966:
940:
137:
33:
316:
909:
4933:
4456:
925:
129:
3321:
988:
256:
The Apollo 15 array is three times the size of the arrays left by the two earlier Apollo missions. Its size made it the target of three-quarters of the sample measurements taken in the first 25 years of the experiment. Improvements in technology since then have resulted in greater use of the smaller
389:
3 kilometers (1.9 mi) away. The reflected light is too weak to see with the human eye. Out of a pulse of 3Ă10 photons aimed at the reflector, only about 1â5 are received back on Earth, even under good conditions. They can be identified as originating from the laser because the laser is highly
1055:(depending on their latitude). This has been presented, incorrectly, as a 'disproof' of the ranging experiment, the claim being that the beam to such a small reflector cannot hit such a moving target. However the size of the beam is far larger than any movement, especially for the returned beam.
1212:
Mazarico, Erwan; Sun, Xiaoli; Torre, Jean-Marie; Courde, Clément; Chabé, Julien; Aimar, Mourad; Mariey, Hervé; Maurice, Nicolas; Barker, Michael K.; Mao, Dandan; Cremons, Daniel R.; Bouquillon, Sébastien; Carlucci, Teddy; Viswanathan, Vishnu; Lemoine, Frank; Bourgoin, Adrien; Exertier, Pierre;
397:
As of 2009, the distance to the Moon can be measured with millimeter precision. In a relative sense, this is one of the most precise distance measurements ever made, and is equivalent in accuracy to determining the distance between Los
Angeles and New York to within the width of a human hair.
666:
The Lunar Laser
Ranging data is collected in order to extract numerical values for a number of parameters. Analyzing the range data involves dynamics, terrestrial geophysics, and lunar geophysics. The modeling problem involves two aspects: an accurate computation of the lunar orbit and lunar
378:. The distance continually changes for a number of reasons, but averages 385,000.6 km (239,228.3 mi) between the center of the Earth and the center of the Moon. The orbits of the Moon and planets are integrated numerically along with the orientation of the Moon called physical
349:
To compute the lunar distance precisely, many factors must be considered in addition to the round-trip time of about 2.5 seconds. These factors include the location of the Moon in the sky, the relative motion of Earth and the Moon, Earth's rotation,
109:), a much more precise range measurement can be made using retroreflectors, since because of their small size, the temporal spread in the reflected signal is much smaller and because the return will be more evenly reflected with less diffusion.
4432:
2222:
Chabé, Julien; Courde, Clément; Torre, Jean-Marie; Bouquillon, Sébastien; Bourgoin, Adrien; Aimar, Mourad; AlbanÚse, Dominique; Chauvineau, Bertrand; Mariey, Hervé; Martinot-Lagarde, Grégoire; Maurice, Nicolas (2020).
671:
The center of Earth to center of Moon distance is computed by a program that numerically integrates the lunar and planetary orbits accounting for the gravitational attraction of the Sun, planets, and a selection of
667:
orientation, and an accurate model for the time of flight from an observing station to a retroreflector and back to the station. Modern Lunar Laser
Ranging data can be fit with a 1 cm weighted rms residual.
292:
lander, was designed to increase measurement accuracy up to 100 times over existing systems. MX-1E was set to launch in July 2020, however, as of
February 2020, the launch of the MX-1E has been canceled. India's
713:
Relativistic transformation of time and space coordinates from a frame moving with the station to a frame fixed with respect to the solar system center of mass. Lorentz contraction of the Earth is part of this
2321:
747:
Lunar laser ranging measurement data is available from the Paris
Observatory Lunar Analysis Center, the International Laser Ranging Service archives, and the active stations. Some of the findings of this
156:
succeeded in observing laser pulses reflected from the Moon's surface using a laser with a 50J 0.5 millisecond pulse length. Similar measurements were obtained later the same year by a Soviet team at the
1071:
Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G. (1999). "Determination of the lunar orbital and rotational parameters and of the ecliptic reference system orientation from LLR measurements and IERS data".
4379:
2373:
Li
Yuqiang, æèŻćŒș; Fu Honglin, äŒçșąæ; Li Rongwang, æèŁæș; Tang Rufeng, æ±€ććł°; Li Zhulian, æç„èČ; Zhai Dongsheng, çżäžć; Zhang Haitao, ćŒ æ”·æ¶; Pi Xiaoyu, çźæćź; Ye Xianji, ć¶èŽ€ćș; Xiong Yaoheng, çèæ (27 January 2019).
863:(a hypothetical differential acceleration of the Moon and Earth towards the Sun caused by their different degrees of compactness) has been ruled out to high precision, strongly supporting the
1157:
MĂŒller, JĂŒrgen; Murphy, Thomas W.; Schreiber, Ulrich; Shelus, Peter J.; Torre, Jean-Marie; Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H.; Bouquillon, Sebastien; Bourgoin, Adrien; Hofmann, Franz (2019).
