368:orbiter
302:0.00046
263: (
193: (
170:202.0 W
98:SATCAT
5552:PAS-6B
5486:STS-88
5435:PANSAT
5426:STS-95
5058:Nozomi
5003:Thor 3
4997:STS-91
4890:STS-90
4809:SPOT 4
4671:STS-89
4664:Ofek-4
4641:1999 →
4626:← 1997
4480:VISAGE
4470:SPRITE
4445:CONDOR
4427:CAESAR
4266:MANTIS
4203:NEOCam
4141:MEGANE
4080:Psyche
4057:Kepler
3728:Altair
3675:Crewed
3588:(2031)
3558:(2026)
3552:(2026)
3546:(2025)
3540:(2025)
3534:(2024)
3525:Others
3517:(2028)
3511:(2026)
3474:(2030)
3468:(2028)
3462:(2027)
3430:(2024)
3411:(2033)
3403:(2032)
3395:(2031)
3387:(2030)
3379:(2028)
3371:(2026)
3356:(2025)
3321:PAS-22
3296:Zond 3
3276:STEREO
3261:Nozomi
3211:Luna 1
3166:Flybys
3150:Vikram
3105:Luna 5
2988:Sora-Q
2918:Rovers
2897:Vikram
2832:Luna 9
2766:Luna 2
2761:LCROSS
2483:Flybys
2474:Yutu-2
2467:Rovers
2394:Danuri
2356:Active
2330:Crewed
2325:Soviet
2306:Danuri
2277:Indian
2253:Ranger
2223:Apollo
1780:
1645:
1635:
1610:
1602:
1559:
1344:plasma
1320:angles
1305:dipole
1297:meteor
1199:S band
1186:S-band
1057:tonnes
955:(GRS)
852:rocket
837:
831:
821:'s
807:
805:
800:·
798:
794:
788:'s
732:EEPROM
716:Harris
712:S band
642:
635:
628:
621:
613:
525:crater
418:Orbits
338:Period
221:SLC-46
204:Rocket
136:LM-100
5505:SAC-A
5500:PMA-2
5495:PMA-1
5491:Unity
5471:Zarya
5441:PAS-8
5310:PAS-7
5088:TMSAT
4849:TRACE
4798:VDU-2
4460:ELSAH
4281:PADME
4118:EPOXI
4062:GRAIL
3843:VIPER
3636:BOLAS
3621:ALINA
3246:LunIR
2984:LEV-2
2979:LEV-1
2733:PFS-2
2728:PFS-1
2658:LADEE
2653:Hiten
2648:GRAIL
2142:(txt)
1359:watts
1120:radon
1015:KREEP
933:, an
929:, an
802:
720:Intel
647:JSTOR
633:books
421:~7060
366:Lunar
348:Epoch
167:Power
105:25131
5520:SWAS
5420:GE-5
5360:STEX
5182:ST-1
4774:SNOE
4634:1998
4534:DART
4475:VICI
4417:SAGE
4348:Juno
4261:LIFE
4123:NExT
4073:Lucy
4052:Dawn
4005:Main
3971:NASA
3838:XL-1
3568:CU-E
3501:CLEP
3434:IM-2
3420:CLPS
3291:Wind
3286:WMAP
3281:TESS
2964:Yutu
2908:IM-1
2503:Past
2458:SLIM
2345:Zond
2335:Luna
2233:CLPS
2200:Moon
1888:NASA
1804:NASA
1778:PMID
1643:OCLC
1633:ISBN
1608:PMID
1600:ISSN
1557:PMID
1275:and
1203:mGal
973:The
925:, a
921:, a
904:The
841:Moon
825:Moon
809:Moon
772:NASA
724:8086
619:news
519:and
513:Moon
501:NASA
70:NASA
25:and
5475:ISS
4709:GFO
4485:VOX
4455:ELF
4256:JET
3761:LEO
3201:ICE
2122:by
1770:doi
1758:281
1592:doi
1580:281
1549:doi
1537:281
1531:".
1322:of
1073:tin
872:or
774:'s
736:RAM
730:of
722:'s
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602:by
132:Bus
100:no.
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3125:18
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3048:17
3041:16
3034:15
3027:14
3020:12
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2857:21
2852:20
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2842:16
2837:13
2818:×6
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