938:. Its network of capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels work to efficiently drain and transport extravasated fluid, along with proteins and antigens, back to the circulatory system. Numerous intraluminal valves in the vessels ensure a unidirectional flow of lymph without reflux. Two valve systems, a primary and a secondary valve system, are used to achieve this unidirectional flow. The capillaries are blind-ended, and the valves at the ends of capillaries use specialised junctions together with anchoring filaments to allow a unidirectional flow to the primary vessels. When interstitial fluid increases, it causes swelling that stretches collagen fibers anchored to adjacent connective tissue, in turn opening the unidirectional valves at the ends of these capillaries, facilitating the entry and subsequent drainage of excess lymph fluid. The collecting lymphatics, however, act to propel the lymph by the combined actions of the intraluminal valves and lymphatic muscle cells.
1716:
425:
with adipose tissue mostly replacing the thymic stroma. However, residual T cell lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life, providing some immune response. The thymus is where the T lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent. The loss or lack of the thymus results in severe immunodeficiency and subsequent high susceptibility to infection. In most species, the thymus consists of lobules divided by septa which are made up of epithelium which is often considered an epithelial organ. T cells mature from thymocytes, proliferate, and undergo a selection process in the thymic cortex before entering the medulla to interact with epithelial cells.
1335:
1040:
54:
1665:
323:
904:
699:. The hilum presents as a depression on the surface of the lymph node, causing the otherwise spherical lymph node to be bean-shaped or ovoid. The efferent lymph vessel directly emerges from the lymph node at the hilum. The arteries and veins supplying the lymph node with blood enter and exit through the hilum. The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately surrounds the medulla. Unlike the cortex, which has mostly immature T cells, or
1701:
3392:
location of these vessels may have impeded their discovery to date, thereby contributing to the long-held concept of the absence of lymphatic vasculature in the central nervous system. The discovery of the central nervous system lymphatic system may call for a reassessment of basic assumptions in neuroimmunology and sheds new light on the aetiology of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases associated with immune system dysfunction.
672:. Of the nearly 800 lymph nodes in the human body, about 300 are located in the head and neck. Many are grouped in clusters in different regions, as in the underarm and abdominal areas. Lymph node clusters are commonly found at the proximal ends of limbs (groin, armpits) and in the neck, where lymph is collected from regions of the body likely to sustain pathogen contamination from injuries. Lymph nodes are particularly numerous in the
1687:
653:
1731:
402:, which are important cell types of the immune system. From the bone marrow, B cells immediately join the circulatory system and travel to secondary lymphoid organs in search of pathogens. T cells, on the other hand, travel from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they develop further and mature. Mature T cells then join B cells in search of pathogens. The other 95% of T cells begin a process of
1831:
553:. Notably, the spleen is important for a multitude of functions. The spleen removes pathogens and old erythrocytes from the blood (red pulp) and produces lymphocytes for immune response (white pulp). The spleen also is responsible for recycling some erythrocytes components and discarding others. For example, hemoglobin is broken down into amino acids that are reused.
1845:
1621:
Galen's ideas prevailed in medicine until the 17th century. It was thought that blood was produced by the liver from chyle contaminated with ailments by the intestine and stomach, to which various spirits were added by other organs, and that this blood was consumed by all the organs of the body. This
528:
circulation. The white pulp of the spleen provides immune function due to the lymphocytes that are housed there. The spleen also consists of red pulp which is responsible for getting rid of aged red blood cells, as well as pathogens. This is carried out by macrophages present in the red pulp. A study
439:
The thymus provides an inductive environment for the development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of
824:
TLOs are thought to play an important role in the immune response to cancer and to have possible implications in immunotherapy. They have been observed in a number of cancer types such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer (reviewed in ) as well as glioma. Patients with TLOs
424:
The thymus increases in size from birth in response to postnatal antigen stimulation. It is most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. The thymus is located between the inferior neck and the superior thorax. At puberty, by the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and regress,
1566:
which are now known as simply the lacteals. The lacteals were termed the fourth kind of vessels (the other three being the artery, vein and nerve, which was then believed to be a type of vessel), and disproved Galen's assertion that chyle was carried by the veins. But, he still believed that the
3391:
we discovered functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses. These structures express all of the molecular hallmarks of lymphatic endothelial cells, are able to carry both fluid and immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid, and are connected to the deep cervical lymph nodes. The unique
282:
Fluid from circulating blood leaks into the tissues of the body by capillary action, carrying nutrients to the cells. The fluid bathes the tissues as interstitial fluid, collecting waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells, and then drains as lymph into the lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic
1178:
The study of lymphatic drainage of various organs is important in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. The lymphatic system, because of its closeness to many tissues of the body, is responsible for carrying cancerous cells between the various parts of the body in a process called
829:
tend to have a better prognosis than those with TLOs without a germinal center. The reason that these patients tend to live longer is thought to be the immune response against the tumor, which is mediated by the TLOs. TLOs may also promote an anti-tumor response when patients are treated with
1614:, who additionally published that such vessels are present everywhere in the body, not just in the liver. He is also the one to have named them "lymphatic vessels." This had resulted in a bitter dispute between one of Bartholin's pupils, Martin Bogdan, and Rudbeck, whom he accused of
927:(the left lymphatic duct). The lymph capillaries are mainly responsible for the absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues, while lymph vessels propel the absorbed fluid forward into the larger collecting ducts, where it ultimately returns to the bloodstream via one of the
635:
710:
A lymph follicle is a dense collection of lymphocytes, the number, size, and configuration of which change in accordance with the functional state of the lymph node. For example, the follicles expand significantly when encountering a foreign antigen. The selection of
1361:. Lymphoid leukaemias and lymphomas are now considered to be tumours of the same type of cell lineage. They are called "leukaemia" when in the blood or marrow and "lymphoma" when in lymphatic tissue. They are grouped together under the name "lymphoid malignancy".
3042:
van Hooren, L; Vaccaro, A; Ramachandran, M; Vazaios, K; Libard, S; van de Walle, T; Georganaki, M; Huang, H; Pietilä, I; Lau, J; Ulvmar, MH; Karlsson, MCI; Zetterling, M; Mangsbo, SM; Jakola, AS; Olsson
Bontell, T; Smits, A; Essand, M; Dimberg, A (5 July 2021).
830:
immunotherapy. TLOs have been referred to in many different ways, including as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS). When associated with colorectal cancer, they are often referred to as a Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction.
966:
Some of the plexuses enlarge and form lymphatic vessels in their respective regions. Each jugular lymph sac retains at least one connection with its jugular vein, the left one developing into the superior portion of the thoracic duct.
283:
vessels. These vessels carry the lymph throughout the body, passing through numerous lymph nodes which filter out unwanted materials such as bacteria and damaged cells. Lymph then passes into much larger lymph vessels known as
1277:
caused by the accumulation of lymph, which may occur if the lymphatic system is damaged or has malformations. It usually affects limbs, though the face, neck and abdomen may also be affected. In an extreme state, called
1519:, a Roman physician, identified the axillary, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the thymus during the 1st to 2nd century AD. The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in the 3rd century BC by
3325:
1664:
1567:
lacteals carried the chyle to the liver (as taught by Galen). He also identified the thoracic duct but failed to notice its connection with the lacteals. This connection was established by
1583:; further investigations led him to find that lacteals' contents enter the venous system via the thoracic duct. Thus, it was proven convincingly that the lacteals did not terminate in the
809:
and transport lymphocytes in response to the same chemical messengers and gradients. TLOs typically contain far fewer lymphocytes, and assume an immune role only when challenged with
664:
is an organized collection of lymphoid tissue, through which the lymph passes on its way back to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymphatic system. Several
4884:
4974:
726:
Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the foreign or altered native molecules (antigens) to interact with the lymphocytes. It is exemplified by the
4287:
1183:. The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells. If they are not successful in destroying the cancer cells the nodes may become sites of secondary tumours.
