28:
650:(CDC), the rate of Lyme disease infection is 7.9 cases for every 100,000 persons. In the 10 states where Lyme disease is most common, the average was 31.6 cases per 100,000 persons for 2005. Although Lyme disease has now been reported in 49 of 50 states in the U.S (all but Hawaii), about 99% of all reported cases are confined to just five geographic areas (
161:
779:
in the manifestation of Lyme disease in this region is presently unknown, but evidence indicates the disease may occur in humans in sub-Saharan Africa. The abundance of hosts and tick vectors would favor the establishment of the infection in Africa. In East Africa two cases of Lyme disease have been
1147:
residing in the gut of unfed ticks, suggesting they promote the persistence of the spirochete in ticks between blood meals. During transmission to the mammalian host, when the nymphal tick begins to feed and the spirochetes in the midgut begin to multiply rapidly, most spirochetes cease expressing
840:
with respect to optimizing their chance of contact with an appropriate host to ensure survival. The life stages of soft ticks are not readily distinguishable. The first stage to hatch from the egg, a six-legged larva, takes a blood meal from a host, and molts to the first nymphal stage. Unlike hard
1112:
could survive standard antibiotic treatment protocols. However, a 2014 review found that there was currently no clear evidence for this, and noted that samples from patients diagnosed as having chronic Lyme disease following antibiotic treatment usually showed no round bodies (and indeed often no
3003:
Casjens S, Palmer N, van Vugt R, Huang WM, Stevenson B, Rosa P, Lathigra R, Sutton G, Peterson J, Dodson RJ, Haft D, Hickey E, Gwinn M, White O, Fraser CM (2000). "A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease
1186:
among different strains within each of the three major Lyme disease species is highly variable. OspC plays an essential role during the early stage of mammalian infection. In infected ticks feeding on a mammalian host, OspC may also be necessary to allow
2483:
Walder G, Lkhamsuren E, Shagdar A, Bataa J, Batmunkh T, Orth D, Heinz FX, Danichova GA, Khasnatinov MA, Wurzner R, Dierich MP (May 2006). "Serological evidence for tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in
Mongolia".
960:
results in a loss of some plasmids and changes in expressed protein profiles. Associated with the loss of plasmids is a loss in the ability of the organism to infect laboratory animals, suggesting the plasmids encode key genes involved in
664:-infected ticks are found predominantly in Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, Slovenia, and Poland, but have been isolated in almost every country on the continent. Lyme disease statistics for Europe can be found at
1191:
to invade and attach to the salivary gland after leaving the gut, although not all studies agree on such a role for the protein. OspC attaches to the tick salivary protein Salp15, which protects the spirochete from
1159:. The two Osp proteins show a high degree of sequence similarity, indicating a recent duplication event. Virtually all spirochetes in the midgut of an unfed nymph tick express OspA. OspA promotes the attachment of
2560:
Yoshinari NH, Oyafuso LK, Monteiro FG, de Barros PJ, da Cruz FC, Ferreira LG, Bonasser F, Baggio D, Cossermelli W (JulβAug 1993). "Lyme disease. Report of a case observed in Brazil".
1243:, although in some cases, an internal promoter in the first gene may also transcribe the second gene. The presence of multiple Erp proteins was proposed to be important in allowing
1413:
1149:
1140:
952:(12 linear and 9 circular) β by far the largest number of plasmids found in any known bacterium. Genetic exchange, including plasmid transfers, contributes to the
1282:
may persist in humans for months or years. In North
America and Europe, Lyme arthritis may persist, while Europe also includes a persistent skin condition called
3815:
BergstrΓΆm S, Bundoc VG, Barbour AG (1989). "Molecular analysis of linear plasmid-encoded major surface proteins, OspA and OspB, of the Lyme disease spirochaete
185:
1137:
anchored by N-terminally attached fatty acid molecules to the membrane. They are presumed to play a role in virulence, transmission, or survival in the tick.
2370:
647:
3862:
Pal U, Li X, Wang T, Montgomery RR, Ramamoorthi N, Desilva AM, Bao F, Yang X, Pypaert M, Pradhan D, Kantor FS, Telford S, Anderson JF, Fikrig E (2004).
799:
have been documented in
Australia, but are often ascribed to travel to other continents. The existence of Lyme disease in Australia is controversial.
646:
The number of reported cases of the borreliosis have been increasing, as are endemic regions in North
America. Of cases reported to the United States
1101:
experiments round bodies seemed to be formed in response to adverse conditions, such as a culture medium containing no serum or antimicrobial drugs.
1967:
Maraspin V, Cimperman J, Lotric-Furlan S, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Jurca T, Picken RN, Strle F (2002). "Solitary borrelial lymphocytoma in adult patients".
1044:
that run lengthways between its cell wall and outer membrane. This structure allows the spirochete to move efficiently in corkscrew fashion through
1178:; detection of its presence by the host organism stimulates an immune response. While each individual bacterial cell contains just one copy of the
1171:, as well as OspA and OspB, it is not essential for the attachment and colonization of the tick gut, and it is not required for human infections.
3629:
1602:
4808:
3224:
1625:
1349:
4824:
4816:
4595:
Kullberg, Bart Jan; Vrijmoeth, Hedwig D; van de Schoor, Freek; Hovius, Joppe W (26 May 2020). "Lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management".
4188:
Ramamoorthi N, Narasimhan S, Pal U, Bao F, Yang XF, Fish D, Anguita J, Norgard MV, Kantor FS, Anderson JF, Koski RA, Fikrig E (July 2005).
1456:"Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study"
2310:
Higgins R (August 2004). "Emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases: bartonellosis, leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, plague".
