20:
139:. While the Ukrainian minority enthusiastically supported the proclamation, the city's Jewish minority remained mostly neutral towards it and the city's Polish majority were shocked to find themselves under Ukrainian rule. Reacting to this military revolution, Poles rose up throughout the city. Polish high school students and scouts numbering only 200, organized a small pocket of resistance in a school at the western outskirts and managed to defeat battle-hardened Ukrainian veterans of the Great War with only 64 outdated rifles. After initial clashes, the defenders were joined by hundreds of volunteers, mostly boy scouts, students and youngsters. More than 1,000 people joined the Polish ranks in the first day of the fighting.
676:
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within the city between 1 and 22 November 1918, and the following siege by the
Ukrainian army between 23 November 1918 and 22 May 1919. With time, however, the term's application was broadened, and it is now used for all the young soldiers who fought in the area of
134:
In the final days of the
Habsburg Monarchy, on 1 November 1918, Ukrainian soldiers from Austrian army units occupied Lemberg's public buildings and military depots, raised Ukrainian flags throughout the city and proclaimed the birth of a new
208:, a student at the Lviv Institute of Architecture, himself an Eaglet. Among the most notable Eaglets to be buried there was the 14-year-old Jerzy Bitschan, the youngest of the city's defenders, whose name became an icon of the
204:. The Cemetery of the Defenders held the remains of both teenaged and adult soldiers, including foreign volunteers from France and the United States. The Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów was designed by
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19:
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from the province, the graves were destroyed in 1971, and the
Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów was turned into a municipal waste dump and then a truck depot.
227:
1062:
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785:
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Also resting in the Eaglet's pantheon is the six-year-old Oswald
Anissimo who was executed, together with his father, Michał, by Ukrainian militiamen.
1118:
745:
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241:, work began on the restoration of the cemetery despite obstruction from local nationalists. However, Polish support for the 2004 Ukrainian
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136:
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473:
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greatly weakened local opposition, and the cemetery was officially reopened in a joint Polish-Ukrainian ceremony on 24 June 2005.
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108:
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234:
128:
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were a majority (61%), with Poles a significant minority (27%) and dominating the cities along with
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123:. In Lemberg, according to the Austrian census of 1910, 51% of the city's population were
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45:
27:
943:
650:
348:
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1096:
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928:
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The last surviving Lwów Eaglet, Major
Aleksander Sałacki (born 12 May 1904), died in
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53:
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808:
219:
535:
705:
443:
115:
were a prevailing ethnic group in the
Kingdom overall, but in eastern Galicia,
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After the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, the Lwów
Eaglets were interred at the
164:. In addition to the young Polish nationals of Lviv, those fighting in the
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715:
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151:. Initially, the term was confined to those who had participated in the
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35:
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18:
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Among them were many young volunteers, who became known as the
131:; 86% of the city's population spoke Polish and 11% Ukrainian.
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for the Polish cause in the Polish-Ukrainian War and the
425:
to all men living in houses from where shots were fired.
458:
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417:, nr 11-12/2008, p. 99. Ukrainian military leader
357:, pp. 367–368, University of Toronto Press, 2000,
16:Polish child soldiers in the Polish-Ukrainian War
52:) is a term of affection that is applied to the
218:After the annexation of Eastern Galicia by the
474:
8:
448:With the Lwów Eaglets dear to their hearts,
195:
481:
467:
459:
324:New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 123
103:, known as Lemberg and was the capital of
1124:Polish people of the Polish–Ukrainian War
334:New International Encyclopedia, Volume 13
450:Orlęta, Polish Folk Song and Dance Group
288:
24:Lwów Eaglets; Defenders of the Cemetery
964:
300:. Chelmsford, Essex: Loma Publishing.
1134:Child-related organisations in Poland
756:Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius
7:
277:St Andrew Bobola Church, Hammersmith
237:and the formation of an independent
166:Polish-Ukrainian battle for Przemyśl
30:, 1926, oil on canvas, 90 x 120 cm,
168:are also frequently referred to as
87:The city now known in Ukrainian as
14:
829:Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów
454:cafe scene in Lwów from the 1920s
192:Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów
185:Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów
1091:
1090:
766:Church of the Purification, Lviv
661:Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive (1944)
298:Semper Fidelis, The Lwów Eaglets
109:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
235:dissolution of the Soviet Union
375:"Obrona Przemyśla w 1918 roku"
322:The Reconstruction of Nations.
101:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
1:
1119:Lviv in the Russian Civil War
771:Church of the Transfiguration
296:Kuta, Stephen Robert (2019).
