369:
disk space allocated to the file (including its extents, if any). After the initial access this information is maintained in a File
Control Block, the memory space for which is supplied by the calling application. Further references do not need to read the disk directory (unless the file is written to and more disk space needs to be allocated). For this reason system performance depends greatly on how close a file's allocated disk space(s) is/are to the directory cylinder, and how fragmented (extents located in non-contiguous space(s)) the file is as a whole. The farther away the directory cylinder is, the more the drive's read/write head will need to move, which slows disk access and produces more mechanical wear on the drive. TRSDOS has commands permitting the user to optimize placement of particular files on the disk's physical space, and the
450:
media. Some of these figures (density, sides, granules per track) are written to fields in the
Granule Allocation Table which is part of the disk directory. Others (sectors per track, sectors per granule, in addition to the former quantities) are part of the Drive Control Table fields. When the system attempts to open a file on a disk, it uses the @CKDRV SVC to ascertain the availability of the disk, and then logs the disk once it finds it available. This "logging" function will update the DIRCYL field, then update the DBLBIT and MAXCYL fields based on information stored in the GAT. This procedure frees the user from having to manually log a newly inserted disk; he is at liberty to change differently formatted disks in any drive without concern that the system will incorrectly access it.
463:
between the application requesting disk access and the computer's Floppy Disk
Controller hardware. TRS-80s use controller chips from the Western Digital series: the WD1791 in the Model 4 non-gate array version, and the WD1773 in the Model 4 Gate Array version. When an I/O request is invoked by a higher level SVC, such as a request to READ a file record, the request is translated to that disk primitive (FDC command or status report) needed to satisfy the function request. The linkage protocol is uniform across all disk devices that are connected to the system. This makes the access of files transparent to size or nature of the disk device within the scope of the parameters stored in the DCT for that drive.
361:) required custom driver software supplied by their manufacturers. These drivers permitted any TRSDOS installation to access them with up to eight possible drive partitions, each assigned to drive numbers zero through seven. Actually, a large hard drive could be formatted with more than eight partitions, but TRSDOS can only access eight during any one session. Hard drives could have some partitions formatted under TRSDOS and others under the CP/M OS. Each floppy drive in the system would also take up one drive number assignment. The Model 4, with its ability to set up a
377:
non-system data disk). LDOS and TRSDOS 6 have a SYSRES command which loads selected system files into Z80 RAM, thus freeing space on the system disk for non-system data. All versions have variants of the SYSTEM command which can reassign logical drive numbers to physical drives. It is possible to assign drive numbers such that a physical drive is unassigned a logical drive number; this is sometimes useful to guarantee that the drive cannot be accessed for security or safety (write protection) purposes. Drives may be set to be write protected by the DOS, also.
446:
in the file, and the last byte within the last sector (or End Of File). The record also contains the physical area(s) in use by the file, by pointing to the cylinder, relative starting granule, and number of contiguous granules for each extent comprising the file. When a file has more than four extents, additional directory records are used as required with forward and backward pointers linking each record of each file. Thus the theoretical maximum of 256 files possible on a floppy diskette is realizable only if there is no file fragmentation.
476:(LRL) equal to one. (Physical access to a disk storage device is always in units of 256 byte sectors. This is fixed by the TRS-80 disk controller hardware). However, if GET or PUT are used to implement sequential access, then a file can be considered a character I/O device just like a printer, a serial port, or a video display device. A byte I/O request is therefore independent of the physical device "connected" to the control block which is requesting the I/O. This makes the system "device independent".
442:(HIT) which is the second sector of the directory. Each position in this table corresponds to a specific directory entry record. The hash table, being one sector in length, can index a maximum of 256 directory records or files. The directory itself is sized according to disk capacity by being a maximum of one cylinder (up to 34 sectors). Thus, the larger the disk storage capacity, the larger its directory, and the greater the number of file names that can be stored on the disk.
499:. All file access requests (whether issued by the user at the console or a program being executed) are satisfied by searching the directory of the first drive specified (taken as drive zero if no drive number is given) and, if the requested file is not found, then searching the next (higher numbered) drive in the system. This continues until the file is found or all the drives in the system have been searched (but see below for variations on this rule).
716:, many of the file manipulation commands are similar to those of TRSDOS. Some of the following TRSDOS commands exist on disk as distinct program files (DIR/CMD, FORMAT/CMD, BACKUP/CMD) while all others exist as modules condensed into the library files (technically Partitioned Data Sets or PDSs) SYS6/SYS, SYS7/SYS and SYS8/SYS; these include the TRSDOS commands CAT, COPY, LIST, REMOVE, RENAME etc. Some typical TRSDOS utilities:
2422:
418:
Each track has three granules for 4.5 KB of storage. Each side (surface) of the disk is normally formatted with 40 tracks, yielding 180 KB per side. The Model 4D, with its double-sided drives, yields 360 KB of storage. Whenever additional disk space is needed for a file (such as extending a file while being written to), an additional granule is allocated. The granule thus becomes the minimum size storage unit.