253:
array continues to return signals to Earth. The
Lunokhod arrays suffer from decreased performance in direct sunlightâa factor considered in reflector placement during the Apollo missions.
4337:
930:
588:
310:
266:
939:
965:
2778:
Viswanathan, V.; Rambaux, N.; Fienga, A.; Laskar, J.; Gastineau, M. (9 July 2019). "Observational
Constraint on the Radius and Oblateness of the Lunar Core-Mantle Boundary".
4493:
4372:
1566:
2133:
Bender, P. L.; Currie, D. G.; Dickey, R. H.; Eckhardt, D. H.; Faller, J. E.; Kaula, W. M.; Mulholland, J. D.; Plotkin, H. H.; Poultney, S. K.; et al. (1973).
4771:
1027:
385:
At the Moon's surface, the beam is about 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) wide and scientists liken the task of aiming the beam to using a rifle to hit a moving
1692:
2932:
4365:
4012:
212:
2975:
Adelberger, E. G.; Heckel, B. R.; Smith, G.; Su, Y.; Swanson, H. E. (1990). "Eötvös experiments, lunar ranging and the strong equivalence principle".
204:
4776:
4751:
3946:
915:
106:
4344:
3160:
1447:
1032:
179:
proposed placing optical reflectors on the Moon to improve the accuracy of the measurements. This was achieved following the installation of a
2035:"The Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO): Two Years of Millimeter-Precision Measurements of the Earth-Moon Range1"
4486:
1723:
153:
4960:
4823:
4766:
4761:
2930:
Kopeikin, S.; Xie, Y. (2010). "Celestial reference frames and the gauge freedom in the post-Newtonian mechanics of the EarthâMoon system".
1359:"The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment: Accurate ranges have given a large improvement in the lunar orbit and new selenophysical information"
908:
856:
plays a major role in a correct physical interpretation of the relativistic effects in the Earth-Moon system observed with LLR technique.
4739:
407:
319:
Annotated image of the near side of the Moon showing the location of retroreflectors left on the surface by Apollo and
Lunokhod missions
281:
72:
4793:
4351:
3214:
784:
The Moon probably has a liquid core of about 20% of the Moon's radius. The radius of the lunar core-mantle boundary is determined as
4746:
2349:
481:
298:
158:
2724:
4955:
4936:
4479:
4410:
4395:
924:
3145:
1421:
4564:
3817:
636:
297:
lunar lander successfully placed a sixth reflector on the Moon in August 2023. MoonLIGHT will be launched in early 2024 with a
238:
by the Soviet Union up to 1974, but not by western observatories that did not have precise information about location. In 2010
2417:"Determining parameters of Moon's orbital and rotational motion from LLR observations using GRAIL and IERS-recommended models"
1622:
1574:
1215:"First two-way laser ranging to a lunar orbiter: infrared observations from the Grasse station to LRO's retro-reflector array"
4854:
4734:
4704:
3969:
3962:
3939:
3249:
1795:
1597:
1130:
4844:
4813:
4788:
3630:
3435:
3133:
3124:
3073:
2553:
946:
613:
504:
258:
1498:
4913:
4633:
3998:
2780:
2645:
864:
243:
117:
113:
3711:
4892:
4724:
4141:
3704:
3690:
3646:
972:
2567:
2885:
Williams, J. G.; Newhall, X. X.; Dickey, J. O. (1996). "Relativity parameters determined from lunar laser ranging".
4859:
4803:
3810:
3803:
3458:
3352:
3338:
3286:
1074:
1012:
44:
4808:
4756:
4668:
3621:
386:
1684:
246:
located the
Lunokhod 1 rover on images and in April 2010 a team from University of California ranged the array.
4839:
4798:
4673:
4643:
4638:
4559:
4035:
3895:
3164:
582:
270:
32:
539:
105:
Although it is possible to reflect light or radio waves directly from the Moon's surface (a process known as
4781:
4694:
4591:
4358:
3989:
3863:
3603:
3293:
3270:
1017:
136:
3120:
3071:
MĂŒller, J.; Biskupek, L. (2007). "Variations of the gravitational constant from lunar laser ranging data".
2306:
4658:
3902:
3533:
3307:
3263:
3207:
2374:
878:
285:
208:
4599:
4585:
4439:
3955:
3925:
3653:
3637:
3568:
3170:
4908:
4818:
4729:
4268:
4254:
4072:
4021:
3575:
3043:
2986:
2941:
2896:
2846:
2833:
Wagner, R. V.; Nelson, D. M.; Plescia, J. B.; Robinson, M. S.; Speyerer, E. J.; Mazarico, E. (2017).
