The Goon Show - Knowledge

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custard in the Camden Theatre canteen, in an attempt to achieve a squelching effect. Milligan asked the BBC canteen ladies to make some custard; they thought he must have some stomach trouble so lovingly made him a fresh custard – which he accepted with thanks and immediately poured into his sock, much to their horror. Secombe recalled "Back in the studio, Spike had already placed a sheet of three-ply near a microphone." One after the other, he swung them around his head against the wood, but failed to produce the sound effect he was seeking ("So, a sock full of custard and no sound effect!"). Secombe noted that "Spike used to drive the studio managers mad with his insistence on getting the sound effects he wanted. In the beginning, when the programme was recorded on disc, it was extremely difficult to achieve the right sound effect. There were, I think, four turntables on the go simultaneously, with different sounds being played on each – chickens clucking, Big Ben striking, donkeys braying, massive explosions, ships' sirens – all happening at once. It was only when tape came into use that Spike felt really happy with the effects." An FX instruction in one script read "Sound effect of two lions walking away, bumping against each other. If you can't get two lions, two hippos will do". Over time, the sound engineers became increasingly adept at translating the script into desired sounds, assisted from the late 1950s onwards by specialists in the BBC's newly formed Radiophonic Workshop.

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characters, or a break for music. In "The Pam's Paper Insurance Policy" (Series 9, Episode 4), Ray Ellington, before his musical item begins, muses, "I wonder where he keeps that stuff!". In "The Scarlet Capsule" (Series 9, Episode 14), Ellington's reply to Secombe's cry of "Time for Ray Ellington and the old BRANDYYY there" was "The introductions he gives me...". In "The Moon Show" (Series 7, Episode 18), Ellington sympathises with the listeners, stating "Man, the excuses he makes to get to that brandy!", causing Milligan, Sellers and Secombe to wail "MATE!" in protest. However, Milligan got his own back by making Ellington laugh halfway through the song by doing Minnie Bannister voices while Ellington was singing.

793:(as it was now officially titled) gradually settled into its 'classic' format. Milligan, Stephens and Grafton began to work within a narrative structure and by the second half of Series 4 each episode typically consisted of three acts linked by a continuing plot, with Geldray performing between Acts I and II and Ellington between Acts II and III. Almost all the principal and occasional characters were now performed by Milligan and Sellers, with Secombe usually playing only Neddie Seagoon, who had replaced Pureheart as the hero of most of the stories. The closing theme, backing for Geldray and incidental music was now provided by a big band of freelance musicians under the direction of 4677: 990: 905: 705: 1453:. In the episode "Lurgi Strikes Britain", Spike Milligan introduced the fictional malady of Lurgi (sometimes spelled Lurgy), which has survived into modern usage to mean the common cold, or any miscellaneous or non-specific illness (often preceded by the adjective "dreaded"). The symptoms of Lurgi included the uncontrollable urge to cry "Eeeeyack-a-boo", though even during the episode the ailment proved to be an extortionate attempt to sell 638:. He was hospitalised in early December 1952, just before the broadcast of episode five, but it, and the following episode, had already been written, and the next 12 episodes were co-written by Stephens and Grafton. Milligan was absent as a performer for about two months, returning for episode 17, broadcast in early March 1953. As with Series 2, all episodes were co-written by Milligan and Stephens and edited by Jimmy Grafton. 1484:" under their breath with random inflections. This was often parodied by Milligan, who would try to get the same effect with only three or four people, clearly intoning the word rather than mumbling. After some time, Secombe began throwing in "custard" during these scenes (for example, in "The Fear of Wages and Wings Over Dagenham", where the phrase was amended to 'flying rhubarb'). 2727: 2741: 3298:"Writing the third season of The Goon Show in 1952, he suffered a relapse. 'I went into a psychiatric home and even while I was there I kept on writing these bloody shows. I had a wife and two kids to support, you see. That was the bottom line.' Inside, he had a full manic episode, including a hallucination that a lion was sitting on the wardrobe." 617:. BBC producer Pat Dixon heard a recording and took interest in the group. He pressed the BBC for a long-term contract for the gang, knowing that it would secure Sellers for more than just seasonal work, something for which the BBC had been aiming. The BBC acquiesced and ordered an initial series, though without much enthusiasm. 2685:

funeral. Terence "Spike" Milligan died on 27 February 2002, aged 83; Secombe ended up singing at his funeral anyway, as a recording. Two years later, Milligan's wish to have the words "I told you I was ill" inscribed on his gravestone was finally granted, although the church would only agree if the words were written in

2329:(1999) he comments: "In the Britain of 1950, humour was derived from three main sources: print, film and radio, and despite the advent of television, throughout the 1950s radio remained the dominant source of broadcast comedy. In this period, two radio comedy shows exercised a profound influence. The first was 1826:. Cast: Sellers - Richard Usher; Milligan - Robert Coletta (2014), Mark Earby (2017, 2023), Secombe - Jimm Rennie (2014, 2023), Stephan Bessant (2017); Wallace Greenslade/ Valentine Dyal - Phil Hemming (2014, 2017), Ian Danter (2024). Director by Robert F. Ball (2014, 2017); Director/Producer Dave Freak. 1944:(1963–1964) was a 15-minute BBC puppet show featuring the voices of Milligan, Secombe and Sellers and adapted from the radio scripts. 26 episodes were made. The series was briefly repeated immediately after its original run, and all episodes are known to survive, having been unofficially released online. 1123:, and using the then new technology of magnetic tape. Many of these sequences involved the use of complex multiple edits, echo and reverberation and the deliberate slowing down, speeding up or reversing of tapes. One of the most famous was the legendary "Bloodnok's Stomach" sound effect, created by the 1838:

Touring in late 2018 in the UK, Apollo Theatre Company in conjunction with Spike Milligan Productions recreated three episodes of The Goon Show - The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler, Tails of Men's Shirts, and The Phantom Head Shaver - with recreations of the original scripts. Co-producer Norma Farnes,

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Peter Sellers died on 24 July 1980, aged 54. Michael Bentine died on 26 November 1996, aged 74. Harry Secombe died on 11 April 2001, aged 79. Milligan claimed to be relieved that Secombe had died before him, because had he died before Secombe then Secombe would have been in a position to sing at his

