349:
demonstrably separate families to remain separate families. It did so, moreover, while recognizing that distinct families living together often are genuinely separate households, and that the food stamp program should permit separate families that are not related to live together, but maintain separate households. ... Congress nevertheless assumed that related families are less likely to be genuinely separate households than are unrelated families, and failed even to provide related families a chance to rebut the legislative presumption. In view of the importance to the affected families of their family life and their very survival, the Court's extreme deference to this untested assumption is simply inappropriate. I respectfully dissent.
289:"Household" means (1) an individual who lives alone or who, while living with others, customarily purchases foods and prepares meals for home consumption separate and apart from the others, or (2) a group of individuals who live together and customarily purchase food and prepare meals together for home consumption; except that parents and children, or siblings, who live together shall be treated as a group of individuals who customarily purchase and prepare meals together for home consumption even if they do not do so, unless one of the parents, or siblings, is an elderly or disabled member.
31:
304:
Eligibility and benefit levels in the federal food stamp program are determined on a household, rather than an individual, basis. The statutory definition of the term "household," as amended in 1981 and 1982, generally treats parents, children and siblings who live together as a single household, but
348:
This case demonstrates yet again the lack of vitality in this Court's recent equal protection jurisprudence. When it moved beyond the rule that merely grouped parents and children, and, in the 1982 amendments, grouped siblings together as well, Congress interfered substantially with the desires of
308:
Although there are variations in the facts of the four cases that were consolidated in the
District Court, they all raise the question whether the statutory distinction between parents, children, and siblings and all other groups of individuals violates the guarantee of equal treatment in the Due
2063:
2231:
1774:
2191:
301:, writing for the Court, ruled that since it was possible for those excluded from the household to petition for the federal food stamp program separately, they would not be considered in federal food stamp applications.
382:
2095:
1871:
2356:
278:
is determined on a household basis. However, the exact definition of the term "household" fluctuates and may not include all people living on the same property. Distant family members (farther than
305:
it does not treat more distant relatives or groups of unrelated persons who live together as a single household unless they also customarily purchase food and prepare meals together.
489:
474:
Weber Gerald R. Jr. The
Striker Amendment to the Food Stamp Act: Politics Chipping Away at the Union, Family, and Social Welfare Georgia Law Review Spring 1988 22 Ga. L. Rev. 741
430:
405:
367:
72:
377:
2255:
2239:
2366:
2079:
634:
593:
228:
336:
Justice
Brennan said he "would affirm on the ground that the challenged classifications violate the Equal Protection Clause because they fail the rational basis test."
2346:
2007:
625:
285:
The plaintiffs argued that some or all of the groups should be included in proposals for eligibility and quantity of aid supplied. The disputed section is as follows:
1446:
637:
358:
Justice White agreed with the last three paragraphs of
Justice Marshall's dissenting opinion, saying that "the classification at issue in this case is irrational."
2039:
245:
violated the appellee's due process rights. The program rules for food stamps were changed in 1981 and 1982 which changed the definitions of households. The
1935:
2351:
2295:
372:
2279:
2159:
584:
2361:
2135:
2103:
2215:
1454:
471:
Lupu Ira C. "WHERE RIGHTS BEGIN: THE PROBLEM OF BURDENS ON THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION." Harvard Law Review MARCH, 1989 102 Harv. L. Rev. 933
1710:
1106:
266:
Act of 1971 was unconstitutional because a household, if an unrelated individual lived in it, would have its benefits reduced or eliminated.
