275:
1201:
1585:
1146:
34:
754:
402:
1029:
773:
1214:
1569:
888:, no Greek description or representation having ever been met with that can be construed as referring to one. Nor was a bow possible, the flat sound-board being an insuperable impediment. The pick, or plectrum, however, was in constant use. It was held in the right hand to set the upper strings in vibration; when not in use, it hung from the instrument by a ribbon. The fingers of the left hand touched the lower strings (presumably to silence those whose notes were not wanted).
700:
1192:. It had several predecessors both in the British Isles and in Continental Europe. Pitch was changed on individual strings by pressing the string firmly against the fingerboard with the fingertips. Like a violin, this method shortened the vibrating length of the string to produce higher tones, while releasing the finger gave the string a greater vibrating length, thereby producing a tone lower in pitch. This is the principle on which the modern violin and guitar work.
334:
676:
562:. The thin lyre is the only one of the ancient eastern lyres that is still used in instrument design today among current practitioners of the instrument. As a means of support, players of the thin lyre wear a sling around the left wrist which is also attached to the base of the lyre's right arm. It is played using a plectrum or pic to strike the strings; a technique later used by the Greeks on the western lyres.
1017:
527:
1557:
924:
cannot be insisted upon, the vase painters being little mindful of the complete expression of details; yet one may suppose their tendency would be rather to imitate than to invent a number. It was their constant practice to represent the strings as being damped by the fingers of the left hand of the player, after having been struck by the plectrum held in the right hand.
1161:, it was applied to several species of those lyres that were small enough to make bowing practical. The dates of origin and other evolutionary details of the European bowed lyres continue to be disputed among organologists, but there is general agreement that none of them were the ancestors of modern orchestral bowed stringed instruments, as once was thought.
949:, he created the Lyre. Apollo, figuring out it was Hermes who had his cows, confronted the young god. Apollo was furious, but after hearing the sound of the lyre, his anger faded. Apollo offered to trade the herd of cattle for the lyre. Hence, the creation of the lyre is attributed to Hermes. Other sources credit it to Apollo himself.
417:
881:(animal intestines). They were stretched between the yoke and bridge, or to a tailpiece below the bridge. There were two ways of tuning: one was to fasten the strings to pegs that might be turned, while the other was to change the placement of the string on the crossbar; it is likely that both expedients were used simultaneously.
1058:
across central Europe. Among them there are lyres with rounded bottoms, stringed instruments whose resonators seem to be missing and lyres with strongly curved yokes and single or double bulging resonators. The number of strings depicted varies from two to ten. Fragmented tuning pegs and bridges made
649:
both constructs of lyre could be found in these regions. Like the flat-based
Eastern lyres, the round-based lyre also originated in northern Syria and southern Anatolia in the 3rd millennium BCE. However, this round-based construction of the lyre was less common than its flat-based counterparts in
517:
While the clearest examples of the thick lyre are extant to archaeological sites in Egypt and
Anatolia, similar large lyres with thicker soundboxes have been found in Mesopotamia (1900â1500 BCE). However, these Mesopotamia lyres lack the box-bridge found in the instruments from Egypt and Anatolia.
923:
or series of four tones filling in the interval of a perfect fourth. By doubling the tetrachord a lyre with seven or eight strings was obtained. Likewise the three-stringed lyre may have given rise to the six-stringed lyre depicted on many archaic Greek vases. The accuracy of this representation
1101:
is representative of a separate strand of lyre development. Appearing in warrior graves of the first millennium AD, these lyres differ from the lyres of the
Mediterranean antiquity, by a long, shallow and broadly rectangular shape, with a hollow soundbox curving at the base, and two hollow arms
940:
stole a herd of sacred cows from Apollo. In order not to be followed, he made shoes for the cows which were facing backwards, making it appear that the animals had walked in the opposite direction. Apollo, following the trails, could not follow where the cows were going. Along the way, Hermes
868:
or resonator), which, in ancient Greek tradition, was made out of turtle shell. Extending from this sound-chest are two raised arms, which are sometimes hollow, and are curved both outward and forward. They are connected near the top by a crossbar or yoke. An additional crossbar, fixed to the
392:
There is evidence of the development of many forms of lyres from the period 2700 BCE through 700 BCE. Lyres from the ancient world are divided by scholars into two separate groups, the eastern lyres and the western lyres, which are defined by patterns of geography and chronology.
669:. However, both of these terms have not had uniform meaning across time, and their use during Homer's time was later altered. Today, scholars divide instruments referred to as kitharis into two subgroups, the round-based cylinder kithara and the flat-based concert kithara.
896:
Before Greek civilization had assumed its historic form (c. 1200 BC), there was likely to have been great freedom and independence of different localities in the matter of lyre stringing, which is corroborated by the antique use of the chromatic (half-tone) and enharmonic
601:
Giant lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre of immense size that typically required two players. Played from a standing position, the instrument stood taller than the instrumentalists. The oldest extent example of the instrument was found in the ancient city of
869:
sound-chest, makes the bridge, which transmits the vibrations of the strings. The deepest note was that closest to the player's body; since the strings did not differ much in length, more weight may have been gained for the deeper notes by thicker strings, as in the
1459:
901:) tunings - pointing to an early exuberance, and perhaps also to a bias towards refinements of intonation. The number of strings on the classical lyre therefore varied, with three, four, six, seven, eight and ten having been popular at various times.