4343:
3107:"The Crohn's-Like Lymphoid Reaction to Colorectal Cancer-Tertiary Lymphoid Structures With Immunologic and Potentially Therapeutic Relevance in Colorectal Cancer"
1715:
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as its flow increased when abdominal pressure was applied. He traced this fluid to the thoracic duct, which he then followed to a chyle-filled sac he called the
127:
247:. Associated lymphoid organs are composed of lymphoid tissue, and are the sites either of lymphocyte production or of lymphocyte activation. These include the
610:. As a major lymphoid organ and a central player in the reticuloendothelial system, the spleen retains the ability to produce lymphocytes. The spleen stores
2345:(8th ed.). Philadelphia Baltimore New York London Buenos Aires Hong Kong Sydney Tokyo: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 228.
474:, and affinity maturation. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the secondary lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen.
1106:
are fatty acid esters of glycerol that passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system.) The enriched lymph originating in the lymphatics of the
1594:
The idea that blood recirculates through the body rather than being produced anew by the liver and the heart was first accepted as a result of works of
5127:
4581:
1635:
915:, also called lymph vessels, are thin-walled vessels that conduct lymph between different parts of the body. They include the tubular vessels of the
5132:
4877:
2729:
5047:
5042:
1152:
When an antigen is recognized, an immunological cascade begins involving the activation and recruitment of more and more cells, the production of
4548:
825:
in the vicinity of their tumors tend to have a better prognosis, although the opposite is true for certain cancers. TLOs that contain an active
4967:
3707:
Chong, Chloé; Scholkmann, Felix; Bachmann, Samia B.; Luciani, Paola; Leroux, Jean-Christophe; Detmar, Michael; Proulx, Steven T. (2016-03-10).
1629:
1622:
theory required that the blood be consumed and produced many times over. Even in the 17th century, his ideas were defended by some physicians.
1059:. They move via the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system and finally enter the blood via the left subclavian vein, thus bypassing the liver's
866:. Lymphoid tissue can either be structurally well organized as lymph nodes or may consist of loosely organized lymphoid follicles known as the
5037:
4372:
4319:
4084:
3953:
2713:
2387:
2350:
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1858:
1310:
in the armpit (causing the arm to swell due to poor lymphatic drainage) or groin (causing swelling of the leg). Conventional treatment is by
629:
103:
4524:
3330:
4870:
3772:
Zhang, Yufan; Zhang, Juxiang; Li, Xiaowei; Li, Jingru; Lu, Shuting; Li, Yuqiao; Ren, Panting; Zhang, Chunfu; Xiong, Liqin (2022-06-01).
2028:
Zhang, Yufan; Zhang, Juxiang; Li, Xiaowei; Li, Jingru; Lu, Shuting; Li, Yuqiao; Ren, Panting; Zhang, Chunfu; Xiong, Liqin (2022-06-01).
228:. One of the main functions of the lymphatic system is to provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus three litres.
5372:
5187:
5182:
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2684:
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enmeshed in it, through which the lymph passes. Regions of the lymphoid tissue that are densely packed with lymphocytes are known as
5177:
4960:
4829:
4441:
3997:
3427:
2925:
2792:
2151:
1963:
1938:
1539:, who described the lacteals and mesenteric lymph nodes which he observed in his dissection of apes and pigs in the 2nd century AD.
867:
751:
276:
3884:
Chavhan, Govind B.; Lam, Christopher Z.; Greer, Mary-Louise C.; Temple, Michael; Amaral, Joao; Grosse-Wortmann, Lars (2020-07-01).
3259:
793:
and autoimmune-related diseases. TLOs are regulated differently from the normal process whereby lymphoid tissues are formed during
330:
The lymphatic system consists of a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs, lymphoid tissues, and the circulating
614:
and lymphocytes. It can store enough blood cells to help in an emergency. Up to 25% of lymphocytes can be stored at any one time.
5618:
5292:
5119:
231:
The other main function is that of immune defense. Lymph is very similar to blood plasma, in that it contains waste products and
1602:(1630–1702) discovered certain transparent vessels in the liver that contained clear fluid (and not white), and thus named them
440:
central tolerance. However, the thymus is not where the infection is fought, as the T cells have yet to become immunocompetent.
5514:
5498:
5027:
4702:
3398:
1606:. He also learned that they emptied into the thoracic duct and that they had valves. He announced his findings in the court of
960:
The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.
5430:
4837:
1863:
2758:
3160:
2993:
5287:
5220:
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187:. Lymph is a clear fluid carried by the lymphatic vessels back to the heart for re-circulation. The Latin word for lymph,
122:
5392:
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5377:
5225:
4767:
1896:
1491:
1241:
546:
5551:
5230:
5192:
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4120:
Ambrose CT (July 2006). "Immunology's first priority dispute--an account of the 17th-century
Rudbeck-Bartholin feud".
3595:
Hu, Dan; Li, Long; Li, Sufang; Wu, Manyan; Ge, Nana; Cui, Yuxia; Lian, Zheng; Song, Junxian; Chen, Hong (2019-08-01).
2085:
Hu, Dan; Li, Long; Li, Sufang; Wu, Manyan; Ge, Nana; Cui, Yuxia; Lian, Zheng; Song, Junxian; Chen, Hong (2019-08-01).
1872:
1700:
1550:), described what is now known as the lacteals as "coursing over the intestines full of yellow matter." In about 1563
882:
838:
Lymphoid tissue associated with the lymphatic system is concerned with immune functions in defending the body against
1289:
Causes are unknown in most cases, but sometimes there is a previous history of severe infection, usually caused by a
703:, the paracortex has a mixture of immature and mature T cells. Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through specialised
299:
to return to the blood circulation. Lymph is moved through the system by muscle contractions. In some vertebrates, a
3045:"Agonistic CD40 therapy induces tertiary lymphoid structures but impairs responses to checkpoint blockade in glioma"
773:
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are abnormal lymph node-like structures that form in peripheral tissues at sites of
5539:
5534:
5312:
5202:
5197:
4347:
3709:"In vivo visualization and quantification of collecting lymphatic vessel contractility using near-infrared imaging"
2411:
Koppang EO, Fischer U, Moore L, Tranulis MA, Dijkstra JM, Köllner B, Aune L, Jirillo E, Hordvik I (December 2010).
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1607:
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5142:
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4648:
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1496:
1311:
1237:
31:
1535:, and thus into the liver. The findings of Ruphus and Herophilos were further propagated by the Greek physician
5529:
5397:
5165:
5160:
5032:
4795:
4567:
2341:
Flajnik, Martin F.; Singh, Nevil J.; Holland, Steven M., eds. (2023). "CHAPTER 8 Lymphoid tissues and organs".
1437:
1225:
1126:
The lymphatic system plays a major role in the body's immune system, as the primary site for cells relating to
86:
2511:"Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Responding to Genetic and Environmental Cues in Ontogeny and the Immune Response1"
1373:
1338:
2462:"Secondary lymphoid organs: responding to genetic and environmental cues in ontogeny and the immune response"
1686:
963:
From the jugular lymph sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses spread to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head.
5656:
5461:
5367:
5362:
5155:
4634:
4616:
4599:
4500:
3211:"Ectopic lymphoid structures function as microniches for tumor progenitor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma"
2271:
Jeltsch M, Tammela T, Alitalo K, Wilting J (October 2003). "Genesis and pathogenesis of lymphatic vessels".
1200:
refers to one or more enlarged lymph nodes. Small groups or individually enlarged lymph nodes are generally
1039:
1023:
704:
1377:
1282:, the edema progresses to the extent that the skin becomes thick with an appearance similar to the skin on
1055:
with similar fat solubility like some medicines) are absorbed to the lymph and move in it enveloped inside
5576:
5519:
5466:
5335:
2561:
Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Etzrodt M, Wildgruber M, Cortez-Retamozo V, Panizzi P, et al. (July 2009).
