96:
76:
358:"), which was necessarily constrained by their limited size. After receiving a charter in 1963 to build and demonstrate military space communications, Lincoln focused on a number of engineering solutions to the downlink problem including improved antennas, better stabilization of satellites in orbit (which would benefit both downlink and "uplink"âcommunications from the ground), high-efficiency systems of transmission modulation/de-modulation, and cutting-edge
369:(LES). Concurrent with their development, Lincoln also developed the Lincoln Experimental Terminals (LET), ground stations that used interference-resistant signaling techniques that allowed use of communications satellites by up to hundreds of users at a time, mobile or stationary, without involving elaborate systems for synchronization and centralized control.
425:
spinning at 3 revolutions per second. When the on-board rocket failed to separate from the satellite, this spin translated into a tumble. A few initial communications tests were conducted. The X-band repeater and antenna switching system functioned properly, but the tumbling rendered LES-1 otherwise useless.
463:
According to
Williams, LES-1 was determined to be tumbling with a rotation rate of once every four seconds, as determined by distinctive fading of the signals. It is possible that, after 47 years, the batteries failed in a manner that allows them to carry charge directly through to the transmitter on
424:
rocket. Though the rocket performed as planned, delivering its satellite payload into a circular orbit, the solid-propellant motor on LES-1 failed to fire, apparently due to miswiring of the ordnance circuitry, stranding LES-1 in that orbit. Moreover, when LES-1 separated from its booster, it was
334:) to service hundreds of users. LES-1 did not have a successful operational life due to being placed in a suboptimal orbit, and it ceased transmissions in 1967. After 45 years of inactivity, LES-1 spontaneously resumed transmissions in 2012 making it one of the oldest
396:
transmitter, a multiple antenna system switched on by one of the satellite's four optical Earth sensors, and a magnetic coil attitude system. Eight semi-directional horn units evenly spaced around the satellite comprised the antenna system.
489:
The LES program continued through nine satellites, culminating in the launch of LES-8 and LES-9 on 14 March 1976. In 2020, another of the LES family, LES-5, achieved zombie status as its telemetry signal was acquired.
29:
400:
The spacecraft was designed to last two years, during which it would be used for communications experiments conducted between stations in
Westford, Massachusetts, and Pleasanton, California.
1831:
409:
867:
417:
185:
354:, a passive communications system consisting of orbiting copper needles. The goal of LES was to increase the transmission capability of communications satellites ("
372:
The first, second, and fourth satellites in the LES series were designated "X-Band satellites," designed to conduct experiments in the "X-band", the military's
388:
Polyhedral in shape, the 5 ft (1.5 m) spacecraft drew power from 2,376 solar cells, operating only in daylight. LES-1's primary experiments were a
479:
in
September 2017. The work combines composed and generative music with the live signal of the LES-1, and was undertaken in collaboration with musician
380:) because solid-state equipment allowed for comparatively high output in this band, and also because the band had been previously used by Westford.
1836:
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326:(USAF) on February 11, 1965, it pioneered many then-advanced technologies including active use of the military's
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in southwest
England on 18 December 2012, verified by other members of Hearsat group, FlĂĄvio A. B. Archangelo (
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84:
63:
46:
350:'s first active communications satellite project. Lincoln had previously successfully developed and deployed
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had reduced the solar array output on LES-1 significantly. The satellite ceased transmitting in 1967.
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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LES-1 began transmitting again after 45 years of silence, making it one of the oldest
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237 MHz, allowing the satellite to resume transmissions when it is in sunlight.
661:
365:
These experimental solutions were deployed in a series of nine spacecraft called
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691:"American satellite starts transmitting after being abandoned in 1967"
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1213:
1198:
958:
1809:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
467:
LES-1's transmissions were used as a central element in the artwork
717:"Long-Lost U.S. Military Satellite Found By Amateur Radio Operator"
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407:
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28:
849:
635:"Third Titan 3A Vehicle Carries Experimental Comsat into Orbit"
642:. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. February 16, 1965
574:
Beyond the
Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication
456:
PY2ZX) in Brazil on 22 December 2012, and
Matthias Bopp (
420:
11 February 1965, at 15:19:05 UT on a test flight of the
613:
NASA COMPENDIUM OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAMS
346:
The
Lincoln Experimental Satellite (LES) series was
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59 years, 7 months, 9 days (elapsed)
103:
83:
62:
52:
42:
633:
619:. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Spaceflight Center. 1973.
486:As of 20 February 2024, LES-1 is still in orbit.
33:Image of Lincoln Experimental Satellite (LES) 1
1832:Communications satellites of the United States
693:. Southgate Amateur Radio News. Archived from
444:. Its signals were detected by Phil Williams (
1805:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
861:
628:
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513:. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
428:By September 1965, long-term exposure to the
8:
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580:. Washington D.C.: NASA History Office.
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761:"LES-1 (Lincoln Experimental Satellite"
505:
503:
499:
460:DD1US) in Germany on 27 December 2012.
412:LES-1 launched aboard Titan IIIA No. 3.
532:
530:
528:
7:
689:Williams, Phil (February 26, 2013).
662:"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1965"
376:(super high frequency) band (7 to 8
330:(super high frequency) band (7 to 8
804:Ferree, Joel (September 19, 2017).