2433:
426:. For a double-sided floppy disk as formatted on a Model 4D, track zero of surface zero and track zero of surface one are grouped together into cylinder zero. Cylinder capacities also have an upper limit of 256 sectors per cylinder or eight granules per cylinder, while the system supports (for hard drives with multiple platters of storage media) a maximum of eight heads per drive.
354:). Model Is retrofitted with double density controllers and Models I/III equipped with 80-track drives or double-sided drives could not use TRSDOS; RadioShack sold Logical System's LDOS operating system which could control these types of drives. The Model 4's TRSDOS 6 is a development of LDOS and has the same capabilities.
704:. TRSDOS 6.x supports both Owner and User passwords (8 characters max) for disk files. LS-DOS 6.3 uses the space for the User password for its extended dating scheme (past December 31, 1987). Both Model 4 OSes can set various file access levels and permit software write protection for disk files and entire disks.
1339:
assembler source code is for a subroutine named HELLO_WORLD. This is an introductory program which will print a message to the video display and then exit. Though simple, it demonstrates how an assembler source code is formatted and interacts with the display hardware through TRSDOS. The example uses
902:
The TRSDOS CATalog command displays one line giving information on the selected drive (disk name, capacity, date) and a listing of the filenames with their extensions present on the disk. This is an abbreviated version of the DIRectory command, which permits more file information to be presented on a
685:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x do not support subdirectories or user areas. However, the DIR and CAT (Catalog) commands for displaying file data support the usual partial filenames, suffixes, and file dates. Under TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x files can be made invisible to the DIR and CAT commands, and can be displayed with
631:
Under TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x, the standard system command interpreter (SYS1/SYS) can be functionally replaced with a custom interpreter by copying the new interpreter to the system file SYS13/SYS (which in an unmodified installation is a dummy file). This can be any machine code /CMD program file. This is
1219:
The MEMORY command shows the names and sizes of memory resident modules. It is also used to modify system flag bytes. For example, flag A is the DOS Allocation byte, which the BACKUP command uses to specify the beginning cylinder of a disk to start copying files. This gives the user control over the
677:
do, the APPEND command is somewhat different in concept than the UNIX or MS-DOS notion of appending via output redirection. TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x do provide I/O redirection for system devices (keyboard *KI, display screen *DO, printer *PR, serial port *CL), as well as for between devices and disk files.
471:
Disk files are supported with two types of access: Record I/O and character I/O. Logical records of from one to 256 bytes in length can be read or written using the @READ or @WRITE SVC requests. Record I/O can be random access (by position SVC requests prior to READ/WRITE) or sequential access using
449:
When TRSDOS formats a disk, all of the parameters associated with the diskette are predetermined. Thus the number of sectors per track, number of sectors per granule and thus the granules per track, number of sides (surfaces), and number of cylinders are all designated, as well as the density of the
397:
that stores the parameters associated with each of the eight logical drives. Disk drive parameters refer to how the total storage space on a drive is divided up into addressable units. The layer(s) of magnetic particles on the surface of the disk media are magnetized (during the format process) into
970:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, the COPY command can be used to transfer information between system devices as well as disk files. For example, COPY *KI *PR will turn the computer (if connected to an active line printer) into a typewriter, as each character typed at the keyboard is sent to the *PR device as well
445:
The directory record contains information such as the date the file was last modified, its update and access password codes, its access level, and other attributes such as whether it is a SYStem or PDS (Partitioned Data Set) file and if a backup has been made, the relative number of the last sector
429:
The disk's directory cylinder is placed during the format process on the middle-numbered cylinder; thus a standard 40 cylinder disk has its directory installed on cylinder 20. This reduces the average distance (and access time) that the drive's read/write head must move to access the directory. The
389:
is to provide the user with a facility for managing and accessing files stored on disk storage devices. Since the user must not be burdened with the physical details of the storage devices themselves, it is the operating system's responsibility to translate file record access requests into specific
951:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, COMM/CMD is a terminal program that establishes communications between the Model 4's RS-232C serial port and that of another computer, a modem or serial printer/plotter. Must first install the driver for the serial port, COM/DVR using the SET command, which establishes the system
920:
CLOCK installs an interrupt task that shows the system time in the upper corner of the display; no exactly corresponding feature exists in MS-DOS or UNIX, though many programs provided similar features for DOS and the common UNIX shells could embed the time into their user-defined "prompt string".
809:
UNIX command are all somewhat different in their semantics. UNIX/Linux is multi-user and each user can control read, write, and execute permissions on his or her own files and directories. MS-DOS is single user and the file attributes for "read-only," "hidden," and "system" are advisory in nature.
462:
pointer, since room in the low memory region is usually insufficient (especially on the Model 4 since software needed to access its external memory banks cannot reside in high Z80 RAM memory because that region exists in the banked RAM swap area). These driver routines establish a linkage protocol
437:
When a file is to be opened for access, the system needs to search the directory for its directory record. Search time is minimized by using a hashing technique to reduce the 11-character string formed from the file name and extension to a one byte value. The hash code for each file is stored in a
417:
which vary in size according to total track capacity of the disk media, though granule size for each disk format is constant. For forty-cylinder disks formatted in double density, standard for the drives installed in the TRS-80 Models III and 4, the granule size is six 256-byte sectors, or 1.5 KB.
