4177:
1152:
2764:
75:
338:
2680:
2752:
4840:
4583:
1113:(signs with a set symbolic value) are rare. Instead, most writing is done with the syllabic characters, where a single symbol stands for a vowel, or a consonant-vowel pair (either VC or CV). A striking feature is the consistent use of 'full-writing' to indicate long vowels, even at the beginning of words. In this system a long vowel is indicated by writing it twice. For example,
25:
2637:
The decipherment and classification of
Hieroglyphic Luwian was much more difficult. In the 1920s, there were a number of failed attempts. In the 1930s some individual logograms and syllabic signs were correctly identified. At this point the classification of the language was not yet clear and, since
2589:
The surviving corpus of Luwian texts consists principally of cuneiform ritual texts from the 16th and 15th centuries BC and monumental inscriptions in hieroglyphs. There are also some letters and economic documents. The majority of the hieroglyphic inscriptions derive from the 12th to 7th centuries
694:
II, and spread widely in the
Anatolian peninsula. He cited the distribution of a new type of wheel-made pottery, Red Slip Wares, as some of the best evidence for his theory. According to Mellaart, the proto-Luwian migrations to Anatolia came in several distinct waves over many centuries. The recent
1233:
The reconstruction of the Luwian phoneme inventory is based mainly on the written texts and comparisons with the known development of other Indo-European languages. Two series of stops can be identified, one transliterated as geminate in the cuneiform script. These fortis and lenis stops may have
504:
in referring to this broader group as Luwic, whereas others refer to the "Luwian group" (and, in that sense, "Luwian" may mean several distinct languages). Likewise, Proto-Luwian may mean the common ancestor of the whole group, or just the ancestor of Luwian (normally, under
2691:, which triggered a chain reaction resulting in an entirely new system of readings. Since that time, research has concentrated on better understanding the relationship between the two different forms of Luwian, in order to gain a clearer understanding of Luwian as a whole.
500:(also known as Lycian B or Lycian II) – are now usually identified as related to Luwian – and as mutually connected more closely than other constituents of the Anatolian branch. This suggests that these languages formed a sub-branch within Anatolian. Some linguists follow
2726:, which means "exceptionally courageous". "The certainty is growing that Wilusa/Troy belonged to the greater Luwian-speaking community," but it is not entirely clear whether Luwian was primarily the official language or it was in daily colloquial use.
509:, were the branch to be called Luwic, its ancestor should be known as Proto-Luwic or Common Luwic; in practice, such names are seldom used). Luwic or Luwian (in the broad sense of the term), is one of three major sub-branches of Anatolian, alongside
1171:, "Hieroglyphic Hittite" was formerly used to refer to the language of the same inscriptions, but this term is now obsolete. The dialect of Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions appears to be either Empire Luwian or its descendant, Iron Age Luwian.
854:, which was written in a unique native hieroglyphic script. The differences between the dialects are minor, but they affect vocabulary, style, and grammar. The different orthographies of the two writing systems may also hide some differences.
1999:
Adjectives agree with nouns in number and gender. Forms for the nominative and the accusative differ only in the animate gender and even then, only in the singular. For the sake of clarity, the table includes only the endings beginning with
740:
a western
Anatolian kingdom corresponding roughly with Mira and the Seha River Land. Therefore, several scholars shared the view that Luwian was spoken—to varying degrees—across a large portion of western Anatolia, including
2605:. The absence of the syllabic symbols from the seals makes it impossible to determine the pronunciation of names and titles that appear on them, or even to make a certain attribution of the text to a specific language.
1083:
the corpus of
Hittite cuneiform texts with Luwian insertions runs from CTH 757–773, mostly comprising rituals. Cuneiform Luwian texts are written in several dialects, of which the most easily identifiable are
2617:
in 1919. Further progress in the understanding of the language came after the Second World War, with the publication and analysis of a larger number of texts. Important work in this period was produced by
2669:, it became clear that both cuneiform and hieroglyphic texts recorded the same Luwian language. This revision resulted from a discovery outside the area of Luwian settlement, namely the annotations on
616:
need not imply a wheel and so need not have been derived from a PIE word with that meaning. The IE words for a wheel may well have arisen in those other IE languages after the
Anatolian split.
1884:
is added to the nominative/accusative inanimate case ending. In the genitive case, cuneiform and hieroglyphic Luwian differ sharply from each other. In cuneiform Luwian the possessive suffix
1237:
The following table provides a minimal consonant inventory, as can be reconstructed from the script. The existence of other consonants, which were not differentiated in writing, is possible.
632:
in southeastern
Anatolia, as well as a number of locations in central Anatolia. Beginning in the 14th century BC, Luwian-speakers came to constitute the majority in the Hittite capital
3484:
Die
Ausbreitung des Indogermanischen: Thesen aus Sprachwissenschaft, Archäologie und Genetik; Akten der Arbeitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Würzburg, 24–26 September 2009
4208:
3545:
3689:
827:). Therefore, none of the arguments in favour of the Luwian linguistic dominance in Western Asia Minor can be regarded as compelling, although the issue continues to be debated.
4620:
2654:. The reading of several syllabic signs was still faulty, however, and as a result it was not realised that the cuneiform and hieroglyphic texts recorded the same language.
5389:
3323:
Gander, Max. "Asia, Ionia, Maeonia und Luwiya? Bemerkungen zu den neuen
Toponymen aus Kom el-Hettan (Theben-West) mit Exkursen zu Westkleinasien in der Spätbronzezeit".
2171:
are declined as adjectives. All known forms of the personal pronouns are given, but it is not clear how their meanings differed or how they changed for different cases.
2710:
After the 1995 finding of a Luwian biconvex seal at Troy VII, there has been a heated discussion over the language that was spoken in
Homeric Troy. Frank Starke of the
604:", which in turn would have derived from the common word for "wheel" found in all other Indo-European families. The wheel was invented in the 5th millennium BC and, if
2791:
says, "If anyone steal a slave of a Luwian from the land of Luwia, and lead him here to the land of Hatti, and his master discover him, he shall take his slave only."
8031:
3817:
3741:
1234:
been distinguished by either voicing or gemination. The contrast was lost initially and finally, suggesting that any voicing only appeared intervocalically.
5464:
5208:
4008:
2597:
Another source of Luwian are the hieroglyphic seals which date from the 16th to the 7th centuries BC. Seals from the time of the
Hittite empire are often
4201:
1900:
for the plural are used. The special form of possessive adjectives with a plural possessor is restricted to Kizzuwatna Luwian and probably represents a
8063:
2036:. The case endings are similar those of Hittite, but not all cases are attested for personal pronouns. In the third person, the demonstrative pronoun
5264:
4613:
3386:
Matessi, A. "The Making of Hittite Imperial Landscapes: Territoriality and Balance of Power in South-Central Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age".
4825:
2428:
with temporal or conditional meaning are used to link clauses. There is no coordinating conjunction, but main clauses can be coordinated with the
1927:. It is, however, possible to account for the Luwian possessive construction as a result of case attraction in the Indo-European noun phrase.
9133:
5382:
4194:
3714:
3613:
3605:
3233:
4217:
2450:
The following example sentence demonstrates several common features of Luwian: a final verb, the particle chain headed by the conjunction
458:
The two varieties of Proto-Luwian or Luwian (in the narrow sense of these names) are known after the scripts in which they were written:
7139:
5451:
4955:
4606:
3697:
Yakubovich, I. (2023). "Cuneiform Luwian in the Hattuša Archives". In Giusfredi, Federico; Pisaniello, Valerio; Matessi, Alvise (eds.).
2435:, which is attached to the first word of the following clause. In narratives, clauses are linked by using the prosecutive conjunctions:
695:
detailed review of Mellaart's claims suggests that his ethnolinguistic conclusions cannot be substantiated on archaeological grounds.
8901:
8857:
4682:
2995:
Mouton, Alice and Yakubovich, Ilya. "Where did one speak luwili? Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts". In:
8887:
7996:
3810:
3420:
3377:
3099:
3071:
1225:; the lexical borrowings from Greek are limited to proper nouns, although common nouns borrowed in the opposite direction do exist.
1156:
7233:
4176:
1631:
and . In loans to Ugaritic, these sounds are transcribed with <ḫ> and <ġ>, while in Egyptian they are transcribed with
9119:
7836:
5375:
5346:
1628:
624:
Luwian was among the languages spoken during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC by groups in central and western Anatolia and northern
7559:
3758:
2642:. After a break in research due to the Second World War, there was breakthrough in 1947 with the discovery and publication of a
6820:
4001:
3726:
Simon, Zsolt, "Once Again on the Distribution of Cuneiform Luwian= ša/za", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 76.1, pp. 191-197, 2024
350:
3465:
1656:, since they were originally distinct signs for two different sounds, but in Luwian, both signs probably represented the same
9126:
7692:
7331:
5259:
5243:
4517:
3501:
3282:
Starke, Frank (1997). "Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend".
698:
Other arguments were advanced for the extensive Luwian presence in western Anatolia in the late second millennium BC. In the
674:, the earliest Indo-Europeans in northwest Anatolia were the horse-riders who came to this region from the north and founded
3786:
1748:: singular and plural. Some animate nouns could also take a collective plural in addition to the regular numerical plural.
823:, however, cannot be regarded as the direct descendant of Luwian and probably does not even belong to the Luwic group (see
7801:
7702:
7326:
6384:
5285:
2742:
9112:
9091:
6379:
6154:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5446:
5295:
5030:
4537:
3915:
3803:
979:
533:
214:
5765:
3768:
1596:, which could be short or long. Vowel length is not stable but changes with the stress and word position. For example,
8992:
8971:
7651:
7646:
7341:
7243:
5456:
5351:
5233:
5228:
5163:
1196:
3514:
Starke, Frank. 'Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend.
2947:
Although Yakubovich (2010) has argued that a chain of scribal error and revision led to this substitution, and that
9059:
7656:
7223:
5356:
4965:
4839:
3994:
1151:
553:
3763:
2666:
7309:
7031:
6584:
6171:
5830:
5040:
4855:
2711:
3223:
1627:
have often been interpreted as pharyngeal fricatives and . However, they may have instead been uvular and or
9240:
8809:
8795:
8100:
6683:
6486:
4995:
4637:
3942:
3659:
1664:
984:
835:
Luwian was split into many dialects, which were written in two different writing systems. One of these was the
360:
219:
8414:
6599:
3022:. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 64. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.005.
