112:
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629:. Priestley had been closely associated with the group's activities for over a decade and was a strong advocate of the benefits of scientific societies. Shortly after his arrival Lunar meetings moved from Sunday afternoons to Mondays to accommodate Priestley's duties as a clergyman, while the society's dependence on Matthew Boulton was lessened by holding meetings at other members' houses in addition to Soho House. The result was to be the society's most productive era.
826:
university. This was agreed by the
University's Guild of Students in autumn 2012. The society now hosts symposiums every two weeks. Any member has always been welcome to suggest a topic for discussion. These meetings occur in a variety of environments from University rooms to local bars. In 2013 the society attempted to change the name of one of the rooms in the Guild of Students to 'The Lunar Room' in honour of the original Birmingham Lunar Society. Like the
764:
688:
568:
126:, for example, is described by some commentators as being one of five "principal members" of the society, while others consider that he "cannot be recognized as full member" at all. Dates given for the establishment of the society range from "sometime before 1760" to 1775. Some historians argue that it had ceased to exist by 1791; others that it was still operating as late as 1813.
615:
33:
359:"of all the provincial philosophical societies it was the most important, perhaps because it was not merely provincial. All the world came to Soho to meet Boulton, Watt or Small, who were acquainted with the leading men of Science throughout Europe and America. Its essential sociability meant that any might be invited to attend its meetings."
606:
as the period coincided with the peak of his work building up his steam engine business and he was frequently absent. Although the 1770s was one of the society's richest eras in terms of its collaborative achievements, the society's meetings declined from regular occurrences in 1775 to infrequent ones by the end of the decade.
558:
By 1768 the core group of nine individuals who would form the nucleus of the Lunar
Society had come together with Small at their heart. The group at this time is sometimes referred to as the "Lunar circle", though this is a later description used by historians, and the group themselves used a variety
458:
when he travelled to
Birmingham in July 1758 "to improve and increase Acquaintance among Persons of Influence", and Franklin returned in 1760 to conduct experiments with Boulton on electricity and sound. Although Michell seems to have withdrawn slightly from the group when he moved to Thornhill (near
350:
This lack of a defined membership has led some historians to criticise a Lunar
Society "legend", leading people to "confuse it and its efforts with the general growth of intellectual and economic activities in the provinces of eighteenth century Britain". Others have seen this both as real and as one
605:
was the principal venue for meetings, and in 1776 he is recorded as planning "to make many
Motions to the Members respecting new Laws, and regulations, such as will tend to prevent the decline of a society which I hope will be lasting." This reliance on Boulton was also to prove a weakness, however,
493:, and had formed the focus of a local group of intellectuals. His arrival with a letter of introduction to Matthew Boulton from Benjamin Franklin was to have a galvanising effect on the existing circle, which began to explicitly identify itself as a group and actively started to attract new members.
825:
In the latter part of the 20th century, the
University of Birmingham Lunar Society met every Thursday to debate and discuss all manner of topics in the Guild bar. In 2011, steps were undertaken to reform the discussion society as an alternative to the more regulated debate options available at the
577:
If
William Small's arrival in 1765 had been the catalyst to the development of the Lunar Circle as a cohesive group, his death – probably from malaria – in 1775 was to mark another change in its structure. Small had been the key link between the members, and in his absence those remaining moved to
849:
Historical material related to the Lunar
Society is held in multiple collections. The University of Birmingham's Cadbury Research Library holds a series of portraits of the original Lunar Society members. The Library of Birmingham holds a large collection of Joseph Priestley's publications. Both
427:
at the age of 21. Despite their different backgrounds they shared a common interest in experiment and invention, and their activities would show Darwin's theoretical understanding and
Boulton's practical experience to be complementary. Soon they were visiting each other regularly and conducting
195:
correspondence at least weekly. A more loosely defined group has therefore been identified over a wider geographical area and longer time period, who attended meetings occasionally and who corresponded or co-operated regularly with multiple other members on group activities. These include
194:
While the society's meetings provided its name and social focus, however, they were relatively unimportant in its activities, and far more activity and communication took place outside the meetings themselves – members local to
Birmingham were in almost daily contact, more distant ones in
121:
The Lunar Society evolved through various degrees of organisation over a period of up to fifty years, but was only ever an informal group. No constitution, minutes, publications or membership lists survive from any period, and evidence of its existence and activities is found only in the
578:
place the group on a more organised footing. Meetings were to be held on the Sunday nearest the full moon, lasting from two o'clock in the afternoon until eight o'clock in the evening. The first was probably that held on 31 December 1775, and the "Lunar" name is first recorded in 1776.