565:
There are several regional variations in the design of thin lyres. The
Egyptian thin lyre was characterized by arms that bulged outwards asymmetrically; a feature also found later in Samaria (c. 375â323 BCE). In contrast, thin lyres in Syria and
453:(c. 330 BCE) what was once a clearly divided use of flat-based lyres in the East and round-based lyres in the West had disappeared, as trade routes between the East and the West dispersed both kinds of instruments across more geographic regions.
509:
While similar to the bull lyre in size, the thick lyre did not contain the head of an animal, but did depict images of animals on the arms or yoke of the instrument. Like the bull lyre, the thick lyre did not use use a
2578:
361:
357:
1584:
919:, that they used only three strings to accompany their recitation; but there is no evidence for or against this dating from that period. The earliest known lyre had four strings, tuned to create a
585:. Its exact identification is unclear, but in the modern day it is generally translated as "harp" or "lyre", and associated with a type of lyre depicted in Israelite imagery, particularly the
606:
in what is present day Iraq, and dates to c. 2500 BCE. Well preserved giant lyres dating to c. 1600 BCE have been found in
Anatolia. The instrument reached the height of its popularity in
2289:
2569:
Article by Diana Rowan: a survey of three current lyre practitioners and builders â Temesgen
Hussein of Ethiopia, Michalis Georgiou of Cyprus and Michael Levy of the United Kingdom.
1175:. Different tones could be obtained from a single bowed string by pressing the fingernails of the player's left hand against various points along the string to fret the string.
253:
also originated in Syria and
Anatolia, but was not as widely used and eventually died out in the east c. 1750 BCE. The round lyre, so called for its rounded base, reappeared in
2610:
1200:
581:
musical instrument that is thought to be a type of thin lyre based on iconographic archaeological evidence. It is the first instrument from the lyre family mentioned in the
274:
699:
446:
with flat bases. They are the oldest lyres with iconographical evidence of their existence, such as depictions of the eastern lyre on pottery, dating back to 2700 BCE.
2006:
1827:
1726:
498:
Thick lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre that comes from Egypt (2000â100 BCE) and
Anatolia (c. 1600 BCE). The thick lyre is distinguished by a thicker
2493:
2316:
3114:
3109:
675:
306:
script. In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional
2293:
2603:
2153:
988:) given by the ancient Greeks to Egyptian box instruments reveals the apparent similarities recognized by Greeks themselves. The cultural peak of
2337:"The Sutton Hoo lyre and the music of the Silk Road: a new find of the fourth century AD reveals the Germanic lyre's missing eastern connections"
502:
which allowed for the inclusion of more strings. These strings were held on a larger 'box-bridge' than the other type of eastern lyres, and the
341:
sarcophagus of Hagia Triada, 14th century BC, depicting the earliest lyre with seven strings, held by a man with long robe, third from the left.
1568:
3159:
2089:
2041:
3149:
3144:
3129:
1226:
1107:
3139:
3134:
3164:
3154:
3124:
3119:
2596:
349:
180:
1966:
1982:
1890:
650:
the east, and by c. 1750 BCE the instrument had died out completely in this region. The round-based lyre re-appeared in the West in
2404:
33:
2563:, dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music, and playing instruments reconstructed on archaeological reference.
1913:
570:(c. 700 BCE) were symmetrical in shape and had straight arms with a perpendicular yoke which formed the outline of a rectangle.
2550:
2423:
753:
2572:
1936:
1145:
621:(c. 2500 BCE) is suspected to have been played by only a single instrumentalist, and giant lyres in Egypt dating from the
3029:
1102:
connected across the top by an integrated crossbar or âyoke. Famous examples include the lyre from the ship burial at
633:
Western lyres, sometimes referred to as round-based lyres, are lyres from the ancient history that were extant in the
2833:
1218:
996:. This indicates the possibility that the lyre might have existed in one of Greece's neighboring countries, either
401:
226:
and are distinguished from other ancient lyres by their flat base. They have been found at archaeological sites in
3034:
214:. The earliest known examples of the lyre have been recovered at archeological sites that date to c. 2700 BCE in
2619:
2566:
849:
2250:"Stringed Instruments of the Hallstatt Culture â from Iconographic Representation to Experimental Reproduction"
807:
1028:
1672:— an ancient wooden-frame lyre intermediate in size between the smaller tortoise-shell lyre and larger
2010:
1974:
1832:
1731:
449:
While flat-based lyres originated in the East, they were also later found in the West after 700 BCE. By the
1556:
1878:
1164:
There came to be two different kinds of bowed
European lyres: those with fingerboards, and those without.
772:
322:
2750:
2063:
Kinnor played before a king: ivory plaque (1350-1150 BC) from
Megiddo (Archaeological Museum, Jerusalem.
1253:
Over time, the name in the wider Hellenic space came to be used to label mostly bowed lutes such as the
20:
1505:
1213:
992:, and thus the possible age of the earliest instruments of this type, predates the 5th century classic
345:
176:
55:
286:, 1st century AD, depicting a man in a theatre mask and a woman wearing a garland while playing a lyre
3008:
2838:
2703:
1909:
1262:
1238:
1150:
456:
Eastern lyres are divided into four main types: bull lyres, thick lyres, thin lyres and giant lyres.