1919:, the possessive suffix was sometimes considered evidence of a shared non-Indo-European language or an Aegean
1645:
As both of these languages had pharyngeal consonants, the Luwian sounds are unlikely to have been pharyngeal.
670:
A number of scholars in the past attempted to argue for the Luwian homeland in western Anatolia. According to
643:. 1180 BC, the Hittite king and royal family were fully bilingual in Luwian. Long after the extinction of the
3587:
1892:
is used for the genitive plural. In hieroglyphic Luwian, as in Hittite, the classical Indo-European suffixes
9098:
8126:
6739:
6619:
6102:
6006:
5483:
5441:
5398:
5305:
5238:
5132:
4985:
4903:
4898:
3952:
3629:
Melchert, H. Craig; Yakubovich, Ilya (2022). "Binding and Smiting: One More Merism in Luvian Incantations".
2651:
1039:
917:
521:
425:
309:
294:
157:
6188:
7816:
7253:
6755:
6745:
6678:
5621:
5336:
5188:
4947:
2613:
After the decipherment of Hittite, Cuneiform Luwian was recognised as a separate, but related language by
2218:
Like many other Indo-European languages, Luwian distinguishes two numbers (singular and plural) and three
2174:
In addition to the forms given in the table, Luwian also had a demonstrative pronoun formed from the stem
2025:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1537:
1513:
1489:
1466:
1440:
1429:
1404:
1393:
1384:
1366:
1355:
1346:
1293:
1283:
2619:
9200:
9105:
8894:
8843:
8303:
8225:
7989:
7928:
7482:
7361:
7063:
6795:
6471:
5655:
5643:
5616:
5601:
5005:
4532:
3683:
3168:
3132:
2658:
2657:
In the 1970s, as a result of a fundamental revision of the readings of a large number of hieroglyphs by
2425:
1550:
1164:
242:
1191:
679:
5213:
474:). There is no consensus as to whether these were a single language or two closely related languages.
8964:
8715:
8392:
7888:
7791:
7543:
7507:
6912:
6835:
6416:
6245:
6228:
5905:
5544:
5223:
5183:
4662:
3778:
2917:
2662:
2417:, but they sometimes follow the antecedent. Dependent words and adjectives are normally before their
2414:
628:. The earliest Luwian texts in cuneiform transmission are attested in connection with the Kingdom of
99:
43:
6335:
6325:
5900:
2623:
39:
7687:
7409:
6932:
6315:
6305:
5954:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5638:
5310:
5218:
5193:
5000:
4975:
4562:
4453:
3855:
3826:
2788:
2735:
2643:
2575:
2406:
1476:
1416:
1146:
945:
936:
927:
922:
824:
768:
625:
483:
467:
421:
313:
279:
185:
176:
167:
162:
34:
5964:
5865:
3086:
Melchert, H. Craig (1996), "Anatolian Hieroglyphs", in Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.),
2763:
2631:
9245:
8950:
8927:
8561:
8450:
8440:
8332:
8275:
8261:
8218:
7923:
7806:
7641:
7533:
7492:
7446:
7441:
7336:
7318:
6986:
6917:
6882:
6830:
6663:
6643:
6636:
6631:
6389:
6320:
6042:
5420:
5300:
5269:
5168:
5015:
4932:
3921:
3738:"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"
3646:
3447:
2647:
2418:
2243:
2219:
2207:
1745:
1741:
1250:
1245:
8183:
775:
valley. In a number of recent publications, however, the geographic identity between Luwiya and
2601:, written in both cuneiform and hieroglyphics. However, the seals nearly always are limited to
1202:
1067:
Luwian (or Kizzuwatna Luwian) is the corpus of Luwian texts attested in the tablet archives of
608:
does derive from it, then the Anatolian branch left PIE after its invention (so validating the
9073:
9066:
9038:
8802:
8788:
8700:
8589:
8499:
8478:
8457:
8385:
8317:
8176:
8134:
8086:
7821:
7811:
7456:
7451:
7356:
7351:
7258:
7213:
7113:
7036:
7016:
7006:
6996:
6991:
6927:
6922:
6850:
6785:
6770:
6720:
6715:
6658:
6594:
6552:
6394:
6280:
6203:
5719:
5714:
5591:
5290:
5147:
5142:
5127:
5062:
4980:
4937:
4657:
4652:
4567:
4512:
4017:
3975:
3909:
3898:
3710:
3609:
3601:
3416:
3373:
3229:
3095:
3067:
2674:
2389:. It has a passive sense for transitive verbs and a stative sense for intransitive verbs. The
2247:
2021:
1787:
1335:
1255:
1222:
1218:
1089:
840:
609:
79:
3592:
Proceedings of the 19th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, November 3–4, 2007
1179:
9207:
9145:
9045:
8999:
8985:
8943:
8818:
8764:
8745:
8679:
8671:
8657:
8650:
8575:
8371:
8346:
8282:
8254:
8240:
8169:
8155:
8072:
8045:
7982:
7893:
7796:
7618:
7461:
7088:
7068:
7058:
7053:
6937:
6693:
6626:
6614:
6579:
6574:
6557:
6496:
6461:
6421:
6223:
6218:
6166:
6117:
6001:
5935:
5875:
5825:
5770:
5687:
5665:
5650:
5596:
5586:
5520:
5203:
5198:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5082:
5077:
5067:
4883:
4740:
4725:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4677:
4231:
3965:
3893:
3840:
3702:
3671:
3638:
3125:"The Proto-Anatolian consonant system: An argument in favor of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis?"
3011:
2756:
2627:
2583:
2372:
2223:
2179:
1905:
1752:
1708:
1265:
1214:
1187:
1168:
1076:
1072:
897:
847:
644:
510:
383:
298:
269:
134:
7866:
3660:"Where did one speak luwili? Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts"
779:
was rejected or doubted. In the post-Hittite era, the region of Arzawa came to be known as
675:
9031:
8723:
8664:
8610:
8603:
8582:
8568:
8552:
8530:
8485:
8378:
8353:
8325:
8310:
8233:
8211:
8204:
8162:
8122:
8093:
7781:
7751:
7574:
7497:
7263:
7193:
7103:
7098:
7083:
7046:
7026:
6962:
6952:
6942:
6907:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6775:
6760:
6730:
6725:
6609:
6604:
6451:
6441:
6431:
6295:
6260:
6255:
6235:
6129:
6087:
6027:
5910:
5880:
5790:
5750:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5626:
5606:
5554:
5537:
5525:
5137:
5112:
5087:
5035:
5025:
5020:
5010:
4990:
4960:
4912:
4908:
4878:
4423:
4353:
4334:
4166:
3970:
3960:
3903:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3850:
3790:
3453:
3408:, ed. R. D. Woodard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 46–55, esp. 46.
3181:
3145:
2968:
Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the geography Hawkins 1998.
2700:
2410:
2239:
2231:
1529:
1272:
1260:
940:
931:
909:
820:
788:
711:
541:
493:
428:
180:
171:
149:
59:
7228:
6411:
3337:
Hawkins, J. D. "Tarkasnawa King of Mira: 'Tarkendemos', Boğazköy Sealings, and Karabel",
7378:
3579:
2630:. An important advance came in 1985 with the reorganisation of the whole text-corpus by
9168:
9052:
8936:
8916:
8825:
8693:
8624:
8523:
8471:
8464:
8296:
8289:
8268:
8247:
8148:
8141:
7903:
7831:
7826:
7677:
7661:
7636:
7579:
7569:
7564:
7404:
7278:
7238:
7208:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7118:
7093:
7041:
6981:
6947:
6897:
6845:
6810:
6765:
6735:
6688:
6648:
6547:
6501:
6456:
6374:
6310:
6265:
6250:
6213:
6193:
6161:
6149:
6097:
6092:
6082:
6072:
6067:
5984:
5969:
5959:
5925:
5915:
5860:
5845:
5810:
5660:
5564:
5512:
5402:
5117:
4522:
4319:
4126:
3443:
3059:
2591:
2409:, but words can be moved to the front of the sentence for stress or to start a clause.
1880:
is inserted between the stem and the case ending. In hieroglyphic Luwian, the particle
1163:
Hieroglyphic Luwian is the corpus of Luwian texts written in a native script, known as
996:
764:
671:
637:
501:
231:
140:
91:
3249:
1055:
328:
74:
9234:
9175:
9024:
8957:
8880:
8850:
8708:
8686:
8617:
8513:
8492:
8339:
8197:
8115:
8108:
8079:
8038:
7953:
7943:
7938:
7913:
7908:
7841:
7725:
7419:
7078:
7021:
6673:
6446:
6330:
6285:
6240:
6208:
6057:
5994:
5974:
5947:
5920:
5850:
5835:
5820:
5775:
5532:
4917:
4765:
4672:
4587:
4485:
3650:
2251:
1032:
664:
287:
3015:
2679:
8631:
8596:
8537:
8024:
7786:
7682:
7595:
7487:
7388:
7198:
7011:
6976:
6957:
6892:
6887:
6780:
6668:
6542:
6466:
6406:
6275:
6270:
6181:
6176:
6112:
6052:
6032:
5989:
5979:
5930:
5815:
5795:
5785:
5633:
5611:
5569:
4922:
4735:
4667:
727:
703:
549:
452:
6840:
4469:
3642:
2008:. The forms are largely derived from the forms of the nominal declension, with an
1174:
The first report of a monumental inscription dates to 1850, when an inhabitant of
337:
3598:
Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion between Anatolia and the Aegean
3367:
3088:
9214:
8978:
8909:
8190:
7881:
7741:
7502:
7346:
7203:
7108:
6877:
6805:
6790:
6698:
6491:
6401:
6300:
6290:
6144:
6107:
6062:
6047:
6022:
5942:
5870:
5855:
5559:
5341:
5331:
5122:
5054:
4927:
4815:
4629:
4557:
4304:
4261:
4141:
4136:
4131:
3783:
2956:
2768:
2614:
2235:
1609:
1213:. Luwian hieroglyphic texts contain a limited number of lexical borrowings from
1175:
1102:
760:
699:
648:
600:"circle". It has been argued that this derives from a proto-Anatolian word for "
4186:
2751:
1209:. The largest known inscription was excavated in 1970 in Yalburt, northwest of
7871:
7846:
7414:
6857:
6347:
6342:
6198:
6139:
5780:
4873:
4868:
4461:
4408:
4348:
4343:
4289:
4279:
4246:
4106:
4031:
3773:
3706:
2719:
2443:, can be an independent conjunction at the start of a clause and the enclitic
2421:
word. Enclitic particles are often attached to the first word or conjunction.
