359:
31:
617:(2), the family name Lymantriidae has been adopted. Because of the overwhelming worldwide use of the name Lymantriidae an application has been submitted by D. S. Fletcher, I. W. B. Nye and D. C. Ferguson to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature requesting them to rule that the family-group name Lymantriidae Hampson, is to be given nomenclatural precedence over the family-group names Orgyiidae Wallengren, 1861, and Dasychiridae Packard, 1864, when applied to the same taxon.
54:
438:
271:
605:
Of the family-group names listed in the last paragraph
Liparidae was the most widely used during the nineteenth century; Orgyiidae and Dasychiridae had minor usage, but neither name became widely adopted. During the present century, Orgyiidae has been used occasionally in contrast with Lymantriidae,
468:
This description clarifies the standing of the former name "Lymantriidae" relative to other proposed names, e.g. Liparidae and other currently unacceptable alternatives. It authoritatively explains the status of the family name
Lymantriidae and its various alternatives as matters stood towards the
289:
Adult moths of this subfamily do not feed. They usually have muted colours (browns and greys), although some are white, and tend to be very hairy. Some females are flightless, and some have reduced wings. Usually, the females have a large tuft at the end of the abdomen. The males, at least, have
319:
as they are laid. In other species, the eggs are covered by a froth that soon hardens or are camouflaged by material the female collects and sticks to them. In the larvae of some species, hairs are gathered in dense tufts along the back and this gives them the common name of
210:
Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another. The caterpillar, or larval, stage of these species often has a distinctive appearance of alternating bristles and haired projections. Many tussock moth caterpillars have
841:
Zahiri R, Kitching IJ, Lafontaine JD, Mutanen M, Kaila L, Holloway JD, Wahlberg N (in press) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family-level classification of the
Noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and
625:" is firmly established as the name of a family of fish, and according to the conventions of zoological taxonomy, family names have to be unique, even though they are permitted to coincide with botanical names.
1033:
606:
which has been used many hundreds of times throughout the world. In North
America, the use of Liparidae has continued until, in the most recent revision of the family by Ferguson, 1978,
301:
are also hairy, often with hairs packed in tufts, and in many species the hairs break off very easily and are extremely irritating to the skin (especially members of the genus
1232:
832:(2015) Molecular phylogeny of Lymantriinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea, Erebidae) inferred from eight gene regions. Cladistics 31(6):579-592 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12108
355:. They tend to have broader host plant ranges than most Lepidoptera. Most feed on trees and shrubs, but some are known from vines, herbs, grasses, and lichens.
924:
453:. The studies found that the family Lymantriidae form a specialized lineage within the Erebidae and is part of a clade that includes the litter moths (
1206:
1306:
294:. They are mostly nocturnal, but Schaefer lists 20 confirmed diurnal species and 20 more likely diurnal species (based on reduced eye size).
358:
515:
Scopoli, 1777. Neither of these family-group names may be used as a valid name, the type-genus in each case being a junior homonym.
1028:
983:
1211:
1219:
418:
53:
1105:
1172:
679:
1237:
215:(often hidden among longer, softer hairs), which can cause painful reactions if they come into contact with skin.
1301:
1185:
769:
715:
426:
307:). This highly effective defence serves the moth throughout its life cycle. The hairs are incorporated into the
921:
724:
342:
449:
studies have reclassified the family
Lymantriidae as the subfamily Lymantriinae of the newly formed family
1058:
688:
30:
973:
1296:
1268:
950:
1247:
1154:
706:
621:
As pointed out, "Liparidae" once was an alternative family name for the
Lymantriidae, but nowadays "
465:). The reclassification affected the former family as a whole and largely kept the clade intact.
875:
751:
697:
231:
163:
48:
1273:
895:"Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico"
334:
means "destroyer", and several species are important defoliators of forest trees, including the
1096:
1255:
1141:
979:
670:
282:
1260:
902:
865:
40:
311:. An emerging adult female of some species collects and stores the hairs at the tip of the
1016:
928:
212:
972:
Watson, Allen; Fletcher, D. S.; Nye, I. W. B.; et al. (1980). Nye, I. W. B. (ed.).