1876:
1655:
1642:
directly to the lymphatic system. The discovery "redrew the map" of the lymphatic system, rewrote medical
1456:
1127:
1075:
874:
572:
463:
134:
110:
98:
1408:, generally occurs in an older age group than Hodgkin lymphoma. It is treated according to whether it is
549:
and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence causes a predisposition to certain
5625:
5096:
5084:
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5012:
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758:
692:
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bring in lymph, which percolates through the substance of the lymph node, and is then drained out by an
665:
643:
639:
407:
53:
3478:
Heppell C, Richardson G, Roose T (January 2013). "A model for fluid drainage by the lymphatic system".
3830:
3774:"Imaging of fluorescent polymer dots in relation to channels and immune cells in the lymphatic system"
2030:"Imaging of fluorescent polymer dots in relation to channels and immune cells in the lymphatic system"
5601:
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3720:
3356:
3274:
3056:
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researchers
Jonathan Kipnis and Antoine Louveau discovered previously unknown vessels connecting the
1610:, but did not publish his findings for a year, and in the interim similar findings were published by
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3948:(21st ed.). Edinburgh / New York: Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier. pp. 1001, 1037–1040.
1904:– discovered fundamental processes in human tissues connected with function of the lymphatic system
1707:
1571:
in 1651, who found a white fluid mixing with blood in a dog's heart. He suspected that fluid to be
1551:
1532:
1425:
1315:
1216:
lymphadenopathy. When many lymph nodes in different areas of the body are involved, this is called
778:
696:
322:
3523:"Primary and secondary lymphatic valve development: molecular, functional and mechanical insights"
1511:, in the 5th century BC, was one of the first people to mention the lymphatic system. In his work
903:
204:, the lymphatic system is open. The human circulatory system processes an average of 20 litres of
5651:
5571:
5546:
5476:
5302:
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4337:
4171:
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3024:
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2122:
1901:
1692:
1651:
1543:
1527:, who incorrectly concluded that the "absorptive veins of the lymphatics," by which he meant the
1443:
994:
817:. They achieve this by importing the lymphocytes from blood and lymph. TLOs often have an active
806:
762:
503:
377:
225:
172:
529:
published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen contains, in its reserve, half of the body's
4364:
The Purple island and anatomy in early seventeenth-century literature, philosophy, and theology
1650:
functions in the brain. The discovery may help greatly in combating neurological diseases from
1326:. There is no evidence to suggest that the effects of manual lymphatic drainage are permanent.
5611:
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2010:
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has mucosa resembling that of the colon, but here it is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes.
209:
4508:
3597:"Lymphatic system identification, pathophysiology and therapy in the cardiovascular diseases"
2413:"Salmonid T cells assemble in the thymus, spleen and in novel interbranchial lymphoid tissue"
2168:
2087:"Lymphatic system identification, pathophysiology and therapy in the cardiovascular diseases"
1256:
of cancerous cells from other parts of the body, that have arrived via the lymphatic system.
4915:
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Vittet D (November 2014). "Lymphatic collecting vessel maturation and valve morphogenesis".
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2235:
2224:"Lymph heart musculature is under distinct developmental control from lymphatic endothelium"
2098:
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2041:
2000:
1992:
1736:
1611:
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1410:
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687:
The substance of a lymph node consists of lymphoid follicles in an outer portion called the
646:
580:
471:
449:
367:
311:
176:
2676:
1098:) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be transported to the blood circulation via the
634:
4910:
4847:
4807:
4747:
4742:
4707:
4475:
3343:
Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, et al. (July 2015).
2563:"Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites"
1850:
1752:
1471:
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1307:
1197:
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Lymphatic tissues begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of embryonic development.
851:
826:
818:
782:
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has shown that a high concentration of T cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen.
355:
296:
291:
drains the right side of the region and the much larger left lymphatic duct, known as the
232:
4442:"Two UVA Findings in the Running for Year's Biggest Scientific Breakthroughs | UVA Today"
4001:
2917:
2909:
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and removes antibody-coated bacteria and antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and
4165:
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3209:
Finkin S, Yuan D, Stein I, Taniguchi K, Weber A, Unger K, et al. (December 2015).
3133:
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2223:
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2029:
2005:
1980:
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1547:
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develops from mesenchymal cells between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach.
934:
The tissues of the lymphatic system are responsible for maintaining the balance of the
576:
538:
507:
4024:"Manual lymphatic drainage therapy in patients with breast cancer related lymphoedema"
5640:
5420:
4817:
4690:
4668:
4282:
3925:
3636:
3312:
3258:
Helmink BA, Reddy SM, Gao J, Zhang S, Basar R, Thakur R, et al. (January 2020).
3195:
3028:
2428:
2126:
1780:
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1440:
is a benign tumour of the smooth muscles of the lymphatics that occurs in the lungs.
1279:
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924:
802:
607:
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201:
168:
38:
4285:[Account of Rudbeck's work on lymphatic system and dispute with Bartholin].
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1907:
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1397:
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1114:. The nutrients that are released into the circulatory system are processed by the
1078:, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the
1067:
814:
695:, which is surrounded by the cortex on all sides except for a portion known as the
268:
221:
213:
160:
4952:
4133:
1318:. Two drugs for the treatment of lymphedema are in clinical trials: Lymfactin and
652:
4559:
4489:
4427:
1446:
is another form of cancer where the host is devoid of different lymphatic cells.
91:
4941:
4931:
4812:
4608:
3789:
3612:
3570:
3345:"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels"
2239:
2102:
2045:
1891:
1639:
1508:
1461:
1303:
is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.
1161:
1087:
1056:
673:
603:
537:. These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into
493:
389:
363:
343:
300:
264:
3068:
1830:
1400:. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer characterised by increased proliferation of
877:
also has lymphatic vessels. The search for T cell gateways into and out of the
4902:
4777:
4697:
4553:
4329:
3901:
3846:
3667:
3596:
3538:
3491:
3456:
3286:
3179:
3012:
2762:
2284:
2086:
1826:
1615:
1524:
1520:
1270:
1265:
1253:
1180:
1048:
1001:
950:
935:
859:
790:
727:
700:
661:
623:
542:
525:
521:
517:
455:
351:
306:
The lymphatic system was first described in the 17th century independently by
284:
248:
244:
180:
164:
4396:
4220:
3963:
3909:
3854:
3797:
3740:
3675:
3620:
3123:
2959:
2826:
2810:"Editorial: Tertiary Lymphoid Organs (TLOs): Powerhouses of Disease Immunity"
2526:
2477:
2110:
2053:
342:
The primary (or central) lymphoid organs, including the thymus, bone marrow,
326:
Anatomy of the lymphatic system showing primary and secondary lymphoid organs
115:
4382:
4040:
3885:
2643:
2586:
1632:, was the first to describe the function of the lymphatic system in detail.
1252:, including both cancers of tissue within lymph nodes, discussed below, and
1221:
1205:
1157:
855:
839:
798:
584:
557:
550:
432:
showed a buildup of T cells in the thymus and spleen of lymphoid tissues in
429:
403:
366:
constitute the primary lymphoid organs involved in the production and early
4309:
4268:
4238:
4141:
4059:
4022:
MartĂn ML, Hernández MA, Avendaño C, RodrĂguez F, MartĂnez H (March 2011).
3917:
3862:
3815:
3758:
3693:
3628:
3556:
3499:
3464:
3386:
3304:
3244:
3187:
3142:
3086:
3020:
2978:
2894:
2845:
2661:
2604:
2544:
2495:
2446:
2327:
2292:
2257:
2118:
2071:
2014:
1673:. Lithograph by Pierre Roche Vigneron. (Paris: Lith de Gregoire et Deneux,
1587:, thus disproving Galen's second idea: that the chyle flowed to the liver.
1372:. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterised by a particular type of cell, called a
1376:, visible under microscope. It is associated with past infection with the
545:
while promoting tissue healing. The spleen is a center of activity of the
466:. The secondary lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte activation by
220:. Roughly 17 litres of the filtered blood is reabsorbed directly into the
17:
4680:
4362:
4308:"Chapter 25, "Galen in an Age of Change (1650–1820)", Maria Pia Donato".