2799:
2739:
2695:
2654:
2597:
2506:
2438:
2329:
2236:
2146:
2105:
2046:
1976:
1872:
1814:
1539:
1375:
1321:
1226:
1170:
1083:
749:
449:
375:
346:
is a defined constant, conversion between distance and time of flight can be made without ambiguity.
216:
172:
3154:
1451:
4880:
4849:
4604:
4580:
4051:
3888:
3232:
1273:
993:
949:
710:
Tides in the solid Earth and seasonal motion of the solid Earth with respect to its center of mass.
692:
363:
2682:
Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H.; Yoder, Charles F.; Ratcliff, J. Todd; Dickey, Jean O. (2001).
315:
4610:
4236:
4088:
3856:
3757:
3504:
3442:
3400:
3090:
3033:
3002:
2957:
2815:
2789:
2755:
2621:
2462:
2428:
2394:
2355:
2262:
2178:
2095:
2064:
1898:
1838:
1804:
1399:
1339:
1194:
843:
726:
417:
The table below presents a list of active and inactive Lunar Laser Ranging stations on Earth.
95:
829:
Accurate locations for retroreflectors serve as reference points visible to orbiting spacecraft.
1715:
723:
The position of the retroreflector accounting for orientation of the Moon and solid-body tides.
4418:
3877:
3835:
3329:
3320:
3200:
2912:
2887:
2864:
2613:
2454:
2345:
2254:
2170:
2162:
2012:
1994:
1890:
1830:
1729:
1719:
1391:
1366:
1281:
1254:
1186:
847:
732:
17:
1358:
771:
The fluid core of the Moon was detected from the effects of core/mantle boundary dissipation.
4886:
4678:
4663:
4314:
3978:
3780:
3596:
3589:
3549:
3391:
3345:
3082:
3051:
2994:
2977:
2949:
2904:
2854:
2807:
2747:
2703:
2662:
2605:
2446:
2386:
2337:
2324:. In Domokos, Peter; James, Ralph B; Prochazka, Ivan; Sobolewski, Roman; Gali, Adam (eds.).
2244:
2240:
2154:
2113:
2054:
2002:
1984:
1880:
1822:
1707:
1670:
1547:
1479:
1383:
1329:
1312:
1244:
1234:
1230:
1178:
1087:
860:
739:
For the terrestrial model, the IERS Conventions (2010) is a source of detailed information.
696:
200:
60:
3176:
2134:
4321:
4058:
3911:
3674:
3115:
1598:"Moon Express unveils its roadmap for giant leaps to the lunar surface ... and back again"
839:
688:
367:
351:
196:
176:
2084:"Benefit of New High-Precision LLR Data for the Determination of Relativistic Parameters"
3047:
3020:
Viswanathan, V; Fienga, A; Minazzoli, O; Bernus, L; Laskar, J; Gastineau, M (May 2018).
2990:
2945:
2900:
2850:
2803:
2743:
2699:
2658:
2601:
2442:
2333:
2150:
2109:
2050:
1980:
1876:
1826:
1818:
1543:
1379:
1325:
1174:
1159:"Lunar Laser Ranging: a tool for general relativity, lunar geophysics and Earth science"
4554:
4549:
4502:
4081:
4005:
3870:
3787:
3764:
2007:
1964:
1920:
1503:
343:
180:
149:
79:
75:
68:
3086:
2322:"Lunar laser ranging utilizing a highly efficient solid-state detector in the near-IR"
1942:
1787:
4949:
4516:
4459:
4425:
4307:
4201:
4134:
3743:
3683:
3520:
3497:
3465:
3451:
3428:
3094:
2961:
2819:
2625:
2585:
2466:
2416:
2398:
2359:
2266:
1902:
1708:
1198:
1022:
1001:
391:
294:
145:
99:
3139:
2759:
2328:. Vol. 11027. International Society for Optics and Photonics. p. 1102708.
2198:"Processing and analysis of lunar laser ranging observations in Crimea in 1974-1984"
2182:
1842:
1551:
1527:
1487:. 13th International Workshop on Laser Ranging. 7â11 October 2002. Washington, D. C.
1403:
1101:
311:
Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation § Principle of operation
4875:
4653:
4293:
4109:
4028:
3849:
3727:
3542:
3382:
3256:
3006:
1628:
1343:
1135:
875:
853:
704:
355:
128:
2859:
2834:
2481:
2158:
1748:
1526:
Currie, Douglas; Dell'Agnello, Simone; Delle Monache, Giovanni (AprilâMay 2011).
1387:
4919:
4402:
4386:
4328:
4300:
4286:
4261:
4152:
4102:
3773:
3511:
3490:
3277:
3111:
2033:
Battat, J. B. R.; Murphy, T. W.; Adelberger, E. G.; et al. (January 2009).
1649:
162:
1885:
1860:
1859:
Park, Ryan S.; Folkner, William M.; Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H. (2021).