468:
555:, being shown around the Soho Manufactory by Small and Darwin in Boulton's absence. Although neither Priestley nor Watt were to move to Birmingham for several years, both were to be in constant communication with the Birmingham members and central to the circle's activities from 1767.
747:
was describing "the remnant of the Lunar Society" as being "very interesting". While individual members continued to produce work of importance, however, the collaborative activity that marked the heyday of the society was noticeably absent.
589:
to Birmingham and became a member of the Society in 1776. John Whitehurst's move to London in 1775 had a less dramatic effect: he kept in regular contact with other members of the society and remained an occasional attender of meetings.
122:
correspondence and notes of those associated with it. Historians therefore disagree on what qualifies as membership of the Lunar Society, who can be considered to have been members, and even when the society can be said to have existed.
816:
In Australia, The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle was formed by leading digital entrepreneurs, software developers, educators, film producers, creatives, investors to encourage creative thinking and new ideas in a digital age.
402:
met some time between 1757 and 1758, possibly through family connections, as Boulton's mother's family were patients of Darwin; or possibly though shared friendships, as both were admirers of the printer
129:
Despite this uncertainty, fourteen individuals have been identified as having verifiably attended Lunar Society meetings regularly over a long period during its most productive eras: these are
2190:
834:
of Edinburgh University. In 2019, the society was rebranded as the Devil's Advocate Society, and retained the goals of the Lunar Society whilst changing much of its branding.
723:
had to arm their employees to protect the Soho Manufactory. Lunar meetings were continued by the younger generation of the families of earlier Lunar members, including
2015:
547:
and a close friend of John Michell, became associated with the Society in 1767 when Darwin and Wedgwood became involved with his work on electricity. In the same year
2135:
656:
and started attending Lunar Society meetings from 1783. His contribution to the society was significant but short-lived: after collaborating with Withering on his
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743:. Regular meetings are recorded into the nineteenth century – eight in 1800, five or six before August 1801 and at least one in 1802, while as late as 1809
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in 1781, but although he complained of being "cut off from the milk of science", he continued to attend Lunar Society meetings at least until 1788.
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1724:
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visited Darwin in Lichfield, where he was introduced to Boulton, Small, Wedgwood and Whitehurst and subsequently decided to move to Birmingham.
71:, as the extra light made the journey home easier and safer in the absence of street lighting. The members cheerfully referred to themselves as
67:. At first called the Lunar Circle, "Lunar Society" became the formal name by 1775. The name arose because the society would meet during the
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1926:
864:
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ceased regular involvement in the society's activities when he returned to Ireland in 1782, John Whitehurst died in London in 1788, and
328:
324:
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manufacturing operation. Although older than both Boulton and Darwin, by 1758 Whitehurst was writing to Boulton telling excitedly of a
640:
who was also a gun-manufacturer, appears in the letters of other Lunar members as attending meetings from July 1781, and his daughter
520:, met Darwin, Small and Boulton in 1766 through a shared interest in carriage design, and he in turn introduced his friend and fellow
332:
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The leading figure behind the establishment of the society as a more organised body during this early period seems to have been
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1965:
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he had built, and looking forward to visiting Birmingham "to spend one day with you in trying all necessary experiments".
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became a friend, first of Boulton and subsequently of Darwin, through his business supplying clock movements to Boulton's
2006:
The Lunar Society of Birmingham : a social history of provincial science and industry in eighteenth-century England
1699:
1615:
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open to both undergraduate and graduate students, as well as professional academics, from the University of Birmingham.
641:
1954:
Schofield, Robert E. (December 1957), "The Industrial Orientation of Science in the Lunar Society of Birmingham",
477:
The nature of the group was to change significantly with the move to Birmingham in 1765 of the Scottish physician
830:, the society has always traditionally put a huge emphasis on freedom of speech. The society has similar aims to
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772:
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40:
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was to provide one of the few first-hand accounts of the Lunar Society's activities. The botanist and physician
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Fraser, David. "Joseph Wright of Derby and the Lunar Society", in Egerton, Judy, Wright of Derby (London, 1990)
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1807:
Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820
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is recorded as having won a ballot for possession of the scientific books from the society's library.