2390:
2382:
2227:
1920:
1916:
1778:
1759:
1093:
1085:
660:
629:
529:
520:
As Luwian has numerous archaisms, it is regarded as important to the study of
506:
3675:
3594:, ed. K. Jones-Bley et al., Washington: Institute for the Study of Man, 2008.
1798:
The vocative case occurs rarely in surviving texts and only in the singular.
9182:
9161:
9154:
7948:
7933:
7770:
7517:
7466:
7433:
7268:
7159:
6708:
6436:
6352:
6077:
5178:
4863:
4750:
4687:
4542:
4156:
4071:
3558:
Troy and the Trojan War. A Symposium held at Bryn Mawr College, October 1984
3487:
3334:, M. Weeden and L. Z. Ullmann (eds.). Leiden: Brill, 2017. pp. 262–280.
2598:
2579:
2255:
1064:
1048:
1016:
1003:
843:
321:
255:
238:
7876:
5367:
3000:
532:
Aegean. These archaisms are often regarded as supporting the view that the
3748:
2938:
See, e.g., Bryce in Melchert 2003:29–31; Singer 2005:435; Hawkins 2009:74.
1023:
274:
264:
7918:
7898:
7861:
7856:
7736:
7697:
7538:
7297:
7182:
7073:
6815:
6703:
6653:
6524:
6037:
5840:
5800:
5581:
5574:
5425:
5315:
4970:
4893:
4888:
4795:
4780:
4775:
4730:
4527:
4368:
4294:
4271:
4266:
4256:
4081:
4056:
4046:
4041:
3446:(1929–1985): Papers from the Fourth East Coast Indo-European Conference,
2602:
2429:
1792:
1783:
1773:
1764:
1110:
880:
772:
719:
432:
368:
356:
109:
3737:
2565:"And I came over glorified from those lands." (Karkamiš A11b+c, line 14)
8005:
7512:
7383:
7273:
7248:
7134:
6971:
6825:
6800:
6569:
6476:
6124:
5738:
5549:
5072:
4800:
4790:
4755:
4745:
4552:
4547:
4491:
4481:
4473:
4418:
4413:
4382:
4358:
4339:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4283:
4251:
4151:
4146:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4036:
3699:
Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World
2459:
1097:
1068:
890:
687:
683:
633:
448:
364:
127:
4598:
3795:
3482:
Rieken, Elisabeth. "Luwier, Lykier, Lyder—alle vom selben Stamm?", in
3401:, eds. B. J. Collins et al. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2008, pp. 153–7.
3272:
Watkins 1994; Watkins 1995:144–51; Melchert 2003, pp. 265–70 with ref.
9006:
6750:
6562:
6481:
6426:
6134:
5805:
4820:
4770:
4692:
4496:
4477:
4465:
4448:
4428:
4398:
4373:
4241:
4236:
3845:
3457:
2952:
2670:
1924:
1901:
1769:
1601:
1206:
1183:
1100:
scribes of the 14th–13th centuries BC and is mainly attested through
776:
747:
736:
726:
was recently shown to be non-existent. In a corrupt late copy of the
545:
514:
497:
489:
113:
95:
3986:
3752:
2898:
2883:
2574:
The known Luwian vocabulary consists mostly of words inherited from
2439:
before the first word of the following clause means 'and then', and
3160:
3124:
2586:, and were often subsequently passed on through Luwian to Hittite.
7373:
7368:
7218:
7001:
6902:
6589:
5500:
5173:
4810:
4805:
4785:
4457:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4403:
4363:
4329:
4324:
4275:
4161:
3865:
3537:
3526:
2715:
1581:
1210:
1150:
780:
656:
652:
601:
117:
2553:
2530:
7851:
7746:
4760:
4377:
3534:
Untersuchungen zur Stammbildung des keilschrift-luwischen Nomens
3477:
Zur grammatikalischen und lexikalischen Bestimmung des Luvischen
2704:
2699:
Luwian has been deduced as one of the likely candidates for the
2582:
for various technical and religious concepts derive mainly from
742:
691:
596:, which means "make the rounds of" and is probably derived from
7978:
7768:
7723:
7616:
7295:
7180:
6522:
5736:
5498:
5481:
5371:
4602:
4190:
3990:
3799:
2638:
it was believed to be a form of Hittite, it was referred to as
2519:
2515:
2504:
2500:
2549:
18:
3020:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
2977:
Hawkins 2013, p. 5, Gander 2017, p. 263, Matessi 2017, fn. 35
706:, some, if not all, of the Luwian-speaking areas were called
392:
2210:
whose meanings are not entirely clear are also transmitted.
420:, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the
3399:
Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbours
3344:
Hawkins, J. D. "The Arzawa letters in recent perspective",
3064:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
2490:
1186:
found another inscription built into the south wall of the
1092:
Luwian, and Empire Luwian. The last dialect represents the
401:
398:
2254:, which is used to express future events as well, and the
367:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
58:
For the Sal languages spoken in Burma and Bangladesh, see
2562:
and=QUOT DEM-ABL land-ABL.PL glorified-NOM over come-1.SG
2012:
before the case ending that would be expected for nouns.
3225:
Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with Original Texts
1915:
place names and words scattered around all sides of the
592:(probably ). Luwian has also been enlisted for its verb
3546:
How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics
2900:
James Mellaart and the Luwians: A Culture-(Pre)history
2885:
James Mellaart and the Luwians: A Culture-(Pre)history
2805:
Morphosyntax of the Noun Phrase in Hieroglyphic Luwian
3556:, ed. L. Oliver et al., vol. 2. 700–717. Innsbruck. =
2740:
636:. It appears that by the time of the collapse of the
528:) in general, the other Anatolian languages, and the
404:
395:
3701:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 284–312.
3563:
Widmer, P. 2006. 'Mykenisch ru-wa-ni-jo, "Luwier".'
3369:
Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery
3351:
Hawkins, J. D. "A New Look at the Luwian Language".
582:
570:
558:
389:
16:
Ancient Indo-European language of the Hittite Empire
9192:
9143:
9083:
9016:
8926:
8872:
8835:
8775:
8756:
8737:
8642:
8548:
8509:
8436:
8363:
8062:
8055:
8016:
7670:
7629:
7588:
7552:
7526:
7475:
7432:
7397:
7317:
7308:
7127:
6535:
6367:
6015:
5758:
5749:
5434:
5413:
5324:
5278:
5252:
5156:
5053:
4946:
4854:
4847:
4718:
4645:
4636:
4505:
4391:
4224:
4024:
3951:
3935:
3864:
3833:
3779:
Genitive Case and Possessive Adjective in Anatolian
3552:Watkins, C.1994. 'The Language of the Trojans.' In
3031:
Luwian cuneiform texts are collected in Starke 1985
1663:A noteworthy phonological development in Luwian is
1046:
1030:
1014:
1009:
993:
972:
906:
896:
886:
876:
864:
386:
319:
304:
285:
253:
248:
228:
207:
146:
133:
123:
105:
87:
67:
3774:Catalog of Hittite Texts: texts in other languages
3087:
2167:Possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in
3688:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3346:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan
2687:was shown to be being used to indicate the sound
686:c. 3000 BC. They were allegedly ancestors of the
663:, as well as in the central Anatolian kingdom of
488:Several other Anatolian languages – particularly
3094:, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2477:𔗷𔗬𔑈𔓯𔐤𔗷𔖶𔔆𔗐𔓱𔑣𔓢𔑈𔓷𔖻𔗔𔑏𔖱𔗷𔖶𔑦𔗬𔓯𔓷
2024:typical of Anatolian languages, Luwian also has
3440:Melchert, H. Craig. "PIE velars in Luvian", in
2677:using the hieroglyphic Luwian script. The sign
2371:The conjugation is very similar to the Hittite
2206:(nominative/accusative plural inanimate). Some
451:lived. Luwiya is attested, for example, in the
3161:"Der phonetische Wert der luwischen Laryngale"
3062:(2004), "Luvian", in Woodard, Roger D. (ed.),
2559:a=wa api-n wattaniy-ati pihammi-s sarra awi-ha
1744:: animate and inanimate/neuter. There are two
1703:in word final position can be dropped, and an
7990:
5383:
4614:
4202:
4002:
3811:
3759:Arzawa, to the west, throws light on Hittites
3749:Luwian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
3511:62:430–51. (Review article of Melchert 2003).
2912:P. Widmer, "Mykenisch ru-wa-ni-jo 'Luwier'",
2846:Melchert, p.c., reported in Rieken 2012, p. 5
8:
3523:Die keilschrift-luwischen Texte in Umschrift
3507:Singer, I. 2005. 'On Luwians and Hittites.'
3460:: Walter de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 182–204.
5209:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
8360:
8059:
7997:
7983:
7975:
7765:
7720:
7626:
7613:
7314:
7305:
7292:
7177:
6532:
6519:
5755:
5746:
5733:
5495:
5491:
5478:
5410:
5390:
5376:
5368:
4851:
4642:
4621:
4607:
4599:
4209:
4195:
4187:
4009:
3995:
3987:
3861:
3818:
3804:
3796:
3588:The Origin of Luwian Possessive Adjectives
2955:, but was further east in the area of the
2242:has been attested, but the existence of a
2178:, but not all cases are known, and also a
1619:The characters that are transliterated as
861:
336:
73:
64:
3066:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2447:indicates contrast or a change of theme.
722:, refers to the same area. but the stem *
620:Geographic and chronological distribution
3658:Mouton, Alice; Yakubovich, Ilya (2021).
3631:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3316:Beekes, R. S. P. "Luwians and Lydians",
3001:https://doi.org/10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208
2816:
2799:
2797:
2260:
2194:(nominative/accusative plural animate),
2042:
2040:occurs instead of the personal pronoun.