1239:
1214:
1182:
675:
The same program integrates the 3-axis orientation of the Moon called physical
4699:
4215:
3794:
3720:
3697:
3660:
3614:
3556:
3375:
3186:
3129:
2953:
2751:
2609:
2450:
2390:
2068:
983:
796:
775:
274:
234:
rovers carried smaller arrays. Reflected signals were initially received from
230:
224:
165:
112:
Laser ranging measurements can also be made with retroreflectors installed on
3022:"The new lunar ephemeris INPOP17a and its application to fundamental physics"
2908:
2868:
2617:
2458:
2258:
2166:
1998:
1894:
1285:
1258:
1190:
1158:
4526:
4222:
4208:
4194:
4178:
4171:
4120:
3842:
3750:
3474:
3414:
3368:
3300:
2118:
2083:
1733:
676:
379:
192:
188:
184:
91:
87:
83:
3056:
3021:
2916:
2174:
2016:
1834:
1395:
4471:
2197:
4531:
4521:
4229:
4187:
4164:
4042:
3407:
3112:"Theory and Model for the New Generation of the Lunar Laser Ranging Data"
2811:
2708:
2683:
2667:
2640:
2249:
2224:
1567:"UMD, Italy & MoonEx Join to Put New Laser-Reflecting Arrays on Moon"
815:
720:
Relativistic delay due to the gravity fields of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
700:
2375:"Research and Experiment of Lunar Laser Ranging in Yunnan Observatories"
2320:
Eckl, Johann J.; Schreiber, K. Ulrich; SchĂŒler, Torben (30 April 2019).
2225:"Recent Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging at Grasse Laser Ranging Station"
2082:
Biskupek, Liliane; MĂŒller, JĂŒrgen; Torre, Jean-Marie (3 February 2021).
1989:
1051:
During the round-trip time, an Earth observer will have moved by around
3667:
3421:
2341:
1249:
957:
953:
871:
359:
144:
The first successful lunar ranging tests were carried out in 1962 when
3187:"Shooting Lasers at the Moon: Hal Walker and the Lunar Retroreflector"
2725:"The Moon's physical librations and determination of their free modes"
2531:
1334:
1307:
27:
Measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon with laser light
3149:
2998:
2415:
Pavlov, Dmitry A.; Williams, James G.; Suvorkin, Vladimir V. (2016).
1004:(first principal investigator of the Apollo Lunar Laser Ranging team)
3161:"UW researcher plans project to pin down moon's distance from Earth"
362:, speed of light in various parts of air, propagation delay through
3038:
2794:
2433:
2100:
2059:
2034:
1448:"UC San Diego Physicists Locate Long Lost Soviet Reflector on Moon"
761:
The distance to the Moon can be measured with millimeter precision.
199:
were first reported on Aug. 1, 1969 by the 3.1 m telescope at
4095:
3918:
3736:
3359:
3189:
by Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, YouTube, 20 Aug 2019
2280:
1809:
1131:"India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first"
1007:
314:
289:
135:
127:
64:
56:
48:
31:
2202:
Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1528:"A Lunar Laser Ranging Retroreflector Array for the 21st Century"
687:
The position of the ranging station accounting for motion due to
4648:
4127:
3483:
3223:
1688:
874:
is very stable. The experiments have constrained the change in
371:
262:
239:
71:, which are reflected back to Earth by the Moon's surface or by
52:
4475:
3196:
78:
installed on the Moon. Three were placed by the United States'
3180:
1213:
Neumann, Gregory; Zuber, Maria; Smith, David (6 August 2020).
366:, the location of the observing station and its motion due to
2684:"Lunar rotational dissipation in solid body and molten core"
195:
missions. Successful lunar laser range measurements to the
2586:"Secular tidal changes in lunar orbit and Earth rotation"
1861:"The JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE440 and DE441"
850:
to within the accuracy of the laser ranging measurements.
781:
Tidal dissipation in the Moon depends on tidal frequency.
36:
Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment from the Apollo 11 mission
2641:"Lunar Orbital Evolution: A Synthesis of Recent Results"
2532:"Lunar Laser Ranging Observations from 1969 to May 2013"
3192:
2507:"IERS - IERS Technical Notes - IERS Conventions (2010)"
2039:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
267:
Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation
2773:
2771:
2769:
1499:"It's Not Just The Astronauts That Are Getting Older"
1450:. University of California, San Diego. Archived from
1274:"How Do You Solve a Moon Mystery? Fire a Laser at It"
3121:
Apollo 15 Experiments - Laser Ranging Retroreflector
2579:
2577:
4901:
4868:
4832:
4715:
4687:
4624:
4573:
4540:
4509:
4278:
4246:
4151:
4068:
3988:
3827:
3530:
3328:
3239:
2835:"Coordinates of anthropogenic features on the Moon"
799:of the lunar core-mantle boundary is determined as
768:. This rate has been described as anomalously high.