1283:
1251:
of a broad range of potential animal hosts, as individual Erp proteins exhibited different binding patterns to the complement regulator
252:
Thirteen distinct genomic classifications of Lyme disease bacteria have been identified worldwide. These include but are not limited to
1235:
loci occupy the same position on the multiple copies of the cp32 plasmid present in these strains. Each locus consists of one or two
4835:"Vector interactions and molecular adaptations of lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes associated with transmission by ticks"
1215:
genes are structurally arranged in tandem as one transcriptional unit under the control of a common promoter. Individual strains of
1152:
and migrates to the salivary gland. Upregulation of OspC begins during the first day of feeding and peaks 48 hours after attachment.
3557:
1853:
Collares-Pereira M, Couceiro S, Franca I, Kurtenbach K, Schafer SM, Vitorino L, Goncalves L, Baptista S, Vieira ML, Cunha C (2004).
203:
1081:
bacteria occasionally take on roughly spherical or other atypical shapes. These have sometimes been referred to as "cysts" or as "
1148:
OspA on their surfaces. Simultaneous with the disappearance of OspA, the spirochete population in the midgut begins to express an
665:
84:) are the main causative agents of the disease in humans, while a number of others have been implicated as possibly pathogenic.
1666:
HabΓ‘lek, Z.; Halouzka, J. (1997-12-01). "Distribution of
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomic groups in Europe, a review".
795:
or for any other tick-borne spirochete that may be responsible for a local syndrome being reported as Lyme disease. Cases of
1248:
4019:
Tilly K, Krum JG, Bestor A, Jewett MW, Grimm D, Bueschel D, Byram R, Dorward D, Vanraden MJ, Stewart P, Rosa P (June 2006).
130:
than previously estimated. The strains differ in clinical symptoms and/or presentation as well as geographic distribution.
2885:
Fraser, Claire M.; Casjens, S; Huang, WM; Sutton, GG; Clayton, R; Lathigra, R; White, O; Ketchum, KA; et al. (1997).
3304:
4542:
Woodman ME, Cooley AE, Miller JC, Lazarus JJ, Tucker K, Bykowski T, Botto M, Hellwage J, Wooten RM, Stevenson B (2007).
4298:
Hovius JW, de Jong MA, den Dunnen J, Litjens M, Fikrig E, van der Poll T, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TB (February 2008).
987:, ranging from about 9 to 32 ΞΌm in length. Because of its double-membrane envelope, it is often mistakenly described as
4300:"Salp15 binding to DC-SIGN inhibits cytokine expression by impairing both nucleosome remodeling and mRNA stabilization"
4129:
Grimm D, Tilly K, Byram R, Stewart PE, Krum JG, Bueschel DM, Schwan TG, Policastro PF, Elias AF, Rosa PA (March 2004).
1163:
to the tick protein TROSPA, present on tick gut epithelial cells. OspB also has an essential role in the adherence of
176:
1341:
Lyme
Disease and Relapsing Fever Spirochetes: Genomics, Molecular Biology, Host Interactions, and Disease Pathogenesis
4442:
Erp proteins are immunogenic in mammals infected by tick bite, and their synthesis is inducible in cultured bacteria"
2820:
4405:
Stevenson B, ZΓΌckert WR, Akins DR (2000). "Repetition, conservation, and variation: the multiple cp32 plasmids of
3491:"A Systematic Review of Borrelia burgdorferi Morphologic Variants Does Not Support a Role in Chronic Lyme Disease"
296:
The genomic variations have direct implications on the clinical symptoms of tick-borne Lyme disease. For example,
2391:
Li M, Masuzawa T, Takada N, Ishiguro F, Fujita H, Iwaki A, Wang H, Wang J, Kawabata M, Yanagihara Y (July 1998).
332:
2521:"Description of Lyme disease-like syndrome in Brazil: is it a new tick-borne disease or Lyme disease variation?"
677:-infested ticks are being found more frequently in Japan, as well as in northwest China and far eastern Russia.
1019:
does not use iron, hence avoiding the difficulty of acquiring iron during infection. It lives primarily as an
2642:
695:, as well as canine and human tick-borne diseases, have been reported widely in Brazil, but the subspecies of
4131:"Outer-surface protein C of the Lyme disease spirochete: a protein induced in ticks for infection of mammals"
1366:
1007:. However, the membranes in the B31 strain have been found to contain a lipopolysaccharide-like component.
922:
in 1995, and its chromosome contains 910,725 base pairs and 853 genes. One of the most striking features of
503:
4495:
Erp surface proteins: a possible mechanism underlying the expansive host range of Lyme disease spirochetes"
2265:
Grubhoffer L, Golovchenko M, Vancova M, Zacharovova-Slavickova K, Rudenko N, Oliver JH Jr (November 2005).
525:
2219:
1130:
617:
312:
488:
406:(U.S.). Some of these species are carried by ticks not currently recognized as carriers of Lyme disease.
4890:
4885:
3623:
1596:
837:
830:
768:
547:
517:
510:
336:
568:
126:
and slow-growing. The primary reason for the long delays when diagnosing Lyme disease is their greater
116:, a member of the complex, which is responsible for nearly all cases of Lyme disease in North America.
4201:
4142:
4072:
Pal U, Yang X, Chen M, Bockenstedt LK, Anderson JF, Flavell RA, Norgard MV, Fikrig E (January 2004).
3660:
3380:
3257:
3161:
3071:
2902:
2408:
1105:
495:
481:
135:
112:
97:
77:
32:
2587:
Bouattour A, Ghorbel A, Chabchoub A, Postic D (2004). "Lyme borreliosis situation in North Africa".
554:
171:
1307:
914:(B31 strain) was the third microbial genome ever to be sequenced, following the sequencing of both
640:
610:
589:
561:
473:
275:
271:
267:
181:
update and integrate with taxonomy list; consider using cited supplementary material for more info.
