648:
637:
902:
40:
202:
539:
55:
831:
306:
connected Luzon with
Catanduanes, Marinduque, the Polillo Islands, and several smaller neighboring islands. The ice-age land bridges allowed the animals and plants of these now-separate islands to mix, which made them part of the same ecoregion.
944:. Wild populations in 1982 totaled somewhere between 500 and 1000 individuals. In 1995, this number decreased to a mere 100 individuals. The discovery of a population of this crocodile in the Northern Sierra Madre on Luzon gives hope for its
1281:
Greenberg, Major
Lawrence M. "The Hukbalahap Insurrection: A Case Study of a Successful Anti-Insurgency Operation in the Philippines, 1946-1955." Historical Analysis Series 93-8 (1987). U.S. Army Center of Military History. Web. 2 June
212:
The Luzon rain forests encompass about 95,571 square kilometers (36,900 sq mi) out of the 109,965 sq kilometers (42,458 sq mi) of the total area of the island of Luzon. Luzon is the largest and northernmost major island of the
1141:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
526:, an acronym for the Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (the Anti-Japanese Army), in a small lowland forest clearing near Mt. Arayat on March 29, 1942, by the merging of the CPP with the remaining
741:
species with increasing altitude. The forests generally have less undergrowth and become shorter in stature as altitude increases. With the decreasing temperature from increasing altitude,
1546:
955:
The Sierra Madres give hope to many other threatened animals by providing one of the largest areas of intact rainforest in the
Philippines thereby maintaining the naturally high level of
167:
87:
1384:
1058:
647:
857:, and the Philippine eagle needs this area to breed, as well as nesting in large trees and hunting within the trees. The eagle is restricted to the islands of
1536:
1193:
Rickart, E. A.; Heaney, L. R.; Balete, D. S.; Tabaranza, Jr. (2010). "Small Mammal
Diversity Along An Elevational Gradient In Northern Luzon, Philippines".
432:
origin. The bone (Right MT3 – the small bone from the end of the middle toe of the right foot) has been identified as belonging to a species of the genus
975:
636:
1511:
375:
However, hunters and gatherers may have managed by strategizing and moving to correspond to the shifting food resources. Information on skeletal
787:
is greatest along the highest elevations of the montane rainforests of Luzon. Areas with the greatest levels of endemism are reported to be the
1501:
567:
dominate this area. These trees are massive, growing up to 60 metres (200 ft) tall with diameters between 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft).
185:
of Luzon and neighboring islands below 1000 meters elevation. Very little of the original rainforest remains, and the status of this area is
1541:
1521:
1030:
483:
1040:
1385:"The Threatened and Near-Threatened Birds of Luzon, Philippines, and the Role of the Sierra Madre Mountains in Their Conservation"
1052:
248:
ecoregion covers areas of the Sierra Madre, Zambales
Mountains, and northern Cordillera Central above 1000 meters elevation. The
853:
in the world, is found primarily in the Sierra Madre of Luzon. Primary lowland rainforests of the
Philippines have been heavily
1531:
391:
past who would plan their movements based on the seasons and available resources; they hunted in the montane forest during the
1506:
901:
1551:
1000:
982:
710:
can be about quadruple what the lowland rainforests receive (as high as 10,000 mm). The Sierra Madres have very mild
143:
988:
1024:
994:
510:. These activists launched small yet annoying attacks against the Japanese. On December 10, 1941, CPP leaders issued a
1526:
383:
is merely speculative as no human remains were recovered from this period. This idea is supported by the Sierra Madre
249:
105:
1064:
932:
that is considered the most threatened crocodile in the world and is endemic to the
Philippines; it is only found in
1097:
1087:
1082:
1046:
1034:
1012:
1006:
792:
723:
668:
664:
660:
652:
631:
439:
245:
100:
181:, and the Luzon rain forest is the most extensive rainforest ecoregion of the country. The ecoregion includes the
1114:
1018:
788:
764:-covered branches are very common. The highest altitudes of montane forests are called upper montane forest, or
39:
600:, receiving the light they need to thrive through areas of disturbance. There is generally a large amount of
1516:
522:, and urging the peasants to support this united anti-Japanese front. Resulting was the organization of the
515:
1246:
Mijares, Salvador B.; Armand (2008). "The Late
Pleistocene to Early Holocene Foragers of Northern Luzon".
