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407:, or LOL, as the lymphatic system is effectively "obliged" to return it to the cardiovascular network.) The lymph when formed is a watery clear liquid with the same composition as the interstitial fluid. However, as it flows through the lymph nodes it comes in contact with blood, and tends to accumulate more cells (particularly, lymphocytes) and proteins.
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in an average resting person usually approximates 100ml per hour. Accompanied by another ~25ml per hour in other lymph vessels, the total lymph flow in the body is about 4 to 5 litres per day. This can be elevated several fold while exercising. It is estimated that without lymphatic flow, the average
845:
Banda, Chihena H.; Shiraishi, Makoto; Mitsui, Kohei; Okada, Yoshimoto; Danno, Kanako; Ishiura, Ryohei; Maemura, Kaho; Chiba, Chikafumi; Mizoguchi, Akira; Imanaka-Yoshida, Kyoko; Maruyama, Kazuaki; Narushima, Mitsunaga (27 April 2023).
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and collects back the waste products they produce, which requires exchange of respective constituents between the blood and tissue cells. This exchange is not direct, but instead occurs through an intermediary called
360:, which occupies the spaces between cells. As the blood and the surrounding cells continually add and remove substances from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes. Water and
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Because it is derived from interstitial fluid, with which blood and surrounding cells continually exchange substances, lymph undergoes continual change in composition. It is generally similar to
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Tubular vessels transport lymph back to the blood, ultimately replacing the volume lost during the formation of the interstitial fluid. These channels are the lymphatic channels, or simply
473:, which typically exist in pairs, but humans and other mammals do not have a central lymph pump. Lymph transport is slow and sporadic. Despite low pressure, lymph movement occurs due to
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to assess disease status. Although histological assessment of the lymph system does not directly measure immune function, it can be combined with identification of chemical
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Lymph that enters the lymph vessels from the interstitial spaces usually does not flow backwards along the vessels because of the presence of valves. If excessive
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213:. This lymphatic fluid is then transported via progressively larger lymphatic vessels through lymph nodes, where substances are removed by tissue
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are labelled: the hydrostatic pressure is higher proximally, driving fluid out; oncotic forces are higher distally, pulling fluid in.
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develops within the lymph vessels, though, some fluid can leak back into the interstitial spaces and contribute to formation of
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demonstrated the growth of frog nerve cell processes in a medium of clotted lymph. It is made up of lymph nodes and vessels.
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Steinhardt, E; Israeli, C; and
Lambert, R.A. (1913) "Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia"
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and circulating lymphocytes are added to the fluid, before emptying ultimately into the right or the left
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680:. illustrated by Richard E. M. Moore (Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785.
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Hedrick, Michael S.; Hillman, Stanley S.; Drewes, Robert C.; Withers, Philip C. (1 July 2013).
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Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed. In some amphibian and
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tissue), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and
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cancer cells can also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the
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Elmore, Susan A. (2018). "Enhanced
Histopathology Evaluation of Lymphoid Organs".
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Warwick, Roger; Peter L. Williams (1973) . "Angiology (Chapter 6)".
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1031:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1803. pp. 147–168.
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848:"Structural and functional analysis of the newt lymphatic system"
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Sloop, Charles H.; Ladislav Dory; Paul S. Roheim (March 1987).
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to determine underlying changes in the diseased immune system.
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Lymph has a composition similar but not identical to that of
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as lymph. (Prior to entry, this fluid is referred to as the
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Bacteria may enter the lymph channels and be transported to
907:"Lymphatic vessels in cancer metastasis: bridging the gaps"
584:
In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew
557:
analysis in conjunction with pathological changes in other
323:(fat), and looks milky white because of its lipid content.
905:
Shayan, Ramin; Achen, Marc G.; Stacker, Steven A. (2006).
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species, the lymphatic system has central pumps, called
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232:, which is the fluid component of blood. Lymph returns
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Applied
Anatomy & Physiology for Manual Therapists
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can pass between the interstitial fluid and blood via
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27:
Fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system
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of the lymph system is used as a screening tool for
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800:"Lymphatic regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates"
376:; thus, the blood and interstitial fluid are in
263:cancer cells can also be transported via lymph.
972:"Enhanced histopathology of the immune system"
947:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
311:than blood plasma is. The lymph formed in the
307:. Lymph that leaves a lymph node is richer in
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335:Formation of interstitial fluid from blood.
46:Diagram showing the formation of lymph from
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507:resting person would die within 24 hours.
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640:Fluid Physiology: 2.1 Fluid Compartments
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774:Webster's New World Medical Dictionary
697:. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 604.
240:. Lymph also transports fats from the
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31:
970:Elmore, Susan A. (16 November 2011).
949:. Saunders. 2010. pp. 186, 187.
691:Archer, Pat; Nelson, Lisa A. (2012).
424:and excess interstitial fluid to the
236:and excess interstitial fluid to the
7:
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205:—the fluid between the cells in all
399:; the rest (up to 10%) enters the
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720:"Interstitial fluid lipoproteins"
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391:, and most of it returns to its
383:Interstitial fluid forms at the
275:is derived from the name of the
816:10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013
656:Human Anatomy (Gray's Anatomy)
618:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
295:Human lymph, obtained after a
221:, where it mixes with central
1:
804:Journal of Applied Physiology
740:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38701-0
551:Histopathological examination
54:(shown as deep green arrows).