4800:
4620:
3901:
3844:
3339:
3033:
2928:
2662:
1699:
1394:
1028:
1000:
936:
872:
772:
760:
466:
279:
217:
143:
and is transmitted by the human body louse), all known species are believed to be transmitted by
4548:
binding of host complement regulator factor H is not required for efficient mammalian infection"
2099:
Scoles GA, Papero M, Beati L, Fish D (2001). "A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by
699:
has not yet been defined. The first reported case of Lyme disease in Brazil was made in 1993 in
352:
289:
Many of these genomic groups are country or continent specific. For example, without migration,
3764:"Temporal changes in outer surface proteins A and C of the Lyme disease-associated spirochete,
3414:
Kelly, RT (1984). "Genus IV. Borrelia
Swellengrebel 1907, 582AL". In Krieg NR, Holt JG (eds.).
27:
4864:
4771:
4718:
4665:
4612:
4577:
4524:
4471:
4418:
4387:
4331:
4280:
4227:
4170:
4111:
4054:
4001:
3956:
3893:
3836:
3797:
3744:
3688:
3611:
3553:
3522:
3468:
3450:
3396:
3331:
3285:
3220:
3189:
3126:
3099:
3051:
Qiu WG, Schutzer SE, Bruno JF, Attie O, Xu Y, Dunn JJ, Fraser CM, Casjens SR, Luft BJ (2004).
3025:
2985:
2920:
2867:
2802:
2759:
2724:
2697:
2654:
2646:
2596:
2569:
2542:
2501:
2465:
2434:
2345:
2327:
2292:
2247:
2239:
2173:
2120:
2081:
2028:
1976:
1949:
1888:
1835:
1801:
1748:
1691:
1683:
1621:
1584:
1534:
1485:
1436:
1386:
1345:
1193:
1049:
899:
767:
has been recognized for over a century, since it was first isolated by the
British physicians
540:
285:
127:
1113:
spirochaetes), suggesting that their symptoms might be due to something other than surviving
887:
appear to be associated with birds. Both rodents and birds are competent reservoir hosts for
4854:
4846:
4761:
4753:
4742:
paralogous gene family 54 genes BBA64, BBA65, and BBA66 during persistent infection in mice"
4708:
4700:
4655:
4604:
4567:
4559:
4514:
4506:
4461:
4453:
4377:
4369:
4321:
4311:
4270:
4262:
4217:
4209:
4160:
4150:
4101:
4093:
4044:
4036:
3991:
3946:
3936:
3883:
3828:
3787:
3779:
3734:
3726:
3678:
3668:
3601:
3593:
3512:
3502:
3458:
3442:
3388:
3323:
3275:
3265:
3179:
3169:
3089:
3079:
3017:
2975:
2967:
2956:: a comparison of functional genomics, environmental adaptations, and pathogenic mechanisms"
2910:
2859:
2794:
2751:
2638:
2615:
2532:
2493:
2424:
2416:
2319:
2282:
2231:
2163:
2155:
2112:
2071:
2063:
2018:
1939:
1931:
1878:
1870:
1791:
1783:
1738:
1675:
1576:
1524:
1516:
1475:
1467:
1428:
1378:
1094:
1058:
is very slow growing, with a doubling time of 12β18 hours (in contrast to pathogens such as
796:
596:
575:
533:
459:
417:
group of spirochetes, is also suspected of causing illness in Japan. Spirochetes similar to
263:
259:
71:
65:
2218:
Wolcott, Katherine A.; Margos, Gabriele; Fingerle, Volker; Becker, NoΓ©mie S. (2021-09-01).
386:
sensu lato genospecies suspected of causing illness, but not confirmed by culture, include
4791:
3919:
Neelakanta G, Li X, Pal U, Liu X, Beck DS, DePonte K, Fish D, Kantor FS, Fikrig E (2007).
2777:
Piesman J, Stone BF (February 1991). "Vector competence of the
Australian paralysis tick,
2715:
Fivaz BH, Petney TN (September 1989). "Lyme disease β a new disease in southern Africa?".
2366:
1299:
1197:
1082:
1012:
764:
582:
414:
140:
92:
1003:, which is extremely atypical for Gram negative bacteria; instead, the membranes contain
17:
4205:
4146:
3664:
3544:
3384:
3371:
Posey JE, Gherardini FC (2000). "Lack of a role for iron in the Lyme disease pathogen".
3261:
3165:
3075:
2906:
2412:
2397:
species in northeastern China resemble those isolated from far eastern Russia and Japan"
2192:
1553:
643:
temperate regions, but sporadic cases have been described in other areas of the world.
625:
As these species are mainly differentiated by genetics, they are usually referred to as
4859:
4834:
4766:
4737:
4572:
4543:
4326:
4299:
4275:
4246:
4245:
Schuijt TJ, Hovius JW, van Burgel ND, Ramamoorthi N, Fikrig E, van Dam AP (July 2008).
4222:
4189:
4049:
4020:
3951:
3920:
3832:
3739:
3710:
3606:
3581:
3517:
3490:
3213:
2863:
2519:
Mantovani E, Costa IP, Gauditano G, Bonoldi VL, Higuchi ML, Yoshinari NH (April 2007).
2168:
2139:
2076:
2047:
1796:
1767:
1529:
1504:
1480:
1455:
1086:
1066:
756:
603:
423:
123:
4713:
4684:
4519:
4490:
4466:
4437:
4382:
4353:
4165:
4130:
4106:
4073:
3996:
3975:
3463:
3430:
3280:
3241:
3207:
Samuels DS, Radolf JD, eds. (2010). "Ch. 6: Structure, Function and
Biogenesis of the
3094:
3057:
sensu stricto revealed by three-way genome comparisons and multilocus sequence typing"
2980:
2947:
2429:
2392:
1944:
1907:
1883:
1854:
1471:
1382:
4879:
4704:
4624:
3792:
3763:
3709:
Li X, Neelakanta G, Liu X, Beck DS, Kantor FS, Fish D, Anderson JF, Fikrig E (2007).