1959:
618:
2047:
1502:
425:
258:
2263:
2247:
2071:
2031:
1855:
246:
35:
651:
2119:
1430:
1255:
851:
1911:
1790:
1702:
1031:
611:
2199:
2167:
1919:
1903:
1782:
1943:
1863:
2311:
2287:
2207:
918:
2175:
1055:
988:
752:
577:
2055:
795:
1967:
1742:
2223:
2015:
1999:
1343:
1271:
680:
2183:
2111:
1847:
1766:
1598:
1155:
819:
696:
1983:
2303:
2023:
1750:
1526:
1263:
1122:
2127:
1879:
1071:
1839:
1558:
1311:
1167:
2143:
1951:
1887:
1494:
1303:
1063:
1007:
953:
886:
878:
811:
712:
603:
570:
317:
803:
536:
1991:
1662:
1638:
1518:
1422:
1414:
1287:
1231:
937:
910:
902:
835:
776:
768:
733:
241:, 477 U.S. 635 (1986), reversed a lower court's decision that the change in the statutory definition of a
177:
133:
1486:
1438:
1831:
1678:
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1335:
1207:
1175:
1047:
945:
664:
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64:
2271:
1694:
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1191:
1927:
1630:
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1574:
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1550:
1098:
969:
1823:
1670:
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1327:
1295:
1247:
1239:
1199:
1015:
859:
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157:
2319:
1718:
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1402:
1279:
1215:
1183:
1130:
1114:
704:
275:
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500:
2151:
1734:
1510:
1470:
1462:
1319:
1023:
961:
843:
325:
169:
165:
145:
110:
The statutory definition of "household" did not violate the appellee's rights to due process.
1975:
1478:
1367:
1223:
1090:
1039:
509:
125:
2087:
1654:
1359:
894:
827:
760:
298:
282:), tenants, subleasers, non-legally related minors, and non-married spouses are excluded.
562:
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1811:
1606:
1351:
688:
527:
437:
412:
153:
2340:
1726:
1375:
672:
1758:
279:
67:
321:
141:
2064:
Williamson County
Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
100:
Appeal from the United States
District Court for the Southern District of Texas
2232:
Stop the Beach
Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection
83:
242:
79:
1775:
Department of
Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California
2192:
Tahoe-Sierra
Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
554:
545:
1872:
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago
383:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
194:
Stevens, joined by Burger, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist, O'Connor
2096:
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County
1809:
1400:
1153:
731:
649:
607:
566:
30:
2216:
San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City & County of San Francisco
2357:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
368:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 477
253:
to analyze the validity of the household definition.
2240:
Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States
378:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
2256:
Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District
1082:
999:
980:
929:
870:
787:
744:
222:
214:
206:
198:
190:
185:
114:
104:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
54:Lyng, Secretary of Agriculture v. Castillo et al.
2008:Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
1447:Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.
2080:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
619:
578:
249:ruled that the District Court erred in using
8:
2040:Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.
2032:Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith
2120:Preseault v. Interstate Commerce Commission
1936:Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford
458:477 U.S. at 637 (Marshall, J., dissenting).
2296:Pakdel v. City and County of San Francisco
1912:Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States
1806:
1397:
1150:
741:
728:
646:
626:
612:
604:
585:
571:
563:
20:
2367:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
373:List of United States Supreme Court cases
2280:Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania
2160:Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
2347:United States equal protection case law
2200:Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington
2168:Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation
2136:Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
2104:Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
1920:Rindge Company v. County of Los Angeles
394:
309:Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
1455:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
2264:Horne v. Department of Agriculture II
1944:United States v. General Motors Corp.
1864:Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States
1107:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
18:1986 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2248:Horne v. Department of Agriculture I
1960:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
256:Earlier, the Supreme Court ruled in
2048:Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff
1503:Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
426:Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
259:Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
2072:United States v. Riverside Bayview
1856:Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.
1711:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
328:all authored dissenting opinions.
247:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2352:United States Supreme Court cases
496:635 (1986) is available from:
2056:Ruckelshaus v. Montanato Company
852:Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
29:
1968:United States v. Pewee Coal Co.
