323:, who had offered her refuge on several occasions, she explained, "you and your family could lose your lives because whoever hides a Jew perishes along with the Jew who is discovered." To another, her explanation was contained in her last known letter: "Do not think of putting yourself in danger; I know that I must die but I feel it is my duty to stay with my people. God grant that out of our sufferings a better world may emerge. I believe in God. I am a Baháʼí and will die a Baháʼí. Everything is in His hands."
42:
315:. She was arrested under the charge of having gone to the United States to spread anti-Nazi propaganda, but after a few months, she was released and returned to her home city where she and the rest of her family remained confined. There she endeavored to help others get medicine and food. She was offered help and escape several times by Polish Esperantists but refused in each case. To one
387:
307:
declined to extend her tourist visitor's visa because of her allegedly illegal "paid labor" of teaching
Esperanto. She refused offers of marriage that could have permitted her to remain or eventually to naturalize. After returning to Poland, her homeland, she travelled around the country teaching
758:
1371:
1336:
1009:
736:
1366:
1356:
547:
400:
245:
World
Congress of Esperanto in 1924 she attended almost every World Congress (she missed the 1938 Universala Kongreso in England). As an instructor of the
729:
1401:
1396:
343:
1316:
304:
722:
629:
578:
498:
1326:
975:
193:
to teach that religion as well as
Esperanto. In December 1938 she returned to Poland, where she continued to teach and translated many
1376:
1321:
447:
410:
303:
In 1937 she went to the United States for a long stay. In
December 1938 she had to leave the United States because that country's
1386:
1351:
1406:
693:
257:
463:
1381:
1341:
1331:
551:
1268:
484:
252:
She actively coordinated her work with the student
Esperanto movement — in the International Student League, in the
163:
1391:
1361:
1258:
745:
392:
198:
92:
1273:
253:
222:
652:
Information about Lidia
Zamenhof may be found in publications of the Baháʼí Esperanto movement and in other articles.
1278:
1067:
943:
882:
194:
1263:
787:
331:
286:
1346:
908:
1188:
1032:
854:
777:
655:
As of August 2006, most of this article is a translation of the corresponding
Esperanto Vikipedio article.
534:
782:
754:
217:; her first publications appeared several years thereafter. Having completed her university studies in
1167:
268:
230:
213:
Lidia
Zamenhof learned Esperanto as a nine-year-old girl. By the age of fourteen, she translated from
186:
127:
1311:
1306:
938:
877:
320:
280:
249:
of teaching
Esperanto she made many promotional trips and taught many courses in various countries.
1017:
673:
326:
Eventually in the end she was swept up in the mass transport heading to the extermination camp in
221:
in 1925, she dedicated herself totally to working for
Esperanto. In the same year during the 17th
1183:
1097:
1037:
297:
274:
179:
155:
123:
49:
439:
431:
689:
1162:
1052:
913:
859:
849:
828:
818:
625:
478:
443:
368:
292:
214:
1228:
1022:
992:
987:
923:
606:
347:
262:
41:
1222:
1217:
1157:
1092:
953:
792:
772:
74:
928:
1152:
1142:
1127:
1057:
1047:
1027:
981:
958:
808:
167:
142:
137:
78:
1300:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1062:
903:
677:
405:
350:
The meeting called attention to Esperantists' efforts to save persecuted Jews during
316:
312:
202:
190:
103:
1087:
351:
706:
311:
Under the German occupation regime of 1939, her home in Warsaw became part of the
166:
writer, publisher, translator and the youngest daughter of Klara (Silbernik) and
948:
933:
918:
898:
246:
234:
175:
714:
700:
1042:
382:
17:
998:
636:
617:
386:
327:
171:
466:. adherents.com. 2005-12-06. Archived from the original on October 19, 2000
372:
241:
and often made arrangements for speakers and courses. Starting at the
260:, and in the Baháʼí Faith. Additionally, Lidia wrote for the journal
242:
238:
226:
70:
579:"Lidia Zamenhof, a cosmopolitan woman and victim of the Holocaust"
499:"Lidia Zamenhof, a cosmopolitan woman and victim of the Holocaust"
718:
710:
Translations of several important Baháʼí writings in Esperanto.