423:; Boulton had left school at fourteen and started work in his father's business making metal goods in
869:
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of 1791 in Birmingham itself that saw a decisive falling off of the society's spirit and activities.
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525:
308:
244:
138:
2013:
Schofield, Robert E. (December 1966), "The Lunar Society of Birmingham; A Bicentenary Appraisal",
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the two quarrelled bitterly and Stokes severed his relations with the main Lunar members by 1788.
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The origins of the Lunar Society lie in a pattern of friendships that emerged in the late 1750s.
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of less specific descriptions, including "Birmingham Philosophers" or simply "fellow-schemers".
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himself was driven from the town, leaving England entirely for the United States in 1794,
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In late 1780 the nature of the society was to change again with the move to Birmingham of
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1827:(January 1998), "The 1997 Wilkins Lecture: Erasmus Darwin, the Lunaticks and Evolution",
805:. Its aim is to play a leading part in the development of the city and the wider region.
801:
In more recent times a new Lunar Society was formed in Birmingham by a group led by Dame
459:
Dewsbury) in 1767, Franklin was to remain a common link among many of the early members.
500:, who became a close friend of Darwin in 1765 while campaigning for the building of the
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Several other major new figures became associated with the society during this period.
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Its current Chair, appointed for a two-year term in 2019, is Deirdre LaBassiere.
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in 1789 caused political strains between members of the society, but it was the
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The society had definitely collapsed by 1813, however: in August of that year
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Robinson, Eric (1962), "The Lunar Society: Its Membership and Organisation",
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Boulton, Darwin and Whitehurst were in turn introduced by Michell to
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visited Birmingham on the recommendation of his business patron
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43:, Birmingham, a regular venue for meetings of the Lunar Society
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and intellectuals, who met regularly between 1765 and 1813 in
2066:
The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World
663:
The society also lost several major figures over the period:
428:
investigations into scientific subjects such as electricity,
19:"Lunar Society" redirects here. For society on the Moon, see
2089:
1908:
Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World
539:
The Lunar Circle also attracted more distant involvement.
23:. For the society promoting colonization of the Moon, see
892:
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archives also hold various letters of society members.
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Among memorials to the Society and its members are the
489:. There he had taught and been a major influence over
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1539:
415:. Darwin was a physician and poet who had studied at
351:
of the society's main strengths: a paper read at the
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The era also saw significant changes in membership.
1882:
Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution
970:
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2086:"Lunar Society of Birmingham (act. c.1765–c.1800)"
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1964:(4), The University of Chicago Press on behalf of
1089:
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481:, who had been Professor of Natural Philosophy at
16:British dinner club and learned society, 1755–1813
2191:Clubs and societies in the West Midlands (county)
2016:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1829:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1194:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
504:and subsequently closely modelled his large new
357:
1879:Musson, Albert Edward; Robinson, Eric (1969),
1093:
1066:
1034:
1015:
934:
671:died the following year. Most significantly,
8:
407:and friends of the astronomer and geologist
1885:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1810:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
2094:(Online ed.), Oxford University Press
1910:, London: Penguin Books (published 2001),
1188:King-Hele, Desmond George (31 July 1992).
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1232:– via The Royal Society Publishing.