2209:
2685:
1618:
815:
479:
471:
2583:
1800:
941:
slaughtered one of the cows and offered all but the entrails to the gods. From the entrails and a
1781:
1773:
912:
780:
776:
646:
622:
450:
317:, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. The English word comes via
267:
107:
93:
1515:
1755:"Distinctions among Canaanite Philistine and Israelite Lyres and their Global Lyrical Contexts"
1724:
Klaus Wachsmann; Bo Lawergren; Ulrich Wegner; John Clark (2002). "Lyre (from Gk.; Lat. lyra)".
333:
2634:
2358:
2271:
2085:
2079:
2037:
2018:
1978:
1886:
1840:
1739:
1591:
1547:
1398:
1329:
1072:
1055:
969:
714:
690:
526:
442:) in what is present day Syria, Anatolia, the Levant and Egypt. The eastern lyres all contain
211:
172:
48:
1059:
of wood have been discovered from the Iron Age industrial settlement in the Ramsau valley at
806:
were accompanied by lyre playing. The earliest picture of a Greek lyre appears in the famous
589:
coins. It has been referred to as the "national instrument" of the Jewish people, and modern
464:
Bull lyres are a type of eastern lyre that have a flat base and bull's head on one side. The
117:
3068:
2348:
2261:
2192:
2014:
1921:
1836:
1765:
1735:
1325:
1098:
909:
823:
559:
435:
338:
219:
154:
2140:
Strumenti musicali e oggetti sonori nell'Italia meridionale e in Sicilia (VI-III sec. a.C.)
2034:
Musica Practica: The Social Practice of Western Music from Gregorian Chant to Postmodernism
657:
Like the eastern flat-based lyre, the western round-based lyre also had several sub-types.
3073:
3063:
2843:
2376:
1270:
1204:
GĂ€rtner lyre; this modern lyre was created by Edmund Pracht and W. Lothar GĂ€rtner in 1926.
933:
482:. However, older pictorial evidence of bull lyres exist in other parts of Mesopotamia and
296:
207:
2398:
1971:
Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music
1167:
The last surviving examples of instruments within the latter class were the Scandinavian
356:
classification of instruments. HornbostelâSachs divide lyres into two groups Bowl lyres (
856:
was held in one hand, while the fingers of the free hand silenced the unwanted strings.
3104:
2848:
2793:
2560:
1389:
1274:
1254:
1186:
1139:
795:
651:
421:
254:
2317:"Bretagne: le barde Ă la Lyre, oĂč les secrets d'une statue gauloise rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e par la 3D"
2266:
2249:
3098:
2798:
2482:
1785:
1754:
1608:
1575:
1438:
1366:
989:
718:
607:
582:
538:
by scholars. During the Iron Age, Megiddo was a royal city in the Kingdom of Israel.
410:
406:
2487:
1046:
Other instruments known as lyres have been fashioned and used in Europe outside the
1016:
3083:
2940:
1627:
1076:
946:
898:
811:
803:
279:
271:
that was widely used in north-western Europe from pre-Christian to medieval times.
258:
1060:
2505:, translated and edited by Kathleen Schlesinger (London: New Temple Press, 1930).
2113:
434:
Eastern lyres, also known as flat-based lyres, are lyres which originated in the
2828:
2768:
1663:
1651:
1374:
1370:
1266:
1245:"I wish to tune my quivering lyre, / To deeds of fame, and notes of fire".
1158:
1131:
1123:
1064:
1047:
885:
531:
466:
381:
353:
215:
200:
63:
478:), which date to 2500 BC and are considered to be the world's oldest surviving
2998:
2722:
2178:
1537:
1495:
1491:
1474:
1470:
1434:
1421:
1378:
1242:
1111:
1103:
1033:
920:
799:
634:
586:
547:
503:
439:
365:
311:
184:
86:
2362:
2275:
1402:
3078:
3024:
3003:
2950:
2899:
2735:
2693:
2588:
1464:
1282:
916:
614:
578:
567:
551:
499:
443:
369:
188:
2138:
2353:
2336:
554:
open. The earliest known example of the thin lyre dates to c. 2500 BCE in
2975:
2960:
2955:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2864:
2763:
2758:
2708:
2675:
2660:
2217:
1669:
1623:
1352:
1346:
1278:
1258:
1234:
1172:
1168:
1087:
1080:
1068:
1051:
973:
961:
942:
905:
865:
853:
732:
666:
662:
645:. They initially contained only round rather than flat bases; but by the
590:
543:
511:
506:
of the instrument was cut in the body of the lyre behind the box-bridge.
314:
303:
235:
122:
67:
39:
2260:(Suppl. 1). Central Library of the Slovak Academy of Sciences: 471â482.
2970:
2965:
2879:
2773:
2740:
2698:
2670:
2642:
1777:
1673:
1641:
1631:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1450:
1222:
1086:
In 1988, a stone bust from the 2nd or 1st century BC was discovered in
1054:. Lyres are depicted on ceramic and bronze vessels of the Proto-Celtic
985:
873:
and similar modern instruments, or they were tuned by having a slacker
743:
611:
593:
have created reproduction lyres of the "kinnor" based on this imagery.