266:(mainly studies on Polish Literature), and also contributed to
707:
Esperanto Translations by Lidia Zamenhof and Roan Orloff Stone
218:
342:
In her memory and honor, a meeting was held in 1995 at the
27:
Polish writer, translator, Esperantist and Holocaust victim
334:. She was killed there sometime after the summer of 1942.
611:
Lidia: The Life of Lidia Zamenhof, Daughter of Esperanto
174:. She was an active promoter of Esperanto as well as of
566:
Lidia, The Life of Lidia Zamenhof Daughter of Esperanto
523:
Lidia, The Life of Lidia Zamenhof Daughter of Esperanto
1372:
Polish people who died in Treblinka extermination camp
622:
Lidia: La vivo de Lidia Zamenhof, filino de Esperanto
1200:
1176:
1111:
1008:
967:
891:
868:
842:
801:
765:
133:
117:
109:
99:
85:
56:
32:
701:John Dale - Notes on the life of Lidia Zamenhof
300:was published in 1933 and is very well known.
730:
8:
1367:People killed by gas chamber by Nazi Germany
737:
723:
715:
676:depicts the Zamenhof family's fate in the
645:An extensive chapter on Lidia Zamenhof in
438:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp.
436:A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
233:. Lidia Zamenhof became secretary of the
40:
29:
1337:Converts to the Bahá'í Faith from Judaism
1357:Polish civilians killed in World War II
422:
344:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
185:Around 1925 she became a member of the
476:
537:, Wtedy Kwitły Forsycje, 1993, pp.113
7:
162:; 29 January 1904–1942) was a
401:Baháʼí Faith and auxiliary language
25:
411:Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof
385:
308:Esperanto and the Baháʼí Faith.
1402:Writers of Esperanto literature
823:1 September 1942 to August 1943
759:List of individuals responsible
229:she became acquainted with the
189:. In late 1937 she went to the
1397:People from Warsaw Governorate
641:Lidia Zamenhof. Vivo kaj agado
1:
237:Esperanto-Society Concord in
182:first defined by her father.
746:Treblinka extermination camp
393:Constructed languages portal
199:Treblinka extermination camp
93:Treblinka extermination camp
89:1942 (aged 37–38)
649:, by Zofia Banet-Fornalowa.
223:World Congress of Esperanto
1423:
1327:20th-century women writers
197:. She was murdered at the
1237:
813:11 July to 26 August 1942
788:Richard Wolfgang Thomalla
752:
483:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
319:, well-known Esperantist
287:Enciklopedio de Esperanto
39:
1377:Translators to Esperanto
1322:20th-century translators
909:Erich Fritz Erhard Fuchs
1387:Women religious writers
855:Heinrich Arthur Matthes
833:August to November 1943
690:Works by Lidia Zamenhof
363:Lidia Zamenhof (1931),
1407:20th-century linguists
664:The documentary drama
290:. Her translation of
159:
46:Lidia Zamenhof before
1382:Warsaw Ghetto inmates
1342:Linguists from Poland
1332:Jewish Polish writers
1218:The Hell of Treblinka
783:Erwin Hermann Lambert
430:Smith, Peter (2000).