500:
Scopoli, 1763. The next name established for this family was
Liparidae Boisduval, 1834,
374:
Most genera are classified into the following tribes, while others remain unclassified (
1180:
1167:
437:
291:
239:
204:
140:
804:
Proceedings, Lymantriidae: A Comparison of
Features of New and Old World Tussock Moths
1290:
870:
853:
382:
316:
308:
259:
243:
1110:
879:
1146:
894:
446:
275:
149:
1081:
1224:
1193:
1090:
643:
454:
402:
335:
105:
733:
652:
634:
397:
247:
227:
115:
798:
Schaefer, Paul (1989). "Diversity in form, function, behavior, and ecology",
936:
932:
742:
622:
462:
458:
392:
387:
303:
192:
85:
65:
1120:
907:
488:
432. This family was first separated under the name
Lariidae Newman, 1832,
270:
1128:
1075:
661:
524:
K. svenska
Fregatten Eugenies Resa ... C.A. Virgin aren 1851-1853 (Zool.)
450:
412:
407:
349:
255:
200:
125:
1133:
312:
223:
1198:
761:
95:
75:
1052:
436:
357:
298:
269:
254:
islands, notable places that do not host lymantriines include the
251:
235:
219:
1159:
529:(10, Lepidoptera): 369 (as Orgyides), based on the nominal genus
196:
1056:
854:"Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)"
935:
is properly used as the name for the family that includes the
1034:
The Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles
978:. Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History). p. x.
922:
Forest and Shade Tree Entomology ENT 4251 Laboratory Manual
1021:
Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe
274:
The different forms of the male (top) and female (bottom)
518:
These names have also been established for the family:
476:, Allen Watson, D. S. Fletcher and I. W. B. Nye wrote:
1002:, various editions since 1949 pub. Central News Agency
893:
Lafontaine, Donald; Schmidt, Christian (19 Mar 2010).
955:
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
218:
The subfamily Lymantriinae includes about 350 known
1065:
951:"Revision of Australian Lepidoptera. Lasiocampidae"
362:Larva of a species of tussock moth, Lymantriinae,
474:The Generic Names of Moths of the World: Volume 2
583:169 (as Ocneriadae), based on the nominal genus
543:331 (as Dasychirae), based on the nominal genus
507:134 (as Liparides), based on the nominal genus
492:40, 44 (as Lariae), based on the nominal genus
478:
817:The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity
445:Taxonomy is a dynamic discipline, and recent
8:
315:and uses them to camouflage and protect the
1053:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
29:
20:
906:
869:
511:Ochsenheimer, 1810, a junior homonym of
230:. They are particularly concentrated in
975:The Generic Names of Moths of the World
780:
502:Icon. hist. Lèpid. nouv. ou peu connus
819:. (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
7:
1248:dab9c5a7-689c-497a-a3cb-f363964adbbe
1186:5b6759b0-7583-462a-8695-58c4c06d472e
1047:Hubner, (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
246:. One estimate lists 258 species in
496:Schrank, 1802, a junior homonym of
441:Illustration of tussock moth (1917)
1041:Schintlmeister, Alexander (2004).
852:Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2011).
461:, and the tiger and lichen moths (
14:
1000:The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa
998:see for example Smith, J. L. B.,
871:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x
558:432, based on the nominal genus
536:(b) Dasychiridae Packard, 1864,
522:(a) Orgyiidae Wallengren, 1861,
226:found in every continent except
52:
38:Male (left) and female (right)
597:3, based on the nominal genus
590:(f) Hypogymnidae Grote, 1896,
579:(e) Ocneriidae Meyrick, 1895,
572:3, based on the nominal genus
1:
988:– via Internet Archive.
947:This has been pointed out in
490:Sphinx vespiformis; an essay:
1307:Taxa named by George Hampson
565:(d) Leucomidae Grote, 1895,
550:(c) Lymantriidae Hampson, ,
802:USDA Forest Service (ed.):
427:list of Lymantriinae genera
203:. The taxon was erected by
1323:
1043:The Taxonomy of the Genus
767:
680:Northern pine tussock moth
629:Notable species and genera
770:List of lymantriid genera
716:White-marked tussock moth
567:Mitt. Roemermus. Hildesh.
469:end of the 20th century:
169:
162:
155:
148:
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
931:University of Michigan.