764:The Moon is spiraling away from Earth at a rate of
187:. Two more retroreflector arrays were left by the
3026:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
288:reflector, which was to be placed by the private
4654:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system
778:that require one or more stimulating mechanisms.
1788:"Lunar laser ranging: the millimeter challenge"
563:Matera Laser Ranging Observatory (MLRO), Italy
3177:"Apollo 11 Experiment Still Returning Results"
1914:
1912:
4772:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
4487:
3208:
2285:Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii
1028:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
735:and contraction of the retroreflector mounts.
8:
1965:"Tests of Gravity Using Lunar Laser Ranging"
1478:Williams, James G.; Dickey, Jean O. (2002).
2933:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
2732:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
2590:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
2584:Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H. (2016).
2480:Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H. (2020).
2421:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
1747:Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H. (2020).
1306:Smullin, Louis D.; Fiocco, Giorgio (1962).
4494:
4480:
4472:
3215:
3201:
3193:
207:Lunar Ranging Observatory in Arizona, the
59:. The distance can be calculated from the
3055:
3037:
2858:
2793:
2707:
2666:
2432:
2248:
2117:
2099:
2058:
2006:
1988:
1963:Merkowitz, Stephen M. (2 November 2010).
1884:
1808:
1333:
1248:
1238:
914:Apollo 14 Lunar Ranging Retro Reflector (
205:Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories
4752:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
3157:from International Laser Ranging Service
2688:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1921:"NASA â Accuracy of Eclipse Predictions"
1573:. University of Maryland. Archived from
1473:
1471:
1469:
1420:Newman, Michael E. (26 September 2017).
419:
3171:"What Neil & Buzz Left on the Moon"
2326:Quantum Optics and Photon Counting 2019
1481:Lunar Geophysics, Geodesy, and Dynamics
1422:"To the Moon and Back ⊠in 2.5 Seconds"
1063:
1044:
933:collaboration photon pulse return times
904:
323:The distance to the Moon is calculated
4777:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
2482:"The JPL Lunar Laser range model 2020"
1749:"The JPL Lunar Laser range model 2020"
1671:"NASA Payloads for (CLPS PRISM) CP-11"
1033:List of artificial objects on the Moon
183:array on July 21, 1969 by the crew of
2880:
2878:
2723:Rambaux, N.; Williams, J. G. (2011).
2568:"International Laser Ranging Service"
2554:"International Laser Ranging Service"
2410:
2408:
2028:
2026:
1854:
1852:
154:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
4824:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
4767:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment
4762:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
2135:"The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment"
1714:(2nd ed.). de Gruyter. p.
1415:
1413:
1272:Kornei, Katherine (15 August 2020).
1124:
1122:
3130:"History of Laser Ranging and MLRS"
1695:from the original on 30 April 2022.
1627:, RocketLaunch.Live, archived from
1357:Bender, P. L.; et al. (1973).
408:List of retroreflectors on the Moon
338:duration of delay due to reflection
43:(LLR) is the practice of measuring
4794:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
4782:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment
25:
4747:Solar Wind Composition Experiment
4433:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
2639:Bills, B. G.; Ray, R. D. (1999).
2307:"APOL - Apache Point Observatory"
1129:Dhillon, Amrit (23 August 2023).
482:Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
299:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
159:Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
4937:Category:Apollo program hardware
4932:
4931:
4455:
4454:
4396:Moon landing conspiracy theories
3319:
3146:Station de Télémétrie Laser-Lune
1624:Moon Express Lunar Scout (MX-1E)
986:
964:
938:
923:
907:
717:Delay in the Earth's atmosphere.
4565:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
3818:Selenographic coordinate system
1552:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.09.001
637:Yunnan Astronomical Observatory
67:light pulses travelling at the
4855:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
4735:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
4705:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
4345:Artificial objects on the Moon
1796:Reports on Progress in Physics
1446:McDonald, K. (26 April 2010).
1308:"Optical Echoes from the Moon"
18:Lunar laser ranging experiment
1:
4814:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
4789:Modular Equipment Transporter
3436:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
3173:by Science@NASA, 20 July 2004
3134:University of Texas at Austin
3125:Lunar and Planetary Institute
3074:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1943:"The Basics of Lunar Ranging"
1827:10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076901
818:of the Moon is determined as
614:Geodetic Observatory Wettzell
421:Lunar Laser Ranging stations
257:arrays, by sites such as the
4914:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
4725:Portable Life Support System
4634:Apollo Abort Guidance System
4411:Moon is made of green cheese
3705:Permanently shadowed craters
2860:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.011
2781:Geophysical Research Letters
2646:Geophysical Research Letters
2159:10.1126/science.182.4109.229
1969:Living Reviews in Relativity
1596:Boyle, Alan (12 July 2017).