3683:
3644:
3446:
3184:
3145:
3021:
2798:
1935:
1311:
1060:
1020:
988:
953:
895:
685:
230:
225:
4457:
3848:
2666:
2537:
2520:
2452:
Masuzawa T (December 2004). "Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent
2420:
1874:
1703:
1398:
3905:
3429:
Kurtti, T. J.; Munderloh, U. G.; Johnson, R. C.; Ahlstrand, G. G. (November 1987).
3343:
3052:
2932:
1554:"Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents
1134:
44:
37:
4510:
4373:
4025:
OspC protein required exclusively in a crucial early stage of mammalian infection"
3783:
3392:
3037:
2614:
Dsouli N, Younsi-Kabachii H, Postic D, Nouira S, Gern L, Bouattour A (July 2006).
627:
4660:
4639:
4316:
3941:
2235:
3597:
1365:
Stanek, Gerold; Wormser, Gary P; Gray, Jeremy; Strle, Franc (7 September 2011).
1275:
1004:
651:
48:
3888:
3863:
2497:
2116:
2003:
species by multilocus sequence analysis and confirmation of the delineation of
4689:
changes its surface antigenic expression in response to host immune responses"
3347:
1743:
1718:
1679:
1520:
1432:
992:
984:
845:
stages, gradually increasing in size until the final molt to the adult stage.
4190:"The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host"
3454:
3305:"Immunochemical analysis of lipopolysaccharide-like component extracted from
2650:
2243:
1687:
654:, Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, and West North-Central).
4155:
3270:
3084:
2755:
1167:
to the tick gut. Although OspD has been shown to bind to tick gut extracts
962:
788:
700:
304:
4868:
4850:
4775:
4722:
4669:
4616:
4581:
4528:
4422:
4335:
4284:
4231:
4174:
4115:
4058:
4005:
3960:
3897:
3801:
3748:
3673:
3615:
3526:
3400:
3335:
3289:
3174:
3117:
SchwarzovΓ‘ K (June 1993). "Lyme borreliosis: review of present knowledge".
3103:
3029:
2989:
2763:
2701:
2658:
2600:
2546:
2505:
2469:
2331:
2323:
2296:
2251:
2177:
2159:
2124:
2085:
2067:
2032:
1980:
1892:
1839:
1819:
Masuzawa T (2004). "Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent
1805:
1787:
1588:
1538:
1489:
1440:
1390:
4475:
4391:
4352:
Lam TT, Nguyen TP, Montgomery RR, Kantor FS, Fikrig E, Flavell RA (1994).
4247:"The tick salivary protein Salp15 inhibits the killing of serum-sensitive
3840:
3692:
3472:
3193:
3130:
2924:
2806:
2728:
2573:
2438:
2023:
1995:
1994:
Richter D, Postic D, Sertour N, Livey I, Matuschka FR, Baranton G (2006).
1953:
1752:
1695:
1580:
688:, tick-borne disease recognition and occurrence is rising. Ticks carrying
4757:
4563:
4266:
4040:
3730:
3507:
2871:
2287:
2266:
1263:
to infect mice, suggesting the Erp proteins have an additional function.
1256:
1252:
1041:
1033:
941:
927:
711:
440:
59:
51:
4213:
3240:
Ben-Menachem G, Kubler-Kielb J, Coxon B, Yergey A, Schneerson R (2003).
995:. The bacterial membranes in at least the B31, NL303 and N40 strains of
972:
revealed the presence of 46% proteins, 51% lipids and 3% carbohydrates.
3974:
Baranton G, Seinost G, Theodore G, Postic D, Dykhuizen D (March 2001).
3327:
1175:
1108:" theory sometimes propose the formation of round bodies as a way that
1045:
949:
848:
The lifecycle of the black-legged tick, commonly called the deer tick (
822:
749:
741:
737:
715:
450:
246:
88:
4608:
902:
of various host species may determine its reservoir host association.
4097:
2971:
1766:
Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, Tsounis S, Milonas I, Antoniadis A (2004).
1240:
1015:
organism, requiring little oxygen to survive. Unlike most bacteria,
931:
894:. The resistance of a genospecies of Lyme disease spirochetes to the
868:
726:
375:
340:
234:
3552:. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. p. 266.
3150:
swims with a planar waveform similar to that of eukaryotic flagella"
2742:
Jowi JO, Gathua SN (May 2005). "Lyme disease: report of two cases".
2138:
Bunikis J, Tsao J, Garpmo U, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG (2004).
1552:
Bunikis J, Garpmo U, Tsao J, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG (2004).
1155:
The OspA and OspB genes encode the major outer membrane proteins of
1089:
and the cautious term "round bodies" is now preferred. As well as
2915:
2886:
1093:
they have occasionally been observed in tissue samples taken from
857:
853:
842:
826:
781:
745:
102:
80:
55:
26:
3418:. Vol. 1. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore. pp. 57β62.
327:
was identified as a genomic species from Strain VS116, and named
1239:
genes. When two genes are present, they are transcribed as one
934:, which is far more complex than that of its spirochetal cousin
879:
is most frequently detected in rodent-feeding vector ticks, and
818:
808:
144:
4491:"Differential binding of host complement inhibitor factor H by
2220:"Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: A review"
1339:
3489:
Lantos, Paul M.; Auwaerter, Paul G.; Wormser, Gary P. (2014).
3215:
Borrelia: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis
154:
1314:
attack. This ability is related to the genomic complexity of
4489:
Stevenson B, El-Hage N, Hines MA, Miller JC, Babb K (2002).
