924:(LPD) encompass a diverse group of diseases marked by uncontrolled lymphocyte production, leading to issues like lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, and bone marrow infiltration. These disorders are common in immunocompromised individuals and involve abnormal proliferation of T and B cells, often resulting in immunodeficiency and immune system dysfunction. Various gene mutations, both iatrogenic and acquired, are implicated in LPD. One subtype, X-linked LPD, is linked to mutations in the X chromosome, predisposing individuals to natural killer cell LPD and T-cell LPD. Additionally, conditions like common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and certain viral infections elevate the risk of LPD. Treatment methods, such as immunosuppressive drugs and tissue transplantation, can also increase susceptibility. LPDs encompass a wide array of disorders involving B-cell (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and T-cell (e.g., Sezary syndrome) abnormalities, each presenting distinct challenges in diagnosis and management.
1009:
850:
434:
819:
42:
535:
216:
458:. All lymphocytes originate, during this process, from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types. The differentiation of lymphocytes follows various pathways in a hierarchical fashion as well as in a more plastic fashion. The formation of lymphocytes is known as
1285:
A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses. A lymphocyte is a type
424:
and is hypothesized to be implicated in type 1 diabetes. Its existence as a cell type has been challenged by two studies. However, the authors of original article pointed to the fact that the two studies have detected X cells by imaging microscopy and FACS as described. Additional studies are
231:
1921:
Lymphocytes are recruited into the upper and lower airways during the early stages of a viral respiratory infection, and it is presumed that these cells help to limit the extent of infection and to clear virus-infected epithelial
350:. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if the same pathogen is detected again; this is known as acquired
909:, formerly known as lymphocytosis-promoting factor, causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes, which can lead to a condition known as lymphocytosis, with a complete lymphocyte count of over 4000 per
486:, a lymphoid organ where they were first discovered by Chang and Glick, (B for bursa) and not from bone marrow as commonly believed. T cells migrate to the blood stream and mature in a distinct primary organ, called the
1355:
525:
remain in the peripheral tissues and circulation for an extended time ready to respond to the same antigen upon future exposure; they live weeks to several years, which is very long compared to other leukocytes.
1406:
Ahmed, Rizwan; Omidian, Zahra; Giwa, Adebola; Cornwell, Benjamin; Majety, Neha; Bell, David R.; Lee, Sangyun; Zhang, Hao; Michels, Aaron; Desiderio, Stephen; Sadegh-Nasseri, Scheherazade (30 May 2019).
619:
testing is used for specific lymphocyte population counts. This can be used to determine the percentage of lymphocytes that contain a particular combination of specific cell surface proteins, such as
951:
that otherwise would not affect healthy people. The extent of HIV progression is typically determined by measuring the percentage of CD4 T cells in the patient's blood – HIV ultimately progresses to
1689:
Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S (March 2022). "Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells".
513:; they form effector and memory lymphocytes. Effector lymphocytes function to eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (in the case of B cells), cytotoxic granules (
408:
which then destroy the altered cells. They are named "natural killer cells" because they do not require prior activation in order to kill cells which are missing MHC class I.
631:
using intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS)). In order to study the function of a lymphocyte by virtue of the proteins it generates, other scientific techniques like the
346:
which induce the death of pathogen-infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the form of
1197:
Omman, Reeba A.; Kini, Ameet R. (2020). "Leukocyte development, kinetics, and functions". In
Keohane, Elaine M.; Otto, Catherine N.; Walenga, Jeanine N. (eds.).
116:
1102:
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1466:
2072:
2113:
2036:
1906:
1837:
1206:
947:
subgroup of T lymphocytes, which become helper T cells). Without the key defense that these T cells provide, the body becomes susceptible to
384:
and T cells, and distinguish infected cells and tumors from normal and uninfected cells by recognizing changes of a surface molecule called
998:
2332:
1409:"A Public BCR Present in a Unique Dual-Receptor-Expressing Lymphocyte from Type 1 Diabetes Patients Encodes a Potent T Cell Autoantigen"
952:
913:
in adults or over 8000 per μl in children. This is unique in that many bacterial infections illustrate neutrophil-predominance instead.