307:
283:
137:
112:
102:
2920:
2889:
2874:
2869:
2665:
2556:
1659:
1655:
1533:
1501:
1487:
1444:
1286:
1127:
997:
993:
977:
965:
953:
937:
878:
870:
845:
841:
758:
638:
574:
239:
1769:
558:. After this, examples of the thin lyre can be found throughout the
2112:
Nathanael D. Putnam; Darrell E. Urban; Horace Monroe Lewis (1968).
2001:
Bo Lawergren, Hormoz Farhat and Stephen Blum (2002). "Bull lyres".
1229:
as seen on this photo was removed from the station in January 2024.
783:
during the Roman era (1st or 2nd century AD, based on a Greek work
416:
261:. This lyre served as the origin of the European lyre known as the
2945:
2730:
2290:"'Europe's oldest stringed instrument' discovered on Scots island"
1430:
1333:
1319:
1311:
1212:
1199:
1189:
1135:
1063:, Austria. Possible further wooden tuning pegs have been found in
1027:
1021:
1015:
1005:
1001:
957:
837:
819:
771:
752:
658:
654:
where it was sole form of lyre used between 1400 BCE and 700 BCE.
642:
555:
525:
415:
400:
332:
318:
273:
231:
227:
127:
78:
1967:"Plucked and Hammered String Instruments; Historical Development"
1648:) — the version of the lyre used by professional musicians.
1178:
The last of the bowed lyres with a fingerboard was the "modern" (
864:
A classical lyre has a hollow body or sound-chest (also known as
3039:
1854:
1612:
1604:
1509:
1114:, Germany, in 2001 is the best-preserved example found so far.
1091:
1071:
in Poland. The remains of what is thought to be the bridge of a
618:
603:
542:
Thin lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre with a thinner
487:
483:
475:
377:
373:
196:
192:
132:
82:
2592:
2115:
Three Dissertations on Ancient Instruments from Babylon to Bach
836:
The lyre of classical antiquity was ordinarily played by being
163:
2210:"Skye cave find western Europe's 'earliest string instrument'"
1315:
617:(c. 1353â1336 BCE). A giant lyre found in the ancient city of
210:. Lyres were used in several ancient cultures surrounding the
2512:, trans. Norma Deane (London: Oxford University Press, 1969).
2424:"Pushkin's works were removed from the Kharkiv metro (photo)"
2330:
2328:
2326:
952:
Some of the cultures using and developing the lyre were the
2486:
2057:
Montagu, Jeremy (1984). "'Kinnor". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).
661:
described two different western lyres in his writings, the
2515:
Jenkins, J. "A Short Note on African Lyres in Use Today."
2061:. Vol. 2. London: MacMillan Press. pp. 432â433.
1937:"Reflecting on Hornbostel-Sachs's Versuch a century later"
980:, another place of extensive Greek colonization. The name
1607:— an otherwise-unknown instrument mentioned in the
1110:
in Essex. The waterlogged lyre recovered from a grave at
1106:, and the decayed lyre discovered in silhouette at the
968:) bordering the Lydian empire. Some mythic masters like
1008:, and was introduced into Greece at pre-classic times.
257:
c. 1700â1400 BCE, and then later spread throughout the
2377:"rabab (musical instrument) â EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica"
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2531:
The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, East and West
1965:
Murray Campbell; Clive Greated; Arnold Myers (2004).
1762:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
534:, a lyre player 1350-1150 BC, identified as a likely
1020:
2nd or 1st century BC bust found in the fortress of
160:
3056:
3017:
2991:
2984:
2933:
2913:
2857:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2786:
2749:
2721:
2684:
2651:
2633:
2626:
2167:
Herakleion Museum. Illustrated Guide to the Museum.
1122:Some instruments called "lyres" were played with a
157:
92:
74:
54:
47:
1338:Continental Europe: Germanic or Anglo-Saxon lyre (
2204:
2202:
852:with the fingers as with a harp. A pick called a
295:The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the
1611:which may have been a type of lyre or a type of
1157:After the bow made its way into Europe from the
625:most likely also required only a single player.
2567:"The Universal Lyre â From Three Perspectives"
2059:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
1237:to refer to the work or skill of a poet, as in
960:Greek colonies on the coasts of Asia (ancient
2604:
2084:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 442â.
2081:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
1241:"Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is" or
1149:Picture of a 1960s Ntongoli (Bowl Lyre) from
8:
2497:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1654:— a modern instrument that combines a
26:
2181:at Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2012-09-17.
2073:
2071:
384:, and consists of two arms and a crossbar.
203:, and consists of two arms and a crossbar.
2988:
2818:
2811:
2648:
2630:
2611:
2597:
2589:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1225:as photographed in 2010, the accompanying
908:(c. 100 AD) wrote of the musicians of the
2579:Summary of Schemes of Tonal Organizations
2352:
2265:
1904:
1902:
2347:(385). Antiquity Publications: 208â212.
2169:Ekdotike Athinon, Athens 1987, p. 113 f.
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1377:("lyre of the Black Sea", also known as
1144:
2019:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13895
1996:
1994:
1885:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1841:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23943
1825:Myrtle Bruce-Mitford (2002). "Rotte ".
1740:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50534
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1552:
822:). The sarcophagus was used during the
671:
376:in which the strings are attached to a
352:which is one of the families under the
348:classifies the lyre as a member of the
302:, meaning "lyrists" and written in the
195:in which the strings are attached to a
2078:Geoffrey W. Bromiley (February 1995).