3543:
Halperin, John J.; Baker, Phillip; Wormser, Gary P. (2011).
2846:
Wallis RC, Brown SE, Kloter KO, Main AJ Jr (October 1978). "
1322:
evades the immune system to establish a chronic infection.
3643:
Schwan TG, Piesman J, Golde WT, Dolan MC, Rosa PA (1995).
1503:
Tilly, Kit; Rosa, Patricia A.; Stewart, Philip E. (2008).
983:
is a highly specialized, motile, two-membrane, flat-waved
347:
has been isolated throughout Europe, as well as east Asia.
3431:"Colony formation and morphology in Borrelia burgdorferi"
2643:
10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[737:RROLPA]2.0.CO;2
1906:
Postic D, Ras NM, Lane RS, Hendson M, Baranton G (1998).
821:, and species that are competent reservoirs, often small
311:βs tick-borne Lyme disease may cause an infection of the
1414:"Emerging borreliae - Expanding beyond Lyme borreliosis"
1259:
was recently demonstrated to not be necessary to enable
4796:(images of spirochetal, spheroplast and granular forms)
4736:
Gilmore RD, Howison RR, Schmit VL, et al. (2007).
3980:
are associated with different aspects of pathogenicity"
449:
s.l. species complex is known to include the following
362:
in Europe (especially Portugal), North Africa and Asia.
1717:
Wang G, van Dam AP, Le Fleche A, et al. (1997).
791:, no definitive evidence exists for the existence of
944:. In addition to a linear chromosome, the genome of
95:
known to cause Lyme disease are collectively called
3768:, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice"
3212:
2827:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 May 2013
1255:from different animals. However, the presence of
220:were thought to cause Lyme disease (borreliosis):
3242:"A newly discovered cholesteryl galactoside from
2887:"Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete,
1223:locus, which are now collectively referred to as
355:have also been found to cause disease in humans:
4436:Stevenson B, Bono JL, Schwan TG, Rosa P (1998).
2346:"DVBID: Disease Upward Climb β CDC Lyme Disease"
1646:: Strains, Vectors, Human and Animal Borreliosis
1505:"Biology of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi"
1412:Cutler SJ, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Potkonjak A (2016).
1133:(Osp) named OspA through OspF. Osp proteins are
1070:, which have a doubling time of 20β30 minutes).
4683:Liang FT, Yan J, Mbow ML, et al. (2004).
2680:Helmy N (August 2000). "Seasonal abundance of
968:Chemical analysis of the external membrane of
722:has been reported in Bay Islands of Honduras.
110:), not to be confused with the single species
4638:Embers ME, Ramamoorthy R, Philipp MT (2004).
3144:Goldstein SF, Charon NW, Kreiling JA (1994).
710:antigens in patients have been identified in
303:βs tick-borne Lyme disease may manifest with
293:is only prevalent in the eastern hemisphere.
63:, which has 52 known species. Three species (
8:
3582:"Spirochaetal lipoproteins and pathogenesis"
2267:"Lyme borreliosis: insights into tick-/host-
4347:
4345:
3925:adherence and survival within Ixodes ticks"
3538:
3536:
3053:"Genetic exchange and plasmid transfers in
2850:and Lyme arthritis: field study of ticks".
1509:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
1203:OspE and OspF were initially identified in
841:ticks, many soft ticks go through multiple
3704:
3702:
3645:"Induction of an outer surface protein on
3416:Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
2371:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
648:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4858:
4765:
4712:
4659:
4571:
4518:
4465:
4381:
4325:
4315:
4274:
4221:
4164:
4154:
4105:
4048:
3995:
3976:"Distinct levels of genetic diversity of
3950:
3940:
3921:"Outer surface protein B is critical for
3887:
3791:
3738:
3682:
3672:
3605:
3516:
3506:
3484:
3482:
3462:
3279:
3269:
3183:
3173:
3093:
3083:
2979:
2914:
2536:
2428:
2286:
2167:
2075:
2022:
1943:
1882:
1795:
1742:
1528:
1479:
1227:(OspE/F-like related protein) genes. In
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
3711:"Role of outer surface protein D in the
3546:Lyme Disease: An Evidence-based Approach
2624:sensu lato (Spirochaetaceae) in Tunisia"
1330:
1290:Antigenic variation and gene expression
681:has been isolated in Mongolia as well.
4833:Schwan TG, Piesman J (February 2002).
4644:, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease"
3621:
2825:ABC Radio National Background Briefing
2193:"New Tick-Borne Disease Is Discovered"
2046:Foldvari G, Farkas R, Lakos A (2005).
1908:"Expanded diversity among Californian
1594:
956:of the organism. Long-term culture of
4738:"Temporal expression analysis of the
1219:carry multiple related copies of the
898:activities of the alternative immune
852:) comprises three growth stages: the
7:
2191:McNeil, Donald (19 September 2011).
1719:"Genetic and phenotypic analysis of
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1338:Radolf JD, Samuels DS, eds. (2021).
278:, 25015, DN127, CA55, 25015, HK501,
4354:"Outer surface proteins E and F of
1284:acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
40:(borreliosis). Magnified 400 times.
3833:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00194.x
3628:: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
2864:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112626
2781:, for the Lyme disease spirochete
2105:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
1648:. St. Louis: Warren H. Green, Inc.
1601:: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
1454:Pritt, Bobbi S (5 February 2016).
1085:", but they appear not to be true
1040:has an axial filament composed of
331:in 1997. It was later detected by
113:Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto
25:
2684:and prevalence of infection with
1231:strains B31 and 297, most of the
421:have recently been found in both
4705:10.1128/IAI.72.10.5759-5767.2004
3447:10.1128/jcm.25.11.2054-2058.1987
3435:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3022:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x
1936:10.1128/JCM.36.12.3497-3504.1998
1668:European Journal of Epidemiology
1026:Like other spirochetes, such as
639:Lyme disease is most endemic in
368:in the United States and Europe.