574:
350:
280:
186:
952:
is the
Crocodile Rehabilitation Observance and Conservation (CROC) Project of the Mabuwaya Foundation.
320:
In 2005, evidence for human occupation in northern Luzon since at least 25,000 years ago, was found in
945:
929:
921:
910:
376:
726:
highlands are more strongly seasonal with a longer dry period and slightly less rainfall generally.
768:, and are more extreme: trees are shorter in stature, and tree branches are so thick with moss and
70:
1433:
827:. Sixty-eight percent of all known native non-flying mammals are endemic to the area (23 of 34).
796:
719:
672:
569:
538:
201:
75:
1425:
1396:
1311:
1255:
1202:
1119:
874:
842:
835:
784:
769:
675:
in the west. In the south of the island, enclaves of montane forest can be found on several
585:
380:
354:
343:
265:
279:, which over the next 10 million years morphed into their modern form. This long period of
937:
881:
804:
700:
475:
408:
272:
234:
226:
1328:
2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Critically Endangered A1cd ver 2.3: Report for
549:
The rainforest of the lowlands encompass all areas below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in
659:
Above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) elevation, the Luzon rain forests transition to the
332:
269:
45:
830:
426:
bone dated to at least around 67,000 years ago, which is speculated to possibly be of
1495:
1455:
742:
738:
696:
564:
554:
519:
507:
218:
956:
765:
684:
543:
471:
428:
392:
388:
288:
877:
have been unsuccessful and it is estimated that less than 700 individuals remain.
1357:
1206:
730:
688:
641:
604:
560:
479:
455:
412:
365:
328:
321:
230:
214:
178:
131:
17:
1174:. WWF - Endangered Species Conservation. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. 24 May 2013.
54:
1401:
1259:
960:
886:
854:
715:
692:
601:
597:
523:
503:
459:
451:
423:
238:
190:
1479:
1327:
1171:
1109:
780:
animal species reside in the thick, matty soil of the upper montane forests.
773:
753:
680:
550:
527:
511:
499:
487:
404:
361:
339:
284:
241:
to the southwest are considered a part of the Luzon rain forests ecoregion.
170:
1092:
974:
A 2017 assessment found that 9,994 km, or 11%, of the island is in
933:
913:
870:
800:
707:
676:
619:
608:
447:
358:
347:
336:
299:
292:
276:
1143:
1437:
917:
820:
816:
777:
734:
711:
663:
ecoregion. Montane rain forests are found in the Northern and Southern
615:
578:
491:
416:
400:
222:
182:
1221:
Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.
1219:
Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002).
422:
In the same cave two years later, in 2007, the same scientist found a
593:
589:
495:
396:
1463:
The Technical Journal of Philippine Ecosystems and Natural Resources
1429:
1456:"A New Future for the Philippine Crocodile, Crocodylus mindorensis"
1077:
963:
941:
900:
895:
866:
862:
858:
850:
829:
824:
757:
746:
646:
635:
537:
443:
325:
302:, sea levels were up to 120 meters lower than at present. Ice-age
252:
cover the central Cordillera Central above 1000 meters elevation.
206:
200:
174:
82:
761:
611:
434:
384:
261:
369:
683:
that exceed meters elevation. The volcanic mountains include
553:. Much of the lowland rainforest has been destroyed by human
667:, Mt. Sapacoy, Mt. Magnas, and Mt. Agnamala in the northern
772:
that they can sustain aerial plants that are not typically
514:
vowing their support for the anti-Japanese efforts of the
1061:(261.26 km). Also in the Luzon montane rain forests.
1043:(1187.8 km). Also in the Luzon montane rain forests.