3260:"B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures promote immunotherapy response"
1643:
1562:, identified lymphatic vessels of the intestines in dogs and termed them
1476:
1354:
1345:
1323:
1319:
1283:
1153:
954:
878:
794:
534:
530:
347:
236:
4421:
3368:
2992:
Sautès-Fridman, C; Petitprez, F; Calderaro, J; Fridman, WH (June 2019).
2761:. Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh - Chp.edu. 2010-11-17. Archived from
1528:
1516:
1405:
1135:
1071:
810:
743:
497:
467:
240:
4212:
4195:
Natale, Gianfranco; Bocci, Guido; Ribatti, Domenico (September 2017).
3732:
1996:
140:
4802:
4790:
4734:
4657:
4626:
4423:
Story of a Great
Hospital: The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 1729-1929
4164:
Flourens P (1859). "Chapter 3: Aselli, Pecquet, Rudbeck, Bartholin".
4073:
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper D, Hauser S, Longo DL (19 March 2009).
2876:
1807:. The adjective used for the tissues where lymphocytes are formed is
1790:
1401:
1350:
1249:
1131:
1095:
978:
971:
843:
786:
739:
731:
712:
677:
564:
483:
459:
433:
419:
399:
395:
359:
272:
260:
256:
252:
194:
4862:
3226:
3159:
Sautès-Fridman C, Petitprez F, Calderaro J, Fridman WH (June 2019).
436:
and showed that there are not many T cells in non-lymphoid tissues.
30:"Lymphatic drainage" redirects here. For the massage technique, see
1554:, a professor of anatomy, described the thoracic duct in horses as
1380:, and generally causes a painless "rubbery" lymphadenopathy. It is
889:, anatomically integrated into the membrane surrounding the brain.
376:
species's primary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow, thymus,
27:
Organ system in vertebrates complementary to the circulatory system
4936:
1797:
1670:
1584:
1572:
1536:
1333:
1274:
1115:
1111:
1091:
1052:
1009:
681:
633:
331:
321:
217:
205:
184:
74:
3161:"Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy"
2994:"Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy"
1515:, he briefly mentioned the lymph nodes in one sentence. Rufus of
1047:(greatly enlarged in the picture) to blood and lymph. Long-chain
4197:"Scholars and scientists in the history of the lymphatic system"
2916:(Fifth ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp.
1981:"Scholars and scientists in the history of the lymphatic system"
1393:
821:, surrounded by a network of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs).
747:
373:
267:. The lymphoid organs also contain other types of cells such as
4956:
4866:
4563:
4367:. Madison : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 217.
3829:
Schineis, Philipp; Runge, Peter; Halin, Cornelia (2019-01-01).
684:, and in association with the blood vessels of the intestines.
1591:
drew the earliest sketches of the lacteals in humans in 1641.
1233:
1220:
lymphadenopathy. Generalised lymphadenopathy may be caused by
1005:
1783:
454:
The secondary (or peripheral) lymphoid organs, which include
295:, drains the left side of the body. The ducts empty into the
1432:
is a benign tumour occurring frequently in association with
1030:, to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated.
4397:"Galen | Biography, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica"
4314:. Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Barbara Zipser. Leiden. 2019.
2208:(Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785.
251:(where the highest lymphocyte concentration is found), the
4167:
A History of the
Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood
1933:(Forty-first ed.). Elsevier Limited. pp. 68–73.
989:
The lymphatic system has multiple interrelated functions:
2808:
Yin C, Mohanta S, Maffia P, Habenicht AJ (6 March 2017).
1931:
Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1160:
and the recruitment of other immunological cells such as
953:
that arise from developing veins, which are derived from
1803:
The adjective used for the lymph-transporting system is
1418:, and carries a poorer prognosis than Hodgkin lymphoma.
1763:"water", which is also the source of the English word
981:
arises as an outgrowth of the third pharyngeal pouch.
3831:"Cellular traffic through afferent lymphatic vessels"
2785:
Textbook of
Anatomy Head, Neck, and Brain; Volume III
1558:
The next breakthrough came when in 1622 a physician,
1353:
of the lymphatic system can be primary or secondary.
271:
for support. Lymphoid tissue is also associated with
1531:(lymph vessels of the intestines), drained into the
462:, maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate an
394:
Bone marrow is responsible for both the creation of
5594:
5564:
5450:
5443:
5413:
5355:
5348:
5328:
5270:
5263:
5243:
5213:
5141:
5118:
5109:
5060:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4924:
4901:
4828:
4776:
4733:
4656:
4647:
4625:
4607:
4598:
3399:"NIH researchers uncover drain pipes in our brains"
2910:"Cells and Organs of the Immune System (Chapter 2)"
2736:(3rd ed.). Elsevier, Inc. 2007. Archived from
1958:(Eighth ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 43–45.
224:, while the remaining three litres are left in the
121:
109:
97:
85:
73:
68:
63:
46:
4488:
2908:Goldsby R, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA, Janis K (2003) .
2787:(2nd ed.). Elsevier India. pp. 247–249.
1646:, and struck down long-held beliefs about how the
1118:, having passed through the systemic circulation.
4283:"Disputatio anatomica, de circulatione sanguinis"
3944:Colledge NR, Ralston SH, Walker BR, eds. (2011).
3939:
3937:
3935:
3650:Munn, Lance L.; Padera, Timothy P. (2014-11-01).
2204:Warwick R, Williams PL. "Angiology (Chapter 6)".
3521:Bazigou E, Wilson JT, Moore JE (November 2014).
2941:Hiraoka N, Ino Y, Yamazaki-Itoh R (2016-06-22).
2861:"Lymphatic vessels and tertiary lymphoid organs"
1924:
1922:
398:precursors and the production and maturation of
4288:International League of Antiquarian Booksellers
3658:. SI: Lymphatics in Development and Pathology.
2222:Peyrot SM, Martin BL, Harland RM (March 2010).
1979:Natale G, Bocci G, Ribatti D (September 2017).
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
3946:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
691:. The inner portion of the node is called the
303:is present that pumps the lymph to the veins.
4968:
4878:
4575:
2704:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
2372:Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery
263:. Lymphocytes are initially generated in the
8:
3601:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
2943:"Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Cancer Tissues"
2759:"Spleen: Information, Surgery and Functions"
2734:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary
2620:"Immunology. Dispensable but not irrelevant"
2091:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
4311:Brill's companion to the reception of Galen
4250:
4248:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4079:. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 352–.
1813:
1757:
1364:Lymphoma is generally considered as either
1145:or found by the cells directly or by other
188:
5454:
5447:
5352:
5267:
5115:
5002:
4995:
4975:
4961:
4953:
4885:
4871:
4863:
4653:
4604:
4582:
4568:
4560:
4342:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4170:. Rickey, Mallory & company. pp.
3837:. Pioneering updates in vascular biology.
2747:– via The Free Dictionary by Farlex.
2556:
2554:
2406:
2404:
1019:to and from the lymph nodes into the bones
919:, and the larger collecting vessels – the
52:
4228:
4049:
4039:
3805:
3748:
3683:
3546:
3422:(Tenth ed.). Elsevier. p. 363.
3376:
3294:
3234:
3132:
3122:
3076:
2968:
2958:
2884:
2835:
2825:
2651:
2594:
2534:
2485:
2436:
2247:
2167:Mak TW, Saunders ME, Saunders ME (2008).
2061:
2004:
1859:List of lymphatic nodes of the human body
512:to produce blood cells during fetal life.
2217:
2215:
1038:
902:
651:
200:Unlike the circulatory system that is a
183:, lymphoid organs, lymphatic tissue and
4468:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
3571:"The functions of the Lymphatic System"
2677:"Finally, the Spleen Gets Some Respect"
2199:
2197:
2143:Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems
1918:
1660:
1598:—a work he published in 1628. In 1652,
1141:Cells in the lymphatic system react to
193:, refers to the deity of fresh water, "
4335:
3105:Maoz A, Dennis M, Greenson JK (2019).