1934:
1800:
1239:
447:) – the name of the region in which the
3784:Melchert's homepage on the UCLA website
3580:Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language
3388:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
2920:: Word study tool of ancient languages,
2780:
2747:
2465:adding directionality to the main verb
1648:In transcriptions of Luwian cuneiform,
667:that flourished in the 8th century BC.
647:, Luwian continued to be spoken in the
361:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3742:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
3681:
3495:Beiträge zur Erforschung des Luvischen
3300:
3177:
3166:
3141:
3130:
2722:, is connected to the Luwian compound
1923:preceding the arrivals of Luwians and
1888:is used for the genitive singular and
1167:. Once thought to be a variety of the
612:as applicable to Anatolian). However,
9134:American Printing House for the Blind
8910:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
8562:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
2999:, vol. 19, no. 1-2, 2021, pp. 25–53.
2045:
2004:, but endings can also begin with an
1182:. In 1870, antiquarian travellers in
459:
7:
3486:, ed. H. Hettrich & S. Ziegler.
3437:. Chapel Hill: self-published, 1993.
2986:Beekes 2003; cf. Melchert 2008b:154.
1652:is traditionally distinguished from
811:-, with regular Lydian sound change
710:. Widmer (2007) has argued that the
3560:, ed. M. Mellink, 45–62. Bryn Mawr.
3406:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor
3372:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3330:Gander, Max "The West: Philology".
342:Distribution of the Luwian language
3769:Hieroglyphic Luwian Phonetic Signs
2718:, king of Troy at the time of the
2683:, which had hitherto been read as
2198:(ablative/instrumental singular),
14:
3504:. Leiden / New-York: Brill, 2021.
3404:Melchert, H. Craig. 'Lycian', in
1157:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
5347:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
4838:
4581:
4175:
3664:Journal of Language Relationship
3497:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1952.
3479:. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1953.
2997:Journal of Language Relationship
2762:
2750:
2678:
2182:, which was declined regularly:
1968:Nominative/accusative inanimate
1834:Nominative/accusative inanimate
771:kingdom with its core being the
382:
23:
3574:. Amsterdam: Najade Pres, 1992.
3572:The Language of the Sea Peoples
3502:Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation
3397:as a loanword from Lydian", in
3332:Hittite Landscape and Geography
2190:(accusative singular animate),
2186:(nominative singular animate),
1201:discovered an inscription near
1109:Compared to cuneiform Hittite,
795:has been derived from the name
5463:Languages by writing system /
4904:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
4899:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
3428:Anatolian Historical Phonology
3254:www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de
2714:demonstrated that the name of
2385:can be formed with the suffix
1896:for the genitive singular and
846:that had been adapted for the
1:
8902:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
8858:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5286:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
4683:Tigris–Euphrates river system
3643:10.7817/jaos.142.2.2022.ar018
3360:Catalogue des textes hittites
2959:; see Yakubovich 2010:107–17.
2807:, Leiden, Brill NV, pp. 9–10.
1911:Because of the prevalence of
1727:are phonetically identical).
1071:; it is essentially the same
540:) had three distinct sets of
9113:National Braille Association
9092:Braille Institute of America
8810:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
4218:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
3228:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
2897:Christoph Bachhuber (2013),
2882:Christoph Bachhuber (2013),
2028:, the which are formed from
534:Proto-Indo-European language
8993:Refreshable braille display
8972:Optical braille recognition
8569:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8101:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
7244:New Epoch Notation Painting
5352:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
5234:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
5229:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
3466:"The Position of Anatolian"
3464:Melchert, H. Craig (2012).
3362:. Paris: Klincksieck, 1971.
3113:Yakubovich 2010, pp. 140–57
3090:The World's Writing Systems
2916:45 (2007), 82–84, cited on
32:It has been suggested that
9262:
9060:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
5357:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3430:. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994.
3393:Melchert H. Craig. "Greek
3203:Yakubovich 2010, pp. 45–53
3049:Yakubovich 2010, pp. 68–73
2590:BC, after the fall of the
2246:is assumed. There are two
2202:(dative/locative plural),
1876:In the animate gender, an
1190:. In 1884, Polish scholar
1144:
787:, Greek Λυδία), where the
583:
571:
559:
481:
57:
49:Proposed since April 2024.
8796:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
7974:
7777:
7764:
7732:
7719:
7625:
7612:
7310:Chinese family of scripts
7304:
7291:
7189:
7176:
6531:
6518:
6380:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
5745:
5732:
5507:
5494:
5490:
5477:
5465:by first written accounts
5409:
4836:
4576:
4173:
3707:10.1163/9789004548633_012
2951:was not coterminous with
2873:Melchert 2003, pp. 147–51
2338:
2307:
2276:
2263:
2134:
2103:
2072:
2047:
1992:
1954:
1869:
1820:
1707:may be added between two
1549:
1528:
1475:
1464:
1438:
1415:
1334:
1271:
1242:
1081:Catalog of Hittite Texts,
869:
347:
335:
72:
8783:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8046:Unicode braille patterns
8032:International uniformity
6487:Thomas Natural Shorthand
3676:10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208
3435:Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon
3411:Melchert, H. Craig, ed.
3366:Latacz, Joachim (2004).
2413:are normally before the
2405:The usual word order is
1608:('underneath') but as a
1106:words in Hittite texts.
1073:cuneiform writing system
751:), the Seha River Land (
9120:Blindness organizations
9099:Braille Without Borders
8888:Canadian currency marks
8510:Egyptian lineage family
7693:Southwest Paleohispanic
3415:. Boston: Brill, 2003.
2652:Helmuth Theodor Bossert
2454:, the quotative clitic
1178:reported the relief at
839:which used the form of
522:Indo-European languages
507:tree-naming conventions
8437:Russian lineage family
7837:Great Lakes Algonquian
6746:Greco-Iberian alphabet
6679:Gabelsberger shorthand
5622:Inscriptional Parthian
5189:Babylonian mathematics
3678:(inactive 2024-09-12).
3549:. New York and Oxford.
3509:Bibliotheca Orientalis
3493:Rosenkranz, Bernhard.
3222:Payne, Annick (2010).
3176:Cite journal requires
3140:Cite journal requires
3040:Laroche 1971, pp. 35–9
2712:University of Tübingen
2026:demonstrative pronouns
1990:Ablative/instrumental
1867:Ablative/instrumental
1160:
730:the geographical term
412:), sometimes known as
349:This article contains
9201:Accessible publishing
9127:Schools for the blind
9106:Japan Braille Library
8895:Computer Braille Code
8549:Indian lineage family
7929:Old Persian cuneiform
6796:Carolingian minuscule
5602:Ancient North Arabian
3753:Swadesh list appendix
3583:. Leiden: Brill, 2010
3442:Studies in memory of
3327:97/2 (2015): 443–502.
2787:Law number 21 of the
2673:pots, written in the
2646:-Hieroglyphic Luwian
1580:There are only three
1165:Anatolian hieroglyphs
1154:
1117:"he goes" is written
791:was in use. The name
243:Anatolian hieroglyphs
8965:Mountbatten Brailler
8320:(largely reassigned)
8103:(largely reassigned)
7652:Southeastern Iberian
7647:Northeastern Iberian
5545:Egyptian hieroglyphs
5184:Babylonian astronomy
4663:Mesopotamian Marshes
3433:Melchert, H. Craig.
3426:Melchert, H. Craig.
3194:Melchert 2003 p. 171
2837:Melchert 1993, p. 99
2663:Anna Morpurgo Davies
2640:Hieroglyphic Hittite
2570:Vocabulary and texts
2051:Possessive pronouns
1687:('he gets') becomes
1616:('under the feet').
1155:Stele of Sultanhan,
556:. For Melchert, PIE
100:Neo-Hittite kingdoms
42:into this article. (
8917:Nemeth braille code
8703:(reassigned vowels)
8228:(extended to 8-dot)
7802:Canadian Aboriginal
7688:Khitan small script
7410:Khitan large script
6600:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
5265:Destruction by ISIL
5219:Sumerian literature
5194:Akkadian literature
4630:Ancient Mesopotamia
3827:Anatolian languages
3764:Alekseev Manuscript
3751:(from Wiktionary's
3586:Yakubovich, Ilya. "
3500:Sasseville, David.
3358:Laroche, Emmanuel.
3123:Kloekhorst, Alwin.
2864:Yakubovich 2010:307
2789:Code of the Nesilim
2736:Pre-Greek substrate
2620:Bernhard Rosenkranz
2609:History of research
2576:Proto-Indo-European
2407:subject-object-verb
2208:indefinite pronouns
2144:-as, -ata, -an, -du
1960:Accusative animate
1949:Nominative animate
1826:Accusative animate
1815:Nominative animate
1746:grammatical numbers
1742:grammatical genders
1600:occurs alone as an
1147:Hieroglyphic Luwian
1141:Hieroglyphic Luwian
980:Proto-Indo-European
852:Hieroglyphic Luwian
831:Script and dialects
825:Anatolian languages
484:Anatolian languages
468:Hieroglyphic Luwian
314:Hieroglyphic Luwian
280:Hieroglyphic Luwian
215:Proto-Indo-European
35:Hieroglyphic Luwian
8951:Braille translator
8928:Braille technology
8904:(science; GS8/GS6)
8873:Symbols in braille
8803:Taiwanese Mandarin
8318:Taiwanese Mandarin
7924:Nwagu Aneke script
7476:Other logosyllabic
7398:Chinese-influenced
7337:Oracle bone script
7319:Chinese characters
7254:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
6644:Eclectic shorthand
6632:Duployan shorthand
6585:Caucasian Albanian
6385:Canadian syllabics
5421:History of writing
5301:Mesopotamian myths
3789:2019-09-05 at the
3577:Yakubovich, Ilya.
3570:Woudhuizen, Fred.
3543:Watkins, C. 1995.
3448:Cornell University
3355:52/1 (2013): 1–18.