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411:, a regular visitor to Darwin's house in
1612:Lunar Society award to Rachel Waterhouse
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658:Botanical Arrangement of British Plants
51:was a British dinner club and informal
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821:University of Birmingham Lunar Society
784:; two statues of Watt and a statue of
2138:(from the Birmingham Stories website)
1341:
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923:
99:, Bowbridge House in Derbyshire, and
7:
2226:Organizations disestablished in 1813
2196:History of Birmingham, West Midlands
1927:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1645:‘The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle’
715:'s house was invaded by rioters and
2136:The Lunar Men who shaped the future
865:Science and invention in Birmingham
2171:The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle
2115:"More about ... the Lunar Society"
837:Today, the society is an informal
14:
2221:Organizations established in 1765
2216:1813 disestablishments in England
483:The College of William & Mary
388:Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
2201:Industrial Revolution in England
2126:Erasmus Darwin House, Lichfield
1775:"UoB Calmview5: Search results"
1675:"UoB Calmview5: Search results"
610:Heyday of the Society 1780–1789
355:in London in 1963 claimed that
333:Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond
2211:1765 establishments in England
1966:The History of Science Society
530:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
528:, with whom he had studied at
1:
2152:Revolutionary Players website
2084:Uglow, Jenny (October 2008),
2070:, London: Faber & Faber,
2004:Schofield, Robert E. (1963),
325:Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly
75:, a contemporary spelling of
329:the seventh Duke of Chaulnes
59:, including industrialists,
55:of prominent figures in the
2186:Lunar Society of Birmingham
563:The Lunar Society 1775–1780
149:, Robert Augustus Johnson,
49:Lunar Society of Birmingham
2242:
1754:calmview.birmingham.gov.uk
1729:calmview.birmingham.gov.uk
1704:calmview.birmingham.gov.uk
1094:Musson & Robinson 1969
1067:Musson & Robinson 1969
1035:Musson & Robinson 1969
1016:Musson & Robinson 1969
935:Musson & Robinson 1969
642:Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck
463:The Lunar Circle 1765–1775
18:
2008:, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1657:"Security Check Required"
787:Boulton, Watt and Murdoch
773:Boulton, Watt and Murdoch
435:Around the same time the
2166:The Lunar Society Italia
2147:The modern Lunar Society
1804:Jones, Peter M. (2008),
875:Lunar Society Moonstones
729:Matthew Robinson Boulton
665:Richard Lovell Edgeworth
518:Richard Lovell Edgeworth
143:Richard Lovell Edgeworth
21:Colonization of the Moon
1632:"The Phoenix Newspaper"
832:The Speculative Society
776:, in central Birmingham
770:'s gold-covered statue
516:. Another new recruit,
496:The first of these was
25:Lunar Explorers Society
2029:10.1098/rsnr.1966.0015
1841:10.1098/rsnr.1998.0042
1206:10.1098/rsnr.1992.0025
860:Scottish Enlightenment
777:
759:Modern Lunar Societies
696:
622:
574:
510:Etruria, Staffordshire
502:Trent and Mersey Canal
487:Williamsburg, Virginia
474:
391:
384:Joseph Wright of Derby
361:
191:
118:
57:Midlands Enlightenment
44:
1190:"Shelley and science"
798:– all in Birmingham.
766:
741:Samuel Tertius Galton
690:
652:as a child, moved to
617:
570:
470:
376:
187:
114:
107:Membership and status
35:
1940:10.1179/tns.1962.009
1906:Porter, Roy (2000),
1618:30 June 2007 at the
870:Erasmus Darwin House
839:academic association
794:; and the museum at
699:The outbreak of the
61:natural philosophers
2121:on 7 February 2008.
1779:calmview.bham.ac.uk
1679:calmview.bham.ac.uk
1595:"The Lunar Society"
2131:Article in Science
1825:King-Hele, Desmond
1572:, pp. 157–158
1504:, pp. 154–155
1492:, pp. 219–223
1480:, pp. 153–154
1468:, pp. 144–145
1422:, pp. 149–150
1383:, pp. 147–148
1356:, pp. 146–147
1018:, pp. 122–123
899:, pp. 410–411
812:Outside Birmingham
778:
753:Samuel Galton, Jr.
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634:Samuel Galton, Jr.
623:
575:
475:
439:-based clockmaker
392:
192:
147:Samuel Galton, Jr.