1811:. Lymphatic comes from the Latin word
1630:University of Edinburgh Medical School
993:It is responsible for the removal of
907:Lymph capillaries in the tissue spaces
594:In the human until the fifth month of
488:The main functions of the spleen are:
138:
43:
3886:"Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography"
3154:
3152:
3100:
3098:
3096:
2865:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2509:Ruddle, N. H.; Akirav, E. M. (2009).
2366:Pendl •, Helene; Tizard, Ian (2016),
1102:. (There are exceptions, for example
630:List of lymph nodes of the human body
7:
4509:participating institution membership
2460:Ruddle NH, Akirav EM (August 2009).
750:, etc. that are associated with the
243:. The cells of the lymph are mostly
175:. It consists of a large network of
3890:Radiologic Clinics of North America
1043:Nutrients in food are absorbed via
2380:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4671-2.00020-3
1357:refers to cancer that arises from
25:
4257:Svensk Medicinhistorisk Tidskrift
2316:Svensk Medicinhistorisk Tidskrift
868:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
752:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
350:, are responsible for generating
277:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
3480:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
2687:from the original on 2018-01-27.
2429:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01305.x
2173:. Academic Press. pp. 28–.
1843:
1829:
1819:, meaning "connected to water."
1729:
1714:
1699:
1685:
1663:
1306:Lymphedema can also occur after
730:, and the lymphoid follicles in
358:in the absence of antigens. The
4703:Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths
1308:surgical removal of lymph nodes
949:Lymphatic vessels develop from
5431:Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
3996:Herantis Pharma (2015-07-21).
3652:"Imaging the lymphatic system"
2374:, Elsevier, pp. 400–432,
2140:Sherwood L (January 1, 2012).
1864:American Society of Lymphology
1523:, a Greek anatomist living in
1:
4134:10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.09.004
4076:Harrison's Manual of Medicine
3403:National Institutes of Health
2698:Blackbourne LH (2008-04-01).
2618:Jia T, Pamer EG (July 2009).
2343:Paul's fundamental immunology
2170:Primer to the immune response
1674:
777:, such as chronic infection,
506:and aged blood cells, mainly
3331:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1897:Mononuclear phagocyte system
1791:
1492:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1074:are at the beginning of the
858:(white blood cells), mostly
676:in the chest, neck, pelvis,
547:mononuclear phagocyte system
4426:. Oliver and Boyd. p.
3998:"Lymfactin® for lymphedema"
3790:10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100317
3613:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.002
2675:Angier N (August 3, 2009).
2240:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.002
2103:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.002
2046:10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100317
1956:Clinically oriented anatomy
1873:Meningeal lymphatic vessels
883:meningeal lymphatic vessels
171:, and complementary to the
5673:
3069:10.1038/s41467-021-24347-7
1784:
1579:which is now known as the
1343:
1263:
1238:connective tissue diseases
1190:
1171:
1104:medium-chain triglycerides
1000:It absorbs and transports
896:
627:
621:
606:is solely responsible for
579:supply it with blood. The
569:efferent lymphatic vessels
481:
447:
417:
387:
36:
29:
5457:
4768:Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
4554:Lymphatic System Overview
4539:Resources in your library
4496:Oxford English Dictionary
3902:10.1016/j.rcl.2020.02.002
3847:10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.001
3668:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.006
3539:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.008
3492:10.1007/s11538-012-9793-2
3457:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.001
3287:10.1038/s41586-019-1922-8
3180:10.1038/s41568-019-0144-6
3013:10.1038/s41568-019-0144-6
2285:10.1007/s00441-003-0777-2
2156:– via Google Books.
1608:Queen Christina of Sweden
1542:In the mid 16th century,
1497:Solitary lymphatic nodule
1312:manual lymphatic drainage
1012:from the digestive system
707:found in the paracortex.
444:Secondary lymphoid organs
133:
51:
32:Manual lymphatic drainage
4796:High endothelial venules
4361:Mitchell, Peter (2007).
3124:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01884
2960:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00244
2859:Ruddle NH (March 2014).
2827:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00228
2527:10.4049/jimmunol.0804324
2478:10.4049/jimmunol.0804324
2273:Cell and Tissue Research
1604:hepatico-aqueous vessels
1438:Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
1226:infectious mononucleosis
1024:antigen-presenting cells
854:, with various types of
769:Tertiary lymphoid organs
705:high endothelial venules
464:adaptive immune response
37:Not to be confused with
4617:Hematopoietic stem cell
4501:Oxford University Press
4255:Eriksson G (2004). "".
4041:10.1186/1471-2407-11-94
3420:Robbins basic pathology
3111:Frontiers in Immunology
2947:Frontiers in Immunology
2814:Frontiers in Immunology
2730:"Penicilliary radicles"
2644:10.1126/science.1178329
2587:10.1126/science.1175202
2314:Eriksson G (2004). "".
1564:venae albae et lacteae,
1392:generally involves the
805:cells, but still drain
516:The spleen synthesizes
370:of lymphocyte tissues.
338:Primary lymphoid organs
5373:Superior diaphragmatic
5336:Subclavian lymph trunk
5188:inferior deep cervical
5183:superior deep cervical
5151:Deep anterior cervical
5018:Mastoid/retroauricular
3656:Microvascular Research
3527:Microvascular Research
3445:Microvascular Research
3168:Nature Reviews. Cancer
3001:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1877:central nervous system
1814:
1758:
1636:UVA School of Medicine
1341:
1128:adaptive immune system
1094:for processing, fats (
1076:gastrointestinal tract
1064:
908:
875:central nervous system
666:afferent lymph vessels
657:
649:
573:short gastric arteries
567:, the spleen has only
470:. Activation leads to
327:
189:
135:Anatomical terminology
58:Human lymphatic system
5178:Deep lateral cervical
4346:) CS1 maint: others (
3835:Vascular Pharmacology
3049:Nature Communications
2515:Journal of Immunology
2466:Journal of Immunology
2228:Developmental Biology
1882:Innate lymphoid cells
1875:- equivalent for the
1396:and may also involve
1337:
1168:Clinical significance
1082:are passed on to the
1061:first-pass metabolism
1042:
1022:The lymph transports
906:
881:uncovered functional
834:Other lymphoid tissue
797:, being dependent on
759:gastrointestinal wall
670:efferent lymph vessel
655:
638:A lymph node showing
637:
628:Further information:
598:, the spleen creates
589:penicilliary radicles
448:Further information:
408:programmed cell death
325:
5426:Right lymphatic duct
4635:Hassall's corpuscles
2146:. Cengage Learning.
1929:Standring S (2016).
1767:. The spelling with
1533:hepatic portal veins
1487:Lymphatic filariasis
1370:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1339:Reed–Sternberg cells
1316:compression garments
1295:lymphatic filariasis
1246:rheumatoid arthritis
1187:Enlarged lymph nodes
1084:portal venous system
921:right lymphatic duct
775:chronic inflammation
723:of the lymph nodes.
656:Regional lymph nodes
596:prenatal development
289:right lymphatic duct
210:capillary filtration
167:that is part of the
5515:Inferior mesenteric
5499:Superior mesenteric
5378:Trachea and bronchi
4718:Trabecular arteries
4499:(Online ed.).
4122:Cellular Immunology
3778:Materials Today Bio
3725:2016NatSR...622930C
3369:10.1038/nature14432
3361:2015Natur.523..337L
3279:2020Natur.577..549H
3061:2021NatCo..12.4127V
2636:2009Sci...325..549J
2579:2009Sci...325..612S
2034:Materials Today Bio
1656:Alzheimer's disease
1577:chyli receptaculum,
1556:vena alba thoracis.
1552:Bartolomeo Eustachi
1546:(discoverer of the
1457:Castleman's disease
1374:Reed–Sternberg cell
779:transplanted organs
602:; after birth, the
80:systema lymphoideum
5572:Lumbar lymph trunk
4471:A Latin Dictionary
4420:Turner AL (1937).
4401:www.britannica.com
4201:Journal of Anatomy
3713:Scientific Reports
3405:. October 3, 2017.