1388:10.1126/science.182.4109.229
865:strong equivalence principle
844:general theory of relativity
601:532 nm, 100 ps, 115 mJ
553:532 nm, 200 ps, 140 mJ
469:532 nm, 200 ps, 150 mJ
244:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
47:between the surfaces of the
4961:Tests of general relativity
4893:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3136:, Center for Space Research
3087:10.1088/0264-9381/24/17/017
1919:Espenek, F. (August 1994).
973:Goddard Space Flight Center
774:The Moon has free physical
627:1064 nm, 10 ps, 75 mJ
4977:
4860:Mobile quarantine facility
4804:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
4338:Craters named after people
3811:Transient lunar phenomenon
3459:Solar eclipses on the Moon
1565:Tune, Lee (10 June 2015).
1240:10.1186/s40623-020-01243-w
1183:10.1007/s00190-019-01296-0
1075:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1013:Lunar distance (astronomy)
945:Laser ranging facility at
526:532 nm, 70 ps, 75 mJ
405:
308:
4929:
4809:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter
4757:Active Seismic Experiment
4669:Descent propulsion system
4449:
3317:
3230:
2954:10.1007/s10569-010-9303-5
2752:10.1007/s10569-010-9314-2
2610:10.1007/s10569-016-9702-3
2534:. SYRTE Paris Observatory
2451:10.1007/s10569-016-9712-1
2391:10.3788/CJL201946.0104004
2379:Chinese Journal of Lasers
683:The range model includes
96:Lunokhod 1 and 2 missions
4799:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
4674:Ascent propulsion system
4649:Lunar Sounder Experiment
4644:Apollo Guidance Computer
4639:Apollo Docking Mechanism
2909:10.1103/PhysRevD.53.6730
1886:10.3847/1538-3881/abd414
1865:The Astronomical Journal
1219:Earth, Planets and Space
650:532 nm, 10 ns, 3 J
583:Apache Point Observatory
271:Apache Point Observatory
219:in Texas soon followed.
213:Astronomical Observatory
140:Apollo 15 LRRR schematic
114:Moon-orbiting satellites
4956:Apollo program hardware
4740:list of retroreflectors
4503:Apollo program hardware
4359:Moon in science fiction
3864:Giant-impact hypothesis
3712:South PoleâAitken basin
3140:"Lunar Retroreflectors"
2241:2020E&SS....700785C
2229:Earth and Space Science
2119:10.3390/universe7020034
1706:Seeber, GĂŒnter (2003).
1231:2020EP&S...72..113M
1088:1999A&A...343..624C
1018:Satellite laser ranging
870:The universal force of
842:theory of gravity (the
505:CĂŽte d'Azur Observatory
402:List of retroreflectors
259:CĂŽte d'Azur Observatory
209:Pic du Midi Observatory
4845:Launch Umbilical Tower
4659:Apollo Telescope Mount
4380:futuristic exploration
3903:Late Heavy Bombardment
1786:Murphy, T. W. (2013).
879:gravitational constant
859:The likelihood of any
756:Properties of the Moon
507:(OCA), Grasse, France
320:
141:
133:
37:
4600:Apollo service module
4586:Apollo command module
4440:Splitting of the Moon
4352:Memorials on the Moon
3956:Lunar sample displays
3638:Peak of eternal light
834:Gravitational physics
540:Haleakala Observatory
413:List of observatories
318:
280:In the 2010s several
211:in France, the Tokyo
139:
131:
98:, and one by India's
94:), two by the Soviet
35:
4909:Lunar escape systems
4819:Heat Flow Experiment
4730:Lunar Roving Vehicle
3163:by Vince Stricherz,
3057:10.1093/mnras/sty096
2812:10.1029/2019GL082677
2709:10.1029/2000JE001396
2694:(E11): 27933â27968.
2668:10.1029/1999GL008348
2250:10.1029/2019EA000785
2235:(3): e2019EA000785.
1685:"Was Galileo Wrong?"