1217:The lyre as a symbol of poetry in the
790:); the cithara strings are not extant.
550:is created by leaving the base of the
25:
2519:31 (1969), p. 103 (+ pl. XVIII).
2248:Pomberger, Beate Maria (2020-12-31).
7:
2292:. STV. 28 March 2012. Archived from
1859:word study tool of ancient languages
1108:Prittlewell royal Anglo-Saxon burial
2315:Bernadette Arnaud (28 March 2019).
1138:and its descendants, including the
1012:Central and Northern European lyres
976:were believed to have been born in
380:that lies in the same plane as the
199:that lies in the same plane as the
2559:a music group directed by scholar
2538:The History of Musical Instruments
2335:Kolltveit, Gjermund (2021-12-15).
1799:Josho Brouwers (15 October 2019).
1032:Reproduction of the lyre from the
14:
3115:Ancient Roman musical instruments
3110:Ancient Greek musical instruments
2267:10.31577/slovarch.2020.suppl.1.40
2154:Image of Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
1090:which depicts a figure wearing a
38:Greek vase with muse playing the
2397:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica (2009),
1583:
1567:
1555:
1249:Other instruments called "lyres"
698:
674:
153:
32:
2573:Hornbostel-Sachs classification
2430:(in Ukrainian). 12 January 2024
1753:Lawergren, Bo (February 1998).
56:HornbostelâSachs classification
16:Ancient Greek string instrument
2540:(New York: W.W. Norton, 1940).
2533:(New York: W.W. Norton, 1943).
2526:(New York: E.P. Dutton, 1937).
2524:A History of Music in Pictures
2405:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
1574:Tanbƫra In Cairo, played by a
1361:; Modern Greek pronunciation:
757:Lyre with tortoiseshell body (
749:Cultural use in Ancient Greece
1:
1946:. Quaderni di Etnomusicologia
1935:Ghirardini, Cristina (2020).
1801:"The Agia Triada sarcophagus"
1369:("Constantinopolitan lyre"),
1293:Global variants and parallels
1179:
1094:playing a seven-string lyre.
1037:
827:
784:
762:
425:
218:. The oldest lyres from the
3160:Scottish musical instruments
470:are bull lyres excavated in
206:The lyre has its origins in
3150:Cornish musical instruments
3145:English musical instruments
3130:Italian musical instruments
2584:The Agia Triada sarcophagus
2575:for classification category
1562:Burmese lyre, a Byat saung.
1227:poetry by Aleksandr Pushkin
1067:in Somerset in England and
173:stringed musical instrument
3181:
3140:German musical instruments
3135:French musical instruments
1924:/ Perseus Digital Library.
1590:Lyre Player c. 1640â1660,
904:The priest and biographer
884:Lyres were used without a
741:
730:
350:lute-family of instruments
181:lute family of instruments
18:
3165:Irish musical instruments
3155:Welsh musical instruments
3125:Greek musical instruments
3120:Early musical instruments
2620:Greek musical instruments
2156:, University of Arkansas.
1410:Russia: Lyre-shaped gusli
1050:world since at least the
514:but was plucked by hand.
368:, a lyre is considered a
187:, a lyre is considered a
99:
31:
1944:Edizioni Fondazione Levi
1310:British Isles: Scotland
1219:Pushkinska metro station
1036:royal burial (England),
2494:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2032:Michael Chanan (1994).
2011:Oxford University Press
2009:. Oxford Music Online.
1975:Oxford University Press
1918:A Greek-English Lexicon
1916:[lura / lyre].
1833:Oxford University Press
1831:. Oxford Music Online.
1732:Oxford University Press
1730:. Oxford Music Online.
1365:) with the subtypes of
1263:Constantinopolitan lyra
1075:were discovered on the
2448:Percy Bysshe Shelley,
2036:. Verso. p. 170.
1805:Ancient World Magazine
1500:Ethiopia and Eritrea:
1233:The term is also used
1230:
1205:
1154:
1043:
1025:
877:. The strings were of
791:
779:(Desire), restored as
769:
539:
431:
413:
342:
287:
175:that is classified by
2510:The Origins of Bowing
2354:10.15184/aqy.2021.164
2254:SlovenskĂĄ archeolĂłgia
1626:(barbitos) — a
1314:, The Shetland Isles
1216:
1203:
1148:
1031:
1019:
932:According to ancient
826:occupation of Crete (
775:
756:
529:
420:A bull lyrist on the
419:
404:
336:
277:
21:Lyre (disambiguation)
2450:Ode to the West Wind
2165:J. A. Sakellarakis.
1676:, which replaced it.
1449:India and Pakistan:
1134:, namely the Arabic
848:, rather than being
610:during the reign of
480:stringed instruments
19:For other uses, see
2461:Lord Byron (1807),
1883:Ancient Greek Music
1619:Ancient Greek harps
1420:Arabian peninsula:
472:ancient Mesopotamia
179:as a member of the
94:Related instruments
28:
2508:Bachmann, Werner.
2319:. Sciences Avenir.