3060:Melchert, H. Craig
2803:Anna Bauer, 2014,
2659:John David Hawkins
2238:. Only the active
2048:Personal pronouns
1699:. Additionally, a
1493:⟨zz⟩
1444:⟨ḫḫ⟩
1433:⟨šš⟩
1370:⟨kk⟩
1359:⟨tt⟩
1350:⟨pp⟩
1298:⟨nn⟩
1288:⟨mm⟩
1161:
759:, i.e., the Greek
680:Eskişehir Province
435:Luwian comes from
9228:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9146:tactile alphabets
9074:William Bell Wait
9067:Sabriye Tenberken
8868:
8867:
8733:
8732:
8718:(Japanese vowels)
8516:-mediated scripts
8443:-mediated scripts
7970:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7822:Ditema tsa Dinoko
7760:
7759:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7428:
7427:
7287:
7286:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6363:
6362:
5728:
5727:
5715:Teeline Shorthand
5473:
5472:
5365:
5364:
5316:Ziggurat (Temple)
5291:Sumerian religion
5049:
5048:
4996:Middle Babylonian
4938:Kish civilization
4834:
4833:
4658:Lower Mesopotamia
4653:Upper Mesopotamia
4596:
4595:
4588:Turkey portal
4184:
4183:
4018:Anatolian peoples
3984:
3983:
3976:Phrygian alphabet
3931:
3930:
3716:978-90-04-54863-3
3614:978-90-04-25341-4
3606:978-90-04-25279-0
3554:Selected Writings
3490:: Reichert, 2012.
3475:Otten, Heinrich.
3348:14 (2009): 73–83.
3339:Anatolian Studies
3250:"EDIANA - Corpus"
3235:978-3-447-06109-4
3012:Kloekhorst, Alwin
2695:Trojan hypothesis
2675:Urartian language
2369:
2368:
2165:
2164:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2022:personal pronouns
1997:
1996:
1874:
1873:
1719:('you all eat') (
1709:dental consonants
1667:; in some cases,
1578:
1577:
1517:⟨z⟩
1507:
1483:
1470:⟨ḫ⟩
1459:⟨š⟩
1452:
1423:
1408:⟨k⟩
1397:⟨t⟩
1388:⟨p⟩
1380:
1342:
1323:⟨n⟩
1317:⟨m⟩
1312:
1279:
1223:Northwest Semitic
1192:Marian Sokołowski
1062:
1061:
767:valley), and the
734:is replaced with
610:Kurgan hypothesis
375:
374:
357:rendering support
353:phonetic symbols.
80:Luwian hieroglyph
56:
55:
51:
9253:
9217:
9210:
9208:Braille literacy
9203:
9185:
9178:
9171:
9164:
9157:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9048:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9009:
9002:
9000:Slate and stylus
8995:
8988:
8986:Perkins Brailler
8981:
8974:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8946:
8944:Braille embosser
8939:
8919:
8912:
8905:
8897:
8890:
8883:
8861:
8853:
8846:
8828:
8821:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8791:
8784:
8768:
8765:American Braille
8749:
8746:Algerian Braille
8726:
8719:
8711:
8704:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8675:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8635:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8599:
8592:
8585:
8578:
8571:
8564:
8541:
8533:
8526:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8361:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8335:
8328:
8321:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8179:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8060:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8010:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7976:
7766:
7721:
7627:
7619:Semi-syllabaries
7614:
7315:
7306:
7293:
7178:
6533:
6520:
6422:Japanese Braille
6007:Zanabazar square
5876:Nepalese scripts
5766:Bengali–Assamese
5756:
5747:
5734:
5651:Pitman shorthand
5496:
5492:
5479:
5411:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5214:Sumerian cuisine
5204:Warfare in Sumer
5199:Economy of Sumer
4852:
4842:
4726:Fertile Crescent
4710:Sinjar Mountains
4705:Hamrin Mountains
4700:Zagros Mountains
4678:Taurus Mountains
4643:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4600:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3988:
3966:Carian alphabets
3862:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3745:
3720:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3654:
3472:
3470:
3450:, June 6–9, 1985
3383:
3341:48 (1998): 1–31.
3320:42 (2003): 47–9.
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3009:
3003:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2929:Gander 2015: 474
2927:
2921:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2792:
2785:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2682:
2628:Emmanuel Laroche
2555:
2551:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2411:Relative clauses
2261:
2222:. There are two
2180:relative pronoun
2066:
2061:
2056:
2043:
1979:Dative/locative
1935:
1856:Dative/locative
1801:
1695:('die') becomes
1683:. For example, *
1641:
1634:
1629:velar fricatives
1570:
1564:
1558:
1539:
1518:
1515:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1421:
1409:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1340:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1240:
1200:
1188:Al-Qaiqan Mosque
1169:Hittite language
1129:"in" is written
1058:
1042:
1026:
1019:
999:
954:Cuneiform Luwian
912:
865:Cuneiform Luwian
862:
858:Cuneiform Luwian
850:. The other was
848:Hittite language
837:Cuneiform Luwian
645:Hittite language
586:
585:
574:
573:
562:
561:
542:velar consonants
460:Cuneiform Luwian
422:Anatolian branch
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
340:
331:
312:
299:Cuneiform Luwian
297:
277:
270:Cuneiform Luwian
267:
258:
234:
152:
77:
65:
47:
27:
26:
19:
9261:
9260:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9241:Luwian language
9231:
9230:
9229:
9220:
9213:
9206:
9199:
9188:
9181:
9174:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9139:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9090:
9079:
9072:
9065:
9058:
9051:
9044:
9037:
9032:Charles Barbier
9030:
9023:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8984:
8977:
8970:
8963:
8956:
8949:
8942:
8935:
8922:
8915:
8908:
8900:
8893:
8886:
8879:
8864:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8831:
8824:
8817:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8782:
8771:
8763:
8757:Frequency-based
8752:
8744:
8729:
8722:
8714:
8707:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8678:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8638:
8630:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8602:
8595:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8567:
8560:
8553:Bharati Braille
8550:
8544:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8511:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8438:
8432:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8316:
8309:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8189:
8182:
8175:
8168:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8133:
8127:Unified English
8121:
8114:
8107:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8056:Braille scripts
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7958:
7773:
7756:
7752:Stokoe notation
7728:
7707:
7666:
7621:
7600:
7584:
7548:
7527:Logoconsonantal
7522:
7471:
7424:
7393:
7300:
7283:
7264:Siglas poveiras
7185:
7164:
7123:
7027:Younger Futhark
6731:Gregg shorthand
6527:
6506:
6359:
6011:
5741:
5724:
5503:
5486:
5469:
5442:Writing systems
5430:
5405:
5403:writing systems
5396:
5366:
5361:
5320:
5274:
5248:
5157:Culture/society
5152:
5045:
5041:Muslim conquest
5011:Fall of Babylon
4942:
4843:
4830:
4714:
4632:
4627:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4572:
4501:
4387:
4220:
4215:
4185:
4180:
4171:
4020:
4015:
3985:
3980:
3971:Lycian alphabet
3961:Lydian alphabet
3947:
3943:Proto-Anatolian
3936:Reconstructions
3927:
3860:
3829:
3824:
3791:Wayback Machine
3736:
3733:
3723:
3717:
3696:
3680:
3657:
3628:
3624:
3622:Further reading
3619:
3600:. Brill, 2013.
3532:Starke, Frank.
3521:Starke, Frank.
3468:
3463:
3380:
3365:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3212:Yakubovich 2008
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3175:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3139:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3010:
3006:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2896:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2741:
2732:
2701:language spoken
2697:
2611:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2542:
2534:
2523:
2508:
2494:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2403:
2345:-ti(r), -i, -ia
2216:
2020:In addition to
2018:
1933:
1751:Luwian had six
1740:There were two
1738:
1733:
1639:
1632:
1516:
1492:
1469:
1458:
1443:
1432:
1407:
1396:
1387:
1369:
1358:
1349:
1322:
1316:
1297:
1287:
1231:
1194:
1149:
1143:
1079:. In Laroche's
1054:
1038:
1035:
1022:
1015:
1000:
995:
989:
985:Proto-Anatolian
975:
968:
913:
910:Language family
908:
860:
833:
821:Lydian language
789:Lydian language
702:version of the
622:
486:
480:
429:language family
385:
381:
355:Without proper
343:
327:
308:
293:
290:
273:
272:
263:
262:
254:
241:
235:
230:
224:
220:Proto-Anatolian
210:
203:
153:
150:Language family
148:
83:
63:
60:Luish languages
52:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9259:
9257:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9233:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9196:
9194:
9193:Related topics
9190:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9179:
9172:
9169:New York Point
9165:
9158:
9150:
9148:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9130:
9123:
9116:
9109:
9102:
9095:
9087:
9085:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9070:
9063:
9056:
9053:Harris Mowbray
9049:
9042:
9035:
9028:
9020:
9018:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8937:Braille e-book
8932:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8913:
8906:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8854:
8847:
8839:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8822:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8779:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8750:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8727:
8720:
8712:
8705:
8697:
8690:
8683:
8676:
8668:
8661:
8654:
8646:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8636:
8628:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8557:
8555:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8534:
8527:
8519:
8517:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8446:
8444:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8389:
8382:
8375:
8367:
8365:
8358:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8138:
8131:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8066:
8064:French-ordered
8057:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7994:
7987:
7979:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7904:Linear Elamite
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7726:Sign languages
7724:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7703:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7678:Espanca script
7674:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7637:Linear Elamite
7633:
7631:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7518:Yi (Classical)
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7344:
7342:Bronze scripts
7339:
7334:
7329:
7323:
7321:
7312:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7155:Flag semaphore
7152:
7150:New York Point
7147:
7145:Telegraph code
7142:
7140:Maritime flags
7137:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7094:Visible Speech
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7064:Sorang Sompeng
7061:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6948:Galik alphabet
6945:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6846:Tironian notes
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6691:
6689:Garay alphabet
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6472:Sorang Sompeng
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:Déné syllabics
6392:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5753:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5656:Proto-Sinaitic
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5407:
5406:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5337:Assyriologists
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5244:List of rulers
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5133:Proto-Armenian
5130:
5125:
5120:
5118:Middle Persian
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:Neo-Babylonian
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4986:Old Babylonian
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:Early Dynastic
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4272:Hurrian States
4269:
4267:Hittite Empire
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Palaic peoples
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3746:
3732:
3731:External links
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3694:
3670:(1–2): 25–53.
3655:
3637:(2): 371–386.
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3595:
3584:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3550:
3541:
3530:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3480:
3473:
3461:
3444:Warren Cowgill
3438:
3431:
3424:
3409:
3402:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3274:
3265:
3241:
3234:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:|journal=
3159:Simon, Zsolt.