1773:"Lymphocyte subsets in term and significantly preterm UK infants in the first year of life analysed by single platform flow cytometry"
1988:
1673:
1246:
1172:
1025:
2368:
1012:
385:
123:
1162:
306:. Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored maximally to eliminate specific
1008:
1553:"The Challenge of Distinguishing Cell–Cell Complexes from Singlet Cells in Non-Imaging Flow Cytometry and Single-Cell Sorting"
849:
1604:"A reply to "TCR+/BCR+ dual-expressing cells and their associated public BCR clonotype are not enriched in type 1 diabetes""
891:
are found through an abnormally raised lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person). A high lymphocyte count with a low
2291:
1066:
972:
111:
2413:
2383:
2363:
940:
921:
46:
1129:. However, in humans (who do not have that organ), the bone marrow makes B cells, and the B can serve as a reminder of
2401:
2396:
2236:
1125:
The process of B-cell maturation was elucidated in birds and the B most likely means "bursa-derived" referring to the
1602:
Ahmed, Rizwan; Omidian, Zahra; Giwa, Adebola; Donner, Thomas; Jie, Chunfa; Hamad, Abdel Rahim A. (4 February 2021).
624:
2486:
2481:
2106:
861:
1494:"TCR+/BCR+ dual-expressing cells and their associated public BCR clonotype are not enriched in type 1 diabetes"
467:
447:
302:). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific "non-self" antigens, during a process known as
99:
87:
509:
The lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity (i.e. B and T cells) differentiate further after exposure to an
2199:
2440:
1056:
948:
933:
257:
They can also be classified as small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes based on their size and appearance.
290:-derived cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in
2491:
2283:
2019:
Wahed, Amer; Quesada, Andres; Dasgupta, Amitava (2020). "Benign white blood cell and platelet disorders".
959:
or lymphocyte disorders can also often be estimated by counting the numbers of lymphocytes present in the
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cytoplasm. In normal situations, the coarse, dense nucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the size of a
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339:
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1968:
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181:
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and is expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes to the total number of white blood cells counted.
433:
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2194:
1076:
666:
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It is impossible to distinguish between T cells and B cells in a peripheral blood smear. Normally,
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251:
185:
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588:(or halo) around the nucleus or could exhibit a small clear zone to one side of the nucleus.
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Guilbert, Theresa W.; Gern, James E.; Lemanske, Robert F. (2010). "Infections and Asthma".
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491:
425:
required to determine the nature and properties of X cells (also called dual expressers).
421:
417:
310:
or pathogen-infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of
184:(ILCs; "innate T cell-like" cells involved in mucosal immunity and homeostasis), of which
207:
meaning cell). Lymphocytes make up between 18% and 42% of circulating white blood cells.
1015:
of white blood cells, comparing lymphocyte amount (shown in light blue) with other cells
230:
2028:
1980:
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1998:
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41:
2265:
2168:
1300:"The divergent morphological classification of variant lymphocytes in blood smears"
1298:
van der Meer, Wim; van Gelder, Warry; de
Keijzer, Ries; Willems, Hans (July 2007).
1086:
1051:
776:
573:
569:
193:
60:
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2051:
Lymphocytopenia may also be acquired, for example, in patients with HIV infection.
92:
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2143:
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1935:
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A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood showing
910:
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534:
397:
1627:
1434:
1323:
490:. Following maturation, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and peripheral
2418:
2373:
2221:
1315:
1036:
854:
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401:
393:
1947:
1806:
1757:
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1341:
17:
380:
infected cells. NK cells modulate the functions of other cells, including
2187:
2138:
1569:
978:
932:
A low normal to low absolute lymphocyte concentration is associated with
896:
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628:
605:
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547:
503:
329:
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311:
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173:
215:
2406:
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510:
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Release cytokines and growth factors that regulate other immune cells
129:
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2130:
1041:
765:
592:
are a prominent feature in the lymphocytes and can be viewed with an
495:
487:
463:
343:
279:
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269:
247:
243:
165:
157:
1771:
Berrington JE, Barge D, Fenton AC, Cant AJ, Spickett GP (May 2005).
1748:
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1007:
986:
960:
956:
848:
533:
432:
377:
373:
319:
229:
214:
200:
1822:
Advanced
Hematology in Integrated Cardiovascular Chinese Medicine
1201:(6th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. pp. 117–135.
2085:"Overcoming the Rejection Factor: MUSC's First Organ Transplant"
1220:
1218:
784:
780:
680:
677:
479:
475:
2095:
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An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a
627:(CD) markers or that produce particular proteins (for example,
2091:
989:. This can sometimes lead to regression of the primary tumor.