368:
All versions of TRSDOS use overlays to satisfy most system requests and disk directories are not maintained in memory. This has two implications for system performance. First, upon initial file access the DOS always references the disk directory to obtain information giving the physical mapping of
421:
TRSDOS assigns numbers to every sector, every track, and every surface. Surfaces are numbered consecutively starting from zero. Tracks are numbered consecutively starting from zero at the outermost edge of the disk giving the innermost track the highest number. Where multiple headed drives are in
479:
Filenames are limited to eight alphanumeric characters (the first character must be alpha) which are case insensitive (only capital letters are used; any lowercase letters entered are capitalized). File extensions are up to three characters and obey the same rules. File passwords are up to eight
376:
The second implication of the overlay-based architecture is that a disk containing TRSDOS system files (file extension /SYS) must always be present in whichever drive is assigned as logical drive number zero. (On the Model 4 this may be the
Memdisk, thus freeing physical drive zero be used for a
1055:
FILTER is used to attach a /FLT filter program to a system device. Three included with TRSDOS 6.x are FORMS/FLT which is used for formatted printing, KSM/FLT which is a keyboard macro facility, and CLICK/FLT which causes the Model 4 speaker to beep every time a key is pressed.
885:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x include the BACKUP/CMD utility which can mass copy files specified by partial filename matches, file suffixes (e.g. such as /CMD or /BAS), or by file date. BACKUP can be made to first query for permission to copy each file with the
1090:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, sets parameters for data sent to the system *PR device after the FORMS filter has been attached to the *PR device. These include number of characters per printed line, lines per page, margins, added linefeed characters, etc.
810:
TRSDOS was single user. TRSDOS 6.x ATTRIB can modify protection status of all files on a disk volume if the disk's master password is given. All user and owner passwords on visible files can be removed with a single ATTRIB command.
434:). The GAT is bit mapped to each granule of space on the drive. Other fields in the GAT contain the PACK NAME, DATE of creation (when the disk was formatted), pack PASSWORD, and data pertaining to the configuration of the drive.
41:
480:
characters obeying the same rules (TRSDOS 6 versions up to 6.2 support both owner and user passwords). Entire diskettes can also be assigned master passwords, which may limit user access via the BACKUP and PURGE commands.
591:, and drive searches initiated by programs being executed, stop searching at the first drive found to match. If the same filespec exists on multiple drives, then those files on higher-numbered drives will be excluded.
623:) may be appended to filespecs. These examples assume the selected files have not be made invisible in the disk directory. File access requests issued by applications programs running under TRSDOS work the same way.
678:
The DEVICE command displays a map of I/O links and routes. Under DOS and UNIX printing a file can be done with redirection; under UNIX it is normally done by spooling the file to the "line printer" (using the
453:
The SVC disk primitives are funneled through common system routines contained in the driver software installed for each type of disk storage device. The driver for Model III or Model 4 floppy drives is named
1281:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x support the PURGE command which will mass delete files specified by partial filename, file suffixes, or file dates. PURGE will query the user for permission to delete each file unless the
852:
ommands" and special "dot files" in a user's home directory are run for each time that a given user logs into the system. UNIX supports many other "dotfiles" for many of its commands which are akin to the
786:
Under TRSDOS 6.x, the source of the appended data may be a system input device such as *KI. Thus whatever is typed at the keyboard will be appended to the target file. Use RESET *KI to end this function.
270:
professional computer from 1979, also based on the Z80 and equipped with 8-inch disk drives. The later machines in this line, the Models 12, 16 and 6000, used the Z80 as an alternate CPU to its main
682:
command) because UNIX is conventionally a multi-user system. TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x print jobs can be redirected (such as to a disk file) by applying the LINK or ROUTE commands to the system *PR device.
1340:
TRS-80 Model 4 running TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x, produced by Tandy/Radio Shack and
Logical Systems, with most any assembler sold by Radio Shack or Misosys Inc. (Series I/EDTASM, ALDS, EDAS or MRAS with
458:
and is located in the TRSDOS low memory region. Hard disk drives are supplied with their own driver software, and are usually installed in high memory (main 64K Z80 RAM) above the system
413:
Disks are organized as follows: each track is formatted into a specific number of 256-byte sectors with a maximum capacity of 32 sectors per track. Sectors are grouped into blocks called
410:. Although the number of sectors per track may vary from one media type to another, the number of sectors in each track of the same media (and in each granule) must always be a constant.
1352:
3000 3E 69 3002 EF 3003 21 14 30 3006 3E 0A 3008 EF 3009 0E 0D 300B 3E 02 300D EF 300E 21 00 00 3011 3E 16 3013 EF 3014 48 65 6C 6C 3018 6F 2C 20 77 301C 6F 72 6C 64 3020 21 0D 0D 3023
1236:
All versions of TRSDOS include the PATCH/CMD utility. This permits modification of machine code /CMD files using patch data supplied by a /FIX file in hexadecimal ASCII format.