751:Church of St. Mary Magdalene
934:Theatre of Opera and Ballet
641:Massacre of Lwów professors
626:Lwów–Warsaw school of logic
621:Secret Ukrainian University
377:(in Polish). Archived from
222:in World War II during the
1150:
736:Church of John the Baptist
631:Lwów School of Mathematics
1086:
1078:Pidzamche railway station
672:
666:Sknyliv air show disaster
444:Defenders of Lwow website
228:expulsion of ethnic Poles
224:Soviet invasion of Poland
129:Ukrainian Greek Catholics
68:
59:who defended the city of
1129:Children in the military
1073:Suburban railway station
586:Ruthenian National House
531:Siege by Cossacks (1655)
526:Siege by Cossacks (1648)
320:Timothy Snyder. (2003).
197:Cmentarz Orląt Lwowskich
761:Church of the Dormition
746:Church of St. Elizabeth
726:Convent of Benedictines
701:Cathedral of St. George
571:Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia
404:Na wzór Orląt lwowskich
172:('"Przemyśl Eaglets").
889:Polytechnic University
741:Church of Mary of Snow
680:
551:Stauropegion Institute
196:
194:(Polish popular name:
187:
96:
49:
38:
1058:Intercity bus station
954:Union of Lublin Mound
869:Lychakivskiy Cemetery
678:
541:Siege by Turks (1675)
516:Dormition Brotherhood
452:recreate an evening
262:Battle of Lwów (1918)
183:
22:
1068:Main railway station
679:Coat of arms of Lviv
162:Polish-Bolshevik War
127:, 28% Jews, and 19%
77:Polish-Ukrainian War
929:Shevchenkivskyi Hai
899:Metropolitan Palace
849:King Cross Leopolis
824:Catholic University
716:Bridgettine Convent
646:Lviv pogroms (1941)
381:on 2 September 2013
252:, on 5 April 2008.
731:Church of St. Anne
696:Armenian Cathedral
681:
556:Stauropegion Press
409:2014-05-22 at the
354:Ukraine: a history
338:Lemberg'.' pg. 760
267:Battle of Zadwórze
210:Polish interbellum
188:
99:) was, before the
39:
32:Polish Army Museum
1106:
1105:
894:Lubomirski Palace
879:Mickiewicz Square
839:Freedom Boulevard
814:Bandinelli Palace
711:Bernardine Church
423:summary execution
243:Orange Revolution
202:Lychakiv Cemetery
170:Przemyskie Orlęta
1141:
1094:
1093:
966:
859:Lviv High Castle
844:Government House
776:Dominican Church
721:Carmelite Church
591:Hutsul Secession
546:Leopolis Triplex
521:Jesuit Collegium
511:Armenian Statute
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439:Official website
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989:Shevchenkivskyi
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949:Ukraina Stadium
939:Skarbek Theatre
909:Pharmacy Museum
884:National Museum
864:Lviv University
854:Korniakt Palace
819:Black Kamienica
790:
786:Latin Cathedral
682:
670:
581:Ruthenian Triad
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419:Dmytro Vitovsky
411:Wayback Machine
402:M. Gałęzowski,
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200:), part of the
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158:Eastern Galicia
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137:Ukrainian state
125:Roman Catholics
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73:Eastern Galicia
50:Orlęta lwowskie
28:Wojciech Kossak
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809:Arsenal Museum
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57:child soldiers
26:, painting by
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636:Battle (1939)
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616:Battle (1920)
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79:(1918–1919).
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75:, during the
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1020:Briukhovychi
1008:City Council
999:Zaliznychnyi
984:Lychakivskyi
601:Lwów Eaglets
600:
395:
383:. Retrieved
379:the original
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220:Soviet Union
217:
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149:Lwów Eaglets
148:
146:
133:
105:Emperor Karl
86:
42:Lwów Eaglets
41:
40:
23:
974:Frankivskyi
796:Attractions
706:Boim Chapel
651:Lwów Ghetto
421:threatened
413:, Biuletyn
400:(in Polish)
143:Description
1113:Categories
1048:Trolleybus
994:Sykhivskyi
834:Forum Lviv
804:Arena Lviv
561:Ossolineum
283:References
233:After the
117:Ukrainians
83:Background
1035:Transport
979:Halytskyi
965:Districts
944:Town Hall
536:Lwów Oath
65:Ukrainian
1097:Category
904:Old Town
688:Religion
576:Prosvita
506:Timeline
407:Archived
336:. 1915.
256:See also
176:Cemetery
1063:Airport
1043:Tramway
1015:Vynnyky
596:Batiars
498:History
239:Ukraine
385:21 May
361:
304:
153:fights
93:Polish
71:), in
54:Polish
46:Polish
36:Warsaw
1025:Rudne
250:Tychy
113:Poles
69:L'viv
490:Lviv
387:2014
359:ISBN
302:ISBN
121:Jews
97:Lwów
89:Lviv
61:Lwów
1053:Bus
415:IPN
107:'s
1115::
351:,
212:.
111:.
95::
67::
48::
34:,
482:e
475:t
468:v
389:.
310:.
91:(
63:(
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