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78RPM sound effects disc, catalogue number YB20, which bears the innocuous title "Donkey" on the label. Approximating possibly the most obscene and flatulent noise ever recorded, it appeared first in the show "The Sinking of Westminster Pier" as a sound to accompany an oyster called Fred opening its

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truck: "Suddenly there was a terrible noise as some monstrous object fell from the sky quite close to us. There was considerable confusion, and in the middle of it all the flap of the truck was pushed open and a young, helmeted idiot asked 'Anybody seen a gun?' It was Milligan." Secombe's answer to

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and weird kind of situation for a long period of time. They were doing that show for 10 years, all the way through the 1950s. So we were just listening to them at the end. It was that madness and the ability to go anywhere and do anything and yet sustain those funny characters. So when we first did

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broke the most new ground. Part of the problem was that "not even Milligan knew how to capture electronically the peculiar sounds that came alive in his head – he just knew when it had not yet happened". An example of this comes from an often cited story of Milligan filling his two socks with

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Milligan's relationship with BBC managers preparing for the recording of episodes was often acrimonious and resulted in rows, and Milligan later agreed that he was a diva during this time, adding "I was trying to shake the BBC out of its apathy. Sound effects were a knock on the door and tramps on

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Secondary characters were the "Indians", Banerjee and Lalkaka, the servant Abdul/Singez Thingz, Willium "Mate" Cobblers, Cyril, Jim Spriggs, Little Jim, Flowerdew and Chief Ellinga/The Red Bladder – both played by Ray Ellington. There were also occasional guest stars including senior BBC announcer

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The series had its premiere in May 1951 and audience figures grew rapidly, from around 370,000 to nearly two million by the end of the 17th show. No recordings of any episode of this series are known to have survived. The BBC commissioned a second series and a number of other changes occurred. The

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notes that "In comedy, there are a very small number of defining moments when somebody comes along and genuinely creates a breakthrough, takes us into territory where nobody has been before. The only experiences to which I can compare my own discovery of the Goons are going to see N. F. Simpson's

1680:"Foreword by Sellers", Details of the Show, Cast, Characters, etc., and "The Dreaded Batter Pudding Hurler", "The Phantom Head Shaver", "The Affair of the Lone Banana", "The Canal", "Napoleon's Piano", "Foiled by President Fred", "The Mighty Wurlitzer", "The Hastings Flyer", "The House of Teeth". 1101:

who performed mostly middle of the road numbers and jazz standards of the 1930s and 1940s accompanied by the big band. Both Ellington and Geldray also made occasional cameo appearances; Ellington was often drafted in to play stereotypical "black" roles such as a tribal chieftain, native bearer or

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to represent the sound of Major Bloodnok's digestive system in action, which included a variety of inexplicable gurgling and explosive noises. Lewis (1995, p. 218) states Bloodnok's stomach "was achieved by overlaying burps, whoops from oscillators, water splashes, cork-like pops, and light

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Alcohol was strictly forbidden during rehearsals and recording, so the cast fortified themselves with milk. The milk in turn was fortified with brandy. In later episodes the catchphrase "round the back for the old brandy!" or "the old Marlon Brando" was used to announce the exit of one or more

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in the Monty Python Team: it ignited some energy in us. It was more a spirit that was passed on, rather than any particular technique. The point is that once somebody has crossed a barrier and done something that has never been done before, it is terribly easy for everybody else to cross it".

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entered the Goons as Harry Secombe's signal to the other actors that he was going to crack up; you would hear a joke from him, a raspberry, and a stream of laughter. In the Goons' musical recording "The Ying-Tong Song", Milligan performed a solo for raspberry-blower, as one might for tuba or

2676:", the Pythons gave an appreciative nod to their forebears. When one of the onscreen elections reporters asks his companion, "What do you make of the nylon dog cardigan and plastic mule rest?" a voice offstage yells, "There's no such thing!" to which the reporter replies, "Thank you, Spike." 1782:

is a play written by Roy Smiles which is set partly in a radio studio, partly in a mental asylum and partly in Spike Milligan's mind. It recreates the Goons recording the show, but part way through Spike has a mental breakdown and is committed to an asylum. While it features all of the Goons

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has been variously described as "avant-garde", "surrealist", "abstract", and "four dimensional". The show played games with the medium of radio itself. Whole scenes were written in which characters would leave, close the door behind themselves, yet still be inside the room. Further to this,

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The scripts exist mostly in fan-transcribed versions via dedicated websites. Although three books were published containing selected scripts, they are out of print, and typically available only in libraries or second-hand. Some more recent biographical books contain selected scripts.

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Milligan's ex-manager, agreed to the use of the material on the basis the production was respectful of the scripts. The roles of Sellers, Milligan, and Secombe were played by Julian McDowell, Colin Elmer and Clive Greenwood and the production was directed by McDowell and Tim Astley.

57: 483:, many of which were reused by other shows for decades. Elements of the show satirised contemporary life in 1950s Britain, parodying aspects of show business, commerce, industry, art, politics, diplomacy, the police, the military, education, class structure, literature and film. 1043:

from the third to the 10th series. Morley produced many arrangements and link passages, further improved by the first-class sound quality the BBC engineers managed to achieve. Members of the band featured prominently in the comedy proceedings, particularly jazz trombonist

957:. The surreality was part of the attraction for Sellers, and this exacerbated his mental instability especially during the third series. Many of the sequences have been cited as being visionary in the way that they challenged the traditional conventions of comedy. In the 633:

as producer. Eton brought stricter discipline to the show's production. He was also an expert at sound effects and microphone technique, ensuring that the show became a far more dynamic listening experience. However, a few episodes into the series Milligan suffered a major

649:, especially during the third series. The BBC however made sure he was surrounded by accomplished radio comedy writers — Sykes, Stephens, Antrobus, Wiltshire, and Grafton — so many of the problems caused by his ill health were skilfully covered over by composite scripts. 781:

and his quartet (both of whom were recruited by Dixon) and vocal group the Stargazers, but they left after Episode 6 of Series 2, and for the remaining episodes Secombe filled in, singing a straight vocal number. Incidental, theme and backing music was provided by

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The four clicked immediately. "It was always a relief to get away from the theatre and join in the revels at Grafton's on a Sunday night," said Secombe years later. They took to calling themselves "The Goons" and started recording their pub goings-on with a

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Milligan blamed his breakdown and the collapse of his first marriage on the sheer volume of writing the show required. His then ground-breaking use of sound effects also contributed to the pressure. All this exacerbated his mental instability that included

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characters would announce their departure, slam a door, but it would be another character who had left the room. That character would then beat on the door for re-admittance, the door would open and close and again the wrong character would be locked out.