330:in the course of the
1317:20th-century Bahá'ís
1068:Henryka Łazowertówna
939:August Wilhelm Miete
778:Hermann Julius Höfle
367:(Man, God, Prophet)
281:Heroldo de Esperanto
1392:Writers from Warsaw
1362:Polish Esperantists
1246:Numbering 90 to 120
647:La familio Zamenhof
548:"Getto Warszawskie"
535:Joanna Iwaszkiewicz
525:, 1985, pp. 234-235
305:Immigration Service
1259:Auschwitz-Birkenau
1184:General Government
1177:Nazi organizations
1168:Franciszek Ząbecki
1098:Zygmunt Zalcwasser
1038:Samuel Finkelstein
365:Homo, Dio, Profeto
332:Grossaktion Warsaw
298:Henryk Sienkiewicz
180:religious humanism
124:Esperanto movement
50:invasion of Poland
1294:
1293:
1191:Totenkopfverbände
1163:Samuel Willenberg
1053:Stefanie Horovitz
1033:Julian Chorążycki
1010:Prominent victims
976:Ivan the Terrible
914:Lorenz Hackenholt
878:Gustav Münzberger
850:Theodor van Eupen
829:Kurt Hubert Franz
819:Franz Paul Stangl
639:: Isaj Dratwer,
630:978-90-77066-36-2
620:: Wendy Heller,
609:: Wendy Heller,
432:"Zamenhof, Lidia"
269:Pola Esperantisto
215:Polish literature
170:, the creator of
149:
148:
145:(1863–1924)
140:(1859–1917)
16:(Redirected from
1414:
1257:
1229:Treblinka trials
1023:Yitzchok Breiter
993:Nikolay Shalayev
988:Feodor Fedorenko
924:Josef Hirtreiter
739:
732:
725:
716:
593:
592:
590:
589:
575:
569:
562:
556:
555:
550:. Archived from
544:
538:
532:
526:
519:
513:
512:
510:
509:
495:
489:
488:
482:
474:
472:
471:
464:"Famous Baha'is"
460:
454:
453:
427:
395:
390:
389:
348:Washington, D.C.
263:Literatura Mondo
110:Other names
66:
64:
48:the Nazi German
44:
30:
21:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1347:Women linguists
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1233:
1223:Vasily Grossman
1210:
1196:
1172:
1158:Jankiel Wiernik
1121:
1107:
1093:Symche Trachter
1004:
963:
954:Ernst Stengelin
887:
870:
864:
838:
797:
793:Christian Wirth
773:Odilo Globocnik
766:Camp organizers
761:
748:
743:
705:(in Esperanto)
686:
662:
602:
597:
596:
587:
585:
577:
576:
572:
568:, 1985, pg. 240
563:
559:
546:
545:
541:
533:
529:
520:
516:
507:
505:
497:
496:
492:
475:
469:
467:
462:
461:
457:
450:
429:
428:
424:
419:
391:
384:
381:
360:
358:Esperanto works
340:
321:Józef Arszennik
211:
195:Baháʼí writings
160:Lidja Zamenhofo
141:
122:
95:
90:
81:
75:Congress Poland
68:
67:29 January 1904
62:
60:
52:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Polish Bahá'ís
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Kalman Taigman
1150:
1145:
1143:Samuel Rajzman
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:Richard Glazar
1124:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1103:Lidia Zamenhof
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Janusz Korczak
1055:
1050:
1048:Ludwik Holcman
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Amalia Carneri
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
990:
985:
982:John Demjanjuk
979:
971:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
959:Franz Suchomel
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
893:
892:Other officers
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
874:
872:
866:
865:
863:
862:
860:Karl Pötzinger
857:
852:
846:
844:
840:
839:
837:
836:
835:
834:
826:
825:
824:
816:
815:
814:
809:Irmfried Eberl
805:
803:
799:
798:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
763:
762:
753:
750:
749:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
713:
712:
703:
697:
685:
684:External links
682:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
650:
643:
633:
614:
601:
598:
595:
594:
570:
564:Heller, Wendy
557:
554:on 2014-12-14.