2007:Grove Music Online
1828:Grove Music Online
1727:Grove Music Online
1342:), rotte or crotte
1231:
1209:In popular culture
1206:
1155:
1151:St. Cecilia's Hall
1073:2300-year-old lyre
1044:
1026:
792:
781:Apollo Citharoedus
770:
647:Hellenistic period
623:Hellenistic period
540:
451:Hellenistic period
432:
414:
343:
288:
108:Chang (instrument)
3092:
3091:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
2929:
2928:
2782:
2781:
2717:
2716:
2551:Anglo Saxon Lyres
2501:Andersson, Otto.
2463:Hours of Idleness
2190:For example, the
2143:. pp. 51â84.
2091:978-0-8028-3785-1
2043:978-1-85984-005-4
1912:; Scott, Robert.
1910:Liddell, Henry G.
1662:. Also called a "
1592:Deccan sultanates
1384:Italy: the Latin
1130:and parts of the
1056:Hallstatt culture
892:Number of strings
715:Tomb of the Diver
705:5th century BCE.
691:Tomb of the Diver
681:5th century BCE.
222:are known as the
212:Mediterranean Sea
145:
144:
49:String instrument
3172:
3069:Greek folk music
2989:
2819:
2812:
2649:
2631:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2557:Ensemble KĂ©rylos
2522:Kinsky, George.
2498:
2490:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:. Britannica.com
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2332:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2206:
2197:
2193:Annales Cambriae
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2137:Bellia, Angela.
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1721:
1587:
1571:
1559:
1426:iran: chang romi
1326:Anglo-Saxon Lyre
1184:
1183: 1485â1800
1181:
1171:and the Finnish
1088:Brittany, France
1042:
1039:
936:, the young god
832:
829:
789:
786:
767:
764:
702:
678:
560:Fertile Crescent
436:Fertile Crescent
430:
427:
372:, since it is a
346:HornbostelâSachs
220:Fertile Crescent
191:, since it is a
177:HornbostelâSachs
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
42:, a type of lyre
36:
29:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3074:Byzantine music
3064:Music of Greece
3044:
3013:
2980:
2925:
2909:
2853:
2844:Macedonian lyra
2803:
2778:
2745:
2713:
2680:
2647:
2622:
2617:
2553:at Yahoo!Groups
2547:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2296:on 14 July 2012
2288:
2287:
2283:
2247:
2246:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2220:. 28 March 2012
2208:
2207:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:. p. 284.
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1879:West, Martin L.
1877:
1876:
1865:
1855:"Palaeolexicon"
1853:
1852:
1848:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1770:10.2307/1357602
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1723:
1722:
1687:
1683:
1630:version of the
1601:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1394:Lithuania: lyra
1303:Armenia: ÖŐ¶ŐĄÖ (
1295:
1271:lira da braccio
1251:
1211:
1198:
1182:
1120:
1040:
1014:
934:Greek mythology
930:
894:
862:
830:
787:
765:
751:
746:
740:
735:
729:
722:
703:
694:
679:
631:
599:
524:
496:
462:
428:
399:
390:
331:
297:Mycenaean Greek
293:
208:ancient history
156:
152:
66:sounded with a
61:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2992:Membranophones
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2849:Calabrian lira
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2794:Byzantine lyra
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2554:
2546:
2545:External links
2543:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2503:The Bowed Harp
2499:
2485:, ed. (1911).
2483:Chisholm, Hugh
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2454:
2441:
2415:
2389:
2368:
2322:
2307:
2281:
2231:
2198:
2183:
2171:
2158:
2146:
2129:
2104:
2090:
2067:
2049:
2042:
2024:
1990:
1983:
1957:
1927:
1898:
1891:
1863:
1846:
1817:
1791:
1764:(309): 41â68.
1745:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1649:
1639:
1621:
1616:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1512:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1390:Calabrian lira
1382:
1357:Greece: λÏÏα (
1355:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1322:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1275:Calabrian lira
1255:Byzantine lyra
1250:
1247:
1235:metaphorically
1210:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1140:Byzantine lyra
1119:
1116:
1013:
1010:
929:
926:
910:archaic period
893:
890:
861:
858:
831: 1400 BC
818:settlement in
796:Ancient Greece
750:
747:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
731:Main article:
728:
725:
724:
723:
704:
697:
695:
680:
673:
652:Ancient Greece
630:
627:
598:
595:
577:is an ancient
523:
520:
495:
492:
461:
458:
429: 2500 BC
422:Standard of Ur
398:
395:
389:
386:
360:), Box lyres (
330:
329:Classification
327:
292:
289:
255:ancient Greece
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
97:
96:
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
58:
52:
51:
45:
44:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3177:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Politiki lyra
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:Sachs, Curt.
2535:
2532:
2529:Sachs, Curt.