2681:The New York Times
1985:Journal of Anatomy
1902:Waldemar Olszewski
1775:was influenced by
1751:originates in the
1693:Gabriele Falloppio
1652:multiple sclerosis
1544:Gabriele Falloppio
1444:Lymphoid leukaemia
1426:soft tissue tumour
1378:Epstein–Barr virus
1342:
1143:antigens presented
1065:
995:interstitial fluid
909:
864:lymphoid follicles
842:and the spread of
807:interstitial fluid
658:
650:
504:particulate matter
378:bursa of Fabricius
328:
226:interstitial fluid
173:circulatory system
5634:
5633:
5590:
5589:
5560:
5559:
5439:
5438:
5344:
5343:
5259:
5258:
5239:
5238:
5221:Anterior cervical
5105:
5104:
4950:
4949:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4686:Cords of Billroth
4643:
4642:
4525:Library resources
4507:(Subscription or
4446:news.virginia.edu
4374:978-0-8386-4018-0
4321:978-90-04-39435-3
4213:10.1111/joa.12644
4086:978-0-07-147743-7
3955:978-0-7020-3085-7
3733:10.1038/srep22930
3326:"lymphoid tissue"
3273:(7791): 549–555.
3215:Nature Immunology
2715:978-0-7817-7076-7
2389:978-1-4557-4671-2
2352:978-1-9751-4253-7
2180:978-0-12-374163-9
1997:10.1111/joa.12644
1887:Lymphangiogenesis
1869:Glymphatic system
1589:Johann Veslingius
1422:Lymphangiosarcoma
1386:Ann Arbor staging
1301:Lymphangiomatosis
1291:parasitic disease
1212:. This is called
1174:Lymphatic disease
1086:to drain via the
1017:white blood cells
917:lymph capillaries
913:lymphatic vessels
893:Lymphatic vessels
848:connective tissue
846:. It consists of
647:lymphatic vessels
177:lymphatic vessels
149:
148:
144:
16:(Redirected from
5664:
5647:Lymphatic system
5577:Intestinal trunk
5455:
5448:
5393:bronchopulmonary
5353:
5268:
5226:Lateral cervical
5116:
5003:
4996:
4985:lymphatic system
4977:
4970:
4963:
4954:
4916:Lymphatic vessel
4887:
4880:
4873:
4864:
4786:Lymphatic vessel
4763:Tonsillar crypts
4723:Trabecular veins
4654:
4649:Secondary organs
4605:
4592:lymphatic system
4584:
4577:
4570:
4561:
4549:Lymphatic System
4530:Lymphatic system
4513:
4512:
4504:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4333:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4161:
4146:
4145:
4117:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4043:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4000:. Archived from
3993:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3941:
3930:
3929:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3418:Kumar V (2018).
3415:
3409:
3406:
3394:
3380:
3355:(7560): 337–41.
3340:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3298:
3264:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3039:
3033:
3032:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2877:10.1172/JCI71611
2856:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2783:Singh V (2017).
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2630:(5940): 549–50.
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2521:(4): 2205–2212.
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1954:Moore K (2018).
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1817:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1761:
1737:Thomas Bartholin
1733:
1718:
1703:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1667:
1612:Thomas Bartholin
1467:Kawasaki disease
1366:Hodgkin lymphoma
1359:lymphatic tissue
929:subclavian veins
899:Lymphatic vessel
852:reticular fibers
719:, occurs in the
583:are supplied by
581:germinal centers
472:clonal expansion
450:Clonal selection
380:, and yolk sac.
368:clonal selection
356:progenitor cells
312:Thomas Bartholin
297:subclavian veins
235:, together with
212:, which removes
208:per day through
192:
153:lymphatic system
141:edit on Wikidata
128:7162 74594, 7162
56:
47:Lymphatic system
44:
21:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5586:
5556:
5552:Retroperitoneal
5435:
5409:
5340:
5324:
5255:
5235:
5231:Supraclavicular
5209:
5203:jugulo-omohyoid
5198:jugulodigastric
5193:retropharyngeal
5137:
5101:
5056:
5043:infra-auricular
4987:
4983:Anatomy of the
4981:
4951:
4946:
4920:
4911:Lymph capillary
4897:
4891:
4861:
4852:
4848:Germinal center
4824:
4808:Germinal center
4772:
4729:
4708:Germinal center
4639:
4621:
4594:
4588:
4556:(innerbody.com)
4545:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4476:Perseus Project
4464:
4460:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4405:
4403:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4375:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4334:
4322:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4183:william harvey.
4177:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4149:
4119:
4118:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4005:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3956:
3943:
3942:
3933:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3397:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3324:
3320:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3227:10.1038/ni.3290
3221:(12): 1235–44.
3208:
3207:
3203:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3041:
3040:
3036:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2701:Surgical recall
2697:
2696:
2692:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2573:(5940): 612–6.
2560:
2559:
2552:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1851:Medicine portal
1849:
1844:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1753:Classical Latin
1746:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1671:"Claude Galien"
1668:
1626:Alexander Monro
1581:cisternae chyli
1548:fallopian tubes
1506:
1501:
1472:Kikuchi disease
1452:
1434:Turner syndrome
1424:is a malignant
1348:
1332:
1268:
1262:
1204:in response to
1198:Lymphadenopathy
1195:
1193:Lymphadenopathy
1189:
1176:
1170:
1147:dendritic cells
1124:
1122:Immune function
1108:small intestine
1080:small intestine
1045:intestinal vili
1037:
1028:dendritic cells
987:
944:
901:
895:
836:
827:germinal center
819:germinal center
813:that result in
783:graft rejection
771:
736:Peyer's patches
721:germinal centre
682:inguinal region
632:
626:
620:
612:red blood cells
600:red blood cells
539:dendritic cells
508:red blood cells
486:
480:
452:
446:
422:
416:
392:
386:
340:
320:
233:cellular debris
157:lymphoid system
145:
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5670:
5668:
5660:
5659:
5657:Animal anatomy
5654:
5649:
5639:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5612:Cloquet's node
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5582:Cisterna chyli
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5403:intrapulmonary
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5313:Supratrochlear
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5264:Arm and axilla
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5048:intraglandular
5045:
5040:
5030:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4714:Blood vessels
4712:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4602:
4600:Primary organs
4596:
4595:
4590:Organs of the
4589:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:External links
4517:
4515:
4514:
4480:
4458:
4433:
4412:
4388:
4373:
4353:
4320:
4300:
4274:
4259:(in Swedish).
4244:
4207:(3): 417–429.
4187:
4147:
4099:
4085:
4065:
4014:
3988:
3969:
3954:
3931:
3896:(4): 693–706.
3876:
3821:
3764:
3699:
3642:
3587:
3575:lymphnotes.com
3562:
3513:
3470:
3435:
3428:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3335:
3318:
3250:
3201:
3174:(6): 307–325.
3148:
3092:
3034:
3007:(6): 307–325.
2984:
2933:
2926:
2900:
2851:
2800:
2793:
2775:
2750:
2721:
2714:
2690:
2667:
2610:
2550:
2501:
2472:(4): 2205–12.
2452:
2400:
2388:
2358:
2351:
2333:
2306:
2263:
2211:
2206:Gray's anatomy
2193:
2179:
2159:
2152:
2132:
2077:
2020:
1991:(3): 417–429.
1971:
1964:
1946:
1939:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1837:Biology portal
1824:
1821:
1777:folk etymology
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1669:
1662:
1596:William Harvey
1560:Gaspare Aselli
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1344:Main article:
1331:
1328:
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1191:Main article:
1188:
1185:
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1123:
1120:
1036:
1035:Fat absorption
1033:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1015:It transports
1013:
998:
986:
983:
943:
940:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
835:
832:
770:
767:
622:Main article:
619:
616:
577:splenic artery
514:
513:
510:
500:
482:Main article:
479:
476:
445:
442:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
388:Main article:
385:
382:
354:from immature
339:
336:
319:
316:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5669:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Thoracic duct
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5318:Deltopectoral
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5251:Jugular trunk
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5090:Submandibular
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:Head and neck
4990:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Peyer's patch
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4818:Marginal zone
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4691:Marginal zone
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4661:
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4655:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
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4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4603:
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4597:
4593:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
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4540:
4537:
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4531:
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4518:
4510:
4502:
4498:
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4484:
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4467:
4462:
4459:
4447:
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4437:
4434:
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4424:
4416:
4413:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4301:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4004:on 2018-12-08
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3977:Douketis JD.