726:, recorded at the same time as the eighth series, which featured recordings of redevelopments (by Milligan) of short sketches from early shows which had not been recorded by transcription services. The first series had 17 episodes plus one special, 965:

states "The Goons of course were my favourite. It was the surreality of the imagery and the speed of the comedy that I loved - the way they broke up the conventions of radio and played with the very nature of the medium." This is reiterated by

4082: 2059:", soon became more popular and was reissued as an A-side in the mid-1970s, becoming a surprise novelty hit. The last time all three Goons worked together was in 1978 when they recorded two new songs, "The Raspberry Song" and "Rhymes". 2054:

The Goons made a number of records, including "I'm Walking Backwards for Christmas" (originally sung by Milligan in the show to fill in during a musicians' strike), and "Bloodnok's Rock and Roll Call", the B-side of which, the

2775:, p. 217 "owing to the complexities of the technical side, the BBC were wanting the scripts delivered earlier and earlier - so that the boffins in the electronics department etc. could experiment with the new noises" 2615:, Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe, at various times in our lives. We heard a lot of those shows. They impressed us when we started doing radio ourselves, because they sustained characters in a really 765:; none of the episodes was given an individual title and these early shows were loosely structured and consisted of four or five unconnected sketches, separated by musical items. According to later producer 4086: 2641:." The future members of Monty Python were fans, and on many occasions they expressed their collective debt to Milligan and The Goons. Scudamore cites an interview for example, in which John Cleese stated " 490:(TS). It aired regularly from the 1950s in Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, India, and Canada, although these TS versions were frequently edited to avoid controversial subjects. In the United States, 742:(1954–55); the sixth series had 27 episodes plus three specials, (1955–56); the seventh series had 25 episodes plus two specials, (1956–57); the eighth series had 26 episodes, (1957–58); the 3747:

Possibly the cast's brandy-and-milk in the back room had a little to do with it (those cries of "round the back for the old brandy" before the musical items are not there just for effect!).

2657:'s posthumous anthology (2006, p. xvii) Yoakum notes that while other radio comedies influenced Chapman, "the show that truly astounded Graham, and was a major influence on his comedy was 2090:, it was originally recorded under that name. However, the film company threatened legal action if the name was used. Thus some clever editing of the recording by future Beatles producer 2342:

On the influence of The Goons, Eric Sykes wrote that in the post-World War II years, "other shows came along but 'The House of Comedy' needed electricity. Then, out of the blue ...

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as a re-enactment of a radio play for television. Whilst initially it was thought that only the portion used in the TV show survived, a full copy of the performance was found by the

769:, the musical segments took up around half the programme. In this formative phase the show co-starred Milligan (who played only minor roles in the early shows), Sellers, Secombe and 5035: 641:

Bentine left the show at the end of series 2, citing a desire to pursue solo projects, although there had been an increasing degree of creative tension between him and Milligan.

2046:(son of Ray Ellington) singing, based on two lost series 3 episodes from 1953, "The Story of Civilisation" and "The Plymouth Hoe Armada", both written by Milligan and Stephens. 652:

Many senior BBC staff were variously bemused and befuddled by the show's surreal humour and it has been reported that senior programme executives erroneously referred to it as

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which usually ran just under 30 minutes, was essentially structured as a comedy-variety programme, consisting of scripted comedy segments alternating with musical interludes.

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Harry Secombe, in Ventham (2002) p.19. The socks-filled-with-custard story has been frequently cited since at least the 1970s, when it was reiterated in newspaper articles

866:. The traditional plots involved Grytpype-Thynne and Moriarty getting Neddie Seagoon involved in some far-fetched plan, and meeting the other cast members along the way. 2369:

and Stanley ("Scruffy") Dale, co-founded the writers' cooperative Associated London Scripts (ALS), which over time included others including Larry Stephens. In his book

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The group first formed at Jimmy Grafton's London public house called "Grafton's" in the late 1940s. Sellers had already débuted with the BBC, Secombe was often heard on

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shell; it thereafter became known as Fred the Oyster, and appears as such in the scripts. This recording was often used as a reaction to a bad joke. Examples include

4656:– A resource, comprising a comprehensive biography of the script co-operative 'Associated London Scripts' set up by Milligan, Sykes, Galton and Simpson in the 1950s. 2482:

first hit me, 16 when they finished with me. Their humour was the only proof that the world was insane. One of my earlier efforts at writing was a 'newspaper' called

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Spike Milligan teamed up with illustrator Pete Clarke to produce two books of comic strip Goons. The stories were slightly modified versions of classic Goon shows.

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from the show quickly became part of the vernacular. The series has remained consistently popular ever since, with the show being broadcast weekly by Australia's

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written radio, where we would sit down and write half hour skits and do them once a week, which we did in the fall of 1967, we did things that were imitative of

1814:. Both runs were sanctioned by Norma Farnes and Spike Milligan Productions. The festival returned to The Goon Show in 2023 to mark the centenary of the birth of 4941: 1620: 3707:

p161 ... The Goon Show was a new departure in comedy ... seemingly free-form style of humour ... p168 ... presented scenes of seemingly uncontrolled anarchy

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as a teenager in the mid-1950s "and being absolutely amazed by its surreal humour. It came at a key stage in my own development and I never missed a show".

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During radio programmes of the 1920s and 1930s, the background noise for crowd scenes was often achieved by a moderately large group of people mumbling "

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in 1956. The radio show had high audience ratings in Britain at its peak; tickets for the recording sessions at the BBC's Camden Theatre (now known as

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were re-performances of 14 episodes from series four; the ninth series had 17 episodes, (1958–59); and the tenth series had six episodes, (1959–1960).