502:
activists established a base of operations in the nearby
1416:
Taylor, E. H. (1963). "New and Rare Oriental Serpents".
264:. At least 15 million years ago, friction between the
1248:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
745:is slowed and results in a forest floor thick with
152:
142:
137:
127:
119:
114:
93:
81:
69:
64:
32:
1195:Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde
584:The mature lowland forests tend to have an uneven
275:and volcanic activity created parts of the Luzon
1547:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1318:. World Wildlife Fund, 30 May 2007. 24 May 2013.
733:trees of the lowlands are gradually replaced by
88:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
898:found only in the northern highlands of Luzon.
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1059:Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape
364:. Wild forest animals are lean and lacking in
8:
978:. Protected areas in the ecoregion include:
498:of the Luzon rainforest for protection. The
438:. To tell if the bone belongs to an ancient
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
260:Luzon has never been connected to mainland
905:Opening in jungle canopy at Mount Makiling
880:Often called Myer’s snake in honor of Dr.
1400:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1137:
1135:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1333:; Ashton, P. 1998 . accessed 10.31.2016.
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1449:
1447:
1131:
123:93,358 km (36,046 sq mi)
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
399:. Most of their food supply came from
29:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
640:Mature forest in the crater floor of
395:and in the lowland forest during the
357:was debated, based on the patchy and
335:tissues, starch grains, grasses, and
177:. Luzon is the largest island in the
7:
1001:Catanduanes Watershed Forest Reserve
920:to the area (about 160 of 235). The
530:and peasant organizations of Luzon.
1537:Military history of the Philippines
989:Bawa River Watershed Forest Reserve
27:Ecoregion in Luzon, the Philippines
1031:Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park
484:Communist Party of the Philippines
450:from the specimen is needed. This
25:
909:About sixty-eight percent of all
287:is a primary cause for the great
1053:Taal Volcano Protected Landscape
948:. Active in the conservation of
890:represented only by the species
718:between December and April. The
53:
38:
1389:Bird Conservation International
1065:Wangag Watershed Forest Reserve
168:tropical moist broadleaf forest
59:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
1512:Environment of the Philippines
1041:Peñablanca Protected Landscape
1033:(3594.9 km). Also in the
295:found on the island of Luzon.
1:
1502:Ecoregions of the Philippines
1223:Washington, DC: Island Press.
1007:Marinduque Wildlife Sanctuary
983:Aurora Memorial National Park
205:Satellite view of the island
1312:"Luzon Montane Rain Forests"
1207:10.1016/j.mambio.2010.01.006
1025:Mount Makiling National Park
995:Bulusan Volcano Natural Park
966:are found in this location.
1115:Conservation International.
250:Luzon tropical pine forests
106:Luzon tropical pine forests
1568:
1542:Sierra Madre (Philippines)
1522:Forests of the Philippines
1362:Conservation International
1120:The Encyclopedia of Earth.
1098:Regions of the Philippines
1088:Cordillera Central (Luzon)
1083:Sierra Madre (Philippines)
1047:Quezon Protected Landscape
1035:Luzon montane rain forests
1013:Mayon Volcano Natural Park
661:Luzon montane rain forests
632:Luzon montane rain forests
629:
482:, and a small band of the
246:Luzon montane rain forests
101:Luzon montane rain forests
1402:10.1017/s0959270900002963
1316:The Encyclopedia of Earth
1260:10.7152/bippa.v28i0.12022
1019:Mount Isarog Natural Park
440:anatomically modern human
217:, located in the western
52:
37:
752:In the montane forests,
490:used the dense mountain
1383:Poulsen, M. K. (1995).
1532:Indomalayan ecoregions
1484:, accessed 13 May 2020
950:Crocodylus mindorensis
926:Crocodylus mindorensis
906:
849:), one of the largest
838:
815:There are at least 31
706:In some areas, annual
671:highlands, and in the
656:
644:
546:
209:
1507:Ecoregions of Malesia
1454:Ploeg; Weerd (2003).