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:9780198165040
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:0-19-814975-1
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:Old Testament
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:, the modern
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Politiki lyra
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:rote or crowd
1331:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:Germanic lyre
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041: 600 AD
1035:
1030:
1024:, in Brittany
1023:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:ancient Egypt
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
964:, modern day
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
927:
925:
922:
918:
914:
911:
907:
902:
900:
891:
889:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
788: 300 BC
782:
778:
774:
766: 475 BC
760:
755:
748:
745:
737:
734:
726:
720:
719:Tortoiseshell
716:
712:
708:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:Western lyres
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:
609:
608:Ancient Egypt
605:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:Old Testament
580:
576:
571:
569:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
533:
530:Excavated at
528:
521:
519:
515:
513:
507:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
459:
457:
454:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
423:
418:
412:
408:
407:Ancient Egypt
403:
397:Eastern lyres
396:
394:
388:Ancient lyres
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
340:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
290:
285:
281:
276:
272:
270:
269:
264:
263:Germanic lyre
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:eastern lyres
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
150:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
59:
57:
53:
50:
46:
41:
35:
30:
22:
3084:Greek dances
2941:Askomandoura
2652:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2488:"Lyre"
2476:Bibliography
2466:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2408:, retrieved
2399:
2392:
2381:. Retrieved
2371:
2344:
2340:
2310:
2300:17 September
2298:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2284:
2257:
2253:
2224:17 September
2222:. Retrieved
2213:
2191:
2186:
2179:Entry "Lyre"
2174:
2166:
2161:
2149:
2139:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2118:. F. E. Olds
2114:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2080:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2002:
1970:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1943:
1930:
1920:– via
1917:
1882:
1858:
1849:
1826:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1761:
1748:
1725:
1645:
1635:
1456:
1455:Kazakhstan:
1407:Poland: lira
1385:
1362:
1358:
1339:
1304:
1252:
1232:
1196:Modern lyres
1177:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1121:
1096:
1085:
1077:Isle of Skye
1045:
981:
951:
947:turtle shell
931:
903:
899:quarter-tone
895:
883:
874:
863:
860:Construction
835:
812:Hagia Triada
804:lyric poetry
793:
710:
706:
686:
682:
656:
632:
600:
572:
564:
541:
535:
516:
508:
497:
486:, including
465:
463:
455:
448:
433:
405:A lyre from
391:
344:
310:and eastern-
299:
294:
282:fresco from
266:
262:
259:Roman Empire
251:Western lyre
250:
246:
244:
223:
205:
148:
146:
2834:Pontic lyra
2829:Cretan lyra
2769:Water organ
2561:Annie BĂ©lis
2467:To His Lyre
2452:, I, 57â61.
1664:harp guitar
1652:Lyre-guitar
1375:Pontic lyra
1371:Cretan lyra
1267:Cretan lyra
1259:Pontic lyra
1159:Middle-East
1153:, Edinburgh
1132:Middle East
1118:Bowed lyres
1065:Glastonbury
1048:Greco-Roman
886:fingerboard
808:sarcophagus
800:recitations
597:Giant lyres
532:Tel Megiddo
494:Thick lyres
467:lyres of Ur
444:sound boxes
409:, found in
382:sound table
354:chordophone
216:Mesopotamia
201:sound table
64:chordophone
62:(Composite
3099:Categories
3018:Idiophones
2999:Tambourine
2985:Percussion
2751:Percussion
2434:25 January
2428:Status Quo
2410:2009-02-20
2383:2013-08-17
1950:25 January
1810:25 January
1681:References
1516:kibugander
1496:simsimiyya
1475:simsimiyya
1403:Kraviklyra
1318:and Wales
1112:Trossingen
1104:Sutton Hoo
1034:Sutton Hoo
962:Asia Minor
921:tetrachord
587:Bar Kochba
548:sound hole
546:where the
522:Thin lyres
504:sound hole
460:Bull lyres
440:Mesoptamia
366:organology
300:ru-ra-ta-e
247:round lyre
238:, and the
185:organology
87:Bronze Age
3079:Nisiotika
3025:Koudounia
3004:Toubeleki
2951:Tsampouna
2900:Tambouras
2736:Pan flute
2694:Epigonion
2363:0003-598X
2341:Antiquity
2276:1335-0102
2214:BBC.co.uk
2196:(B Text).
1786:163212339
1465:nares-jux
1463:Siberia:
1351:Finland:
1345:Estonia:
1324:England:
1283:lyra viol
1239:Shelley's
1083:in 2010.
1061:DĂŒrrnberg
917:Terpander
824:Mycenaean
713:from the
689:from the
615:Akhenaten
579:Israelite
568:Phoenicia
552:resonator
500:sound box
370:yoke lute
339:Mycenaean
321:from the
291:Etymology
189:yoke lute
75:Developed
3057:See also
2976:Souravli
2961:Karamuza
2956:Floghera
2921:Santouri
2905:Thaboura
2895:Psaltery
2885:Mandolin
2865:Bouzouki
2787:Medieval
2764:Crotalum
2759:Cochilia
2709:Trigonon
2676:Phorminx
2661:Barbiton
2218:BBC News
1922:Tufts U.
1881:(1992).
1670:Phorminx
1624:Barbiton
1599:See also
1548:ntongoli
1542:Uganda:
1443:Israel:
1437:, zami,
1397:Norway:
1353:jouhikko
1347:talharpa
1279:lijerica
1173:jouhikko
1169:talharpa
1081:Scotland
1069:Biskupin
1052:Iron Age
974:Thamyris
943:tortoise
906:Plutarch
866:soundbox
854:plectrum
838:strummed
738:Kitharis
733:phorminx
727:Phorminx
711:barbitos
687:barbitos
667:kitharis
663:phorminx
591:luthiers
544:soundbox
512:plectrum
474:(modern
315:barbiton
304:Linear B
236:Anatolia
123:Barbitos
68:plectrum
40:phorminx
3035:Trigono
3009:Tympano
2971:Mantura
2966:Lalitsa
2880:Mandola
2858:Plucked
2799:Organon
2774:Sistrum
2741:Salpinx
2704:Sambuca
2699:Magadis
2671:Kithara
2643:Pandura
2627:Ancient
1778:1357602
1674:kithara
1646:cithara
1642:Kithara
1636:cithara
1632:kithara
1578:, 1858.