5030: 4867: 2144:. It was not exactly a Goons reunion, because Sellers was in Hollywood and had to record his lines separately. The album was reissued on CD in 1997. 5005: 3898: 1718:"Operation Christ Duff", "The Internal Mountain", "The Silent Bugler", "The Dreaded Piano Clubber", "The Siege of Fort Night", "The Tree Maniac". 2379: 786:

and the BBC Dance Orchestra. Series 2 also saw the first appearances of popular characters Minnie Bannister (Milligan) and Henry Crun (Sellers).

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There is some confusion in the literature about the actual name of the pub (e.g. Scudamore 1985, McCann 2006). It was "Grafton's" according to

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Recorded for Harry Secombe's six-part comedy series, of which only a portion was actually used for the original broadcast, this was similar to

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exercised a considerable influence on the development of British and American comedy and popular culture. It was cited as a major influence by

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in concert, which gave him the inspiration to form a four-man comedy group. When he returned to the US the next year to host the radio show

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throughout (although Bentine is mentioned, the fourth character represents Wallace Greenslade), the focus is on Milligan and his breakdown.

797:(known at the time as Wally Stott), who had been writing for the show since the first series. After the end of Series 3, original announcer 5045: 5040: 5010: 5000: 1551:, Moriarty is hiding in a piano disguised as one of the strings. Grytpype-Thynne plays a "do-re-mi" scale to find him – Moriarty is "me". 4108: 3789: 922: 5025: 4380: 3759: 3434: 2503: 2486:. I would write it at night, then take it into school and read it aloud to my friends. Looking at it now, it seems strangely similar to 1903: 1742: 694: 773:

as the nominal 'hero' of each episode, madcap inventor Dr Osric Pureheart. Musical performances were by virtuoso jazz harmonica player

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in 1972; Charles was unable to do so due to naval duties but sent a telegram to the cast. Charles wrote an introduction to the book

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during 1956 and only broadcast in the London area, it was mainly written by Milligan, with contributions from other writers in the

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Sometimes characters were introduced as "scion of the house of Rowton", or "member of Rowton House". This was a reference to the "

2661:." And on page 23 Chapman states: "from about the age of seven or eight I used to be an avid listener to a radio programme called 2443:

notes that the Goons and Milligan in particular "influenced a new generation of comedians who came to be known as 'alternative'."

1667:"The Case of the Vanishing Room", "The Case of the Missing C.D. Plates", "The Saga of the Internal Mountain", "Rommel's Treasure" 2524: 1894:(1958–1962) was an Australian radio comedy series written by and starring Milligan with an Australian supporting cast including 5020: 4885: 4798: 4042: 1304: 1213: 914: 1525:

has also claimed to have produced the sound effect and indeed was credited with this in the second segment of Ronnie Barker's

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Many of the sound effects created for later programmes featured innovative production techniques borrowed from the realm of

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was merely quick-fire delivery of extremely funny lines mouthed by eccentric characters, but this was only the froth. In

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In several shows, one character, typically either Henry Crun or Minnie Bannister, would be found trapped in a piano. In

479:. There were also light music interludes. Some of the later episodes feature electronic effects devised by the fledgling 3629: 2086: 1049: 357: 3585: 2846: 4967: 4272: 3147: 2362: 1421: 2497:

In a discussion of an accidentally Goonish nature, about introducing the next song during the 1963 BBC production of

4541: 2501:, Lennon is also recorded as quipping "Love these Goon shows". This was included in the double album and CD titled 2452: ... or, later on, hearing Peter Cook for the first time. They were just light years ahead of everyone else." 2385: 1864: 1795: 1045: 487: 4465: ... MacNAUGHTON: Precisely. But would The Goon Show have been what it was were it not for the Marx Brothers? 4461:

p72 ... MacNAUGHTON: ... they loved Milligan. MORGAN: Python Would not have been what it was had it not been for

4857: 2533: 1992: 1877: 1654:"The Last Goon Show of All", "The Affair of the Lone Banana", "The Scarlet Capsule", "The Pevensey Bay Disaster" 1556: 1504: 1449:

Several of the words and phrases invented for the show soon entered common usage, the most famous being the word

1070:" and "Lucky Strike", which the cast sang over at the conclusion of the episode called "The Great Bank Robbery". 710: 564: 1982:

as announcer for a special shown on Thames Television. An almost-complete copy of this broadcast is held by the

4926: 4895: 4711: 2637:, the members of the comedy team are described as being "indebted to BBC radio comedy, and particularly to the 2558: 2391: 1593: 1294: 1124: 524:

The series was devised and written by Spike Milligan with the regular collaboration of other writers including

480: 4921: 2346: ...Spike Milligan simply blew the roof off, and lit the whole place with sunshine. At a cursory glance, 1585: 387: 4403: 1697:", "Ned's Atomic Dustbin", "The spy; or, Who is Pink Oboe?", "Call of the West", "The Scarlet Capsule", "The 4760: 4736: 2397: 2104: 2035: 869:

Many characters had regular catchphrases which quickly moved into the vernacular; among the best known are:

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Chapman, G., Cleese, J., Gilliam, T., Idle, E., Jones, T., & Palin, M. (2004). Edited by Bob McCabe.

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influenced us enormously". He reiterates this point in his contribution to Ventham's book: "We all loved

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produced a theatre production as part of their festival in 2014 staging two Milligan Goon Show scripts,

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As well as being used as a comic device randomly inserted into different sketches to avoid silence, the

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scripts were structured in three acts, separated by two musical interludes. These were provided by the

730:(1951); the second series had 25 episodes, (1952); the third series had 25 episodes plus one special - 4613: 3421:... people used to fight to get in there, fight to get tickets for the recording at the Camden Theatre 1906:

during Milligan's numerous visits to Australia, where his family had emigrated. Milligan adapted some

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There are three or four versions of this story regarding the split. Jimmy Grafton's account is in

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p.30 and also in his autobiography "The Reluctant Jester" (1992), p.321 of the paperback edition.

2474: 1806:. The festival produced a second touring production in 2017 featuring two more Milligan scripts, 1218: 1208: 1067: 806: 762: 630: 361: 234: 196: 953:

The show paved the way for surreal and alternative humour, as acknowledged by comedians such as

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made up of London-based session musicians. The arrangements and musical direction were done by

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as Ray Ellington. A brief moment from that re-creation is seen in the trailer for that film.