904:
847:Pithecophaga jefferyi
833:
650:
639:
618:growing on the thick
575:critically endangered
541:
353:without support from
351:tropical rain forests
342:. The possibility of
283:and complex internal
204:
1552:Tropical rainforests
1172:"Luzon fain forests"
1110:World Wildlife Fund.
930:freshwater crocodile
922:Philippine crocodile
324:. Evidence included
291:and high degree of
148:Critical/Endangered
144:Conservation status
1527:Geography of Luzon
1330:Vatica pachyphylla
959:. Many species of
907:
839:
797:Zambales Mountains
789:Cordillera Central
724:Central Cordillera
720:Zambales Mountains
673:Zambales Mountains
669:Cordillera Central
657:
645:
581:to the ecoregion.
570:Vatica pachyphylla
547:
458:is referred to as
210:
1469:(1&2): 31–50.
823:on the island of
679:and non-volcanic
237:to the east, and
173:on the island of
164:Luzon rain forest
160:
159:
33:Luzon rain forest
16:(Redirected from
1559:
1486:
1482:Protected Planet
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1380:
1365:
1355:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1310:McGinley, Mark.
1308:
1283:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1175:
1170:Lamoreux, John.
1168:
1145:
1139:
875:captive breeding
843:Philippine eagle
836:Philippine eagle
785:species richness
770:organic material
714:, with a slight
563:trees with wide
542:Rain forests on
407:gathering, wild
355:agriculturalists
344:hunter-gatherers
256:Geologic history
57:
42:
30:
21:
18:Luzon rainforest
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1480:"Philippines".
1478:
1474:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1430:10.2307/1441364
1415:
1414:
1410:
1382:
1381:
1368:
1356:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1309:
1286:
1280:
1267:
1245:
1244:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1169:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1106:
1074:
1067:(69.92 km)
1055:(622.9 km)
1021:(101.1 km)
1003:(260.1 km)
976:protected areas
972:
882:George S. Myers
873:. Attempts for
813:
805:Bicol Peninsula
791:highlands, the
701:Bulusan Volcano
655:mountain range.
634:
628:
626:Montane forests
622:of tall trees.
536:
468:
454:remaining from
318:
313:
273:tectonic plates
258:
235:Polillo Islands
227:Babuyan Islands
199:
110:
60:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1517:Flora of Luzon
1514:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1472:
1443:
1424:(2): 429–433.
1408:
1366:
1335:
1320:
1284:
1265:
1225:
1212:
1176:
1146:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1104:External links
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1028:
1027:(42.3 km)
1022:
1016:
1015:(57.8 km)
1010:
1009:(88.3 km)
1004:
998:
997:(36.7 km)
992:
991:(89.6 km)
986:
985:(56.8 km)
971:
968:
812:
809:
630:Main article:
627:
624:
535:
532:
467:
464:
387:of the recent
346:subsisting in
333:parenchymatous
317:
314:
312:
309:
257:
254:
229:to the north,
198:
195:
158:
157:
156:9,994 km (11%)
154:
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
112:
111:
109:
108:
103:
97:
95:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
46:Mount Makiling
44:Rainforest in
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1564:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1395:(1): 79–115.
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:(24 May 2013)
1363:
1359:
1358:"Philippines"
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:(9.8 km)
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
979:
977:
969:
967:
965:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
912:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
743:decomposition
740:
739:laurel forest
736:
732:
727:
725:
722:and northern
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:Mayon Volcano
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:
649:
643:
638:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
577:tree species
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
556:
555:deforestation
552:
545:
540:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:United States
517:
513:
509:
508:Candaba Swamp
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
430:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
315:
310:
308:
305:
304:Greater Luzon
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Pacific Ocean
216:
208:
203:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
63:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1392:
1388:
1361:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1251:
1247:
1220:
1215:
1201:(1): 12–21.
