126:
although each of them may have alternative ways of measuring the same behavior. These 269 items are divided among fourteen scales, which are motor, rhythm, tactile, visual, receptive speech, expressive speech, writing, reading, arithmetic, memory, intellectual processes, pathognomonic, left hemisphere, and right hemisphere. The time it takes to administer the task is about 2 to 3 hours. The reason for the long length of time is the several items that need to be tested, and this is also why the test cannot be administered to very young children. By testing the limits of patients' performance, it is then able to make correlations between a normal and damaged brain. There is some discussion on the standardized interruption of the test. The children's version of the test is for 8–12 years old. This test has 149 different items that also measure on a continuum from 0 to 2. It also takes roughly 2 to 3 hours to administer and the same constructs are being measured.
139:
non-brain-injured control groups to brain-injured patients it was found that the test is very effective at discriminating between normal and brain-injured subjects. Studies have shown that the LNNB has yielded an 86% correct hit rate for identifying patients correctly. When looking at the left and right hemisphere scales, the test is based on the assumption that the left hemisphere is verbally dominant and composed of the motor and tactile scales that represent right-hand sensory/motor performance while the right hemisphere consists of items representing left-hand sensory/ motor performance. When looking at
53:
LNNB has 269 items divided among fourteen scales, which are motor, rhythm, tactile, visual, receptive speech, expressive speech, writing, reading, arithmetic, memory, intellectual processes, pathognomonic, left hemisphere, and right hemisphere. The test is graded on scales that are correlated to regions of the brain to help identify which region may be damaged. The Luria–Nebraska has been found to be reliable and valid; it is comparable in this sense to other
158:
did not expect. Due to its ability to target the damage of the brain, if any, as well as the mental disorder, the LNNB is useful in finding treatment options, assessing research, and aiding in choosing research participants. Disorders that the LNNB has been seen to detect include schizophrenia, borderline personality, post-traumatic stress disorder, brain trauma, epilepsy tumor, metabolic problems, and degenerative disorders.
96:, be repetitive, be too long, or fail to accurately discriminate a brain injury. Existing interest in Luria's work made this battery instantly popular, and as it was circulated, demand and research only grew. Western Psychological Services created the current revision, the Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. It was published in 1980 in the
79:
basis for the theory behind the Luria–Nebraska
Neuropsychological Battery. Compared to traditional tests, these procedures were better at determining patients' strengths and weaknesses; however, their standardization was prevented by their lack of fixed content and the fact they had no definite method of scoring or accuracy determination.
82:
Luria's original method, released in 1966, was revised by
Christensen in 1975 to describe the procedure more in-depth. This revision made possible a version that combined the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the procedures. In 1977 Charles Golden presented the Luria-South Dakota, a new version
232:
Golden, G. J., Moses, J. A., Ftshbume, F. J., Engum, E., Lewis, G. P., Wisniewski, A. M., Conley, F. K., Berg, R. A., and Graber, B. 1961. Cross-validation of the Luria–Nebraska
Neuropsychological Battery for the presence, lateralization and localization of brain damage. Journal o f Consulting and
157:
is present. Through its development and revision, the battery has also been shown to aid in presenting other underlying ailments that could not be detected by other sources. In some cases the LNNB has been seen to show sensitivity to more subtle abnormalities in brain functioning, which researchers
116:
studies have suggested these criticisms are largely unfounded and based on misinformation or lack of understanding of how the test is interpreted. However, these concerns resulted in a decrease in use of the battery, and some negative views of it still persist despite evidence of its reliability and
143:
reports of the test, it yields an average hit rate of 78% on comparison of left and right scales with the highest hit rate being 92%. Also, when looking at localization of chronic hospitalized patients with injuries in the frontal, sensorimotor, temporal, and parietal-occipital areas, the test was
87:
that combined Luria and
Christensen's works. To develop this version and ensure it covered everything from both Luria and Christensen, Golden first created an exam that took approximately 18 hours to administer and contained nearly 2,000 procedures. From this base items were selectively removed if
57:
in its ability to differentiate between brain damage and mental illness. The test is used to diagnose and determine the nature of cognitive impairment, including the location of the brain damage, to understand the patient's brain structure and abilities, to pinpoint causes of behavior, and to help
152:
Applications of the LNNB are generally seen in clinical settings such as hospitals, counseling, and research. Research has shown its shorter testing time, cost to administer, and effectiveness allow for cost-efficient and reliable results. The LNNB has been used to determine brain functions after
52:
that emphasizes a qualitative instead of quantitative approach. The original, adult version is for use with ages fifteen and over, while the Luria–Nebraska
Neuropsychological Battery for Children (LNNB-C) can be used with ages eight to twelve; both tests take two to three hours to administer. The
125:
For the adult version of this standardized test, used with ages 15 and above, there are 269 items that are scored from 0 to 2. On this continuum a score of 0 represents a normal non-damaged brain and a higher score near 2 depicts brain damage. None of these items measures exactly the same thing,
78:
has made it less necessary. Instead, these tests now serve to describe the injury, including its location and the degree of impairment. The ability to perform these functions began with
Alexander Luria's original qualitative procedures. The work of this Russian neuropsychologist would become the
281:
Schaughency, E. A., Lahey, B. B., Hynd, G. W., Stone, P. A., Piacentini, J. C., & Frick, P. J. (1989). Neuropsychological test performance and the attention deficit disorders: Clinical utility of the Luria–Nebraska