944:
813:
736:
710:
722:
Lysis of virally infected cells, tumour cells and allografts
332:
that direct the immune response, while other T cells, called
1225:
Cohn, Lauren; Hawrylowicz, Catherine; Ray, Anuradha (2014).
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
867:
A general increase in the number of lymphocytes is known as
416:
The X lymphocyte is a reported cell type expressing both a
1233:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 203–214.
1934:
Justiz
Vaillant, Angel A.; Stang, Christopher M. (2023),
1467:"Newly Discovered Immune Cell Linked to Type 1 Diabetes"
1199:
Rodak's
Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications
853:
Several lymphocytes seen collected around a tuberculous
234:
4D live imaging of T cell nuclear dynamics viewed using
830:
517:) or by signaling to other cells of the immune system (
2068: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
1859:
1857:
1167:(5th ed.). New York and London: Garland Science.
943:(HIV) infects and destroys T cells (specifically, the
260:
Lymphocytes can be identified by their large nucleus.
939:
One basis for low T cell lymphocytes occurs when the
934:
increased rates of infection after surgery or trauma
392:. NK cells are activated in response to a family of
2431:
2354:
2345:
2313:
2208:
2129:
860:A lymphocyte count is usually part of a peripheral
110:
98:
86:
81:
71:
59:
54:
34:
1356:"Lymphocyte - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
671:Lysis of virally infected cells and tumour cells
604:, allowing the generation of large quantities of
568:, a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining
372:and play a major role in defending the host from
1026:Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator § History
322:. In response to pathogens some T cells, called
294:, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for
1942:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1820:Al-Shura, Anika Niambi (2020). "Lymphocytes".
1722:
1720:
985:, lymphocytes can migrate into and attack the
2107:
1865:"Lymphocytosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments"
203:, which prompted the name "lymphocyte" (with
188:are an important subtype (which functions in
8:
1231:Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice
1161:, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M (2001).
806:, which are rather stationary in the nodes.
584:in diameter). Some lymphocytes show a clear
450:into several kinds of blood cell within the
646:Typical recognition markers for lymphocytes
314:which then neutralize foreign objects like
199:). They are the main type of cell found in
2351:
2214:
2114:
2100:
2092:
1967:Clumeck, Nathan; de Wit, Stéphane (2010).
1891:Pediatric Allergy: Principles and Practice
40:
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1635:
1578:
1568:
1519:
1509:
1442:
1424:
1331:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1969:"Prevention of opportunistic infections"
1668:(5th ed.). Saunders, Philadelphia.
1659:
1657:
1655:
643:
242:The three major types of lymphocyte are
1145:
1118:
127:
31:
7:
1777:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
999:Lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia
993:Lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia
2333:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
953:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
802:to lymph node. This contrasts with
219:A stained lymphocyte surrounded by
2029:10.1016/b978-0-12-814964-5.00005-x
1981:10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00090-3
1899:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0271-2.00035-3
1830:10.1016/b978-0-12-817572-9.00007-0
1239:10.1016/B978-0-323-08593-9.00013-9
748:Immunoregulation and cytotoxicity
412:Dual expresser lymphocyte – X cell
25:
1666:Cellular and Molecular Immunology
1492:Japp, Alberto (4 February 2021).
1103:All pages with titles containing
1093:All pages with titles containing
871:, whereas a decrease is known as
502:) where they survey for invading
160:(for cell-mediated and cytotoxic
2369:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
1789:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02767.x
1691:Briefings in Functional Genomics
1270:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
1013:Reference ranges for blood tests
817:
386:major histocompatibility complex
124:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
1936:"Lymphoproliferative Disorders"
1471:Johns Hopkins Medicine Newsroom
474:, which is at the core of most
1893:. Elsevier. pp. 363–376.
1732:"The early history of B cells"
1664:Abbas AK, Lichtman AH (2003).
967:Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
1:
1304:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1067:Lymphoproliferative disorders
973:Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
955:(AIDS). The effects of other
922:Lymphoproliferative disorders
917:Lymphoproliferative disorders
400:. Activated NK cells release
2414:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
2402:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
2397:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
2384:Uterine natural killer cells
2364:Cytokine-induced killer cell
2087:. Waring Historical Library.
2023:. Elsevier. pp. 77–87.
1824:. Elsevier. pp. 41–46.
1551:Burel, Julie (13 May 2020).