159:
36:one of the causative species of
4458:10.1128/IAI.66.6.2648-2654.1998
3303:SchwarzovΓ‘ K, ΔiΕΎnΓ‘r I (2004).
3119:Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol
2946:Porcella SF, Schwan TG (2001).
2562:Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo
2538:10.1590/S0100-879X2006005000082
2421:10.1128/AEM.64.7.2705-2709.1998
1875:10.1128/JCM.42.3.1316-1318.2004
47:, or borreliosis, is caused by
2144:relapsing fever group strains"
1727:genomic groups VS116 and M19)"
1616:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1460:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
1278:in humans. However, untreated
1274:is susceptible to a number of
1249:alternative complement pathway
1129:is composed of various unique
1:
4511:10.1128/IAI.70.2.491-497.2002
4411:J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol
4374:10.1128/IAI.62.1.290-298.1994
3997:10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01186-X
3784:10.1128/JCM.38.1.382-388.2000
3762:Schwan TG, Piesman J (2000).
3393:10.1126/science.288.5471.1651
2631:Journal of Medical Entomology
2224:Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
1620:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1472:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00464-8
1421:Molecular and Cellular Probes
1383:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60103-7
991:, though it stains weakly in
836:Hard ticks have a variety of
307:-like symptoms. In contrast,
4661:10.1016/j.micinf.2003.11.014
4358:, the agent of Lyme disease"
4317:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040031
4135:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3942:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030033
3653:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3495:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3250:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3154:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2799:10.1016/0020-7519(91)90127-S
2236:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766
1912:isolates and description of
1618:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1196:and impairs the function of
229:(the predominant species in
216:Until recently, only three
3598:10.1099/00221287-146-7-1491
1182:gene, the gene sequence of
413:spirochete, related to the
179:. The specific problem is:
4907:
3889:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.027
3219:. Caister Academic Press.
2848:Erythema chronicum migrans
2821:"Lyme: a four letter word"
2682:Ornithodoros (O.) savignyi
2616:"Reservoir role of lizard
2498:10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.031
2456:sensu lato in East Asia".
2117:10.1089/153036601750137624
2052:erythema migrans, Hungary"
1344:. Caister Academic Press.
806:
438:
175:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
139:(which causes louse-borne
2620:in transmission cycle of
2367:"Lyme Disease Statistics"
2011:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
1744:10.1099/00207713-47-4-926
1521:10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.013
1433:10.1016/j.mcp.2016.08.003
1308:vary its surface proteins
1267:Mechanisms of persistence
441:Borrelia Β§ Phylogeny
333:polymerase chain reaction
18:Lyme disease microbiology
4801:NCBI Taxonomy Browser β
4640:"Survival strategies of
1247:to evade killing by the
867:is most associated with
666:Eurosurveillance website
4156:10.1073/pnas.0306845101
3271:10.1073/pnas.1232451100
3085:10.1073/pnas.0402745101
2756:10.4314/eamj.v82i5.9318
2688:spirochetes in Egypt".
2589:Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis
2281:(4 (Review)): 279β294.
2275:Folia Parasitol (Praha)
1772:in cerebrospinal fluid"
1731:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol
1680:10.1023/A:1007426304900
948:strain B31 includes 21
926:as compared with other
906:Genomic characteristics
736:has been identified in
4851:10.3201/eid0802.010198
3674:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2909
3175:10.1073/pnas.91.8.3433
3064:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2401:Appl Environ Microbiol
2324:10.20506/rst.23.2.1503
2160:10.3201/eid1009.040236
2068:10.3201/eid1111.050542
1788:10.3201/eid1009.030439
1131:outer surface proteins
1125:The outer membrane of
1121:Outer surface proteins
1074:Morphological variants
817:is complex, requiring
313:central nervous system
233:, but also present in
41:
2690:J Egypt Soc Parasitol
2024:10.1099/ijs.0.64050-0
1859:from a human patient"
1641:Felsenfeld O (1971).
1581:10.1099/mic.0.26944-0
1558:in North America and
1318:, and is another way
809:Tick Β§ Lifecycle
807:Further information:
769:Joseph Everett Dutton
337:cerebral spinal fluid
245:(both predominant in
30:
4839:Emerging Infect. Dis
4810:Borrelia burgdorferi
4758:10.1128/IAI.00037-07
4740:Borrelia burgdorferi
4687:Borrelia burgdorferi
4642:Borrelia burgdorferi
4564:10.1128/IAI.01923-06
4546:Borrelia burgdorferi
4493:Borrelia burgdorferi
4440:Borrelia burgdorferi
4356:Borrelia burgdorferi
4267:10.1128/IAI.00232-08
4251:sensu lato isolates"
4249:Borrelia burgdorferi
4076:Borrelia burgdorferi
4041:10.1128/IAI.01950-05
4023:Borrelia burgdorferi
3978:Borrelia burgdorferi
3923:Borrelia burgdorferi
3870:Borrelia burgdorferi
3817:Borrelia burgdorferi
3766:Borrelia burgdorferi
3731:10.1128/IAI.00632-07
3713:Borrelia burgdorferi
3649:during tick feeding"
3647:Borrelia burgdorferi
3307:Borrelia burgdorferi
3244:Borrelia burgdorferi
3148:Borrelia burgdorferi
3055:Borrelia burgdorferi
3006:Borrelia burgdorferi
2950:Borrelia burgdorferi
2889:Borrelia burgdorferi
2783:Borrelia burgdorferi
2622:Borrelia burgdorferi
2618:Psammodromus algirus
2454:Borrelia burgdorferi
2288:10.14411/fp.2005.039
1998:Borrelia burgdorferi
1969:Wien Klin Wochenschr
1855:"First isolation of
1821:Borrelia burgdorferi
1776:Emerging Infect. Dis
1556:Borrelia burgdorferi
1141:OspA, OspB, and OspD
1106:chronic Lyme disease
976:Structure and growth
672:Borrelia burgdorferi
657:In Europe, cases of
427:ticks in Sweden and
319:Emerging genospecies
186:improve this section
136:Borrelia recurrentis
98:Borrelia burgdorferi
78:Borrelia burgdorferi
33:Borrelia burgdorferi
4214:10.1038/nature03812
4206:2005Natur.436..573R
4147:2004PNAS..101.3142G
3665:1995PNAS...92.2909S
3385:2000Sci...288.1651P
3262:2003PNAS..100.7913B
3166:1994PNAS...91.3433G
3076:2004PNAS..10114150Q
2907:1997Natur.390..580F
2525:Braz J Med Biol Res
2492:(Suppl 40): 69β75.