Neuropsychological Battery — Children's Revision. Journal of Consulting and
178:
Golden, C. J. (2004). The Adult Luria–Nebraska
Neuropsychological Battery. In G. Goldstein, S. R. Beers, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol. 1: Intellectual and neuropsychological assessment (pp. 133-146). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons
138:
of the LNNB is a .77 and this is within the limitations of clinical tests. Also, studies have combined the Luria–Nebraska
Battery with existing tests in psychology, speech, and education to look at the reliability of the battery. This version of the test had 33 scales and by comparing
111:
field. It faced criticism for its combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, the wide variety of its fourteen scales, and the possibility that it did not include enough different neuropsychological skills or did not distinguish brain dysfunction adequately. Large
202:
Golden, C. J., Ariel, R. N., Wilkening, G. N., Moses, J. J., McKay, S. E., & MacInnes, W. D. (1982). Analytic techniques in the interpretation of the Luria–Nebraska
Neuropsychological Battery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(1), 40-48.
251:
Lewis, G. P., Golden, C. J., Moses, J. A., Osmon, D. G, Purisch, A D. and Hammeke, T. A. 1979. Localization of cerebral dysfunction with a standardized version of Luna's neuropsychological battery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47,
795:
212:
Golden, C. J., Berg, R. A., & Graber, B. (1982). Test–retest reliability of the Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery in stable, chronically impaired patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(3), 452-454.
47:
that identifies neuropsychological deficiencies by measuring functioning on fourteen scales. It evaluates learning, experience, and cognitive skills. The test was created by Charles Golden in 1981 and based on previous work by
261:
Guilmette, T. J., & Faust, D. (1991). Characteristics of neuropsychologists who prefer the Halstead-Reitan or the Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 22(1), 80-83.
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352:
271:
Mittenberg, W., Kasprisin, A., & Farage, C. (1985). Localization and diagnosis in aphasia with the Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 386-392.
222:
Teichner, G., Golden, C.J., Crum, T., & Bradley, J. (1998). Establishing the reliability and validity of the Luria Nebraska neuropsychological battery-III. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13(1),
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989:
568:
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686:
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724:
383:
526:
511:
101:
393:
302:
640:
974:
734:
449:
1041:
905:
828:
681:
750:
140:
868:
701:
470:
193:
Purisch, A. D. (2001). Misconceptions about the Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Neurorehabilitation, 16(4), 275-280.
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696:
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295:
984:
873:
719:
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1015:
439:
429:
858:
853:
676:
588:
531:
368:
936:
923:
764:
547:
521:
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403:
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88% effective in localizing the brain damage, but the limit to this report was a small sample size of 60 patients.
84:
1005:
952:
573:
242:
Golden, C. J. 1961. Diagnosis and Rehabilitation in Clinical Neuropsychology. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
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604:
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24:
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434:
93:
773:
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578:
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373:
66:
The purpose of early neuropsychological tests was simply to determine whether or not a person had a
424:
900:
645:
516:
398:
113:
863:
583:
44:
883:
485:
915:
378:
154:
108:
49:
134:
Studies have shown that the LNNB is stable over time. A study has shown that the lowest
932:
1035:
928:
804:
135:
444:
75:
71:
67:
30:
942:
808:
758:
490:
332:
287:
107:
The Luria–Nebraska has been the subject of some debate that has split the
744:
282:
Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 112-116. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.57.1.112
353:
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
777:
291:
74:. Although they can still perform this function, modern
692:
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
998:
965:
914:
882:
819:
757:
743:
710:
669:
613:
597:
561:
540:
504:
458:
417:
361:
325:
23:
18:
656:Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener
621:British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
153:trauma to the brain occurs and to pin-point what
661:Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire
189:
187:
185:
41:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB)
990:Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
844:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
789:
303:
98:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
8:
730:General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition
896:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
888:
796:
782:
774:
338:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
310:
296:
288:
174:
172:
170:
980:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
343:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
19:Luria–Nebraska neuropsychological battery
834:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
687:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
849:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
166:
569:Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
384:Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
15:
527:Controlled Oral Word Association Test
512:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
389:Morningness–eveningness questionnaire
102:International Journal of Neuroscience
7:
975:Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
725:Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
394:Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
839:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
641:Florida Cognitive Activities Scale
14:
906:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
829:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
682:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
751:Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale
233:Clinical Psychology 49, 491-507.