885:"You can't park 'ere, mate" (Willium) – Milligan's dig at officious BBC commissionaires. 4553: 2520: 2167: 1916: 1890: 1498: 1063: 682: 646: 556: 552: 435: 130: 56: 3199:

p.208; Milligan's account changed over the years and the bitterness shows in the interview

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Putting It Simply, There's Never Been Anything Like The Firesign Theatre Before or Since

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Major Bloodnok's nemesis (and counterpoint to Bloodnok's affliction) "The Red Bladder".

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who frequently played Scots characters. The show's concluding music was usually either "

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and countless other strange and bold new comedies". Other ALS-related comedies such as

2366: 2206: 2056: 1815: 1711: 1625: 1547:, Crun was inside a piano and his speech was accompanied by suitable piano noises. In 1289: 1152: 1054: 889: 855: 798: 678: 665: 577: 525: 472: 456: 368: 201: 164: 65: 2557:

radio network broadcast the programme in the United States in the mid-1950s. In 1965,

1058:(Old Comrades') march, followed by Max Geldray and the Ray Ellington Quartet playing " 4989: 4852: 4826: 4821: 4408:, TV Milestones Series, Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, p. 34, 2491: 2120: 2091: 1940: 1747: 1569: 1512: 1463:, where Jim Hawkins' mother describes it as "like brown spots of shit on the liver". 1433: 1094: 1082: 1040: 1014:

The sound of an oyster opening which represented the introduction of Fred the Oyster.

967: 888:"Ying Tong Iddle I Po" (various) – which became the basis for a novelty hit as " 863: 794: 783: 778: 614: 573: 560: 544: 537: 533: 464: 460: 395: 267: 174: 169: 69: 61: 38: 4168: 4017: 1508:

during which Neddie shouts old jokes into a fuel tank in order to "start the show".

708:

The blue plaque from the old Camden Theatre, now Koko, the site of the recording of

2732: 2634: 2592: 2440: 2027: 1899: 1885: 1437: 1074: 1059: 958: 954: 859: 686: 513: 431: 383: 281: 252: 96: 1978:

Essentially a re-enactment of a radio performance, the three Goons were joined by

1521:

in which the credits read, "Raspberries professionally blown by Spike Milligan".

677:

Several of the Goons' nonsense songs were recorded in the late 1950s such as the "

1035:

Orchestral introductions, links and accompaniment were provided by a hand-picked

1006: 921: 689:) in London were constantly over-subscribed and the various character voices and 4697: 2588: 2572: 2465: 2461: 2444: 2314:"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. 1979: 1895: 1522: 1098: 1062:" as play-out music. Other theme tunes used included "Goons' Gallop", a play on 971: 962: 843: 802: 774: 690: 622: 505: 391: 4341: 4692: 4672: 4558: 3915:"Birmingham Comedy Festival gets under way with a recreation of The Goon Show" 2746: 2722: 2358: 2077: 2068: 2031: 1614: 1454: 1027: 938: 851: 766: 626: 529: 497: 228: 4682: 4666: 3450: 3153: 2842: 2403: 1740:

recording before a studio audience is seen early in the HBO Original Movie,

406: 240: 4280: 3655:

This example is from "Tales of Montmartre", 18th episode of the 6th series.

2123:. Lewis' (1995, pp. 205–206) gives a good account of this background. 442:. The first series, broadcast from 28 May to 20 September 1951, was titled 494:

began broadcasting the programme on its radio network from the mid-1950s.

4517: 4485: 4346: 2136:

In 1964, Milligan, Secombe and Sellers lent their voices to a comedy LP,

1457:

musical instruments. Milligan was later to make up his own definition in

1036: 343: 2714:– A BBC Radio comedy from 1987, often called "A Goon Show for the '80s". 4757:– streams various episodes of The Goon Show constantly on the internet. 2561:

met and befriended Milligan during the time he worked in the UK on the

2354:, Spike was unknowingly portraying every facet of the British psyche". 1444: 532:(who co-wrote most of the episodes in Series 5), Maurice Wiltshire and 3975:"The Goon Show returns: how a new play is celebrating Milligan and Co" 1450: 4294: 670: 17: 3819: 3005:. London: Orion. Chapman's posthumous input via collateral sources. 580:, where Secombe was performing, and the three became close friends. 2119:(30 December 1957), which featured Sellers' vocal impersonation of 589:, Milligan was writing for and acting in the high-profile BBC show 3630:"Peter Sellers: An unpredictable, irrepressible, irreverent mimic" 3027:

Calcium Made Interesting: Sketches, Letters, Essays & Gondolas

1868:, which starred Peter Sellers, was the first attempt to translate 703: 568: 4733: 876:"You dirty, rotten swine, you! You have deaded me!" (Bluebottle) 664:. The show's title was inspired, according to Spike Milligan, by 4318:

Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an Improbable Life

4200:(illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. 3552:. Thegoonshow.net. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 2580: 1497:

baritone saxophone. Milligan made much use of a rather surreal

1086: 722:

There were 10 series in total, plus an additional series called

601:, who appeared in the first series, had just begun appearing in 567:

to roll off a cliff, under which Secombe was sitting in a small

4780: 4708: 4169:"GOONS | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company" 3405:

Farnes, Norma, ed. (6 November 1997). "Harry Secombe's Story".

3308:

Wilmut, Roger; Jimmy Grafton (1976). "The Birth of the Goons".

738:(1953–54); the fifth series had 26 episodes plus one special - 734:(1952–53); the fourth series had 30 episodes plus one special, 4522: 4490: 4351: 3731:

Wilmut, Roger; Jimmy Grafton (1976). "Produced by Pat Dixon".

2562: 2554: 2339:, with its absurdity, manic surreality and unpredictability." 1914:

characters (notably Eccles) in many episodes. Six episodes of

1526: 1105:

It was in its use of pre-recorded and live sound effects that

491: 73: 4721: 3367:

Movers and Shakers: A chronology of words that shaped our age

4776: 3494: 3492: 3490: 988: 903: 4752: 3691:

Farnes, Norma, ed. (6 November 1997). "Eric Sykes' Story".