725:Douglas-fir tussock moth
592:Mitt Roemermus. Hildesh.
480:Lymantriidae Hampson, ,
343:Douglas-fir tussock moth
693:Gynaephora groenlandica
538:Proc. ent. Soc. Philad.
949:Turner, A. J. (1924).
908:10.3897/zookeys.40.414
815:Scoble, M. J. (1992).
689:Arctic woollybear moth
639:Euproctis chrysorrhoea
619:
612:Moths Am. N. of Mexico
442:
366:
286:
1269:Paleobiology Database
858:Systematic Entomology
806:: 1-19. Broomall, PA
440:
361:
346:Orgyia pseudotsugata,
273:
222:and over 2,500 known
187:(formerly called the
158:2,500–2,700+ species
1181:Fauna Europaea (new)
729:Orgyia pseudostugata
707:Western tussock moth
675:Calliteara pudibunda
648:Sphrageidus similis
533:Ochsenheimer, 1810;
927:2008-04-16 at the
752:Painted apple moth
720:Orgyia leucostigma
698:Rusty tussock moth
684:Dasychira plagiata
581:Handbk Br. Lepid.:
443:
367:
287:
250:alone. Apart from
232:sub-Saharan Africa
16:Subfamily of moths
1284:
1283:
1256:Open Tree of Life
1059:Taxon identifiers
671:Pale tussock moth
666:Lymantria monacha
610:Dominick et al.,
353:Lymantria monacha
283:sexual dimorphism
281:is an example of
181:
180:
175:
156:About 350 genera,
144:
1314:
1302:Moth subfamilies
1277:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1225:NHMSYS0021144371
1215:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1054:
1038:
1029:Skinner, Bernard
1024:
1017:Chinery, Michael
1003:
996:
990:
989:
969:
963:
962:
945:
939:
919:
913:
912:
910:
890:
884:
883:
873:
849:
843:
839:
833:
826:
820:
813:
807:
796:
657:Lymantria dispar
339:Lymantria dispar
213:urticating hairs
173:
139:
57:
56:
41:Lymantria dispar
33:
21:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1061:
1027:
1015:
1012:
1010:Further reading
1007:
1006:
997:
993:
986:
971:
970:
966:
961:(198): 397–428.
948:
946:
942:
929:Wayback Machine
920:
916:
892:
891:
887:
851:
850:
846:
840:
836:
827:
823:
814:
810:
797:
782:
777:
772:
756:Teia anartoides
738:Leucoma salicis
631:
601:Billberg, 1820.
552:Fauna Br. India
482:Fauna Br. India
435:
372:
364:Orgyia definita
292:tympanal organs
268:
157:
138:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1265:
1252:
1242:
1229:
1216:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1168:Fauna Europaea
1164:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1115:
1102:
1087:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1025:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
991:
984:
964:
940:
914:
885:
844:
834:
821:
808:
779:
778:
776:
773:
766:
765:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
711:Orgyia vetusta
704:
702:Orgyia antiqua
695:
686:
677:
668:
659:
650:
641:
630:
627:
603:
602:
588:
577:
563:
548:
534:
434:
431:
423:
422:
419:Incertae sedis
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
376:incertae sedis
371:
368:
267:
264:
240:Southeast Asia
205:George Hampson
199:of the family
179:
178:
177:
176:
167:
166:
160:
159:
153:
152:
146:
145:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1001:
995:
992:
987:
981:
977:
976:
968:
965:
960:
956:
952:
944:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
918:
915:
909:
904:
900:
896:
889:
886:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
838:
835:
831:
825:
822:
818:
812:
809:
805:
801:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
781:
774:
771:
764:
763:
759:
757:
753:
750:
748:
747:Eloria noyesi
744:
741:
739:
735:
732:
730:
726:
723:
721:
717:
714:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:or vapourer,
699:
696:
694:
690:
687:
685:
681:
678:
676:
672:
669:
667:
663:
660:
658:
654:
651:
649:
645:
642:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
624:
618:
616:
613:
609:
600:
596:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
576:Hübner, 1822;