750:long-term experiment
622:2018âpresent (2021)
595:2021âpresent (2023)
568:2003âpresent (2021)
518:2010âpresent (2021)
450:McDonald Observatory
376:relativistic effects
327:using the equation:
222:The uncrewed Soviet
217:McDonald Observatory
203:. Observations from
173:Princeton University
171:Shortly thereafter,
4881:Lunar Flag Assembly
4850:Crawler-transporter
4605:Apollo Lunar Module
3940:Lunar laser ranging
3155:Lunar Laser Ranging
3048:2018MNRAS.476.1877V
2991:1990Natur.347..261A
2946:2010CeMDA.108..245K
2901:1996PhRvD..53.6730W
2851:2017Icar..283...92W
2804:2019GeoRL..46.7295V
2744:2011CeMDA.109...85R
2700:2001JGR...10627933W
2659:1999GeoRL..26.3045B
2602:2016CeMDA.126...89W
2443:2016CeMDA.126...61P
2334:2019SPIE11027E..08E
2151:1973Sci...182..229B
2110:2021Univ....7...34B
2051:2009PASP..121...29B
1990:10.12942/lrr-2010-7
1981:2010LRR....13....7M
1877:2021AJ....161..105P
1819:2013RPPh...76g6901M
1544:2011AcAau..68..667C
1380:1973Sci...182..229B
1326:1962Natur.194.1267S
1175:2019JGeod..93.2195M
994:Solar System portal
950:fundamental station
727:Lorentz contraction
432:Operating timespan
422:
282:new retroreflectors
41:Lunar Laser Ranging
4089:Lunisolar calendar
3758:Lunar basalt 70017
3505:Tidal acceleration
3360:Perigee and apogee
3250:Internal structure
2342:10.1117/12.2521133
2281:"Lure Observatory"
1278:The New York Times
1163:Journal of Geodesy
420:
364:Earth's atmosphere
321:
284:were planned. The
265:, France; and the
142:
134:
38:
4943:
4942:
4695:Apollo/Skylab A7L
4469:
4468:
4419:Natural satellite
3878:Lunar magma ocean
3654:Volcanic features
3167:, 14 January 2002
2985:(6290): 261â263.
2895:(12): 6730â6739.
2888:Physical Review D
2788:(13): 7295â7303.
2653:(19): 3045â3048.
2287:. 29 January 2002
2196:Yagudina (2018).
2145:(4109): 229â238.
1725:978-3-11-017549-3
1710:Satellite Geodesy
1532:Acta Astronautica
1374:(4109): 229â238.
1335:10.1038/1941267a0
1169:(11): 2195â2210.
971:Laser Ranging at
733:Thermal expansion
659:
658:
639:, Kunming, China
585:, New Mexico, US
529:532/1064 nm
467:694 nm, 7 J
175:graduate student
16:(Redirected from
4968:
4935:
4934:
4887:Fallen Astronaut
4679:Scimitar antenna
4664:Apollo TV camera
4496:
4489:
4482:
4473:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4405:
4398:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4271:
4264:
4262:Meridian passage
4257:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3981:
3979:Lunar seismology
3972:
3965:
3958:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3912:Lunar meteorites
3905:
3898:
3891:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3781:Space weathering
3776:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3730:
3723:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3617:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3523:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3346:Orbital elements
3341:
3323:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3194:
3179:by Robin Lloyd,
3099:
3098:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3041:
3032:(2): 1877â1888.
3017:
3011:
3010:
2999:10.1038/347261a0
2972:
2966:
2965:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2797:
2775:
2764:
2763:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2486:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
2477:
2471:
2470:
2436:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2252:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1812:
1792:
1783:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1753:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
1744:
1738:
1737:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1577:on 22 March 2018
1562:
1556:
1555:
1538:(7â8): 667â680.
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1454:on 30 April 2010
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1068:
1056:
1054:
1049:
996:
991:
990:
989:
968:
942:
927:
911:
895:
893:
889:
861:Nordtvedt effect
825:
823:
810:
808:
804:
791:
789:
767:
766:3.8 cm/year
489:1974, 1982â1984
423:
341:
301:(CLPS) mission.
269:(APOLLO) at the
252:
201:Lick Observatory
21:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4925:
4897:
4864:
4840:Mobile Launcher
4828:
4717:
4711:
4683:
4626:
4620:
4569:
4560:Instrument unit
4542:
4536:
4510:Launch vehicles
4505:
4500:
4470:
4465:
4453:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4327:
4322:Man in the Moon
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4247:Daily phenomena
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4195:Super and micro
4193:
4186:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4070:
4064:
4059:Lunar resources
4057:
4050:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3719:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3613:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3226:
3221:
3116:Sergei Kopeikin
3108:
3103:
3102:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2777:
2776:
2767:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2032:
2031:
2024:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1726:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1650:"MX-1E 1, 2, 3"
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1631:on 27 July 2019
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1507:. 10 March 2010
1497:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1102:"Chandrayaan-3"
1100:
1099:
1095:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
992:
987:
985:
982:
975:
969:
960:
943:
934:
928:
919:
912:
903:
891:
887:
885:
884:to a factor of
846:) predicts the
836:
821:
819:
806:
802:
800:
787:
785:
765:
758:
745:
714:transformation.