2486:Int J Med Microbiol
2413:1998ApEnM..64.2705L
2050:Borrelia spielmanii
2005:Borrelia spielmanii
1916:sp. nov. (formerly
1857:Borrelia lusitaniae
1828:Jpn. J. Infect. Dis
1770:Borrelia valaisiana
1721:Borrelia valaisiana
1320:B. burgdorferi
1316:B. burgdorferi
1306:has the ability to
1304:B. burgdorferi
1280:B. burgdorferi
1272:B. burgdorferi
1157:B. burgdorferi
1009:B. burgdorferi
997:B. burgdorferi
970:B. burgdorferi
958:B. burgdorferi
946:B. burgdorferi
924:B. burgdorferi
912:B. burgdorferi
793:B. burgdorferi
659:B. burgdorferi
641:Northern Hemisphere
151:Species and strains
4074:"OspC facilitates
3508:10.1093/cid/cit810
3328:10.1007/BF02931545
2954:Treponema pallidum
2197:The New York Times
1975:(13β14): 515β523.
1914:Borrelia bissettii
1367:"Lyme borreliosis"
1104:Advocates of the "
1029:Treponema pallidum
1001:lipopolysaccharide
937:Treponema pallidum
873:white-footed mouse
833:for the bacteria.
773:John Lancelot Todd
761:sub-Saharan Africa
431:ticks in the U.S.
429:I. scapularis
404:B. andersonii
372:B. spielmanii
329:B. valaisiana
42:
4699:(10): 5759β5767.
4609:10.1136/bmj.m1041
4080:Ixodes scapularis
3866:Ixodes scapularis
3580:Haake DA (2000).
3441:(11): 2054β2058.
3226:978-1-904455-58-5
2779:Ixodes holocyclus
2717:J S Afr Vet Assoc
2373:(CDC). 2007-04-02
2101:Ixodes scapularis
2017:(Pt 4): 873β881.
1930:(12): 3497β3504.
1627:978-0-8385-8529-0
1575:(Pt 6): 1741β55.
1351:978-1-913652-61-6
1207:strain N40. The
1174:OspC is a strong
1143:are expressed by
1097:rashes. In some
1050:connective tissue
900:complement system
850:Ixodes scapularis
813:The lifecycle of
504:B. californiensis
411:B. miyamotoi
351:Newly discovered
214:
213:
206:
177:quality standards
168:This section may
16:(Redirected from
4898:
4872:
4862:
4826:Borrelia afzelli
4818:Borrelia garinii
4780:
4779:
4769:
4752:(6): 2753β2764.
4733:
4727:
4726:
4716:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4319:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4158:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4098:10.1172/JCI19894
4082:salivary glands"
4069:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3891:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3772:J Clin Microbiol
3759:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3676:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3619:
3609:
3592:(7): 1491β1504.
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3551:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3379:(5471): 1651β3.
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3346:. Archived from
3313:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3211:Cell Envelope".
3204:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3061:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2972:10.1172/JCI12484
2943:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2628:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2458:Jpn J Infect Dis
2449:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2148:Emerg Infect Dis
2135:
2129:
2128:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2056:Emerg Infect Dis
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
1996:"Delineation of
1991:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1924:J Clin Microbiol
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1863:J Clin Microbiol
1850:
1844:
1843:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1566:
1560:Borrelia afzelii
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1377:(9814): 461β73.
1362:
1356:
1355:
1335:
1095:erythema migrans
829:are the primary
797:neuroborreliosis
445:As of 2021, the
388:B. japonica
209:
202:
198:
195:
189:
163:
162:
155:
128:strain diversity
72:Borrelia afzelii
66:Borrelia garinii
21:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4876:
4875:
4832:
4828:PKo Genome Page
4820:PBi Genome Page
4812:B31 Genome Page
4788:
4783:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4648:Microbes Infect
4637:
4636:
4632:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4200:(7050): 573β7.
4187:
4186:
4182:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4086:J. Clin. Invest
4071:
4070:
4066:
4018:
4017:
4013:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3620:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3316:Folia Microbiol
3311:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3070:(39): 14150β5.
3059:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2901:(6660): 580β6.
2884:
2883:
2879:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2787:Int J Parasitol
2776:
2775:
2771:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2045:
2044:
2040:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1826:in East Asia".
1818:
1817:
1813:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1593:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1310:in response to
1300:relapsing fever
1292:
1269:
1198:dendritic cells
1123:
1087:microbial cysts
1076:
1048:media, such as
1013:microaerophilic
999:do not contain
978:
940:, the agent of
930:is its unusual
908:
811:
805:
765:relapsing fever
637:
623:
548:B. kurtenbachii
526:B. finlandensis
511:B. carolinensis
443:
437:
415:relapsing fever
392:B. tanukii
335:(PCR) in human
321:
254:B. burgdorferi
210:
199:
193:
190:
183:
164:
160:
153:
141:relapsing fever
124:microaerophilic
93:species complex
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4787:
4786:External links
4784:
4782:
4781:
4728:
4675:
4654:(3): 312β318.