2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 812:

From Series 3 onwards, the principal character roles were:

3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3020: 3018: 1077:

requirements of the BBC's "light entertainment" format,

4746: 4589:– includes chapters from Milligan, Secombe & Sykes. 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 697:

network as late as 2012. The show is also broadcast on

563:

Milligan's artillery unit accidentally allowed a large

3215: 3213: 2523:) who would often mimic the voices of the characters. 2460:

The Goons made a considerable impact on the humour of

2076:

A 1962 comedy LP with Milligan and Sellers as well as

2997: 2995: 2993: 1580:

The following films were a product of Goon activity:

572:

that question was "What colour was it?" Milligan met

3550:"The Goon Show Site - All Episodes Listed by Series" 3370:, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, p. 144, 3055:

Secombe, Harry (1975). "Goon Away - Try Next Door".

1613:(1956) A two-reeler starring Milligan, Sellers and 1114:

gravel – that was it, and I tried to transform it."

434:

programme, originally produced and broadcast by the

4950: 4914: 4866: 4840: 4595:

The Goon Show Companion - A History and Goonography

4542:"'An Uncooked Army Boot': Spike Milligan 1918-2002" 3733:

The Goon Show Companion - A History and Goonography

3310:

The Goon Show Companion - A History and Goonography

2812:

The Goon Show Companion - A History and Goonography

2599:. Proctor, Austin, and Ossman were big fans of the 2335:, with its polished professionalism. The other was 1554:The "in a piano" joke was re-used one last time in 879:"You can't get the wood, you know." (Henry, Minnie) 401: 378: 349: 339: 324: 313: 288: 277: 221: 213: 189: 157: 136: 126: 118: 110: 102: 92: 81: 4772:Photo of Grafton's pub, where they first performed 4436: 3876:. Clarke, Pete (illus.). London: M & J Hobbs. 3851:. Clarke, Pete (illus.). London: M & J Hobbs. 486:The show was released internationally through the 438:from 1951 to 1960, with occasional repeats on the 3352:Goon. What's a Goon? D'you mean The Coon Show...? 2468:. On 30 September 1973, Lennon reviewed the book 1572:", which were hostels for working men in London. 1138:List of The Goon Show cast members and characters 3592:. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 882:"You silly, twisted boy, you." (Grytpype-Thynne) 4049:. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 4043:"The Goon Show Site – Goons on Television" 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2843:"FIREZINE #4: Under the Influence of the Goons" 2624:and learned a lot of voices from them and such. 2609: 1518:The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2507:(side 4, track 10 of the LP; track 62 of CD). 4942:The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film 4792: 3820:"Columbia label 78 rpm Sound Effects records" 1701:", "The Gold-plate Robbery", "The £50 cure". 1621:The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film 1052:" or a truncated and ironic rendition of the 761:The first two series were mostly produced by 455:The show's chief creator and main writer was 8: 5036:Radio programs adapted into television shows 4475: 4473: 3717: 3715: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2138:How to Win an Election (or Not Lose by Much) 629:, from the BBC's drama department, replaced 476: 49: 3921:, 26 September 2014. Retrieved on 24 April. 2690: 2568:Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life 1460:Treasure Island According to Spike Milligan 4799: 4785: 4777: 4675: 4225:. London: Pavilion Books. pp. 14–17. 3025:Chapman, Graham (2006). Jim Yoakum (ed.). 2151: 1085:Quartet – who performed a mixture of 48: 27:BBC Radio show broadcast from 1951 to 1960 4557: 3938:, 8 February 2017. Retrieved on 24 April. 2260:b/w "I'm Walking Backwards for Christmas" 471:. The scripts mixed ludicrous plots with 4636:(First published by Robson Books, 1974). 3950:"The Goon Show On Stage In Birmingham -" 3125:, Wilmot/Grafton, not the "Grafton Arms" 3003:The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons 2519:, particularly with Prince Charles (now 1950:The Goon Show – The Whistling Spy Enigma 1511:Years later, Milligan collaborated with 873:"He's fallen in the water!" (Little Jim) 754:Throughout its history, each episode of 4445:. New York: Harper Paperbacks. p. 4320:. Random House Publishing. p. 24. 4139:"Goon Again-50th Anniversary Goon Show" 3695:. London: Virgin Publishing. 161, 168. 3586:"The Goon Show Site - Goons Characters" 2787: 2765: 2437:influenced their own genres of comedy. 2042:(son of Andrew Timothy) announcing and 2001:In 1972, the Goons reunited to perform 1097:songs – and by harmonica virtuoso 621:musical interludes were shortened, and 555:. Famously, Milligan first encountered 528:(contributing to around 140 episodes), 4573:Farnes, Norma, ed. (6 November 1997). 4060: 3603: 3563: 3336:Milligan, Spike (1974) . "Interview". 3177:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3170: 1545:The Mystery of the Fake Neddie Seagoon 1025: 936: 4937:The Case of the Mukkinese Battle-Horn 4593:Wilmut, Roger; Jimmy Grafton (1976). 4383:from the original on 15 December 2017 2966:Spike Milligan: His Part In Our Lives 2810:Wilmut, Roger; Jimmy Grafton (1976). 2772: 2665:. In fact, at that stage I wanted to 2184:"I'm Walking Backwards for Christmas" 1971:The Goon Show – Tales of Men's Shirts 1804:The Phantom Head Shaver (of Brighton) 1610:The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn 536:, initially under the supervision of 475:, puns, catchphrases and an array of 459:, who performed the series alongside 7: 4644:. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. 3735:. London: Robson Books. p. 62. 3152:. BBC. 28 April 2020. Archived from 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 2380:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 1888:, with Eric Sykes as script editor. 1016:From The Sinking of Westminster Pier 547:became friends while serving in the 4513:"Milligan gets last laugh on grave" 3451:"The Goon Show - BBC Radio 4 Extra" 3257:The Life and Death of Peter Sellers 2583:-FM in Los Angeles, he teamed with 1743:The Life and Death of Peter Sellers 1729:The Life and Death of Peter Sellers 801:was replaced (at the suggestion of 615:Pickersgill aluminium disk recorder 4481:"Friends remember unique Milligan" 4435:Morgan, David, ed. (8 June 1999). 4000:"THE BOOTLEG FILES: THE TELEGOONS" 3203:p.16; and Bentine's account is in 2901:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 2845:. Firezine.net. Winter 1997–1998. 2653:Similarly, in the introduction to 2018:In 2001, the BBC recorded a "new" 831:Hercules Grytpype-Thynne (Sellers) 448:; subsequent series had the title 25: 2849:from the original on 27 June 2006 2692:Dúirt mé leat go raibh mé breoite 2541:(1973), and became patron of the 2515:The Goons were popular among the 5031:British variety radio programmes 4767:Goon Show at oldclassicradio.com 3665:Andrew Billen (2 January 2000). 3281:Andrew Billen (2 January 2000). 2739: 2725: 2275:"Bloodnok's Rock 'n' Roll Call" 1773:Ying Tong: A Walk with the Goons 1026:Problems playing this file? See 1004: 1000:The Fred the Oyster sound effect 937:Problems playing this file? See 919: 512:, and the British comedy troupe 55: 4886:Henry Crun and Minnie Bannister 4198:Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 2357:Sykes and Milligan, along with 2202:"Bloodnok's Rock 'n' Roll Call" 1872:humour to television. Made for 837:Major Dennis Bloodnok (Sellers) 467:and (for the first two series) 5006:BBC Light Programme programmes 4963:Goon Show Preservation Society 4747:Goon Show Preservation Society 4734:Goon Show Preservation Society 4342:"Charles joins the Goon squad" 3195:p.39; Secombe's account is in 2755:List of The Goon Show episodes 2718:Goon Show Preservation Society 2543:Goon Show Preservation Society 1952:(Secombe & Friends) (1966) 1812:The Jet Propelled Guided NAAFI 1549:The Jet-Propelled Guided NAAFI 1411:List of The Goon Show episodes 1387:Prof. Osric Pureheart and more 974:. Cleese recalls listening to 325: 314: 1: 4612:Rose, Elizabeth, ed. (2000), 4577:. London: Virgin Publishing. 4540:Barnes, Peter (August 2002), 4145:. 29 May 2001. Archived from 3948:goonshow.org (13 July 2023). 3932:"The Goons come to Stratford" 3526:The Compulsive Spike Milligan 3409:. London: Virgin Publishing. 834:Count Jim Moriarty (Milligan) 508:, the American comedy troupe 261:Leslie Bridgmont (4 episodes) 5051:1960 radio programme endings 5016:BBC Radio 4 Extra programmes 4552:(Part 3. Intq 71): 205–210, 4405:Monty Python's Flying Circus 4085:. Qype.co.uk. Archived from 3501:The Essential Spike Milligan 3097:Carpenter, Humphrey (2011). 2375:Monty Python's Flying Circus 2321:Impact on comedy and culture 2305: 2287: 2266: 2245: 2230: 2212: 2087:The Bridge on the River Kwai 1050:Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead 358:Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead 5046:1951 radio programme debuts 5041:Surreal comedy radio series 5011:BBC Radio comedy programmes 5001:BBC Home Service programmes 4316:Sally Bedell Smith (2017). 4109:"The Last Goon Show of All" 3638:, pp. 63–70 (see p.66) 3059:. London: M. and J. Hobbs. 2931:Spike Milligan: A Biography 2929:Scudamore, Pauline (1985). 