1703:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
262:(1973) that a provision of the
2362:1986 in United States case law
1904:Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
1783:United States v. Vaello Madero
1743:Flores-Villar v. United States
1:
2312:Sheetz v. County of El Dorado
2288:Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid
2208:Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
2016:Kaiser Aetna v. United States
1431:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
635:United States Fifth Amendment
594:United States Fifth Amendment
2176:Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel
1791:Department of State v. Muñoz
1056:Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle
989:Blockburger v. United States
753:Blockburger v. United States
274:Eligibility for the federal
2112:Pennell v. City of San Jose
1767:Sessions v. Morales-Santana
796:United States v. Randenbush
2383:
2224:Kelo v. City of New London
2000:Armstrong v. United States
1984:Nelson v. City of New York
1344:J. D. B. v. North Carolina
1272:Dickerson v. United States
681:Wong Wing v. United States
555:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2184:Palazzolo v. Rhode Island
1848:Cole v. City of La Grange
1818:
1805:
1599:United States v. Antelope
1409:
1396:
1256:Mitchell v. United States
1162:
1156:Self-Incrimination Clause
1149:
1000:Dual sovereignty doctrine
820:Fong Foo v. United States
745:Meaning of "same offense"
740:
727:
697:United States v. Moreland
659:
645:
601:
344:Justice Marshall argued:
227:
119:
109:
28:
2304:Tyler v. Hennepin County
2128:Yee v. City of Escondido
2024:Agins v. City of Tiburon
1880:Peabody v. United States
1751:United States v. Windsor
1527:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
1264:United States v. Hubbell
1123:North Carolina v. Pearce
1072:Denezpi v. United States
1032:United States v. Wheeler
2144:Dolan v. City of Tigard
1952:United States v. Causby
1840:United States v. Lawton
1559:Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong
1495:Frontiero v. Richardson
1312:Corley v. United States
1304:United States v. Patane
1168:Curcio v. United States
1064:Gamble v. United States
954:United States v. Dinitz
887:Ludwig v. Massachusetts
879:United States v. Wilson
812:Burton v. United States
713:United States v. Cotton
353:
339:
331:
1888:United States v. Cress
1663:Fullilove v. Klutznick
1519:Schlesinger v. Ballard
1423:Adair v. United States
1415:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1288:Yarborough v. Alvarado
1008:United States v. Lanza
938:United States v. Perez
919:Smith v. United States
911:United States v. Dixon
903:United States v. Felix
836:Burks v. United States
777:United States v. Dixon
769:United States v. Felix
734:Double Jeopardy Clause
351:
291:
134:William J. Brennan Jr.
1832:Kohl v. United States
1336:Berghuis v. Thompkins
1176:Griffin v. California
1048:United States v. Lara
946:United States v. Jorn
804:Ball v. United States
665:Hurtado v. California
346:
287:
45:Decided June 27, 1986
43:Argued April 29, 1986
1992:United States v. Dow
1639:Califano v. Westcott
1583:Califano v. Goldfarb
1232:Doe v. United States
1099:Palko v. Connecticut
970:Blueford v. Arkansas
229:U.S. Const. amend. V
78:106 S. Ct. 2727; 91
1824:Barron v. Baltimore
1671:Rostker v. Goldberg
1591:Califano v. Webster
1567:Washington v. Davis
1535:Mathews v. Eldridge
1487:Richardson v. Davis
1439:Nichols v. Coolidge
1328:Maryland v. Shatzer
1296:Missouri v. Seibert
1248:McNeil v. Wisconsin
1240:Illinois v. Perkins
1200:Williams v. Florida
1016:Bartkus v. Illinois
981:Multiple punishment
860:McElrath v. Georgia
537:Library of Congress
251:heightened scrutiny
178:Sandra Day O'Connor
158:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
2320:DeVillier v. Texas
1719:Miller v. Albright
1679:Heckler v. Mathews
1615:Califano v. Torres
1543:Hills v. Gautreaux
1403:Due Process Clause
1280:Chavez v. Martinez
1216:Edwards v. Arizona
1208:Michigan v. Tucker
1184:Miranda v. Arizona
1131:Benton v. Maryland
1115:Baxstrom v. Herold
705:Beck v. Washington
638:criminal procedure
340:Marshall's dissent
276:food stamp program
130:Associate Justices
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2272:Murr v. Wisconsin
2152:Babbitt v. Youpee
1801:
1800:
1735:Zadvydas v. Davis
1695:Bowen v. Gilliard
1647:Harris v. Rosario
1511:Morton v. Mancari
1471:Schneider v. Rusk
1463:Bolling v. Sharpe
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1320:Florida v. Powell
1192:Boulden v. Holman
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1024:Waller v. Florida
962:Oregon v. Kennedy
844:Evans v. Michigan
723:
722:
486:Lying v. Castillo
332:Brennan's dissent
234:
233:
166:William Rehnquist
146:Thurgood Marshall
2374:
1976:Berman v. Parker
1928:Leonard v. Earle
1807:
1687:Lyng v. Castillo
1631:Davis v. Passman
1623:Vance v. Bradley
1575:Mathews v. Lucas
1479:Rogers v. Bellei
1398:
1368:Salinas v. Texas
1224:Oregon v. Elstad
1151:
1091:Ex parte Bigelow
1040:Heath v. Alabama
871:After conviction
742:
729:
647:
628:
621:
614:
605:
587:
580:
573:
564:
559:
553:
550:
544:
541:
535:
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526:
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517:
514:
508:
505:
499:
459:
456:
450:
449:477 U.S. at 637.