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
520:
519:
516:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
439:
432:
430:
428:
425:See also the
421:
420:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:Arctornithini
381:
380:
379:
377:
369:
365:
360:
356:
354:
351:
347:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
327:
326:tussock moths
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
295:
293:
284:
280:
279:Orgyia recens
277:
272:
265:
263:
261:
260:New Caledonia
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:South America
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
174:Hampson, 1893
172:Lymantriidae
171:
170:
168:
165:
161:
154:
151:
147:
142:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
112:Superfamily:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
42:
36:
32:
27:
24:Lymantriinae
22:
19:
1297:Lymantriinae
1111:Lymantriinae
1097:Lymantriinae
1067:Lymantriinae
1066:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1020:
999:
994:
974:
967:
958:
954:
943:
917:
898:
888:
861:
857:
847:
837:
829:
824:
816:
811:
803:
799:
760:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
674:
665:
656:
647:
638:
620:
614:
611:
607:
604:
598:
594:
591:
584:
580:
573:
569:
566:
559:
555:
551:
544:
540:
537:
530:
526:
523:
517:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
479:
473:
472:In the 1980
471:
467:
447:phylogenetic
444:
424:
417:
375:
373:
363:
352:
345:
338:
331:
330:
325:
321:
302:
296:
288:
278:
276:tussock moth
217:
209:
189:Lymantriidae
188:
185:Lymantriinae
184:
182:
136:Lymantriinae
135:
39:
18:
1194:iNaturalist
1091:Wikispecies
864:: 102–124.
644:Yellow-tail
455:Herminiinae
433:Systematics
403:Lymantriini
336:spongy moth
285:in insects.
266:Description
132:Subfamily:
106:Lepidoptera
1291:Categories
985:0565008110
901:(40): 26.
842:Evolution.
775:References
768:See also:
734:Satin moth
653:Gypsy moth
635:Brown-tail
398:Locharnini
248:Madagascar
228:Antarctica
116:Noctuoidea
86:Arthropoda
1082:Q18428789
1045:Lymantria
937:snailfish
933:Liparidae
828:Wang, H.
743:Coca moth
623:Liparidae
599:Hypogymna
587:Hübner, ;
562:Hübner, ;
560:Lymantria
547:Hübner, ;
545:Dasychira
463:Arctiinae
459:Aganainae
393:Leucomini
388:Daplasini
332:Lymantria
304:Euproctis
207:in 1893.
193:subfamily
150:Diversity
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1160:47608433
1129:BugGuide
1118:BioLib:
1076:Wikidata
1031:(1984).
1019:(1991).
925:Archived
880:84249695
662:Nun moth
554:(Moths)
484:(Moths)
451:Erebidae
413:Nygmiini
408:Orgyiini
350:nun moth
348:and the
322:tussocks
256:Antilles
201:Erebidae
191:) are a
164:Synonyms
126:Erebidae
122:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1261:1022119
1121:1229587
899:ZooKeys
585:Ocneria
574:Leucoma
513:Liparis
509:Liparis
457:), the
313:abdomen
252:oceanic
224:species
141:Hampson
102:Order:
96:Insecta
92:Class:
1274:245057
1245:NZOR:
1212:936936
1173:447056
1134:378209
982:
878:
830:et al.
762:Rahona
531:Orgyia
370:Tribes
341:, the
309:cocoon
299:larvae
242:, and
220:genera
143:, 1893
1238:27548
1199:48847
1147:93MXM
876:S2CID
498:Laria
494:Laria
236:India
197:moths
1233:NCBI
1207:ITIS
980:ISBN
317:eggs
297:The
258:and
183:The
1220:NBN
1155:EoL
1142:CoL
1106:AFD
903:doi
866:doi
800:In:
378:):
324:or
195:of
1293::
1271::
1258::
1235::
1222::
1209::
1196::
1183::
1170::
1157::
1144::
1131::
1108::
1093::
1078::
959:49
957:.
953:.
897:.
874:.
862:37
860:.
856:.
783:^
754:,
745:,
736:,
727:,
718:,
709:,
691:,
682:,
673:,
664:,
655:,
646:,
637:,
615:22
608:in
595:7:
570:1:
556:1:
541:3:
505:2:
486:1:
429:.
328:.
262:.
238:,
234:,
1049:.
1037:.
1023:.
911:.
905::
882:.
868::
527:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