3151:
3142:|journal=
3115:
3106:
3100:
3078:
3072:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3004:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2905:
2890:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2855:Melchert 2003.
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2809:
2793:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2696:
2693:
2667:Günter Neumann
2648:bilingual text
2624:Heinrich Otten
2610:
2607:
2592:Hittite empire
2571:
2568:
2543:
2535:
2524:
2509:
2495:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2402:
2399:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2215:
2212:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2017:
2014:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1767:
1762:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1145:Main article:
1142:
1139:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1010:Language codes
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:Writing system
994:
991:
990:
988:
987:
978:
976:
973:
970:
969:
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
962:
961:
960:
959:
958:
957:
956:
916:
914:
907:
904:
903:
900:
894:
893:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
873:
867:
866:
859:
856:
841:Old Babylonian
832:
829:
718:, attested in
690:who inhabited
672:James Mellaart
638:Hittite Empire
621:
618:
594:kalut(t)i(ya)-
502:Craig Melchert
482:Main article:
479:
478:Classification
476:
439:(also spelled
373:
372:
359:, you may see
345:
344:
341:
333:
332:
325:
317:
316:
306:
302:
301:
291:
286:
283:
282:
259:
251:
250:
249:Language codes
246:
245:
236:
232:Writing system
229:
226:
225:
223:
222:
213:
211:
208:
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
156:
154:
147:
144:
143:
137:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
107:
103:
102:
92:Hittite Empire
89:
88:Native to
85:
84:
78:
70:
69:
54:
53:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9258:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9216:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9198:
9197:
9195:
9191:
9184:
9180:
9177:
9176:Night writing
9173:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9159:
9156:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9142:
9135:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9117:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9084:Organisations
9082:
9075:
9071:
9068:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9050:
9047:
9046:Valentin Haüy
9043:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9025:Louis Braille
9022:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8959:
8958:Braille watch
8955:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8941:
8938:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8881:Braille music
8878:
8877:
8875:
8871:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8844:Luxembourgish
8841:
8840:
8838:
8834:
8827:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8695:
8691:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:Other scripts
8641:
8633:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8508:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8469:
8466:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8435:
8424:
8419:
8416:
8415:Northern Sámi
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8390:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8376:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:Nordic family
8362:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8304:South African
8301:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8226:Luxembourgish
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8039:ASCII braille
8036:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8007:
8000:
7995:
7993:
7988:
7986:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7615:
7611:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7570:Attic (Greek)
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7508:Proto-Elamite
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7022:Elder Futhark
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:Old Hungarian
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6447:Masaram Gondi
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Gunjala Gondi
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6229:Old Sundanese
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6172:Old Maldivian
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6155:Bilang-bilang
6153:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Sylheti Nagri
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5776:Brahmi script
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5671:South Arabian
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Inscriptional
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Syrian Desert
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Armenia Minor
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:Classical Age
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Assuwa League
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4178:
4168:
4167:West Pontians
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Paphlagonians
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:Studia Troica
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:90-04-13009-8
3418:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3390:, AoP (2017).
3389:
3385:
3381:
3379:9780199263080
3375:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3303:, p. 116
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3284:Studia Troica
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3101:0-19-507993-0
3097:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3073:0-521-56256-2
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:Palaeolexicon
2915:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2828:Melchert 1987
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:Melchert 2012
2813:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:-anzi, -inzi
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1614:annān pātanza
1612:, it becomes
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:, in western
1204:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:Linguist List
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
992:
986:
983:
982:
981:
977:
971:
955:
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
944:
943:
942:
938:
935:
934:
933:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:Indo-European
915:
911:
905:
902:around 600 BC
901:
899:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
863:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Mira-Kuwaliya
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
744:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
575:
568:(probably );
567:
563:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
485:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
426:Indo-European
423:
419:
415:
409:
379:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
346:
339:
334:
330:
326:
324:
323:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
289:
288:Linguist List
284:
281:
278: –
276:
271:
268: –
266:
260:
257:
252:
247:
244:
240:
237:
233:
227:
221:
218:
217:
216:
212:
206:
192:
189:
188:
187:
184:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:Indo-European
155:
151:
145:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
30:
21:
20:
8716:Thai and Lao
8393:Scandinavian
8025:1829 braille
8017:Braille cell
7817:Cypro-Minoan
7683:Pahawh Hmong
7596:Sitelen Pona
7560:Hindu-Arabic
6893:Mundari Bani
6467:Pahawh Hmong
6276:Tamil-Brahmi
6182:Eveyla Akuru
6177:Dhives Akuru
5644:Paleo-Hebrew
5511:
5447:undeciphered
5239:Royal titles
5164:Architecture
5107:
5001:Neo-Assyrian
4848:(Pre)history
4668:Persian Gulf
4454:Neo-Hittites
4032:Cappadocians
3873:
3698:
3684:cite journal
3667:
3663:
3634:
3630:
3597:
3591:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3533:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3494:
3483:
3476:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3368:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3268:
3257:. Retrieved
3253:
3244:
3224:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3169:cite journal
3154:
3133:cite journal
3118:
3109:
3089:
3081:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3007:
2996:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2948:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2819:, p. 14
2812:
2804:
2783:
2723:
2709:
2698:
2688:
2684:
2656:
2639:
2636:
2632:Frank Starke
2612:
2596:
2588:
2573:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2513:
2511:wattaniy-ati
2510:
2499:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:conjunctions
2423:
2404:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2244:mediopassive
2217:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2158:-ata, -manza
2037:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1912:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1859:-i, -iya, -a
1797:
1788:instrumental
1750:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1236:
1232:
1173:
1162:
1134:
1133:rather than
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:rather than
1118:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1080:
1063:
1047:
953:
870:
851:
836:
834:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
756:
752:
746:
735:
731:
728:Hittite Code
723:
715:
707:
704:Hittite Code
697:
676:Demircihöyük
669:
640:
623:
613:
605:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
550:palatovelars
546:plain velars
537:
525:
519:
487:
471:
463:
457:
453:Hittite laws
444:
440:
436:
417:
413:
377:
376:
348:
320:
190:
116:), Northern
48:
33:
9215:RoboBraille
9039:Róża Czacka
8979:Perforation
8776:Independent
8674:(Bhutanese)
8409:Greenlandic
8080:Azerbaijani
7882:Jindai moji
7771:Syllabaries
7742:SignWriting
7642:Celtiberian
7544:Hieroglyphs
7347:Seal script
7332:Traditional
7204:Blissymbols
7109:Warang Citi
7084:Tolong Siki
7037:Marcomannic
7017:Dalecarlian
7007:Anglo-Saxon
6987:Pau Cin Hau
6878:Medefaidrin
6831:Merovingian
6791:Blackletter
6699:Asomtavruli
6492:Warang Citi
6301:Ulu scripts
6246:New Tai Lue
6189:Mon–Burmese
6043:Bhattiprolu
5871:Nandinagari
5698:ʾEsṭrangēlā
5457:constructed
5342:Hittitology
5332:Assyriology
5253:Archaeology
5123:Old Persian
4933:Jemdet Nasr
4558:Paphlagonia
4262:Hayasa-Azzi
4142:Philistines
4132:Pamphylians
3916:Cappadocian
3608:(Hardback)
3413:The Luwians
3301:Latacz 2004
2957:Konya Plain
2615:Emil Forrer
2376:conjugation
2339:3rd person
2308:2nd person
2277:1st person
2272:Imperative
2236:subjunctive
2135:3rd person
2124:unzas, unza
2104:2nd person
2093:anzas, anza
2073:1st person
2067:independent
2057:independent
1610:preposition
1551:Approximant
1195: [
1103:Glossenkeil
974:Early forms
716:ru-wa-ni-jo
700:Old Hittite
649:Neo-Hittite
598:*kalutta/i-
554:labiovelars
363:instead of
209:Early forms
9235:Categories
8767:(obsolete)
8748:(obsolete)
8540:(Pakistan)
8451:Belarusian
8333:Vietnamese
8276:Portuguese
8262:Philippine
8219:Lithuanian
7872:Hentaigana
7867:Man'yōgana
7327:Simplified
7214:Ersu Shaba
7128:Non-linear
6933:Old Uyghur
6923:Old Permic
6918:Old Italic
6851:Visigothic
6786:Beneventan
6721:Glagolitic
6684:Gadabuursi
6348:Kolezhuthu
6343:Vatteluttu
6281:Tanchangya
6204:Saurashtra
5781:Devanagari
5639:Phoenician
5592:Manichaean
5306:Divination
5016:Achaemenid
4981:Isin-Larsa
4874:Trialetian
4869:Mousterian
4856:Prehistory
4533:Cappadocia
4513:Antigonids
4462:Carchemish
4409:Cimmerians
4349:Purushanda
4344:Sagalassos
4280:Kizzuwatna
4247:Carchemish
4225:Bronze Age
4107:Mariandyni
4082:Lycaonians
4042:Cataonians
3454:C. Watkins
3259:2020-02-14
2720:Trojan War
2644:Phoenician
2580:Loan words
2529:glorified-
2458:, and the
2415:antecedent
2391:infinitive
2383:participle
2314:-si, -tisa
2269:Preterite
2232:imperative
2228:indicative
1921:Sprachbund
1917:Aegean Sea
1779:accusative
1760:nominative
1731:Morphology
1713:*ad-tuwari
1094:vernacular
1086:Kizzuwatna
783:(Assyrian
763:river and
661:Carchemish
655:, such as
651:states of
630:Kizzuwatna
530:Bronze Age
9246:Cuneiform
9183:Vibratese
9162:Moon type
9155:Decapoint
8836:Eight-dot
8789:Cantonese
8738:Reordered
8701:Inuktitut
8590:Malayalam
8500:Ukrainian
8479:Mongolian
8458:Bulgarian
8421:Norwegian
8386:Icelandic
8177:Hungarian
8135:Esperanto
8087:Cantonese
7671:Redundant
7483:Anatolian
7434:Cuneiform
7362:bird-worm
7298:Logograms
7269:Testerian
7183:Ideograms
7160:Moon type
7047:Staveless
6938:Mongolian
6883:Molodtsov
6841:Sütterlin
6709:Mkhedruli
6575:Bassa Vah
6525:Alphabets
6497:Mwangwego
6462:Mwangwego
6437:Kharosthi
6390:Blackfoot
6353:Malayanma
6224:Sundanese
6219:Sukhothai
6167:Malayalam
6118:Khom Thai
6078:Goykanadi
6002:Tocharian
5955:ʼPhags-pa
5826:Khudabadi
5771:Bhaiksuki
5666:Samaritan
5597:Nabataean
5452:inventors
5179:Cuneiform
5055:Languages
4864:Acheulean
4751:Babylonia
4688:Euphrates
4638:Geography
4543:Commagene
4157:Telchines
4147:Pisidians
4101:Maeonians
4072:Leucosyri
4062:Isaurians
4052:Cilicians
3953:Alphabets
3922:Lycaonian
3856:Kalasmaic
3834:Languages
3651:251168565
3567:45:82–84.