3973:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
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3915:
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3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
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3880:
3877:
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3825:
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3808:
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3779:
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3710:
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3677:
3673:
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3665:
3661:
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3643:
3638:
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3626:
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3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
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3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
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3528:
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3517:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
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3493:
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3485:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3429:9780323353175
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2927:0-7167-4947-5
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2794:9788131237274
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2765:on 2011-09-26
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2740:on 2016-03-04
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2691:
2686:
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2678:
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2649:
2645:
2641:
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2621:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
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2557:
2555:
2551:
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2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:(6): 728–39.
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:(2): 429–38.
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2153:9781111577438
2149:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1965:9781496347213
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1940:9780702052309
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1722:Olaus Rudbeck
1717:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:immune system
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Olaus Rudbeck
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:elephantiasis
1276:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:thoracic duct
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:Lymph vessels
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
991:
990:
984:
982:
980:
975:
973:
968:
964:
961:
958:
956:
952:
947:
941:
939:
937:
932:
930:
926:
925:thoracic duct
922:
918:
914:
905:
900:
892:
890:
888:
887:dural sinuses
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:hematopoietic
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
768:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
717:B lymphocytes
714:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
654:
648:
645:
641:
636:
631:
625:
617:
615:
613:
609:
608:hematopoiesis
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
523:
519:
511:
509:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:
489:
485:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
443:
441:
437:
435:
431:
426:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
324:
317:
315:
313:
309:
308:Olaus Rudbeck
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:thoracic duct
290:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
269:stromal cells
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
222:blood vessels
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:closed system
198:
196:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:immune system
166:
162:
158:
154:
142:
136:
132:
129:
126:
124:
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
90:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
67:
62:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:Limbic system
33:
19:
5398:paratracheal
5166:prelaryngeal
5161:paratracheal
5038:preauricular
4984:
4893:
4591:
4529:
4494:
4483:
4469:
4461:
4450:. Retrieved
4448:. 2015-12-03
4445:
4436:
4422:
4415:
4404:. Retrieved
4400:
4391:
4363:
4356:
4310:
4303:
4292:. Retrieved
4286:
4277:
4263:(1): 39–44.
4260:
4256:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4182:
4176:. Retrieved
4166:
4125:
4121:
4090:. Retrieved
4075:
4068:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4006:. Retrieved
4002:the original
3991:
3983:Merck Manual
3982:
3979:"Lymphedema"
3972:
3945:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3719:(1): 22930.
3716:
3712:
3702:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:
3565:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3486:(1): 49–81.
3483:
3479:
3473:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3419:
3413:
3402:
3390:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3329:
3321:
3270:
3266:
3253:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3171:
3167:
3114:
3110:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3004:
3000:
2987:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2913:
2903:
2871:(3): 953–9.
2868:
2864:
2854:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2784:
2778:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:the original
2753:
2742:. Retrieved
2738:the original
2733:
2724:
2700:
2693:
2680:
2670:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2570:
2566:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2420:
2416:
2393:, retrieved
2371:
2368:"Immunology"
2361:
2342:
2336:
2322:(1): 39–44.
2319:
2315:
2309:
2279:(1): 69–84.
2276:
2272:
2266:
2231:
2227:
2205:
2184:. Retrieved
2169:
2162:
2142:
2135:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2037:
2033:
2023:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1930:
1908:Trogocytosis
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1789:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1706:Portrait of
1634:
1624:
1620:
1603:
1593:
1576:
1569:Jean Pecquet
1563:
1555:
1541:
1512:
1507:
1482:Lymphangitis
1442:
1430:lymphangioma
1420:
1415:
1409:
1398:radiotherapy
1390:Chemotherapy
1363:
1349:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1269:
1230:tuberculosis
1217:
1213:
1210:inflammation
1201:
1196:
1177:
1151:
1140:
1125:
1066:
1057:chylomicrons
997:from tissues
988:
976:
969:
965:
962:
959:
948:
945:
933:
910:
872:
863:
837:
823:
815:inflammation
772:
756:
725:
716:
709:
686:
659:
593:
588:
562:
556:Research on
555:
515:
494:immune cells
487:
453:
438:
428:Research on
427:
423:
406:, a form of
393:
372:
341:
329:
305:
281:
230:
199:
161:organ system
156:
152:
150:
104:A13.0.00.000
79:
5619:superficial
5462:Retroaortic
5368:Intercostal
5363:Parasternal
5293:Subscapular
5156:pretracheal
5120:Superficial
5028:Superficial
4942:Lymphangion
4932:Lymph trunk
4813:Mantle zone
4778:Lymph nodes
4609:Bone marrow
4092:12 November
3055:(1): 4127.
2186:12 November
1892:Lymphangion
1815:lymphaticus
1678: 1865
1640:human brain
1509:Hippocrates
1462:Chylothorax
1218:generalised
1162:macrophages
1088:portal vein
1063:completely.
1051:(and other
1049:fatty acids
1002:fatty acids
942:Development
936:body fluids
885:lining the
860:lymphocytes
781:undergoing
728:lymph nodes
674:mediastinum
618:Lymph nodes
604:bone marrow
571:. Both the
543:macrophages
533:within the
492:to produce
456:lymph nodes
390:Bone marrow
384:Bone marrow
364:bone marrow
352:lymphocytes
344:fetal liver
301:lymph heart
285:lymph ducts
265:bone marrow
249:lymph nodes
245:lymphocytes
181:lymph nodes
165:vertebrates
69:Identifiers
5641:Categories
5520:pararectal
5503:mesenteric
5467:Paraaortic
5085:Mandibular
5078:nasolabial
5073:buccinator
4753:Pharyngeal
4698:White pulp
4674:Trabeculae
4511:required.)
4452:2024-08-31
4406:2022-12-07
4330:1088603298
4294:2008-07-11
4178:2008-07-11
4128:(1): 1–8.
4028:BMC Cancer
4008:2018-12-28
3784:: 100317.
3607:: 99–111.
2914:Immunology
2769:2011-04-03
2744:2011-04-03
2395:2024-08-28
2097:: 99–111.
2040:: 100317.
1914:References
1708:Eustachius
1616:plagiarism
1525:Alexandria
1521:Herophilos
1428:, whereas
1411:high-grade
1293:, such as
1271:Lymphedema
1266:Lymphedema
1260:Lymphedema
1254:metastasis
1222:infections
1181:metastasis
1154:antibodies
1130:including
1110:is called
1026:, such as
951:lymph sacs
856:leukocytes
850:formed of
840:infections
791:autoimmune
701:thymocytes
662:lymph node
624:Lymph node
585:arterioles
551:infections
526:lymph node
522:white pulp
518:antibodies
502:to remove
259:, and the
18:Lymphology
5652:Angiology
5626:Popliteal
5509:mesocolic
5506:ileocolic
5472:Preaortic
5097:Submental
5013:Occipital
4894:Lymphatic
4338:cite book
4221:0021-8782
4034:(1): 94.
3964:844959047
3926:218943574
3910:0033-8389
3855:1537-1891
3841:: 31–41.
3798:2590-0064
3741:2045-2322
3676:0026-2862
3662:: 55–63.
3637:184485255
3621:0022-2828
3533:: 38–45.
3313:210221106
3196:155104003
3029:155104003
2127:184485255
2111:0022-2828
2054:2590-0064
1805:lymphatic
1744:Etymology
1644:textbooks
1628:, of the
1513:On Joints
1416:low-grade
1206:infection
1158:cytokines
1090:into the
799:cytokines
563:Like the
558:bony fish
531:monocytes
496:to fight
430:bony fish
404:apoptosis
318:Structure
216:from the
5602:Inguinal
5540:internal
5535:external
5388:inferior
5383:superior
5288:Pectoral
5283:Brachial
5278:Axillary
5128:anterior
5111:Cervical
4743:Palatine
4681:Red pulp
4383:65207019
4269:16025602
4239:28614587
4142:17083923
4060:21392372
3918:32471538
3871:51955021
3863:30092362
3816:35757035
3759:26960708
3694:24956510
3629:31181226
3557:25086182
3508:20438669
3500:23161129
3465:25020266
3451:: 31–7.