941:human immunodeficiency virus
658:Proportion (median, 95% CI)
47:Scanning electron micrograph
554:and many small disc-shaped
368:NK cells are a part of the
27:Subtype of white blood cell
2508:
2021:Hematology and Coagulation
1736:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1620:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.036
1511:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.035
1426:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.007
1387:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
1385:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1023:
996:
970:
625:cluster of differentiation
438:Development of blood cells
361:
267:
2392:
2217:
2066:Histology image: 01701ooa
1274:National Cancer Institute
977:In some cancers, such as
895:count might be caused by
862:complete blood cell count
546:including lymphocytes, a
454:. This process is called
122:
39:
2073:"Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte"
1227:"Biology of Lymphocytes"
949:opportunistic infections
770:Secretion of antibodies
639:techniques can be used.
482:, B cells mature in the
2441:Hematopoietic stem cell
2200:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1316:10.1136/jcp.2005.033787
1057:Human leukocyte antigen
810:Lymphocytes and disease
2077:Cell Centered Database
1016:
857:
566:peripheral blood smear
561:Microscopically, in a
558:
440:
342:that contain powerful
292:cell-mediated immunity
239:
227:
156:. Lymphocytes include
2347:Innate lymphoid cells
2323:Natural killer T cell
1360:www.sciencedirect.com
1011:
852:
661:Phenotypic marker(s)
537:
436:
233:
218:
182:innate lymphoid cells
1975:. pp. 958–963.
1703:10.1093/bfgp/elac002
1570:10.1002/cyto.a.24027
1419:(6): 1583–1599.e16.
1286:of white blood cell.
1047:Complete blood count
906:Bordetella pertussis
887:(in some rare case,
667:Natural killer cells
506:and/or tumor cells.
370:innate immune system
358:Natural killer cells
304:antigen presentation
282:cells) and B cells (
186:natural killer cells
2315:Innate-like T cells
2195:Transitional B cell
1973:Infectious Diseases
1077:Reactive lymphocyte
744:Gamma delta T cells
648:
594:electron microscope
542:, several types of
364:Natural killer cell
264:T cells and B cells
148:(leukocyte) in the
1127:bursa of Fabricius
1017:
858:
829:. You can help by
796:circulatory system
644:
572:with little to no
559:
484:bursa of Fabricius
441:
240:
228:
117:84065 62863, 84065
105:H2.00.04.1.02002
2459:
2458:
2427:
2426:
2341:
2340:
2038:978-0-12-814964-5
1908:978-1-4377-0271-2
1839:978-0-12-817572-9
1563:(11): 1127–1135.
1208:978-0-323-53045-3
983:colorectal cancer
847:
846:
798:, they move from
790:
789:
718:Cytotoxic T cells
602:protein synthesis
544:white blood cells
515:cytotoxic T cells
335:cytotoxic T cells
178:adaptive immunity
162:adaptive immunity
138:
137:
133:
49:of a human T cell
16:(Redirected from
2499:
2487:Lymphatic system
2482:Lymphatic tissue
2379:Adaptive NK cell
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1062:Lymphocystivirus
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612:by these cells.
600:are involved in
586:perinuclear zone
563:Wright's stained
338:, produce toxic
296:humoral immunity
225:light microscope
154:most vertebrates
146:white blood cell
130:edit on Wikidata
76:White blood cell
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1082:Secretion assay
1033:
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975:
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930:
919:
901:Pertussis toxin
885:viral infection
881:
873:lymphocytopenia
843:
837:
834:
827:needs expansion
812:
637:secretion assay
621:immunoglobulins
610:immunoglobulins
540:red blood cells
532:
530:Characteristics
492:lymphoid organs
431:
422:T-cell receptor
418:B-cell receptor
414:
404:(cell-killing)
366:
360:
276:
268:Main articles:
266:
223:viewed using a
221:red blood cells
213:
197:innate immunity
134:
50:
28:
23:
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5:
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2197:
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2060:External links
2058:
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2037:
2011:
1989:
1959:
1926:
1907:
1881:
1853:
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1812:
1763:
1742:(3): 191–197.
1730:(March 2015).
1716:
1697:(3): 159–176.
1681:
1674:
1651:
1614:(3): 840–843.
1594:
1543:
1504:(3): 827–839.
1484:
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1310:(7): 838–839.