293:
and LDOS. After disputes with Cook over ownership of the source code, Tandy hired
Logical Systems, LDOS's developer, to continue TRSDOS development. TRSDOS 6, shipped with the
289:
microcomputer did not have a disk drive or disk operating system at release. The first version of TRSDOS, by Randy Cook, was so buggy that others wrote alternatives, including
1894:
1815:
903:
single video screen with less need for scrolling to view the contents of the entire disk. CAT uses the same parameters as DIR for viewing INVisible and SYStem files.
325:
Late 1986 – Logical
Systems releases LS-DOS 6.3, the functionally equivalent update to TRSDOS 6.2. From this date, Tandy/Radio Shack ships it with the Model 4D.
263:
computers used TRSDOS Version 6, which was a development of Model III LDOS by
Logical Systems, Inc. This last was updated in 1987 and released as LS-DOS 6.3.
830:
contained a list of such commands. TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x support Job
Control Language in which any text file with the suffix /JCL could batch process (using the
1160:
Under TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x, the LIST command can display or print the contents of non-ASCII files with the HEX parameter. The listing can be paused using
2437:
1207:
under TRSDOS is almost always used to make a machine code Z80 program (/CMD file) available to the system debugger for examination or modification.
890:
parameter. On single drive computers the X parameter will permit copying between two disks by prompting the user when to switch disks in the drive.
472:
repetitive READs or WRITEs. Character (or byte) I/O is accomplished by @GET and @PUT SVC requests and is essentially the same as record I/O with a
255:(input/output) commands that worked with disk files rather than the cassette tapes that were used by non-disk Model I systems. Later disk-equipped
2468:
1074:
Defaults to 40 track, single-sided on Models III and 4, double-sided on Model 4D. Number of tracks per side can be specified using parameter (CYL=
346:. The original TRSDOS for the Model I supported only single-sided disks with 35 tracks formatted in single density (sectors are encoded using the
259:
computers used a completely different version of TRSDOS by Radio Shack which culminated in 1981 with TRSDOS Version 1.3. From 1983 disk-equipped
1043:
LS-DOS 6.3 includes the DISKCOPY/CMD utility which makes an exact copy of a source disk by formatting and copying to a blank destination disk.
506:
followed immediately with the drive number. The colon is optional unless the drive specification is used as a suffix for a filename. Using the
1867:
1887:
1934:
1261:
Under TRSDOS 6.x an interrupt task is provided to dump the current video display to a line printer at any time. This is activated using
700:
Many versions support a simple password security for files and programs, with separate Read/Execute and full access capabilities. ex:
1109:
TRSDOS 6.x displays ASCII map showing disk granules occupied by active files with xxxxxx; the directory cylinder is shown as DDDDDD.
1929:
834:
command) any number of executable program files. Such a file could be the object of an AUTO command. On UNIX a set of one or more
1220:
physical placement of files on disks, which is important to minimize movement of the drive's read/write head during file access.
1856:
1203:
command under TRSDOS would load a binary program into memory, but would not execute it; neither DOS nor UNIX has an equivalent.
2458:
2426:
2047:
1880:
1685:
1324:
laptop as TRSDOS 6.x disk files. This requires use of the Model 4 cassette interface, which the Model 4P transportable lacks.
971:
as the *DO device. This is effectively the same as the TRSDOS command LINK *KI *PR. Use RESET *KI to turn off this function.
1793:
1006:
Displays the status of the system drives and system logical devices, as well as the existing ROUTEs and LINKs between them.
351:
2257:
1256:
1078:). All Model 4Ds and most Model 4s can format 42 tracks although drives supplied by Radio Shack are nominally 40 track.
1024:
DIR displays the same files that would be selected by the BACKUP command, and so is useful as a preview tool. Parameter
826:
The AUTO command sets an automatic command to be executed on TRSDOS boot; under MS-DOS the special, reserved file named
2342:
2292:
350:
technique). Model III TRSDOS (culminating in version 1.3) supported 40-track disks formatted in double density (using
99:
422:
use, the track numbers on a surface are duplicated on each surface with all similarly numbered tracks constituting a
2372:
635:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x support wildcard characters in filenames, both the single character ? and multicharacter *.
646:
specification. These made commands more
English-like. For example, the following commands functioned identically:
1962:
1830:
145:
1711:
2287:
2262:
274:
chip and could run this version of TRSDOS for backwards compatibility with older Z80 applications software.
2473:
2072:
1663:
165:
1862:
1903:
386:
1028:
sends the directory listing to the line printer, which in turn can be ROUTEd or LINKed to a disk file.
1939:
1142:
Starting with TRSDOS 6.0 KILL was replaced by REMOVE (per LSI Journal article "Thou Shalt Not Kill")
347:
2232:
2297:
2212:
2207:
2052:
1944:
1656:
1244:
1150:
911:
758:
406:. Each sector is uniquely identified by a pattern of information preceding each sector called an
1381:; the term "pseudo-op" means same as "assembler directive", is not Z80 code
2352:
736:
686:
the INV parameter (unless any files are password protected and the correct p/w is not given).