1544:endongo
1538:tanbƫra
1532:Sudan:
1528:obokano
1524:nyatiti
1520:litungu
1514:Kenya:
1492:tanbƫra
1486:Egypt:
1471:tanbƫra
1469:Yemen:
1451:tanpura
1435:tanbƫra
1422:tanbƫra
1379:kemençe
1243:Byron's
1223:Kharkiv
986:cithara
970:Musaeus
954:Aeolian
913:Olympus
875:tension
850:plucked
840:like a
744:cithara
612:Pharaoh
364:). In
308:cithara
284:Pompeii
249:or the
171:) is a
138:Konghou
118:Kythara
113:Cithara
3030:Stamna
2914:Struck
2890:Oudola
2875:Laouto
2870:Guitar
2815:String
2808:Modern
2666:Chelys
2635:String
2361:
2274:
2258:LXVIII
2122:4 June
2097:4 June
2088:
2040:
1981:
1914:"λÏÏα"
1889:
1784:
1776:
1660:zither
1658:and a
1656:guitar
1576:Nubian
1534:kissar
1502:begena
1488:kissar
1481:Africa
1457:kossaz
1445:kinnor
1429:Iraq (
1386:chorus
1340:hearpe
1298:Europe
1287:lirone
1285:, the
1281:, the
1277:, the
1273:, the
1269:, the
1265:, the
1261:, the
1257:, the
1128:Europe
998:Thrace
994:Greece
982:kissar
978:Thrace
972:, and
966:Turkey
958:Ionian
938:Hermes
928:Origin
871:violin
846:zither
842:guitar
816:Minoan
777:Pothos
759:rhyton
639:Greece
635:Aegean
575:kinnor
536:kinnor
411:Thebes
362:321.22
358:321.21
312:Aegean
240:Levant
183:. In
3105:Lyres
3040:Zilia
2946:Gaida
2822:Bowed
2731:Aulos
1940:(PDF)
1782:S2CID
1774:JSTOR
1758:(pdf)
1439:zinar
1431:Sumer
1320:crwth
1312:cruit
1190:crwth
1187:Welsh
1136:rebab
1022:Paule
1006:Egypt
1004:, or
1002:Lydia
844:or a
820:Crete
721:body.
659:Homer
643:Italy
556:Syria
323:Greek
319:Latin
280:Roman
268:rotte
232:Syria
228:Egypt
128:Crwth
79:Sumer
60:321.2
2934:Wind
2723:Wind
2686:Harp
2653:Lyre
2517:Iraq
2436:2024
2400:lira
2359:ISSN
2302:2012
2272:ISSN
2226:2012
2124:2013
2099:2013
2086:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2003:Iran
1979:ISBN
1952:2023
1887:ISBN
1812:2023
1628:bass
1613:harp
1605:Asor
1510:krar
1506:dita
1415:Asia
1399:giga
1373:and
1363:lĂra
1359:lĂœra
1330:giga
1305:knar
1097:The
1092:torc
956:and
915:and
707:Lyra
683:Lyra
665:and
641:and
619:Susa
604:Uruk
573:The
488:Susa
484:Elam
476:Iraq
378:yoke
374:lute
337:The
245:The
197:yoke
193:lute
164:aÉȘÉr
149:lyre
147:The
133:Harp
103:Ăeng
83:Iraq
27:Lyre
2349:doi
2262:doi
2015:doi
1837:doi
1766:doi
1736:doi
1433:):
1328:,
1316:gue
1221:in
1126:in
1124:bow
879:gut
833:).
814:(a
810:of
802:of
794:In
709:or
685:or
265:or
3101::
2491:.
2465::
2426:.
2403:,
2357:.
2345:96
2343:.
2339:.
2325:^
2270:.
2256:.
2252:.
2234:^
2216:.
2212:.
2201:^
2070:^
2013:.
2005:.
1993:^
1973:.
1969:.
1942:.
1901:^
1866:^
1857:.
1835:.
1803:.
1780:.
1772:.
1760:.
1734:.
1688:^
1666:".
1638:).
1546:,
1536:,
1526:,
1522:,
1518:,
1508:,
1504:,
1494:,
1490:,
1473:,
1401:,
1332:,
1289:.
1185:)
1180:c.
1142:.
1079:,
1038:c.
1000:,
828:c.
798:,
785:c.
763:c.
761:,
717:.
637:,
490:.
426:c.
424:,
325:.
278:A
242:.
234:,
230:,
85:,
81:,
2612:e
2605:t
2598:v
2469:.
2438:.
2386:.
2365:.
2351::
2304:.
2278:.
2264::
2228:.
2126:.
2101:.
2046:.
2021:.
2017::
1987:.
1954:.
1895:.
1843:.
1839::
1814:.
1788:.
1768::
1742:.
1738::
1644:(
1634:(
1615:.
1381:)
1307:)
984:(
945:/
897:(
768:)
693:.
438:(
167:/
161:l
158:Ë
155:/
151:(
70:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