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1072:Myeloid tissue
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1024:Main article:
1021:
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1005:
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692:T helper cells
688:
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669:
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659:
656:
653:
617:flow cytometry
580:(about 7
578:red blood cell
531:
528:
523:Memory T cells
519:helper T cells
456:haematopoiesis
430:
427:
413:
410:
362:Main article:
359:
356:
325:T helper cells
265:
262:
252:natural killer
236:holotomography
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2490:
2488:
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2467:
2452:
2451:Prolymphocyte
2449:
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2433:Lymphopoiesis
2430:
2420:
2417:
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2271:Memory T cell
2269:
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2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Cytotoxic CD8
2225:
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2220:
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2207:
2201:
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2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
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2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Marginal zone
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
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2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2086:
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2070:
2067:
2064:
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2048:
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2040:
2034:
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2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
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1996:
1992:
1990:9780323045797
1986:
1982:
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1949:
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1941:
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1927:
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1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
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1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:(2): 289–92.
1782:
1778:
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1764:
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1675:0-7216-0008-5
1671:
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1473:. 30 May 2019
1472:
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1174:0-8153-4101-6
1170:
1166:
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1164:Immunobiology
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
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1038:
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1019:
1014:
1010:
1004:Blood content
1003:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
974:
966:
964:
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946:
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894:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
870:
869:lymphocytosis
865:
863:
856:
851:
841:
838:December 2007
832:
828:
825:This section
823:
820:
816:
815:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
786:
782:
778:
775:
773:23% (18–47%)
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
756:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
738:
734:
730:
727:
725:19% (13–32%)
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
712:
708:
704:
701:
699:46% (28–59%)
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
647:
642:
641:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:Polyribosomes
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
529:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:lymphopoiesis
457:
453:
449:
448:differentiate
446:
439:
435:
428:
426:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:(relating to
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
271:
263:
261:
258:
255:
254:(NK) cells.
253:
249:
245:
237:
232:
226:
222:
217:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
190:cell-mediated
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:immune system
147:
144:is a type of
143:
131:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
66:Immune system
64:
62:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2122:
2076:
2050:
2020:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1972:
1962:
1951:, retrieved
1939:
1929:
1920:
1890:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1821:
1815:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1739:
1735:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1665:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1560:
1556:
1546:
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1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1284:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1230:
1198:
1163:
1130:
1121:
1104:
1094:
1087:Trogocytosis
1052:Cytotoxicity
976:
938:
931:
920:
904:
882:
866:
859:
835:
831:adding to it
826:
793:
777:MHC class II
645:
614:
574:eosinophilic
560:
508:
442:
415:
367:
348:memory cells
347:
333:
323:
277:
259:
256:
241:
204:
141:
139:
29:
2477:Lymph fluid
2472:Lymphocytes
2446:Lymphoblast
2144:Plasmablast
2123:Lymphocytes
1133:one marrow.
1105:Lymphocytic
804:macrophages
674:7% (2–13%)
500:lymph nodes
472:bone marrow
452:bone marrow
429:Development
398:interferons
382:macrophages
284:bone marrow
82:Identifiers
18:Lymphocytes
2466:Categories
2260:Regulatory
2233:Helper CD4
2159:Follicular
1940:StatPearls
1391:28 October
1141:References
1095:Lymphocyte
893:neutrophil
800:lymph node
751:5% (2–8%)
552:neutrophil
494:(e.g. the
466:, B cells
445:stem cells
443:Mammalian
328:, produce
312:antibodies
300:antibodies
238:microscopy
142:lymphocyte
35:Lymphocyte
2419:LTi cells
2374:Null cell
2222:Thymocyte
2047:241056897
2004:5 January
1953:7 October
1848:241913878
1728:Cooper MD
1628:1097-4172
1538:231809927
1435:0092-8674
1324:0021-9746
1159:Janeway C
1037:Addressin
903:(PTx) of
889:leukemias
855:granuloma
655:Function
629:cytokines
606:cytokines
598:ribosomes
556:platelets
504:pathogens
402:cytotoxic
394:cytokines
330:cytokines
308:pathogens
278:T cells (
194:cytotoxic
2407:Nuocytes
2356:NK cells
2188:B10 cell
1999:78729807
1948:30725847
1917:78707217
1807:15807853
1758:25656707
1711:35265979
1646:33545037
1589:32400942
1530:33545036
1477:9 August
1453:31150624
1381:"B Cell"
1342:17596551
1031:See also
979:melanoma
897:lymphoma
683:but not
548:monocyte
406:granules
352:immunity
340:granules
316:bacteria
176:-driven
174:antibody
72:Function
2210:T cells
2139:B1 cell
2131:B cells
1874:22 July
1798:1809375
1637:7935028
1580:7666012
1521:8016147
1444:7962621
1333:1995771
1279:22 July
1254:22 July
1020:History
957:viruses
794:In the
766:B cells
757:γδ and
633:ELISPOT
570:nucleus
511:antigen
470:in the
464:mammals
396:called
390:class I
378:virally
344:enzymes
320:viruses
248:B cells
244:T cells
180:), and
170:humoral
166:B cells
158:T cells
93:D008214
55:Details
2154:Memory
2149:Plasma
2045:
2035:
1997:
1987:
1946:
1922:cells.