1198:
1194:
973:
970:Conservation
957:biodiversity
954:
949:
946:conservation
925:
908:
891:
885:
884:, the genus
879:
846:
840:
814:
793:Sierra Madre
782:
766:elfin forest
751:
728:
705:
685:Mt. Makiling
665:Sierra Madre
658:
653:Sierra Madre
596:grow in the
583:
568:
559:
557:activities.
548:
544:Taal Volcano
516:Commonwealth
478:invaded the
472:World War II
469:
466:World War II
433:
429:Homo sapiens
427:
421:
393:rainy season
389:ethnographic
374:
319:
303:
297:
289:biodiversity
259:
243:
211:
163:
161:
138:Conservation
819:species of
731:dipterocarp
689:Mt. Banahaw
642:Mount Cagua
605:undergrowth
561:Dipterocarp
480:Philippines
456:Callao Cave
329:flake tools
322:Callao Cave
316:Prehistoric
298:During the
231:Catanduanes
215:Philippines
179:Philippines
132:Philippines
76:Indomalayan
1496:Categories
1254:: 99–107.
1126:References
961:threatened
894:. It is a
887:Myersophis
855:deforested
716:dry period
693:Mt. Isarog
602:herbaceous
598:understory
565:buttresses
524:Hukbalahap
504:Mt. Arayat
460:Callao Man
452:fossilized
424:metatarsal
377:morphology
331:, charred
266:Australian
239:Marinduque
191:endangered
892:alpestris
801:highlands
783:In fact,
774:epiphytes
754:epiphytes
681:mountains
609:epiphytic
551:elevation
528:socialist
512:manifesto
500:communist
494:and vast
488:activists
405:shellfish
362:resources
340:phytolith
285:geography
281:isolation
277:highlands
197:Geography
171:ecoregion
153:Protected
115:Geography
1093:Endemism
1072:See also
934:Mindanao
914:reptiles
871:Mindanao
708:rainfall
677:volcanic
620:branches
588:height.
518:and the
506:and the
476:Japanese
448:mandible
359:seasonal
348:Holocene
337:Moraceae
300:Ice ages
293:endemism
187:critical
183:lowlands
1438:1441364
928:, is a
918:endemic
821:mammals
817:endemic
803:on the
778:endemic
776:. Many
712:seasons
616:orchids
607:, with
590:Rattans
579:endemic
492:jungles
470:During
419:palms.
417:Caryota
401:fishing
366:calorie
311:History
223:Batanes
128:Country
94:Borders
65:Ecology
1436:
1418:Copeia
940:, and
938:Negros
911:native
869:, and
851:eagles
799:, and
795:, the
760:, and
699:, and
594:lianas
586:canopy
496:swamps
486:(CPP)
474:, the
415:, and
397:summer
368:-rich
221:. The
1459:(PDF)
1434:JSTOR
1282:2013.
1078:Luzon
964:birds
942:Luzon
896:snake
867:Leyte
863:Samar
859:Luzon
825:Luzon
811:Fauna
758:vines
747:humus
612:ferns
573:is a
534:Flora
444:skull
326:chert
270:Asian
207:Luzon
175:Luzon
166:is a
83:Biome
71:Realm
1422:1963
916:are
841:The
834:The
762:moss
737:and
729:The
651:The
614:and
592:and
442:, a
435:Homo
413:nuts
409:yams
385:Agta
381:diet
379:and
268:and
262:Asia
244:The
233:and
225:and
162:The
120:Area
1426:doi
1397:doi
1256:doi
1203:doi
735:oak
446:or
370:fat
1498::
1467:13
1465:.
1461:.
1446:^
1432:.
1420:.
1391:.
1387:.
1369:^
1360:.
1338:^
1314:.
1287:^
1268:^
1252:28
1250:.
1228:^
1199:76
1197:.
1179:^
1149:^
1134:^
936:,
924:,
865:,
861:,
807:.
756:,
749:.
703:.
695:,
691:,
687:,
462:.
411:,
403:,
372:.
193:.
1440:.
1428::
1405:.
1399::
1393:5
1262:.
1258::
1209:.
1205::
1037:.
845:(
189:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