4630:
4587:
4534:
4481:
4452:(6): 2648β54.
4428:
4417:(4): 411β422.
4397:
4341:
4290:
4261:(7): 2888β94.
4237:
4180:
4121:
4064:
4035:(6): 3554β64.
4011:
3984:Res. Microbiol
3966:
3911:
3882:(4): 457β468.
3854:
3827:(4): 479β486.
3821:Mol. Microbiol
3807:
3754:
3725:(9): 4237β44.
3698:
3659:(7): 2909β13.
3635:
3572:
3558:
3532:
3501:(5): 663β671.
3478:
3421:
3406:
3363:
3295:
3256:(13): 7913β8.
3232:
3225:
3199:
3136:
3109:
3043:
3016:(3): 490β516.
2995:
2938:
2877:
2852:Am J Epidemiol
2838:
2812:
2793:(1): 109β111.
2769:
2744:East Afr Med J
2734:
2707:
2696:(2): 607β619.
2672:
2637:(4): 737β742.
2606:
2595:(1β4): 13β20.
2579:
2552:
2531:(4): 443β456.
2511:
2475:
2464:(6): 229β235.
2444:
2393:"Lyme disease
2383:
2358:
2337:
2318:(2): 569β581.
2312:Rev. Sci. Tech
2302:
2257:
2210:
2183:
2130:
2091:
2062:(11): 1794β5.
2038:
1986:
1959:
1898:
1845:
1834:(6): 229β235.
1811:
1758:
1737:(4): 926β932.
1709:
1674:(8): 951β957.
1651:
1633:
1626:
1608:
1544:
1515:(2): 217β234.
1495:
1466:(5): 556β564.
1446:
1404:
1357:
1350:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1291:
1288:
1268:
1265:
1261:B. burgdorferi
1245:B. burgdorferi
1217:B. burgdorferi
1205:B. burgdorferi
1189:B. burgdorferi
1165:B. burgdorferi
1161:B. burgdorferi
1145:B. burgdorferi
1127:B. burgdorferi
1122:
1119:
1115:B. burgdorferi
1110:B. burgdorferi
1079:B. burgdorferi
1075:
1072:
1067:Staphylococcus
1056:B. burgdorferi
1038:B. burgdorferi
1032:(the agent of
1017:B. burgdorferi
981:B. burgdorferi
977:
974:
910:The genome of
907:
904:
889:B. burgdorferi
865:B. burgdorferi
838:life histories
815:B. burgdorferi
804:
801:
731:B. burgdorferi
705:B. burgdorferi
690:B. burgdorferi
636:
633:
622:
621:
618:B. yangtzensis
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
522:
514:
507:
500:
496:B. burgdorferi
492:
485:
482:B. bavariensis
478:
470:
463:
455:
447:B. burgdorferi
436:
433:
424:Ixodes ricinus
400:B. sinica
396:B. turdae
384:B. burgdorferi
380:
379:
369:
363:
349:
348:
320:
317:
298:B. burgdorferi
222:B. burgdorferi
212:
211:
194:September 2021
167:
165:
158:
152:
149:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4903:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:(2): 115β21.
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4746:Infect. Immun
4743:
4741:
4732:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4634:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4558:(6): 3131β9.
4557:
4553:
4552:Infect. Immun
4549:
4547:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:Infect. Immun
4496:
4494:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:Infect. Immun
4443:
4441:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4362:Infect. Immun
4359:
4357:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4255:Infect. Immun
4252:
4250:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4141:(9): 3142β7.
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4092:(2): 220β30.
4091:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4029:Infect. Immun
4026:
4024:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3990:(2): 149β56.
3989:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3868:receptor for
3867:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:Infect. Immun
3716:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3561:
3559:9781845938925
3555:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3353:on 2011-07-21
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:(8): 3433β7.
3159:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:Mol Microbiol
3007:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:J Clin Invest
2957:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2916:10.1038/37551
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:(7): 2705β9.
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2384:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:(5): 101766.
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2199:. pp. D6
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:(9): 1661β4.
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:group DN127)"
1919:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:(3): 1316β8.
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:(9): 1692β3.
1781:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:B. burgdoreri
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:Streptococcus
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1021:extracellular
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:Gram negative
986:
982:
975:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
955:
954:pathogenicity
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:M. genitalium
917:
916:H. influenzae
913:
905:
903:
901:
897:
896:bacteriolytic
893:
892:sensu stricto
890:
886:
885:B. valaisiana
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:, tick-borne
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
723:
721:
720:B. burgorferi
717:
713:
709:
708:sensu stricto
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
686:South America
682:
680:
676:
673:
669:
667:
663:
660:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
634:
632:
630:
629:
620:
619:
615:
613:
612:
611:B. valaisiana
608:
606:
605:
601:
599:
598:
594:
592:
591:
590:B. spielmanii
587:
585:
584:
580:
578:
577:
573:
571:
570:
566:
564:
563:
562:B. lusitaniae
559:
557:
556:
552:
550:
549:
545:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
490:
489:B. bissettiae
486:
484:
483:
479:
476:
475:
474:B. andersonii
471:
469:
468:
464:
462:
461:
457:
456:
454:
452:
448:
442:
434:
432:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
402:(China); and
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:B. lusitaniae
358:
357:
356:
354:
346:
345:B. valaisiana
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:B. valaisiana
323:
322:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
294:
292:
288:
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439:See also:
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