3540:30, 1990)
3529:30, 1985)
3518:7:446–87.
3488:Wiesbaden
3290:: 447–87.
3016:Anatolian
2757:Languages
2603:logograms
2599:digraphic
2526:pihammi-s
2381:A single
2342:singular
2311:singular
2280:singular
2256:preterite
2138:singular
2107:singular
2076:singular
1941:Singular
1931:Adjective
1845:Genitive
1840:-a, -aya
1807:Singular
1665:rhotacism
1477:Affricate
1417:Fricative
1229:Phonology
1203:Köylütolu
1159:, Ankara.
1111:logograms
1065:Cuneiform
1049:Glottolog
1017:ISO 639-3
1004:Cuneiform
923:Anatolian
887:Ethnicity
844:cuneiform
799:(Lydian *
712:Mycenaean
564:→ Luwian
322:Glottolog
256:ISO 639-3
239:Cuneiform
163:Anatolian
124:Ethnicity
82:BOS (cow)
8819:Japanese
8680:Georgian
8672:Dzongkha
8658:Armenian
8576:Gujarati
8441:Cyrillic
8372:Estonian
8347:Yugoslav
8283:Romanian
8255:Nigerian
8170:Hawaiian
8156:Ghanaian
8073:Albanian
7934:Sumerian
7899:Linear B
7862:Katakana
7857:Hiragana
7807:Cherokee
7737:ASLwrite
7698:Bopomofo
7553:Numerals
7539:Hieratic
7498:Isthmian
7467:Sumerian
7447:Assyrian
7442:Akkadian
7099:Vithkuqi
7074:Tifinagh
7042:Medieval
6997:Pisidian
6992:Phrygian
6963:Vagindra
6908:Ol Chiki
6816:Interlac
6771:Kayah Li
6761:Jenticha
6716:Veso Bey
6704:Nuskhuri
6694:Georgian
6664:Formosan
6659:Etruscan
6654:Enochian
6610:Cyrillic
6595:Coelbren
6553:Armenian
6452:Meroitic
6442:Mandombe
6432:Jenticha
6296:Tigalari
6261:Tai Viet
6256:Tai Tham
6236:Tagbanwa
6088:Javanese
6038:Baybayin
6028:Balinese
6016:Southern
5911:Pracalit
5906:Pachumol
5881:Bhujimol
5841:Mahajani
5801:Gurmukhi
5791:Gujarati
5759:Northern
5739:Abugidas
5720:Ugaritic
5708:Maḏnḥāyā
5582:Tifinagh
5575:Solitreo
5513:Numerals
5426:Grapheme
5414:Overview
5325:Academia
5279:Religion
5148:Urartian
5143:Sumerian
5128:Parthian
5063:Akkadian
5036:Sasanian
5026:Parthian
5021:Seleucid
4971:Simurrum
4961:Akkadian
4894:Khiamian
4884:Natufian
4796:Simurrum
4781:Kassites
4776:Hittites
4731:Adiabene
4563:Pergamon
4528:Bithynia
4392:Iron Age
4232:Ahhiyawa
4091:Termilae
4057:Hittites
4047:Caucones
3910:Isaurian
3899:Pisidian
3787:Archived
3616:(e-Book)
3395:mólybdos
2903:, p. 284
2730:See also
2724:Priimuua
2671:Urartian
2430:enclitic
2424:Various
2393:ends in
2387:-a(i)mma
2266:Present
2113:-tu, -ti
2082:-mu, -mi
2062:enclitic
2016:Pronouns
1985:-asanza
1955:-asinzi
1890:-assanz-
1829:-n, -an
1793:vocative
1784:ablative
1774:locative
1765:genitive
1717:aztuwari
1715:becomes
1251:Alveolar
1246:Bilabial
1219:Akkadian
1176:Nevşehir
1098:Hattusan
1090:Ištanuwa
1088:Luwian,
1075:used in
1056:cune1239
881:Anatolia
805:luw(i)da
803:- < *
773:Maeander
757:Sēḫariya
720:Linear B
433:ethnonym
369:Help:IPA
329:luvi1235
110:Anatolia
8724:Tibetan
8665:Burmese
8651:Amharic
8634:(India)
8611:Sinhala
8604:Punjabi
8583:Kannada
8531:Persian
8486:Russian
8426:Swedish
8404:Finnish
8379:Faroese
8354:Zambian
8326:Turkish
8311:Spanish
8234:Maltese
8212:Latvian
8205:Italian
8184:Iñupiaq
8163:Guarani
8123:English
8094:Catalan
8011:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
8006:Braille
7889:Kikakui
7827:Eskayan
7812:Cypriot
7662:Dunging
7534:Demotic
7513:Tenevil
7457:Hittite
7452:Elamite
7405:Jurchen
7384:Sawndip
7379:Chữ Nôm
7279:Zapotec
7274:Yerkish
7249:Nsibidi
7234:Miꞌkmaw
7224:Isotype
7194:Adinkra
7135:Braille
7119:Zaghawa
7089:Vellara
7069:Sunuwar
7059:Sidetic
7054:Shavian
6982:Osmanya
6972:Ol Onal
6826:Kurrent
6811:Insular
6801:Fraktur
6776:Klingon
6766:Kaddare
6740:Archaic
6649:Elbasan
6637:Chinook
6627:Deseret
6615:Bosnian
6570:Avoiuli
6558:Avestan
6548:Ariyaka
6477:Tengwar
6375:Bharati
6336:Serawai
6326:Pasemah
6311:Lampung
6266:Lai Tay
6251:Tai Noi
6214:Sinhala
6194:Pallava
6162:Makasar
6150:Lontara
6125:Kulitan
6098:Kannada
6093:Kadamba
6083:Hanunoo
6073:Grantha
6068:Fakkham
5985:Tibetan
5970:Soyombo
5965:Siddhaṃ
5960:Sharada
5936:Litumol
5926:Tirhuta
5916:Ranjana
5901:Kvemmol
5861:Multani
5846:Marchen
5811:Kalinga
5751:Brahmic
5688:Sogdian
5627:Psalter
5607:Pahlavi
5587:Mandaic
5565:Cursive
5550:Elymaic
5521:Aramaic
5311:Prayers
5296:Deities
5260:Looting
5103:Kassite
5098:Hurrian
5093:Hittite
5083:Elamite
5078:Eblaite
5073:Aramaic
5068:Amorite
4991:Kassite
4966:Gutians
4948:History
4913:Samarra
4909:Hassuna
4879:Zarzian
4801:Subartu
4791:Mitanni
4756:Chaldea
4746:Assyria
4719:Ancient
4553:Osroene
4548:Galatia
4538:Cilicia
4518:Armenia
4492:Phrygia
4474:Kammanu
4470:Ḫilakku
4419:Diauehi
4414:Colchis
4383:Zalpuwa
4359:Shupria
4340:Pisidia
4315:Miletus
4300:Kussara
4290:Kalašma
4284:Mitanni
4252:Hapalla
4162:Trojans
4152:Sidians
4122:Mysians
4112:Milyans
4097:Lydians
4087:Lycians
4077:Luwians
4067:Leleges
4037:Carians
4025:Peoples
3894:Sidetic
3841:Hittite
3310:Sources
3018:”. In:
2743:Portals
2705:Trojans
2703:by the
2584:Hurrian
2479:
2460:preverb
2356:plural
2351:-tu(r)
2325:plural
2294:plural
2252:present
2234:but no
2220:persons
2176:za-/zi-
2161:apasa-
2152:plural
2147:apasa-
2121:plural
2090:plural
2079:amu, mu
2034:za-/zi-
1993:-asati
1971:-asanza
1944:Plural
1906:Hurrian
1882:-sa/-za
1848:-s, -si
1810:Plural
1711:and so
1679:become
1660:sound.
1336:Plosive
1256:Palatal
1215:Hittite
1180:Fraktin
1131:a-an-ta
1077:Hittite
1069:Hattusa
898:Extinct
891:Luwians
819:). The
807:- <
688:Luwians
684:Phrygia
634:Hattusa
511:Hittite
472:HLuwian
464:CLuwian
449:Luwians
424:of the
365:Unicode
261:Either:
139:around
135:Extinct
128:Luwians
44:Discuss
9144:Other
9017:People
9007:Braigo
8826:Korean
8694:Hebrew
8625:Telugu
8524:Arabic
8514:Arabic
8472:Kyrgyz
8465:Kazakh
8399:Danish
8297:Slovak
8290:Samoan
8269:Polish
8248:Navajo
8149:German
8142:French
8009:
7954:Yugtun
7944:Woleai
7894:Kpelle
7877:Sōgana
7797:Byblos
7575:Muisca
7493:Cretan
7462:Luwian
7420:Tangut
7239:Mixtec
7209:Dongba
7114:Yezidi
7104:Wancho
7079:Todhri
7032:Gothic
7012:Cipher
6953:Manchu
6943:Evenki
6928:Orkhon
6873:Manchu
6868:Lydian
6863:Lycian
6806:Gaelic
6756:Hanifi
6751:Hangul
6726:Gothic
6674:Fraser
6669:Fox II
6605:Coptic
6580:Carian
6563:Pazend
6536:Linear
6482:Thaana
6427:Sarati
6368:Others
6331:Rejang
6316:Lembak
6306:Incung
6286:Telugu
6241:Tai Le
6135:Langdi
6058:Chakma
5948:Karani
5921:Tamyig
5896:Kummol
5891:Himmol
5886:Golmol
5866:Nagari
5851:Meitei
5836:Lepcha
5821:Khojki
5806:Kaithi
5693:Syriac
5681:Musnad
5560:Ashuri
5555:Hebrew
5538:Elifba
5533:Arabic
5526:Hatran
5501:Abjads
5138:Sutean
5113:Median
5108:Luwian
5088:Gutian
4976:Ur III
4889:Nemrik
4826:Cities
4821:Urartu
4771:Hamazi
4766:Gutium
4741:Armani
4693:Tigris
4646:Modern
4568:Pontus
4497:Urartu
4478:Kummuh
4466:Gurgum
4449:Mushki
4429:Etiuni
4399:Aeolia
4374:Wilusa
4295:Kaskia
4237:Arzawa
4116:Solymi
3904:Trojan
3889:Carian
3884:Milyan
3879:Lycian
3874:Luwian
3851:Lydian
3846:Palaic
3713:
3649:
3612:
3604:
3590:". In
3565:Kadmos
3458:Berlin
3452:, ed.