2478:. He wrote: "I was 12 when 1824:The Moriarty Murder Mystery 1422:The Goon Show running jokes 1132:Cast members and characters 828:Minnie Bannister (Milligan) 5067: 5026:British radio sketch shows 4689:(archived BBC Comedy page) 4379:(liner notes). Laugh.com. 4113:Goonshowscripts.afraid.org 3794:Goonshowscripts.afraid.org 3764:Goonshowscripts.afraid.org 2531:attended the recording of 2490:." Lennon also noted that 2187:b/w "The Bluebottle Blues" 1920:were remade by the BBC as 1865:The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d 1850:The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d 1796:Birmingham Comedy Festival 1789:Birmingham Comedy Festival 1476:Rhubarb, rhubarb, rhubarb! 1442: 1432: 1419: 1408: 1135: 1018:(15 February 1955, s05e23) 488:BBC Transcription Services 36: 29: 4858:The Last Goon Show of All 4812: 4714:14 September 2002 at the 4559:10.1017/s0266464x02000295 4248:Eric Sykes' Comedy Heroes 4067:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3610:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3570:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3528:. London: Fourth Estate. 3503:. London: Fourth Estate. 3499:Games, Alexander (2003). 2534:The Last Goon Show of All 2313: 2295: 2274: 2253: 2242:b/w "A Russian Love Song" 2239:"Whistle Your Cares Away" 2238: 2227: 2220: 2201: 2190: 2183: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2003:The Last Goon Show of All 1993:The Last Goon Show of All 1910:scripts and included his 1878:Associated London Scripts 1710:(1987) by Milligan (with 1557:The Last Goon Show of All 1505:The Last Goon Show of All 915:"What time is it Eccles?" 711:The Last Goon Show of All 54: 4927:Penny Points to Paradise 4896:Hercules Grytpype-Thynne 4727:26 November 2020 at the 4709:The Goon Show Depository 4618:, London: Robson Books, 4597:. London: Robson Books. 4250:. London: Virgin Books. 3872:Milligan, Spike (1983). 3480:Milligan, Spike. (1987) 3467:Milligan, Spike. (1973) 3340:. London: Sphere Books. 3312:. London: Robson Books. 3220:Milligan, Spike (1974). 3157:(television documentary) 2963:Ventham, Maxine (2002). 2814:. London: Robson Books. 2633:Among the influences on 2392:Vic Reeves Big Night Out 1594:Penny Points to Paradise 1295:Hercules Grytpype-Thynne 1125:BBC Radiophonic Workshop 816:Neddie Seagoon (Secombe) 605:'s peak-time radio show 481:BBC Radiophonic Workshop 37:Not to be confused with 4640:McCann, Graham (2006). 3901:22 October 2008 at the 3259:. London: Arrow Books. 3193:The Goon Show Companion 3135:Artists and Raspberries 3123:The Goon Show Companion 2897:McCann, Graham (2006). 2607:. According to Ossman: 2398:The League of Gentlemen 2325:In George Perry's book 2140:, which was written by 2105:Bridge on the River Wye 2065:Bridge on the River Wye 1880:cooperative including 1322:Willium "Mate" Cobblers 982:Music and sound effects 668:, a character from the 264:Tom Ronald (3 episodes) 258:Roy Speer (14 episodes) 5021:British comedy troupes 4402:Landy, Marcia (2005), 4373:Simels, Steve (1993). 4273:"Famous Telegoon Fans" 4221:Perry, George (1999). 4173:www.officialcharts.com 3524:Farnes, Norma (2004). 3437:16 August 2014 at the 3338:More Goon Show Scripts 3222:More Goon Show Scripts 3205:The Story of the Goons 2691: 2674:Election Night Special 2626: 2539:More Goon Show Scripts 2129:How to Win an Election 2102:was uttered, creating 2084:. A spoof of the film 1984:British Film Institute 1963:British Film Institute 1902:. It was made for the 1874:Associated-Rediffusion 1832:Apollo Theatre Company 1686:More Goon Show Scripts 1494:blowing of raspberries 1440:in Donegal in Ireland. 1436:is a small river near 1405:Episodes and archiving 993: 908: 732:The Coronation Special 715: 331:238 plus 12 specials ( 4876:Major Dennis Bloodnok 4615:The Book of the Goons 4546:New Theatre Quarterly 3936:Stratford-Upon-Herald 3790:"Wings Over Dagenham" 3469:The Goon Show Scripts 3255:Lewis, Roger (1995). 3197:Arias and Raspberries 2565:television programme 2470:The Goon Show Scripts 2161:Peak chart positions 2108:. The LP is based on 1959:Tales of Men's Shirts 1923:The Omar Khayyam Show 1758:as Harry Secombe and 1673:The Goon Show Scripts 1605:(1952) (with Bentine) 1532:Six Dates with Barker 1199:Milligan's characters 992: 907: 707: 576:after the war at the 477:bizarre sound effects 396:Ray Ellington Quartet 388:Stompin' at the Savoy 360:", "Goons' Gallop", " 4932:Down Among the Z Men 4763:; Australian homage. 4704:British Comedy Guide 4575:The Goons: The Story 4283:on 18 February 2012. 4246:Sykes, Eric (2003). 4089:on 13 September 2013 3824:78records.cdbpdx.com 3693:The Goons: The Story 3667:"Goon with the wind" 3407:The Goons: The Story 3283:"Goon with the wind" 3029:. London: Pan Books. 2597:the Firesign Theatre 2517:British royal family 2296:"The Raspberry Song" 2098:every time the word 1843:Radio and television 1602:Down Among the Z Men 1539:"Trapped in a piano" 1381:Bentine's characters 1280:Sellers's characters 1143:Secombe's characters 1073:In keeping with the 825:Henry Crun (Sellers) 822:Bluebottle (Sellers) 510:the Firesign Theatre 30:For other uses, see 4761:The Goon Show LIVE! 4739:24 May 2020 at the 4716:Library of Congress 4295:"Live At The B.B.C" 4006:. 18 February 2011. 3760:"The Fear of Wages" 3482:The Lost Goon Shows 3364:Ayto, John (2006), 2933:. London: Granada. 2711:The Milligan Papers 2611:We all listened to 2416:Hancock's Half Hour 2221:"Eeh! Ah! Oh! Ooh!" 2040:Christopher Timothy 1820:The Seagoon Memoirs 1754:as Spike Milligan, 1736:A re-creation of a 1707:The Lost Goon Shows 1699:Tay Bridge Disaster 1695:Battle of Spion Kop 1128:artillery blasts". 929:3:22 sample - 973kb 681:", number 3 in the 625:joined the lineup. 440:BBC Light Programme 144:BBC Light Programme 72:(right) in a 1950s 51: 4901:Count Jim Moriarty 4722:The Goon Show Site 4223:The Life of Python 4149:on 11 October 2008 3930:Sutherland, Gill. 3874:More Goon Cartoons 3626:Zinsser, William K 3224:. London: Sphere. 2969:. London: Robson. 2603:broadcasts of the 2499:Pop Go The Beatles 2475:The New York Times 2327:The Life of Python 2207:The Ying Tong Song 1859:(radio, 1958–1962) 1808:The House Of Teeth 1689:(1973) by Milligan 1676:(1972) by Milligan 1660:More Goon Cartoons 1399:Guest cast members 1394:Other cast members 1219:Count Jim Moriarty 1091:rhythm & blues 1068:I Want to Be Happy 994: 909: 807:Wallace Greenslade 763:Dennis Main Wilson 736:Archie In Goonland 716: 631:Dennis Main Wilson 362:I Want to Be Happy 235:Dennis Main Wilson 197:Wallace Greenslade 4983: 4982: 4841:Radio / TV series 4651:978-0-340-89808-6 4277:www.telegoons.org 3883:978-0-7181-2341-3 3849:The Goon Cartoons 3394:978-0-19-861452-4 3159:on 23 August 2017 3036:978-0-330-43543-7 2705:Literary nonsense 2672:In their sketch " 2332:Take It from Here 2318: 2317: 2300: 2282: 2278: 2261: 2257: 2254:"Ying Tong Song" 2243: 2225: 2210: 2188: 2178: 2170: 1752:Edward Tudor-Pole 1647:The Goon Cartoons 1488:Raspberry blowing 1009: 961:' autobiography, 924: 819:Eccles (Milligan) 699:BBC Radio 4 Extra 636:nervous breakdown 423: 422: 356:"Lucky Strike", " 149:BBC Radio 4 Extra 111:Country of origin 16:(Redirected from 5058: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4778: 4743:– United Kingdom 4688: 4679: 4655: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4608: 4588: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4527: 4526: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4279:. Archived from 4269: 4263: 4261: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4119:on 11 March 2007 4115:. Archived from 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3800:on 10 March 2007 3796:. Archived from 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3770:on 10 March 2007 3766:. Archived from 3756: 3750: 3749: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3628:(20 June 1960), 3622: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3496: 3485: 3484:. London: Robson 3478: 3472: 3471:. London: Sphere 3465: 3459: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3402: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3252: 3237: 3235: 3217: 3208: 3201:Now That's Funny 3189: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3137:, Pan; 1997. 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