1915:
1905:
1846:
1836:
1805:
1795:
1756:
1709:
1672:
1644:
1634:
1626:
1587:
1577:
1536:
1528:
1518:
1451:
1441:
1433:
1365:29 May
1340:
1330:
1322:
1245:
1205:
1171:
1042:Anergy
652:Class
596:. The
496:spleen
488:thymus
468:mature
388:(MHC)
374:tumors
280:thymus
274:B cell
270:T cell
61:System
2266:Naïve
2174:Pre-B
2169:Naïve
2043:S2CID
1995:S2CID
1913:S2CID
1844:S2CID
1534:S2CID
1113:Notes
987:tumor
961:blood
480:birds
478:. In
476:bones
462:. In
288:bursa
286:- or
211:Types
201:lymph
168:(for
128:[
2226:αβ (
2183:cell
2033:ISBN
2006:2021
1985:ISBN
1955:2023
1944:PMID
1903:ISBN
1876:2020
1834:ISBN
1803:PMID
1754:PMID
1707:PMID
1670:ISBN
1642:PMID
1624:ISSN
1608:Cell
1585:PMID
1526:PMID
1498:Cell
1479:2020
1449:PMID
1431:ISSN
1413:Cell
1393:2011
1367:2024
1338:PMID
1320:ISSN
1281:2020
1256:2020
1243:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1169:ISBN
981:and
879:High
785:CD20
783:and
781:CD19
735:and
731:αβ,
709:and
705:αβ,
681:CD56
678:CD16
608:and
550:, a
498:and
420:and
376:and
318:and
272:and
250:and
205:cyte
88:MeSH
2181:reg
2025:doi
1977:doi
1895:doi
1826:doi
1793:PMC
1785:doi
1781:140
1744:doi
1699:doi
1632:PMC
1616:doi
1612:184
1575:PMC
1565:doi
1516:PMC
1506:doi
1502:184
1439:PMC
1421:doi
1417:177
1328:PMC
1312:doi
1235:doi
945:CD4
928:Low
833:.
759:CD3
755:TCR
737:CD8
733:CD3
729:TCR
711:CD4
707:CD3
703:TCR
685:CD3
635:or
623:or
521:).
164:),
152:of
112:FMA
2468::
2328:γδ
2302:VM
2294:RM
2286:EM
2278:CM
2258:/
2256:17
2250:/
2242:/
2239:FH
2235:/
2075:.
2049:.
2041:.
2031:.
1993:.
1983:.
1971:.
1938:,
1919:.
1911:.
1901:.
1867:.
1856:^
1842:.
1832:.
1801:.
1791:.
1779:.
1775:.
1752:.
1740:15
1738:.
1734:.
1719:^
1705:.
1695:21
1693:.
1654:^
1640:.
1630:.
1622:.
1610:.
1606:.
1583:.
1573:.
1561:97
1559:.
1555:.
1532:.
1524:.
1514:.
1500:.
1496:.
1469:.
1447:.
1437:.
1429:.
1415:.
1411:.
1383:.
1358:.
1336:.
1326:.
1318:.
1308:60
1306:.
1302:.
1283:.
1272:.
1241:.
1229:.
1217:^
1183:^
1148:^
963:.
936:.
911:μl
899:.
875:.
779:,
582:μm
354:.
246:,
192:,
172:,
140:A
100:TH
2300:T
2292:T
2284:T
2276:T
2262:)
2254:h
2252:T
2248:3
2246:h
2244:T
2237:T
2179:B
2115:e
2108:t
2101:v
2079:.
2027::
2008:.
1979::
1897::
1878:.
1850:.
1828::
1809:.
1787::
1760:.
1746::
1713:.
1701::
1678:.
1648:.
1618::
1591:.
1567::
1540:.
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1455:.
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1395:.
1369:.
1344:.
1314::
1258:.
1237::
1211:.
1177:.
1131:b
840:)
836:(
132:]
20:)
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