3419:
3376:
3353:Kadmos
3318:Kadmos
3232:
3098:
3070:
2953:Arzawa
2949:Luwiya
2914:Kadmos
2665:, and
2545:awi-ha
2401:Syntax
2348:-ta(r)
2334:-tanu
2250:: the
2248:tenses
2200:kwanza
2192:kwinzi
2155:(apa-)
2141:(apa-)
2130:unza-
2127:-manza
2116:tuwa-
2110:tu, ti
2099:anza-
1963:-asin
1925:Greeks
1902:calque
1862:-anza
1837:-Ø, -n
1770:dative
1675:, and
1602:adverb
1592:, and
1582:vowels
1482:fortis
1422:fortis
1341:fortis
1278:fortis
1266:Uvular
1221:, and
1207:Turkey
1184:Aleppo
1125:, and
1119:i-i-ti
950:Luwian
941:Palaic
932:Lydian
877:Region
871:luwili
809:luwiya
797:Luwiya
777:Arzawa
765:Kaikos
761:Hermos
748:Wilusa
737:Arzawa
732:Luwiya
724:Luwan-
708:Luwiya
614:kaluti
606:kaluti
580:; and
552:, and
515:Palaic
498:Milyan
496:, and
494:Lycian
490:Carian
466:) and
437:Luwiya
431:. The
414:Luvian
378:Luwian
305:
191:Luwian
181:Palaic
172:Lydian
141:600 BC
114:Turkey
106:Region
96:Arzawa
68:Luwian
40:merged
8860:(GS8)
8851:Kanji
8709:Khmer
8687:Greek
8618:Tamil
8551:i.e.
8512:i.e.
8493:Tatar
8439:i.e.
8340:Welsh
8241:Māori
8198:Irish
8116:Dutch
8109:Czech
7919:Nüshu
7787:Bamum
7782:Afaka
7589:Other
7580:Roman
7565:Abjad
7488:Bagam
7389:Bowen
7374:Kanji
7369:Hanja
7357:small
7352:large
7259:Olmec
7229:Kaidā
7219:Emoji
7199:Aztec
7002:Runic
6977:Osage
6958:Oirat
6903:Ogham
6836:Sigla
6781:Latin
6736:Greek
6620:Early
6590:Cirth
6543:Adlam
6412:Geʽez
6407:Fox I
6271:Tamil
6130:Lanna
6113:Khmer
6103:Karen
6053:Buhid
6033:Batak
5990:Uchen
5980:Takri
5931:Limbu
5831:Laṇḍā
5816:Khema
5796:Gupta
5786:Dogri
5703:Serṭā
5676:Zabur
5661:Punic
5634:Pegon
5570:Rashi
5484:Types
5435:Lists
5399:Types
5224:Music
5174:Akitu
5031:Roman
4923:Ubaid
4918:Halaf
4816:Tukri
4811:Sumer
4806:Suhum
4786:Media
4736:Akkad
4486:Tabal
4458:Atuna
4444:Lydia
4439:Lycia
4434:Ionia
4424:Doris
4404:Caria
4369:Urumu
4364:Urshu
4330:Nairi
4325:Mysia
4310:Luwia
4305:Lukka
4276:Isuwa
4257:Hatti
3866:Luwic
3647:S2CID
3538:StBoT
3527:StBoT
3469:(PDF)
2776:Notes
2716:Priam
2548:come-
2537:sarra
2514:land-
2497:api-n
2467:awiha
2463:sarra
2365:-ntu
2328:-tani
2300:-hana
2297:-mina
2240:voice
2224:moods
2214:Verbs
2204:kwaya
2196:kwati
2096:-anza
2085:ama-
1982:-asan
1974:-asa
1952:-asis
1938:Case
1913:-assa
1904:from
1886:-assa
1870:-ati
1804:Case
1753:cases
1736:Nouns
1697:wara-
1693:wala-
1606:ānnan
1598:annan
1530:Trill
1506:lenis
1451:lenis
1379:lenis
1311:lenis
1273:Nasal
1261:Velar
1211:Konya
1199:]
1135:an-ta
946:Luwic
815:>
793:Lydia
785:Luddu
781:Lydia
714:term
682:) in
665:Tabal
657:Milid
653:Syria
626:Syria
602:wheel
445:Luvia
441:Luwia
418:Luish
186:Luwic
118:Syria
8632:Urdu
8597:Odia
8538:Urdu
7914:Loma
7909:Lisu
7852:Kana
7842:Iban
7832:Geba
7792:Bété
7747:si5s
7657:Khom
7630:Full
7503:Maya
6898:N'Ko
6457:Miao
6402:Dham
6321:Ogan
6291:Thai
6209:Shan
6145:Leke
6108:Kawi
6063:Cham
6048:Buda
6023:Ahom
5943:Odia
5856:Modi
5612:Book
5270:Tell
4928:Uruk
4761:Elam
4482:Quwê
4378:Troy
4354:Seha
4335:Pala
4320:Mira
3711:ISBN
3690:link
3610:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3325:Klio
3230:ISBN
3182:help
3146:help
3096:ISBN
3068:ISBN
2769:Asia
2626:and
2540:over
2491:QUOT
2489:and=
2486:a=wa
2419:head
2395:-una
2362:-nta
2359:-nti
2331:-tan
2230:and
2188:kwin
2184:kwis
2169:apa-
2038:apa-
2032:and
2030:apa-
2010:-as-
1723:and
1691:and
1638:and
1625:-hh-
1623:and
1127:ānda
1123:i-ti
937:Luwo
928:Luwo
801:lūda
753:Sēḫa
743:Troy
692:Troy
659:and
513:and
177:Luwo
168:Luwo
8191:IPA
7939:Vai
7847:Idu
7415:Sui
6888:Mru
6858:Luo
6821:IPA
6502:Rma
6199:Pyu
6140:Lao
5995:Umê
5401:of
5169:Art
3924:(?)
3918:(?)
3912:(?)
3906:(?)
3703:doi
3672:doi
3639:doi
3635:142
3014:. “
2650:by
2531:NOM
2516:ABL
2505:ABL
2501:DEM
2456:-wa
2445:-pa
2433:-ha
2374:ḫḫi
2317:-ta
2286:-ha
2283:-wi
1898:-an
1894:-as
1878:-i-
1689:īri
1685:īdi
1621:-h-
1604:as
1514:d͡z
1490:t͡s
1467:ɣ~ʁ
1457:*z
1441:x~χ
1321:*n
1315:*m
1115:īdi
1096:of
1040:xlu
1024:xlu
584:*kʷ
560:*ḱ
538:PIE
443:or
416:or
351:IPA
310:hlu
295:xlu
275:hlu
265:xlu
38:be
9237::
7949:Yi
4484:,
4480:,
4476:,
4472:,
4468:,
4464:,
4460:,
4282:,
4278:,
3740:.
3709:.
3686:}}
3682:{{
3668:19
3666:.
3662:.
3645:.
3633:.
3456:.
3286:.
3252:.
3173::
3171:}}
3167:{{
3137::
3135:}}
3131:{{
2796:^
2707:.
2689:za
2661:,
2634:.
2622:,
2594:.
2578:.
2554:SG
2520:PL
2469:.
2452:a-
2441:pā
2437:a-
2397:.
2378:.
2320:Ø
2303:–
2289:–
2258:.
2226::
2006:-i
2002:-a
1908:.
1851:–
1818:-s
1755::
1721:ds
1671:,
1643:g.
1640:𓎼
1633:𓐍
1588:,
1584:,
1296::
1286::
1217:,
1197:pl
1137:.
755:~
641:ca
590:ku
588:→
576:→
572:*k
548:,
544::
526:IE
517:.
492:,
455:.
393:uː
98:,
94:,
8129:)
8125:(
7998:e
7991:t
7984:v
6742:)
6738:(
5391:e
5384:t
5377:v
4911:/
4622:e
4615:t
4608:v
4488:)
4456:(
4376:/
4342:/
4286:)
4274:(
4210:e
4203:t
4196:v
4118:)
4114:(
4103:)
4099:(
4093:)
4089:(
4010:e
4003:t
3996:v
3819:e
3812:t
3805:v
3755:)
3744:.
3719:.
3705::
3692:)
3674::
3653:.
3641::
3536:(
3525:(
3471:.
3423:.
3382:.
3288:7
3262:.
3238:.
3184:)
3180:(
3163:.
3148:)
3144:(
3127:.
2888:,
2745::
2685:ī
2552:.
2550:1
2518:.
2503:-
1786:/
1772:/
1725:z
1705:s
1701:d
1681:r
1677:n
1673:l
1669:d
1658:s
1654:s
1650:š
1636:ḫ
1594:u
1590:i
1586:a
1569:j
1567:*
1563:l
1561:*
1557:w
1555:*
1538:r
1536:*
1512:*
1488:*
1465:*
1439:*
1430:s
1428:*
1405:ɡ
1403:*
1394:d
1392:*
1385:b
1383:*
1367:k
1365:*
1356:t
1354:*
1347:p
1345:*
1294:n
1292:*
1284:m
1282:*
939:-
930:-
817:d
813:y
745:(
678:(
578:k
566:z
536:(
524:(
470:(
462:(
408:/
405:n
402:ə
399:i
396:w
390:l
387:ˈ
384:/
380:(
371:.
179:-
170:-
112:(
62:.
46:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