471:California Verbal Learning Test
1021:Vineland Social Maturity Scale
697:Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
481:Digit symbol substitution test
409:Test of Variables of Attention
272:doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.386
213:doi:10.1037/0022-006X.50.3.452
83:of the battery created at the
1:
985:Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
874:Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
735:Mini–mental state examination
720:Abbreviated mental test score
450:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
348:Montreal Cognitive Assessment
262:doi:10.1037/0735-7028.22.1.80
1016:Benton Visual Retention Test
869:Raven's Progressive Matrices
702:Raven's Progressive Matrices
440:Judgment of Line Orientation
430:Benton Visual Retention Test
859:Differential Ability Scales
854:Cognitive Assessment System
677:National Adult Reading Test
589:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
532:Thurstone Word Fluency Test
369:Continuous performance task
203:doi:10.1037/0022-006X.50.1.
1058:
924:Thematic apperception test
765:Test of Memory Malingering
548:Compensatory tracking task
522:Comprehensive aphasia test
466:1-2-AX working memory task
404:Test of everyday attention
121:Administration and scoring
85:University of South Dakota
1006:Mental status examination
953:Sentence completion tests
891:
574:Hayling and Brixton tests
1042:Neuropsychological tests
626:Clinical Dementia Rating
605:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
476:Corsi block-tapping test
319:Neuropsychological tests
136:test re-test reliability
130:Reliability and validity
88:they were found to lack
55:neuropsychological tests
967:Neuropsychological test
636:Disability Rating Scale
631:Digit Cancellation Test
1011:Wechsler Memory Scale
937:Holtzman inkblot test
651:Glasgow Outcome Scale
496:Wechsler Memory Scale
435:Dot cancellation test
948:Animal Metaphor Test
614:Specific impairments
579:Tower of London test
553:Purdue Pegboard Test
418:Sensation/Perception
374:D2 Test of Attention
425:Bender-Gestalt Test
901:16PF Questionnaire
821:Intelligence tests
646:Glasgow Coma Scale
517:Boston Naming Test
399:Posner cueing task
1029:
1028:
961:
960:
884:Personality tests
864:Ammons Quick Test
771:
770:
584:Trail Making Test
362:Arousal/Attention
45:standardized test
37:
36:
1049:
916:Projective tests
889:
798:
791:
784:
775:
486:Doors and People
312:
305:
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58:plan treatment.
33:
16:
1057:
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994:
957:
910:
878:
815:
811:evaluation and
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767:
753:
739:
706:
665:
609:
593:
562:Problem-solving
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536:
500:
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413:
379:Four boxes test
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155:mental disorder
150:
132:
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109:neuropsychology
64:
50:Alexander Luria
29:
12:
11:
5:
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945:
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933:Rorschach test
926:
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149:
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141:lateralization
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63:
60:
35:
34:
27:
21:
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13:
10:
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986:
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970:
968:
964:
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951:
949:
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934:
930:
929:Ink blot test
927:
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805:Psychological
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17:
979:
670:Intelligence
445:Navon figure
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151:
148:Applications
133:
124:
106:
81:
72:brain damage
68:brain injury
65:
40:
38:
999:Other tests
943:Szondi test
809:psychiatric
759:Malingering
90:reliability
491:MCI Screen
252:1003-1019.
162:References
117:validity.
333:Cognistat
114:empirical
1036:Category
712:Bed-side
505:Language
100:and the
94:validity
813:testing
326:Battery
223:99-100.
62:History
31:D008182
745:Social
459:Memory
598:Sleep
541:Motor
43:is a
807:and
179:Inc.
39:The
25:MeSH
92:or
70:or
1038::
935:,
184:^
169:^
104:.
939:)
931:(
797:e
790:t
783:v
311:e
304:t
297:v
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