539:
527:
521:Heller, Wendy
514:
490:
455:
448:
421:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
408:
403:
397:
396:
380:
377:
376:
375:
359:
356:
339:
336:
258:Cseh Institute
210:
207:
168:L. L. Zamenhof
152:Lidia Zamenhof
147:
146:
143:Klara Zamenhof
138:L. L. Zamenhof
135:
131:
130:
119:
118:Known for
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
82:
79:Russian Empire
69:
58:
54:
53:
45:
37:
36:
34:Lidia Zamenhof
33:
26:
24:
18:Lydia Zamenhof
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Chaim Sztajer
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:Chil Rajchman
1136:
1134:
1133:David Milgrom
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Simon Pullman
1081:
1079:
1078:Yitzchak Lowy
1076:
1074:
1073:Yechiel Lerer
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Berek Lajcher
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Herbert Floss
902:
900:
897:
896:
894:
890:
884:
883:Fritz Schmidt
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
841:
832:
831:
830:
827:
822:
821:
820:
817:
812:
811:
810:
807:
806:
804:
800:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
720:
717:
711:
708:
704:
702:
699:(in English)
698:
695:
691:
688:
687:
683:
681:
679:
678:Warsaw Ghetto
675:
674:Julian Modest
671:
670:We will live!
667:
659:
654:
651:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
608:
604:
603:
599:
584:
580:
574:
571:
567:
561:
558:
553:
549:
543:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
518:
515:
504:
500:
494:
491:
486:
480:
465:
459:
456:
451:
449:1-85168-184-1
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
423:
416:
412:
409:
407:
406:List of Poles
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
388:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:Warsaw Ghetto
309:
306:
301:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
265:
264:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
206:
204:
203:the Holocaust
200:
196:
192:
191:United States
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Jewish Polish
161:
157:
153:
144:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
59:
55:
51:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1283:
1256:Death camps:
1216:
1190:
1102:
1088:Natan Spigel
929:Kurt Küttner
871:executioners
709:
669:
665:
663:
646:
640:
621:
610:
586:. Retrieved
582:
573:
565:
560:
552:the original
542:
530:
522:
517:
506:. Retrieved
502:
493:
468:. Retrieved
458:
435:
425:
364:
352:World War II
341:
325:
310:
302:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
251:
235:homaranistic
231:Baháʼí Faith
212:
187:Baháʼí Faith
184:
178:, a form of
151:
150:
128:Baháʼí Faith
1312:1942 deaths
1307:1904 births
1018:Ernst Arndt
949:Otto Stadie
934:Willi Mentz
919:Hans Hingst
899:Paul Bredow
869:Gas chamber
583:blogs.bl.uk
503:blogs.bl.uk
275:La Praktiko
247:Cseh method
225:in 1925 in
176:Homaranismo
121:Activity in
100:Nationality
1301:Categories
1115:Resistance
1043:Artur Gold
944:Max Möller
802:Commandant
694:Faded Page
600:References
588:2022-10-11
508:2022-10-11
470:2008-03-16
63:1904-01-29
1284:Treblinka
1207:Memorials
1204:Aftermath
1118:Survivors
999:Trawnikis
666:Ni vivos!
637:Esperanto
618:Esperanto
373:718419298
328:Treblinka
293:Quo Vadis
256:, in the
172:Esperanto
156:Esperanto
134:Parent(s)
1274:Majdanek
843:Deputies
755:Timeline
696:(Canada)
479:cite web
379:See also
338:Memorial
1279:Sobibor
1269:Chełmno
1243:Alleged
1001:"
607:English
201:during
1264:Belzec
984:
968:Guards
628:
446:
371:
284:, and
243:Vienna
239:Warsaw
227:Geneva
104:Polish
71:Warsaw
672:) by
660:Drama
417:Notes
113:Lidja
757:and
626:ISBN
485:link
444:ISBN
369:OCLC
317:Pole
209:Life
126:and
86:Died
57:Born
1189:SS-
692:at
635:In
616:In
605:In
440:368
346:in
296:by
254:UEA
219:law
1303::
680:.
581:.
501:.
481:}}
477:{{
442:.
434:.
354:.
278:,
272:,
205:.
158::
77:,
73:,
1225:)
1221:(
997:"
978:"
974:"
738:e
731:t
724:v
668:(
632:)
624:(
613:.
591:.
511:.
487:)
473:.
452:.
154:(
65:)
61:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.