282:
243:
With the original TRS-80 Model I of 1977, TRSDOS was primarily a way of extending the MBASIC (
237:
151:
56:
390:
drive, track, sector, and head parameters that pinpoint the storage location of each record.
1844:
1321:
1064:
358:
256:
248:
201:
124:
119:
2463:
2102:
979:
869:
267:
2057:
960:
339:
294:
271:
260:
158:
17:
2452:
2347:
2202:
2097:
1298:
1294:
1269:. If the system *PR device is ROUTED or LINKED to a disk file it will be sent there.
1132:
1014:
929:
879:
74:
2222:
2177:
1820:
1231:
1196:
934:
818:
483:
Under TRSDOS and LDOS the system is never "logged in" to any current drive as with
205:
1764:
1657:"The Tandy Story: It all started 10 years ago in a converted used-car showroom..."
1801:
527:
searches logical drive four (for all files, as always when no filename is given).
2367:
2032:
343:
342:) support up to four physical floppy (mini-diskette) drives which (as sold) use
312:
April 26, 1983 – Radio Shack introduces TRSDOS Version 6.0 with the new Model 4s
213:
1872:
1187:
Program invocation under TRSDOS, DOS and UNIX is done by filename; no explicit
517:
displays all files starting with logical drive zero, then drive one, and so on.
315:
1984 – Radio Shack releases Version 6.2, the definitive version for the Model 4
2117:
2107:
2004:
1994:
1974:
1308:
Under TRSDOS 6.x the user may rename individual files or the entire diskette.
1192:
1191:
command is required for normal binary executables nor for text command files (
1155:
772:
632:
referred to in the documentation as an "Extended Command Interpreter" or ECI.
51:
2362:
2317:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2172:
1303:
1137:
1120:
1104:
965:
952:*CL (Comm Line) device. Use SETCOM/CMD to set parameters for communication.
854:
745:
689:
TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.3 can dump the video screen to the line printer by pressing
290:
229:
209:
134:
430:
first sector of the disk directory contains the Granule Allocation Table (
216:
from 1977 through 1991. Tandy's manuals recommended that it be pronounced
2392:
2357:
2157:
2142:
2137:
2082:
2077:
1967:
1036:
865:
40:
2407:
2377:
2332:
2307:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2092:
2062:
2037:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1924:
713:
362:
2382:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2247:
2197:
2162:
2087:
2042:
1984:
1957:
1840:
1099:
795:
712:
Although MS-DOS owes its heritage most closely to CP/M and thence to
674:
579:) matching the query on all drives. Other commands/utilities such as
492:
488:
335:
286:
225:
138:
1850:
1737:
559:
searches for FILENAME on all logical drives starting from drive two.
373:
command to display a map of a file's physical placement on a drive.
266:
Completely unrelated was a version of TRSDOS by Radio Shack for its
990:
also performs LOAD function on a target /CMD machine code program;
2402:
2337:
2327:
2312:
2277:
2167:
2127:
1989:
1979:
1836:
800:
670:
643:
244:
1608:; DB = Define Byte pseudo-op assembles ASCII string to Z80 memory
2397:
2322:
2302:
2252:
2217:
2067:
1473:; Z80 Restart instruction for system SVC processor, execute @CLS
1251:
1069:
875:
741:
732:
666:
484:
1876:
598:), file extensions, and file dates are supported. For example:
2025:
1590:; (stack integrity maintained, could as well have used a RET!)
1503:; send text string to *DO Display Output device (video screen)
1336:
728:
252:
233:
1396:; EQU pseudo-op sets @CLS text label = TRSDOS Supervisor Code
994:
loads additional debugger commands from system file SYS9/SYS
365:(Memdisk), also required a drive number assignment for this.
1853:
A TRS-80 emulator for UNIX and X11; similar ROM issues apply
1446:; ORG pseudo-op sets standard start address under TRSDOS 6.x
1320:
TAPE100/CMD reads and writes cassette tapes recorded by the
720:
TRSDOS commands and counterparts in other operating systems
1620:; 13d byte is ASCII carriage return char, moves cursor down
1363:; Print "Hello, world!" then exit to TRSDOS Ready
1019:
1833:(with list of TRSDOS alternatives on the TRS-80 Model III)
1512:; execute @DSPLY SVC (13d byte needed to terminate string)
1488:; point to message string with HL (required by @DSPLY SVC)
1433:; set @EXIT text label = SVC for returning to TRSDOS Ready
1408:; set @DSP text label = TRSDOS SVC to send char to display
611:
will select files SAMPLE/BAS, TEST/BAS, EXAMPLE/BAS, etc.
605:
will select files SAMPLE, SAMPLE1, SAMPLE23 and SAMPLEIT.