447:
441:
422:
416:
402:Lyng v. Castillo
399:
318:Justices Brennan
294:Majority opinion
238:Lyng v. Castillo
126:Warren E. Burger
115:Court membership
33:
32:
24:Lyng v. Castillo
21:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2326:
2088:Hodel v. Irving
1814:
1797:
1655:Harris v. McRae
1551:Mathews v. Diaz
1405:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1360:Howes v. Fields
1158:
1137:
1078:
995:
976:
925:
895:Grady v. Corbin
866:
828:Ashe v. Swenson
788:After acquittal
783:
761:Grady v. Corbin
736:
719:
655:
641:
632:
597:
591:
557:
551:
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
481:
468:
466:Further reading
463:
462:
457:
453:
448:
444:
423:
419:
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396:
391:
364:
356:
354:White's dissent
342:
334:
315:
299:Justice Stevens
296:
272:
170:John P. Stevens
168:
156:
144:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2380:
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2036:
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2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1896:Block v. Hirsh
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:Takings Clause
1810:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
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1707:
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1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1607:Fiallo v. Bell
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
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1401:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1352:Bobby v. Dixon
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
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1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
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1028:
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1003:
1001:
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993:
984:
982:
978:
977:
975:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
933:
931:
930:After mistrial
927:
926:
924:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
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872:
868:
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832:
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746:
738:
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732:
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724:
721:
720:
718:
717:
709:
701:
693:
689:Maxwell v. Dow
685:
677:
669:
660:
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656:
650:
643:
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633:
631:
630:
623:
616:
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567:
561:
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519:Google Scholar
480:
479:External links
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154:Harry Blackmun
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2098:
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2077:
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2037:
2034:
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2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
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1917:
1914:
1913:
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1898:
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1727:Nguyen v. INS
1724:
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1697:
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1412:
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1399:
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1378:
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1376:Vega v. Tekoh
1373:
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1357:
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1197:
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1189:
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1128:
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1021:
1018:
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1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
991:
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986:
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979:
972:
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964:
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951:
948:
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928:
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916:
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869:
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849:
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822:
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786:
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766:
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735:
730:
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714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
674:
673:Ex parte Bain
670:
667:
666:
662:
661:
658:
653:
648:
644:
639:
636:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
609:
606:
600:
595:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
568:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
501:CourtListener
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
478:
473:
470:
469:
465:
455:
452:
446:
443:
439:
436:
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248:
244:
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217:
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209:
205:
201:
197:
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189:
186:Case opinions
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:Chief Justice
121:
120:
118:
113:
108:
103:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1759:Kerry v. Din
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
987:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
775:
767:
759:
751:
711:
703:
695:
687:
679:
671:
663:
485:
454:
445:
440: (1973).
424:
420:
415: (1986).