119:
79:. Venues included
45:
1817:978-0-7190-7770-8
803:Rachel Waterhouse
737:James Watt junior
713:William Withering
701:French Revolution
683:Decline 1789–1813
650:William Withering
583:William Withering
572:William Withering
543:, then living in
456:Benjamin Franklin
369:Origins 1755–1765
337:Grossart de Virly
289:Benjamin Franklin
189:Benjamin Franklin
179:William Withering
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648:, who had known
627:Joseph Priestley
619:Joseph Priestley
541:Joseph Priestley
514:Soho Manufactory
491:Thomas Jefferson
405:John Baskerville
327:, William Emes,
301:William Herschel
245:Jean-André Deluc
225:John Baskerville
155:Joseph Priestley
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915:
907:
903:
895:
888:
883:
856:
847:
823:
761:
739:, and possibly
733:Thomas Wedgwood
717:Matthew Boulton
705:Priestley riots
693:Priestley riots
685:
646:Jonathan Stokes
636:, unusual as a
612:
595:Matthew Boulton
565:
498:Josiah Wedgwood
465:
441:John Whitehurst
396:Matthew Boulton
371:
366:
341:Johann Gottling
317:Alexander Blair
305:Daniel Solander
277:Thomas Percival
269:Ralph Griffiths
237:William Thomson
197:Joseph Pickford
175:John Whitehurst
171:Josiah Wedgwood
163:Jonathan Stokes
131:Matthew Boulton
124:Josiah Wedgwood
116:Matthew Boulton
109:
101:Great Barr Hall
93:Matthew Boulton
53:learned society
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2239:
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2109:
2108:External links
2106:
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2103:
2081:
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2056:
2023:(2): 144–161,
2010:
2001:
1974:10.1086/348607
1951:
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1835:(1): 153–180,
1821:
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1586:
1582:Schofield 1966
1574:
1570:Schofield 1966
1562:
1558:Schofield 1963
1550:
1546:Schofield 1966
1535:
1531:Schofield 1963
1523:
1519:Schofield 1966
1506:
1502:Schofield 1966
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1490:Schofield 1963
1482:
1478:Schofield 1966
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1466:Schofield 1963
1458:
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1439:Schofield 1966
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1420:Schofield 1966
1412:
1408:Schofield 1963
1397:
1393:Schofield 1966
1385:
1381:Schofield 1966
1370:
1366:King-Hele 1998
1358:
1354:Schofield 1966
1346:
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1306:Schofield 1966
1295:
1283:
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1264:Schofield 1966
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1133:Schofield 1966
1110:
1098:
1083:
1071:
1054:
1050:King-Hele 1998
1039:
1020:
1008:
1004:Schofield 1966
996:
992:King-Hele 1998
979:
958:
954:Schofield 1957
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909:Schofield 1966
901:
897:Schofield 1957
885:
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878:
877:
872:
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862:
855:
852:
846:
843:
822:
819:
760:
757:
745:Leonard Horner
684:
681:
673:Erasmus Darwin
611:
608:
597:: his home at
564:
561:
464:
461:
400:Erasmus Darwin
379:Erasmus Darwin
370:
367:
365:
362:
353:Science Museum
313:George Fordyce
265:James Brindley
249:John Wilkinson
229:Thomas Beddoes
201:Richard Kirwan
135:Erasmus Darwin
108:
105:
81:Erasmus Darwin
15:
13:
10:
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4:
3:
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1599:Lunar Society
1596:
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1560:, p. 214
1559:
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1455:
1454:Robinson 1962
1450:
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1440:
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1307:
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1280:
1279:Robinson 1962
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1107:
1106:Robinson 1962
1102:
1099:
1096:, p. 195
1095:
1090:
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1080:
1079:Robinson 1962
1075:
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1069:, p. 177
1068:
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1051:
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1036:
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1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:, p. 144
1005:
1000:
997:
994:, p. 166
993:
988:
986:
984:
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977:, p. 156
976:
975:Robinson 1962
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
956:, p. 411
955:
950:
948:
946:
944:
940:
937:, p. 143
936:
931:
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920:
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911:, p. 145
910:
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792:William Bloye
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531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:on Boulton's
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:William Small
473:
472:William Small
469:
462:
460:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
432:and geology.