1825:
393:
The system also maintains in Z80 memory within TRSDOS a
402:. Each track is divided into 256-byte sub-areas called
309:
May 1, 1981 – Radio Shack releases Model III TRSDOS 1.3
1420:; set @DSPLY text label = SVC for text string display
638:
TRSDOS (version II) was notable for the inclusion of
1566:; indicate no error condition to Command Interpreter
1527:; now send another carriage return, needed in reg C
575:(catalog) commands display all file specifications (
2150:
2023:
1911:
1632:; to produce transfer record to program entry point
1542:; to set off Hello message from TRSDOS Ready prompt
1464:; CLS = Clear Screen, erase display and home cursor
1341:
322:, the commented assembler source code to TRSDOS 6.2
157:
144:
130:
118:
98:
80:
70:
62:
50:
1712:"1985 Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC-12 page 28"
547:searches logical drives four, five, six and seven.
567:is used to specify a range of drive numbers. The
334:RadioShack's Z80-based line of TRS-80 computers (
1378:; values below are decimal unless suffixed by H
306:October, 1979 – Radio Shack releases TRSDOS 2.3
1888:
8:
537:searches logical drives four, five, and six.
33:
553:searches for FILENAME on logical drive two.
398:concentric circles of storage areas called
27:Operating system for Tandy TRS-80 computers
2432:
1917:
1895:
1881:
1873:
32:
661:Since TRSDOS does not have the notion of
502:Drive numbers are specified with a colon
1266:
1262:
1165:
1161:
718:
694:
690:
655:
650:
616:
608:
602:
588:
584:
580:
572:
568:
564:
556:
550:
544:
540:
534:
530:
524:
520:
514:
507:
503:
370:
1837:Matthew Reed's TRS-80 Emulator Software
1647:
619:example earlier, drive specifications (
1816:TRSDOS/LS-DOS 6.x user command summary
1629:; END pseudo-op required by assembler
212:microcomputers that were sold through
357:Hard disk drives (then also known as
220:. TRSDOS should not be confused with
7:
1684:Archer, Rowland Jr. (October 1983).
939:Clear video display and home cursor
297:in 1983, is identical to LDOS 6.00.
1792:Clays, Michael (19 February 2000).
823:~/.profile or ~/.login or /etc/rc*
1863:TRS-80 Virtual Floppy Disk Manager
594:File access by partial filenames (
510:directory command as an example:
25:
917:in some shells: PS1="...\t..." *
318:1984 – Logical Systems publishes
2431:
2421:
2420:
1765:"Programmer's Guide to TRSDOS 6"
39:
1843:; requires the extraction of a
857:"preferences" folder contents.
45:Boot Screen of Model 4 TRSDOS 6
2469:Discontinued operating systems
1798:Mike's Virtual Computer Museum
1686:"Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4"
495:. The system prompt is always
1:
352:modified frequency modulation
1360:; hello_world_TRS-80 Model 4
702:filename/ext.password:drive#
563:As seen, the dash character
385:The primary function of any
1963:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1
1859:, TRSDOS utilities for UNIX
642:words, similar to the 1959
106:; 40 years ago
86:; 47 years ago
2490:
2373:Technical Support SuperDOS
1716:radioshackcatalogs dot com
1655:White, Ron (August 1987).
1348:
104:Model 4 Version 6.2 / 1984
2416:
1920:
330:Features and capabilities
38:
1581:; return to TRSDOS Ready
1551:; once we exit to system
1372:; Return registers: none
1357:
1350:
844:are a set of boot time "
1794:"TRS-80 Model I TRSDOS"
1599:'Hello, world!'
1369:; Entry registers: none
18:LDOS (operating system)
2459:Disk operating systems
2073:Datapac System Manager
1904:Disk operating systems
805:ATTRIB, PROT, and the
627:Command-line interface
176:(which stands for the
166:Command-line interface
1821:TRS-80 Error Messages
474:Logical Record Length
387:disk operating system
1804:on 21 February 2006.
1286:parameter is given.
1199:in UNIX/Linux). The
348:frequency modulation
2233:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11
1912:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,
1868:TRSDOS Applications
1831:Model III Home Page
1826:TRS-80 Revived Site
1718:. Tandy/Radio Shack
721:
656:COPY filea TO fileb
395:Drive Control Table
35:
2213:Concurrent DOS V60
2208:Concurrent DOS 68K
2053:Concurrent CP/M-86
1914:compatible systems
1692:. pp. 292–302
719:
665:for disk files as
251:) with additional
238:personal computers
208:line of eight-bit
2446:
2445:
1953:
1952:
1772:timm-mann dot org
1639:
1638:
1328:
1327:
359:winchester drives
344:5¼-inch diskettes
283:Tandy Corporation
171:
170:
16:(Redirected from
2481:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2423:
1918:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1805:
1800:. Archived from
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1322:TRS-80 Model 100
1184:(no equivalent)
1114:GETDISK/GETTAPE
882:, (many others)
722:
651:COPY filea fileb
498:
461:
457:
440:Hash Index Table
202:operating system
114:
112:
107:
94:
92:
87:
43:
36:
30:Operating system
21:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2412:
2151:Other platforms
2146:
2103:NetWare PalmDOS
2019:
1949:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1812:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1333:
1268:
1264:
1181:(no equivalent)
1167:
1163:
710:
696:
692:
657:
652:
629:
618:
610:
604:
590:
586:
582:
574:
570:
566:
558:
557:DIR FILENAME:2-
552:
546:
542:
536:
532:
526:
522:
516:
509:
505:
496:
469:
467:File management
459:
455:
383:
381:Disk management
372:
332:
303:
280:
268:TRS-80 Model II
224:, a version of
160:
110:
108:
105:
90:
88:
85:
84:Model I in 1977
81:Initial release
46:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Concurrent DOS
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1810:External links
1808:
1807:
1806:
1786:
1785:
1763:Soltoff, Roy.