401:
397:
357:
347:
343:
335:
316:
307:
303:
297:
288:
284:
280:first cousin
273:
257:
255:
237:
236:
235:
223:Laws applied
173:
161:
149:
137:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
142:Byron White
2341:Categories
652:Grand Jury
546:OpenJurist
389:References
270:Background
264:Food Stamp
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:527; 1986
243:household
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
640:case law
596:case law
484:Text of
362:See also
326:Marshall
313:Dissents
218:Marshall
191:Majority
510:Findlaw
215:Dissent
207:Dissent
202:Brennan
199:Dissent
105:Holding
2323:(2024)
2315:(2024)
2307:(2023)
2299:(2021)
2291:(2021)
2283:(2019)
2275:(2017)
2267:(2015)
2259:(2013)
2251:(2013)
2243:(2012)
2235:(2010)
2227:(2005)
2219:(2005)
2211:(2005)
2203:(2003)
2195:(2002)
2187:(2001)
2179:(1998)
2171:(1998)
2163:(1997)
2155:(1997)
2147:(1994)
2139:(1992)
2131:(1992)
2123:(1990)
2115:(1988)
2107:(1987)
2099:(1987)
2091:(1987)
2083:(1987)
2075:(1985)
2067:(1985)
2059:(1984)
2051:(1984)
2043:(1982)
2035:(1980)
2027:(1980)
2019:(1979)
2011:(1978)
2003:(1960)
1995:(1958)
1987:(1956)
1979:(1954)
1971:(1951)
1963:(1949)
1955:(1946)
1947:(1945)
1939:(1935)
1931:(1929)
1923:(1923)
1915:(1923)
1907:(1922)
1899:(1921)
1891:(1917)
1883:(1913)
1875:(1897)
1867:(1893)
1859:(1885)
1851:(1885)
1843:(1884)
1835:(1875)
1827:(1833)
1794:(2024)
1786:(2022)
1778:(2020)
1770:(2017)
1762:(2015)
1754:(2013)
1746:(2011)
1738:(2001)
1730:(2001)
1722:(1998)
1714:(1995)
1706:(1990)
1698:(1987)
1690:(1986)
1682:(1984)
1674:(1981)
1666:(1980)
1658:(1980)
1650:(1980)
1642:(1979)
1634:(1979)
1626:(1979)
1618:(1978)
1610:(1977)
1602:(1977)
1594:(1977)
1586:(1977)
1578:(1976)
1570:(1976)
1562:(1976)
1554:(1976)
1546:(1976)
1538:(1976)
1530:(1975)
1522:(1975)
1514:(1974)
1506:(1973)
1498:(1973)
1490:(1972)
1482:(1971)
1474:(1964)
1466:(1954)
1458:(1938)
1450:(1935)
1442:(1927)
1434:(1923)
1426:(1908)
1418:(1857)
1379:(2022)
1371:(2013)
1363:(2012)
1355:(2011)
1347:(2011)
1339:(2010)
1331:(2010)
1323:(2010)
1315:(2009)
1307:(2004)
1299:(2004)
1291:(2004)
1283:(2003)
1275:(2000)
1267:(2000)
1259:(1999)
1251:(1991)
1243:(1990)
1235:(1988)
1227:(1985)
1219:(1981)
1211:(1974)
1203:(1970)
1195:(1969)
1187:(1966)
1179:(1965)
1171:(1957)
1134:(1969)
1126:(1969)
1118:(1966)
1110:(1947)
1102:(1937)
1094:(1885)
1075:(2022)
1067:(2019)
1059:(2016)
1051:(2004)
1043:(1985)
1035:(1978)
1027:(1970)
1019:(1959)
1011:(1922)
992:(1932)
973:(2012)
965:(1982)
957:(1976)
949:(1971)
941:(1824)
922:(2023)
914:(1993)
906:(1992)
898:(1990)
890:(1976)
882:(1833)
863:(2024)
855:(2016)
847:(2013)
839:(1978)
831:(1970)
823:(1962)
815:(1906)
807:(1896)
799:(1834)
780:(1993)
772:(1992)
764:(1990)
756:(1932)
716:(2002)
708:(1962)
700:(1922)
692:(1900)
684:(1896)
676:(1887)
668:(1884)
654:Clause
558:
552:
549:
543:
540:
534:
531:
528:Justia
525:
522:
516:
513:
507:
504:
498:
429:,
404:,
324:, and
176:
174:·
172:
164:
162:·
160:
152:
150:·
148:
140:
138:·
136:
1083:Other
492:
433:
408:
322:White
210:White
97:Prior
494:U.S.
435:U.S.
410:U.S.
73:more
65:U.S.
63:477
490:477
438:528
431:413
413:635
406:477
68:635
2343::
488:,
320:,
86:72
627:e
620:t
613:v
586:e
579:t
572:v
76:)
70:(
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