3387:26030524
3305:31942075
3245:26502405
3188:31092904
3143:31507584
3117:: 1884.
3087:34226552
3021:31092904
2979:27446075
2895:24590281
2846:28321222
2685:Archived
2662:19644100
2605:19644120
2545:19661265
2496:19661265
2447:20880086
2328:16025602
2301:23318096
2293:12942362
2258:20067786
2119:31181226
2072:35757035
2015:28614587
1823:See also
1809:lymphoid
1724:in 1696.
1529:lacteals
1477:Lipedema
1384:, using
1355:Lymphoma
1346:Lymphoma
1324:Bestatin
1320:Ubenimex
1284:elephant
1275:swelling
1240:such as
1224:such as
1202:reactive
1072:lacteals
985:Function
955:mesoderm
923:and the
879:meninges
870:(MALT).
811:antigens
795:ontogeny
763:appendix
754:(MALT).
744:adenoids
644:efferent
640:afferent
575:and the
535:red pulp
498:antigens
468:antigens
458:and the
362:and the
348:yolk sac
279:(MALT).
275:such as
241:proteins
237:bacteria
159:, is an
5565:Vessels
5492:splenic
5487:hepatic
5482:gastric
5444:Abdomen
5414:Vessels
5329:Vessels
5298:Central
5244:Vessels
5171:thyroid
5133:lateral
5023:Parotid
4896:vessels
4803:B cells
4791:T cells
4748:Lingual
4735:Tonsils
4490:"lymph"
4230:5554832
4051:3065438
3807:9213818
3750:4785392
3721:Bibcode
3685:4268344
3580:Feb 25,
3548:4490164
3378:4506234
3357:Bibcode
3296:8762581
3275:Bibcode
3236:4653079
3134:6714555
3078:8257767
3057:Bibcode
2970:4916185
2953:: 244.
2886:3934190
2837:5337484
2820:: 228.
2653:2917045
2632:Bibcode
2624:Science
2596:2803111
2575:Bibcode
2567:Science
2536:2766168
2487:2766168
2438:3039185
2249:2845526
2063:9213818
2006:5554832
1517:Ephesus
1504:History
1406:T-cells
1402:B-cells
1286:limbs.
1273:is the
1250:cancers
1136:B-cells
1132:T-cells
1070:called
844:tumours
787:cancers
785:, some
757:In the
732:tonsils
713:B cells
693:medulla
587:called
520:in its
400:B cells
273:mucosas
261:tonsils
92:D008208
64:Details
5547:Sacral
5530:Common
5526:Iliac
5477:Celiac
5303:Apical
5068:Facial
4665:Parts
4658:Spleen
4627:Thymus
4527:about
4466:lympha
4381:
4371:
4328:
4318:
4267:
4237:
4227:
4219:
4140:
4083:
4058:
4048:
3962:
3952:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3814:
3804:
3796:
3757:
3747:
3739:
3692:
3682:
3674:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3555:
3545:
3506:
3498:
3463:
3426:
3385:
3375:
3349:Nature
3311:
3303:
3293:
3267:Nature
3243:
3233:
3194:
3186:
3141:
3131:
3085:
3075:
3027:
3019:
2977:
2967:
2924:
2893:
2883:
2844:
2834:
2791:
2712:
2660:
2650:
2603:
2593:
2543:
2533:
2494:
2484:
2445:
2435:
2417:J Anat
2386:
2349:
2326:
2299:
2291:
2256:
2246:
2177:
2150:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2070:
2060:
2052:
2013:
2003:
1962:
1937:
1792:nýmphē
1765:limpid
1759:lympha
1382:staged
1351:Cancer
1330:Cancer
1248:, and
1096:lipids
1053:lipids
979:thymus
972:spleen
789:, and
761:, the
740:spleen
689:cortex
678:axilla
565:thymus
484:spleen
478:Spleen
460:spleen
434:salmon
420:Thymus
414:Thymus
396:T cell
360:thymus
287:. The
257:thymus
255:, the
253:spleen
214:plasma
195:Lympha
190:lympha
5451:Nodes
5356:Nodes
5349:Chest
5271:Nodes
5214:Other
5061:Front
4937:Lymph
4925:Other
4903:Nodal
4758:Tubal
4669:Hilum
4505:
3922:S2CID
3867:S2CID
3633:S2CID
3504:S2CID
3309:S2CID
3263:(PDF)
3192:S2CID
3164:(PDF)
3025:S2CID
2997:(PDF)
2918:24–56
2297:S2CID
2123:S2CID
1798:nymph
1785:νύμϕη
1781:Greek
1779:with
1755:word
1749:Lymph
1585:liver
1573:chyle
1537:Galen
1450:Other
1214:local
1116:liver
1112:chyle
1092:liver
1010:chyle
715:, or
697:hilum
374:Avian
332:lymph
218:blood
206:blood
185:lymph
155:, or
139:[
75:Latin
5607:deep
5309:Arm
5143:Deep
5033:Deep
5006:Back
4999:Head
4838:GALT
4830:MALT
4379:OCLC
4369:ISBN
4348:link
4344:link
4326:OCLC
4316:ISBN
4265:PMID
4235:PMID
4217:ISSN
4138:PMID
4094:2010
4081:ISBN
4056:PMID
3960:OCLC
3950:ISBN
3914:PMID
3906:ISSN
3859:PMID
3851:ISSN
3812:PMID
3794:ISSN
3755:PMID
3737:ISSN
3690:PMID
3672:ISSN
3625:PMID
3617:ISSN
3582:2011
3553:PMID
3496:PMID
3461:PMID
3424:ISBN
3383:PMID
3301:PMID
3241:PMID
3184:PMID
3139:PMID
3083:PMID
3017:PMID
2975:PMID
2922:ISBN
2891:PMID
2842:PMID
2789:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2658:PMID
2601:PMID
2541:PMID
2492:PMID
2443:PMID
2384:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2324:PMID
2289:PMID
2254:PMID
2188:2010
2175:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2115:PMID
2107:ISSN
2068:PMID
2050:ISSN
2011:PMID
1960:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1871:and
1771:and
1394:ABVD
1314:and
1244:and
1232:and
1156:and
1134:and
1006:fats
1004:and
977:The
970:The
911:The
873:The
801:and
748:skin
642:and
541:and
346:and
310:and
239:and
151:The
116:5149
99:TA98
87:MeSH
5595:Leg
4474:on
4428:360
4225:PMC
4209:doi
4205:231
4174:–99
4130:doi
4126:242
4046:PMC
4036:doi
3898:doi
3843:doi
3839:112
3802:PMC
3786:doi
3745:PMC
3729:doi
3680:PMC
3664:doi
3609:doi
3605:133
3543:PMC
3535:doi
3488:doi
3453:doi
3373:PMC
3365:doi
3353:523
3328:at
3291:PMC
3283:doi
3271:577
3231:PMC
3223:doi
3176:doi
3129:PMC
3119:doi
3073:PMC
3065:doi
3009:doi
2965:PMC
2955:doi
2881:PMC
2873:doi
2869:124
2832:PMC
2822:doi
2706:259
2648:PMC
2640:doi
2628:325
2591:PMC
2583:doi
2571:325
2531:PMC
2523:doi
2519:183
2482:PMC
2474:doi
2470:183
2433:PMC
2425:doi
2421:217
2376:doi
2281:doi
2277:314
2244:PMC
2236:doi
2232:339
2099:doi
2095:133
2058:PMC
2042:doi
2001:PMC
1993:doi
1989:231
1800:".
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1654:to
1414:or
1404:or
1368:or
1242:SLE
1234:HIV
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1008:as
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163:in
123:FMA
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