1755:
1744:. Matthew Reed
1742:trs-80 dot org
1729:
1703:
1676:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1335:The following
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:
984:
982:
977:
973:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
953:
949:
947:
945:
941:
940:
937:
932:
927:
923:
922:
918:
915:
909:
905:
904:
900:
898:
896:
892:
891:
883:
872:
863:
859:
858:
824:
821:
816:
812:
811:
803:
798:
793:
789:
788:
784:
770:
756:
752:
751:
748:
739:
726:
709:
706:
659:
658:
653:
628:
625:
613:
612:
606:
561:
560:
554:
551:DIR FILENAME:2
548:
538:
528:
518:
468:
465:
382:
379:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
316:
313:
310:
307:
302:
299:
295:TRS-80 Model 4
279:
276:
272:Motorola 68000
261:TRS-80 Model 4
228:licensed from
200:ystem) is the
169:
168:
163:
161:user interface
155:
154:
149:
142:
141:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
102:
100:Latest release
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
44:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2486:
2475:
2474:1977 software
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Sinclair QDOS
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Commodore DOS
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Multiuser DOS
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1774:. Misosys Inc
1773:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:shell scripts
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
989:
985:
983:
981:
978:
975:
974:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
956:
955:
950:
948:
946:
943:
942:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
925:
924:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
906:
901:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
871:
867:
864:
861:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
833:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
814:
813:
808:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
785:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
747:
743:
740:
738:
734:
730:
727:
724:
723:
717:
715:
707:
705:
703:
698:
687:
683:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
654:
649:
648:
647:
645:
641:
636:
633:
626:
624:
622:
607:
601:
600:
599:
597:
592:
578:
555:
549:
539:
529:
519:
513:
512:
511:
500:
494:
490:
486:
481:
477:
475:
466:
464:
451:
447:
443:
441:
435:
433:
427:
425:
419:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
391:
388:
380:
378:
374:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
324:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
164:
162:
156:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
103:
101:
97:
83:
79:
76:
75:Closed source
73:
69:
65:
63:Working state
61:
58:
55:
53:
49:
42:
37:
19:
2387:
2223:Cromemco DOS
2178:Apple ProDOS
1802:the original
1797:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1738:"The Source"
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
1334:
1331:Example code
1283:
1247:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1075:
1025:
991:
987:
887:
849:
845:
841:
840:files under
836:
835:
831:
828:AUTOEXEC.BAT
827:
819:AUTOEXEC.BAT
806:
781:
778:
775:
767:
764:
761:
750:Description
711:
701:
699:
688:
684:
679:
662:
660:
639:
637:
634:
630:
620:
615:As with the
614:
595:
593:
576:
562:
501:
497:TRSDOS Ready
482:
478:
473:
470:
452:
448:
444:
439:
436:
431:
428:
423:
420:
414:
412:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
384:
375:
367:
356:
336:Models I/III
333:
319:
281:
265:
242:
232:for Tandy's
221:
217:
206:Tandy TRS-80
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
120:Available in
71:Source model
2368:SpartaDOS X
1839:Runs under
1778:November 4,
1662:. pp.
1195:in DOS and
1193:batch files
663:redirection
214:Radio Shack
2453:Categories
2118:PC-MOS/386
2108:Novell DOS
2005:SISNE plus
1995:Novell DOS
1975:IBM PC DOS
1935:Comparison
1696:31 January
1670:2019-05-18
1642:References
621:drivespecs
603:DIR SAMPLE
320:The Source
218:triss-doss
152:Monolithic
2363:SpartaDOS
2318:NewDos/80
2193:Atari TOS
2188:Atari DOS
2183:Apple SOS
2173:Apple DOS
1344:switch).