1037:10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_10
193:(channels) and intervening
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865:10.1038/s41598-023-34169-w
770:"Definition of lymphatics"
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727:Journal of Lipid Research
502:The flow of lymph in the
197:whose function, like the
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988:10.1177/0192623311427571
1557:Circulatory anastomosis
1520:Internal elastic lamina
1311:Precapillary resistance
1077:J. Inf Dis. 13, 294–300
579:Ross Granville Harrison
189:, a system composed of
1306:Precapillary sphincter
1029:Immunotoxicity Testing
652:"The Lymphatic System"
588:virus in fragments of
577:In 1907 the zoologist
340:
313:human digestive system
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154:Anatomical terminology
976:Toxicologic Pathology
924:10.1093/carcin/bgl031
511:Clinical significance
405:lymph obligatory load
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1099:at Wikimedia Commons
493:hydrostatic pressure
374:intercellular clefts
440:) to the blood via
378:dynamic equilibrium
277:ancient Roman deity
248:) to the blood via
1467:Pulmonary arteries
1401:Circulatory system
852:Scientific Reports
573:As a growth medium
563:clinical pathology
530:. You can help by
436:(beginning in the
358:interstitial fluid
351:to the cells of a
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48:interstitial fluid
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776:. MedicineNet.com
621:. Merriam-Webster
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911:Carcinogenesis
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1492:Microanatomy
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123:A12.0.00.043
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1610:Lymph fluid
1600:Body fluids
1515:Endothelium
1500:Microvessel
1463:Right heart
1448:Right heart
1432:Capillaries
1294:Fenestrated
1278:Capillaries
1182:Lymphangion
1172:Lymph trunk
1097:Lymph fluid
858:(1): 6902.
475:peristalsis
448:Circulation
426:bloodstream
349:metabolites
327:Development
319:is rich in
309:lymphocytes
257:lymph nodes
238:bloodstream
215:lymphocytes
195:lymph nodes
88:Identifiers
1594:Categories
1479:Left heart
1428:Arterioles
1416:Left heart
1299:Sinusoidal
1289:Continuous
661:12 October
600:References
567:biomarkers
539:March 2018
460:lymphatics
430:Metastatic
416:Components
261:Metastatic
173:(from
1457:Pulmonary
1444:Vena cava
1339:Deep vein
1256:Arteriole
1134:Lymphatic
1055:1064-3745
996:0192-6233
874:2045-2322
824:8750-7587
486:pulsation
467:reptilian
411:Functions
395:ends and
370:capillary
366:diffusion
345:nutrients
287:Structure
271:The word
267:Etymology
18:Lymphatic
1424:Arteries
1410:Systemic
1243:Arteries
1224:Arteries
1063:29882138
1014:22089843
933:16597644
892:37106059
883:10140069
832:23640588
586:vaccinia
483:arterial
438:lacteals
422:proteins
385:arterial
246:lacteals
234:proteins
1584:Biology
1436:Venules
1235:Vessels
1136:vessels
1005:3465566
749:3553402
613:"lymph"
397:venules
362:solutes
315:called
111:D008196
60:Details
1570:Portal
1359:Venule
1285:Types
1061:
1053:
1043:
1012:
1002:
994:
953:
931:
890:
880:
872:
830:
822:
780:6 July
754:7 July
747:
701:
625:29 May
594:cornea
393:venous
353:tissue
299:injury
281:Lympha
181:lympha
99:lympha
77:Source
66:System
1471:Lungs
1440:Veins
1420:Aorta
1382:Lymph
1369:Lymph
1321:Veins
1228:veins
1177:Lymph
1165:Other
1143:Nodal
723:(PDF)
497:edema
389:veins
317:chyle
273:lymph
177:
175:Latin
171:Lymph
158:[
94:Latin
35:Lymph
1226:and
1059:PMID
1051:ISSN
1041:ISBN
1010:PMID
992:ISSN
951:ISBN
929:PMID
888:PMID
870:ISSN
828:PMID
820:ISSN
782:2008
756:2008
745:PMID
699:ISBN
663:2012
627:2010
561:and
147:9671
135:3893
118:TA98
106:MeSH
1477:→ (
1446:→ (
1033:doi
1000:PMC
984:doi
919:doi
878:PMC
860:doi
812:doi
808:115
735:doi
534:.
142:FMA
130:TA2
1596::
1473:→
1469:→
1465:→
1442:→
1438:→
1434:→
1430:→
1426:→
1422:→
1418:→
1057:.
1049:.
1039:.
1008:.
998:.
990:.
980:40
978:.
974:.
927:.
915:27
913:.
909:.
886:.
876:.
868:.
856:13
854:.
850:.
826:.
818:.
806:.
802:.
790:^
772:.
743:.
731:28
729:.
725:.
654:.
615:.
499:.
488:.
462:.
444:.
283:.
252:.
225:.
1572::
1481:)
1450:)
1216:e
1209:t
1202:v
1126:e
1119:t
1112:v
1065:.
1035::
1016:.
986::
959:.
935:.
921::
894:.
862::
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629:.
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537:(
162:]
20:)
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