689:plate tectonics
664:
441:Range accuracy
415:
410:
404:
352:lunar libration
340:) / 2
328:
313:
307:
250:
197:retroreflectors
126:
76:retroreflectors
61:round-trip time
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4833:Ground support
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4541:Launch vehicle
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4142:Lunar distance
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4092:
4085:
4082:Lunar calendar
4077:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4006:Apollo program
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3788:Micrometeorite
3777:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:Changesite-(Y)
3761:
3747:
3744:Wrinkle ridges
3740:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3650:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3418:
3411:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3342:
3339:Lunar distance
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3297:
3290:
3287:Magnetic field
3283:
3282:
3281:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3183:, 21 July 1999
3174:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3150:Grasse, France
3143:
3137:
3127:
3118:
3107:
3106:External links
3104:
3101:
3100:
3063:
3012:
2967:
2940:(3): 245â263.
2922:
2874:
2825:
2765:
2715:
2674:
2631:
2573:
2559:
2545:
2523:
2498:
2472:
2404:
2385:(1): 0104004.
2365:
2350:
2312:
2298:
2272:
2214:
2188:
2125:
2074:
2069:10.1086/596748
2060:10.1086/596748
2045:(875): 29â40.
2022:
1955:
1934:
1908:
1848:
1765:
1739:
1724:
1698:
1691:. 6 May 2004.
1676:
1662:
1641:
1614:
1588:
1557:
1518:
1504:Universe Today
1490:
1465:
1438:
1409:
1349:
1320:(4835): 1267.
1298:
1264:
1204:
1149:
1118:
1093:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
998:
997:
981:
978:
977:
976:
970:
963:
961:
944:
937:
935:
929:
922:
920:
913:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
868:
857:
851:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
814:The free core
812:
793:
782:
779:
772:
769:
762:
757:
754:
744:
741:
737:
736:
730:
724:
721:
718:
715:
711:
708:
693:Earth rotation
681:
680:
673:
663:
660:
657:
656:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
640:
633:
632:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
617:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
597:
591:
586:
579:
578:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
560:
559:
557:
554:
551:
549:
546:
543:
536:
535:
533:
531:
522:
520:
511:
508:
501:
500:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
478:
477:
473:
471:
465:
462:
456:
453:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
414:
411:
406:Main article:
403:
400:
368:crustal motion
344:speed of light
334:speed of light
326:
306:
303:
181:retroreflector
150:Giorgio Fiocco
132:Apollo 15 LRRR
125:
122:
80:Apollo program
73:one of several
69:speed of light
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4973:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4938:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:Lunar surface
4714:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Little Joe II
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:Double planet
4423:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:Moon illusion
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:Lunar deities
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:Lunar station
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4069:Time-telling
4067:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3521:Lunar station
3518:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:Tidal locking
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3466:Eclipse cycle
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:Solar eclipse
3449:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:Lunar eclipse
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:Gravity field
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:by Tom Murphy
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:(1): 85â100.
2737:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:(1): 89â129.
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2351:9781510627208
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1571:UMD Right Now
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Space geodesy
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:Carroll Alley
1000:
999:
995:
984:
979:
974:
967:
962:
959:
955:
951:
948:
941:
936:
932:
926:
921:
917:
910:
905:
900:
883:
880:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
855:
854:Gauge freedom
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
828:
817:
813:
798:
794:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
751:
742:
740:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
684:
678:
674:
670:
669:
668:
662:Data analysis
661:
655:
652:
649:
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573:532 nm
556:2.0 cm
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170:
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4688:Space suits
4403:Moon Treaty
4387:Hollow Moon
4329:Moon rabbit
4301:Earth phase
4103:Lunar month
3990:Exploration
3934:Experiments
3836:Observation
3698:Ray systems
3563:Hemispheres
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3512:Tidal range
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3278:Hill sphere
1923:. NASA/GSFC
1250:11603/19523
1082:: 624â633.
824:100 yr
4950:Categories
4869:Ceremonial
4700:Beta cloth
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4543:components
4373:Apollo era
4315:Pareidolia
4073:navigation
3795:Sputtering
3675:Lava tubes
3597:South pole
3590:North pole
3550:Terminator
3392:Precession
3308:Earthshine
3264:Atmosphere
3257:Topography
3242:properties
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2434:1606.08376
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1871:(3): 105.
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1039:References
840:Einstein's
797:flattening
795:The polar
790:12 km
776:librations
697:precession
672:asteroids.
616:, Germany
593:2006â2021
548:1984â1990
515:1986â2010
513:1984â1986
497:3.0â0.6 m
460:1985â2013
458:1969â1985
435:Telescope
309:See also:
275:New Mexico
248:Lunokhod 2
236:Lunokhod 1
231:Lunokhod 2
225:Lunokhod 1
166:ruby laser
163:Q-switched
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4527:Saturn IB
4121:Fortnight
4013:Explorers
3970:Apollo 17
3963:Apollo 11
3926:Volcanism
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3369:Libration
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1111:15 August
1053:1 km
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677:Libration
380:libration
305:Principle
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193:Apollo 15
189:Apollo 14
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