1250:>>
1033:DISKCOPY
986:Optional
855:Macintosh
746:Unix-like
596:partspecs
577:filespecs
257:Model III
230:Microsoft
222:Tandy DOS
210:Zilog Z80
196:perating
135:Zilog Z80
131:Platforms
52:Developer
2427:Category
2393:TurboDOS
2358:SmartDOS
2298:MicroDOS
2158:AmigaDOS
2143:TurboDOS
2138:Towns OS
2083:K8918-OS
2078:DOS Plus
1968:MS-DOS 7
1940:Commands
1930:Timeline
1660:80 Micro
1313:TAPE100
1177:filespec
1037:diskcopy
988:filespec
866:diskcopy
779:>>
765:>>
725:Command
708:Commands
609:DIR /BAS
531:DIR :4-6
424:cylinder
415:granules
408:ID FIELD
236:line of
204:for the
66:Historic
2408:Z80-RIO
2378:Top-DOS
2333:RealDOS
2308:MSX-DOS
2243:DOS/360
2238:DIP DOS
2228:CSI-DOS
2133:SCP1700
2123:REAL/32
2113:OpenDOS
2093:MP/M-86
2063:CP/M-86
2038:4690 OS
2033:4680 OS
2015:FreeDOS
2010:PTS-DOS
2000:ROM-DOS
1857:TRSdisk
1748:May 21,
1291:RENAME
1212:MEMORY
1162:⇧ Shift
1061:FORMAT
1048:FILTER
999:DEVICE
862:BACKUP
792:ATTRIB
755:APPEND
737:Windows
714:TOPS-10
541:DIR :4-
535:DIR 4-6
404:SECTORS
363:ramdisk
340:Model 4
278:History
240:(PCs).
159:Default
139:TRS-80s
137:-based
125:English
109: (
89: (
2464:TRS-80
2436:
2425:
2388:TRSDOS
2383:TR-DOS
2283:iS-DOS
2273:IDEDOS
2268:GEMDOS
2248:DOS XL
2198:BW-DOS
2163:AMSDOS
2088:FlexOS
2043:86-DOS
2024:Other
1985:DR-DOS
1958:MS-DOS
1841:MS-DOS
1722:May 7,
1500:@DSPLY
1411:@DSPLY
1299:rename
1274:PURGE
1241:PRINT
1225:PATCH
1100:chkdsk
1083:FORMS
1065:format
976:DEBUG
912:prompt
908:CLOCK
888:(Q=Y))
796:attrib
675:MS-DOS
581:BACKUP
545:DIR 4-
521:DIR :4
493:MS-DOS
489:PC DOS
460:HIGH$
400:TRACKS
291:NewDOS
287:TRS-80
226:MS-DOS
174:TRSDOS
146:Kernel
34:TRSDOS
2403:Z-DOS
2338:SB-80
2328:PTDOS
2313:MyDOS
2278:IMDOS
2168:ANDOS
2128:SB-86
1990:H-DOS
1980:DOS/V
1945:Games
1906:(DOS)
1847:image
1768:(PDF)
1626:START
1578:@EXIT
1449:START
1443:3000H
1424:@EXIT
1284:(Q=N)
1267::
1232:patch
1175:LOAD
1147:LIST
1129:KILL
1096:FREE
992:(ext)
980:debug
957:COPY
944:COMM
935:clear
914:$ t *
874:tar,
842:/etc/
815:AUTO
807:chmod
801:chmod
782:file2
768:file2
762:file1
695::
671:Linux
644:COBOL
640:noise
589:PURGE
525:DIR 4
301:Dates
245:BASIC
188:hack
184:adio
180:andy
57:Tandy
2438:List
2398:UDOS
2353:RDOS
2323:OS/M
2303:MP/M
2293:MDOS
2288:ISIS
2263:FLEX
2253:Edos
2218:CP/M
2068:CP/K
2048:ADOS
1851:xtrs
1780:2019
1750:2019
1724:2019
1698:2015
1690:BYTE
1539:@DSP
1461:@CLS
1399:@DSP
1387:@CLS
1263:CTRL
1248:file
1245:type
1205:LOAD
1201:LOAD
1189:LOAD
1151:type
1070:mkfs
1011:DIR
961:copy
926:CLS
895:CAT
876:cpio
776:file
759:type
742:Unix
733:OS/2
691:CTRL
673:and
667:UNIX
587:and
585:COPY
571:and
491:and
485:CP/M
456:$ FD
371:FREE
338:and
192:isk
148:type
111:1984
91:1977
2343:SCP
2258:EOS
2026:x86
1925:API
1845:ROM
1666:-64
1623:END
1593:MSG
1584:RST
1545:RST
1506:RST
1485:MSG
1467:RST
1440:ORG
1427:EQU
1414:EQU
1402:EQU
1393:105
1390:EQU
1342:-GC
1337:Z80
1297:or
1295:ren
1257:lpr
1252:prn
1156:cat
1133:del
1026:(p)
1015:dir
930:cls
880:pax
870:tar
848:un
773:cat
729:DOS
680:lpr
617:DIR
573:CAT
569:DIR
543:or
533:or
523:or
515:DIR
508:DIR
432:GAT
285:'s
253:I/O
249:ROM
247:in
234:x86
2455::
1796:.
1770:.
1740:.
1714:.
1688:.
1664:50
1617:13
1614:DB
1611:CR
1605:13
1596:DB
1587:40
1569:LD
1557:HL
1554:LD
1548:40
1530:LD
1524:13
1515:LD
1509:40
1491:LD
1479:HL
1476:LD
1470:40
1452:LD
1430:22
1417:10
1304:mv
1168:.
1138:rm
1121:dd
1105:df
1076:nn
1020:ls
966:cp
878:,
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837:rc
832:DO
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