431:
426:
422:
418:
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406:
401:
397:
389:
385:
381:
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375:
368:
363:
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345:Joseph Wright
342:
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309:John Warltire
306:
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241:Cyril Jackson
238:
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214:
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206:
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159:William Small
156:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2206:Dining clubs
2158:
2157:BBC Radio 4
2119:the original
2096:, retrieved
2090:
2065:
2060:Uglow, Jenny
2020:
2014:
2005:
1961:
1955:
1931:
1925:
1907:
1896:, retrieved
1881:
1832:
1828:
1806:
1797:Bibliography
1782:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
1661:facebook.com
1660:
1651:
1640:
1626:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1526:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1415:
1410:, p. 17
1388:
1361:
1349:
1344:, p. 78
1337:
1332:, p. 59
1325:
1320:, p. 58
1313:
1293:, p. 45
1286:
1259:
1250:
1245:, p. 89
1238:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1178:, p. 88
1140:
1101:
1074:
1011:
999:
930:
904:
848:
836:
828:Oxford Union
824:
815:
811:
810:
807:
800:
785:
779:
771:
750:
725:Gregory Watt
698:
662:
657:
631:
624:
592:
580:
576:
557:
553:John Roebuck
538:
495:
476:
453:
434:
409:John Michell
393:
377:
358:
349:
293:Joseph Banks
285:James Hutton
281:Joseph Black
273:John Roebuck
213:John Michell
205:John Smeaton
193:
128:
120:
72:
48:
46:
29:
2159:In Our Time
1968:: 408–415,
1934:: 153–178,
1145:Porter 2000
654:Stourbridge
508:factory at
430:meteorology
364:Development
321:Samuel Parr
261:Robert Bage
257:Samuel More
221:R. E. Raspe
209:Henry Moyes
73:"lunaticks"
2180:Categories
2161:discussion
2142:Soho House
2098:17 January
1898:26 January
1342:Uglow 2002
1330:Uglow 2002
1318:Uglow 2002
1291:Uglow 2002
1243:Jones 2008
1200:(2): 257.
1176:Jones 2008
924:Uglow 2008
881:References
796:Soho House
782:Moonstones
721:James Watt
669:Thomas Day
603:Handsworth
599:Soho House
549:James Watt
534:James Keir
532:. In 1767
526:Thomas Day
425:Birmingham
297:James Lind
233:John Wyatt
167:James Watt
151:James Keir
139:Thomas Day
97:Soho House
65:Birmingham
41:Handsworth
37:Soho House
2053:145397408
2037:0035-9149
1998:144950413
1982:0021-1753
1948:0372-0187
1849:0035-9149
1214:0035-9149
675:moved to
621:, c. 1783
524:-admirer
449:pyrometer
421:Edinburgh
417:Cambridge
413:Lichfield
95:'s home,
89:Lichfield
69:full moon
2062:(2002),
1873:27134915
1865:11619941
1616:Archived
1230:43302716
1222:11623027
854:See also
845:Archives
587:Stafford
522:Rousseau
386:, 1770 (
253:John Ash
77:lunatics
695:of 1791
506:pottery
2074:
2051:
2045:531065
2043:
2035:
1996:
1990:227513
1988:
1980:
1946:
1914:
1889:
1871:
1863:
1857:532084
1855:
1847:
1814:
1784:14 May
1759:14 May
1734:14 May
1709:14 May
1684:14 May
1228:
1220:
1212:
638:Quaker
445:ormolu
343:. and
2049:S2CID
2041:JSTOR
1994:S2CID
1986:JSTOR
1869:S2CID
1853:JSTOR
1226:S2CID
677:Derby
545:Leeds
437:Derby
2100:2009
2072:ISBN
2033:ISSN
1978:ISSN
1957:Isis
1944:ISSN
1912:ISBN
1900:2009
1887:ISBN
1861:PMID
1845:ISSN
1812:ISBN
1786:2021
1761:2021
1736:2021
1711:2021
1686:2021
1218:PMID
1210:ISSN
735:and
719:and
691:The
419:and
398:and
177:and
85:home
47:The
2025:doi
1970:doi
1936:doi
1837:doi
1202:doi
790:by
601:in
485:in
382:by
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83:'s
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2182::
2088:,
2047:,
2039:,
2031:,
2021:21
2019:,
1992:,
1984:,
1976:,
1962:48
1960:,
1942:,
1932:35
1930:,
1867:,
1859:,
1851:,
1843:,
1833:52
1831:,
1777:.
1752:.
1727:.
1702:.
1677:.
1659:.
1597:.
1538:^
1509:^
1446:^
1427:^
1400:^
1373:^
1298:^
1271:^
1224:.
1216:.
1208:.
1198:46
1196:.
1192:.
1152:^
1113:^
1086:^
1057:^
1042:^
1023:^
982:^
961:^
942:^
916:^
889:^
731:,
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339:,
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2027::
1972::
1938::
1839::
1788:.
1763:.
1738:.
1713:.
1688:.
1663:.
1634:.
1614:.
1601:.
1204::
390:)
27:.
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