640:Aviation Week and Space Technology
14:
16:American communications satellite
477:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
308:Lincoln Experimental Satellite 1
27:
828:"LES 1 - Satellite Information"
571:Andrew J. Butrica, ed. (1997).
367:Lincoln Experimental Satellites
1837:Lincoln Experimental Satellite
320:Lincoln Experimental Satellite
86:
1:
475:, which was presented at the
473:Kata KovĂĄcs and Tom O'Doherty
250:2,803 km (1,742 mi)
240:2,780 km (1,730 mi)
808:. LACMA Art + Technology Lab
1827:Spacecraft launched in 1965
318:, the first of nine in the
1853:
785:. PY2ZX. December 23, 2012
1799:
900:
541:. Jonathon's Space Report
360:error-checking techniques
322:program. Launched by the
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195:
191:
146:
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111:
38:
26:
416:LES-1 was launched from
348:MIT's Lincoln Laboratory
316:communications satellite
47:Communications satellite
324:United States Air Force
138:31 kg (68 lb)
667:. NASA. pp. 64â65
413:
806:"Whispers from Space"
411:
205:Reference system
163:1965-02-11UTC15:19:05
159:11 Feb 1965, 15:19:05
120:Spacecraft properties
884:Orbital launches in
537:McDowell, Jonathan.
586:1997bify.book.....B
418:Cape Canaveral LC20
404:Mission and results
186:Cape Canaveral LC20
23:
739:"Sound from Space"
414:
200:Orbital parameters
129:Lincoln Laboratory
1814:
1813:
783:"Satellite LES-1"
697:on August 3, 2015
442:zombie satellites
436:Legacy and status
384:Spacecraft design
352:Project West Ford
336:zombie satellites
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1417:Surveyor SD-2
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1311:Zenit-2 No.28
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1806:
1802:
1790:DS-K-40 No.1
1788:
1726:
1704:
1612:
1588:Molniya 1-02
1485:
1478:
1461:
1442:Calsphere 4A
1427:Dodecapole 2
1309:
1302:
1245:
1233:
1159:Molniya 1-01
1146:
1114:
1102:
1053:Dodecapole 1
1010:
973:
951:
946:
919:
834:February 20,
832:. Retrieved
830:. SatNOGS DB
822:
812:February 17,
810:. Retrieved
799:
787:. Retrieved
777:
765:. Retrieved
755:
743:. Retrieved
733:
721:. Retrieved
711:
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
669:. Retrieved
656:
646:February 16,
644:. Retrieved
639:
612:
589:. Retrieved
573:
545:December 30,
543:. Retrieved
539:"Launch Log"
517:February 17,
515:. Retrieved
488:
485:
481:David Bryant
468:
466:
462:
439:
427:
415:
399:
387:
371:
364:
345:
311:
307:
306:
226:Eccentricity
125:Manufacturer
43:Mission type
18:
1695:Explorer 31
1640:Explorer 29
1241:Explorer 28
1174:Explorer 27
469:Signal Tide
390:solid-state
280:11 Feb 1965
256:Inclination
182:Launch site
156:Launch date
135:Launch mass
1821:Categories
1784:Kosmos 103
1779:Kosmos 102
1744:Kosmos 101
1739:Kosmos 100
1728:Gemini VIA
1706:Gemini VII
1690:Alouette 2
1268:Titan 3C-7
1116:Gemini III
975:DS-A1 No.6
671:January 2,
494:References
422:Titan IIIA
342:Background
209:Geocentric
176:Titan IIIA
1803:underline
1734:Pioneer 6
1722:Kosmos 99
1685:Kosmos 98
1675:Kosmos 97
1670:Kosmos 96
1635:Kosmos 95
1620:Kosmos 94
1614:GATV 5002
1608:Kosmos 93
1603:Kosmos 92
1558:Kosmos 91
1548:Kosmos 90
1543:Kosmos 89
1538:Kosmos 88
1533:Kosmos 87
1528:Kosmos 86
1518:Kosmos 85
1513:Kosmos 84
1508:Kosmos 83
1503:Kosmos 82
1498:Kosmos 81
1493:Kosmos 80
1474:Kosmos 79
1452:Kosmos 78
1432:Tempsat-1
1392:Kosmos 77
1387:Pegasus 3
1377:Kosmos 76
1337:Kosmos 75
1332:Kosmos 74
1327:Kosmos 73
1322:Kosmos 72
1317:Kosmos 71
1298:Kosmos 70
1278:Kosmos 69
1263:Kosmos 68
1247:Gemini IV
1224:Kosmos 67
1219:Pegasus 2
1194:Kosmos 66
1154:Kosmos 65
1122:Kosmos 64
1104:Voskhod 2
1093:Kosmos 63
1088:Kosmos 62
1083:Kosmos 61
1073:Kosmos 60
1043:Solrad 7B
1023:NRL PL142
1018:Kosmos 59
1006:Kosmos 58
996:Kosmos 57
991:Kosmos 56
986:Kosmos 55
981:Kosmos 54
964:Pegasus 1
937:Kosmos 53
905:Kosmos 52
789:April 25,
767:April 25,
745:April 25,
701:April 25,
458:call sign
454:call sign
446:call sign
219:Low Earth
70:1965-008C
64:COSPAR ID
1774:OPS 4639
1769:OPS 1509
1717:OPS 7249
1665:Solrad 8
1660:Venera 3
1655:Venera 2
1650:OPS 6232
1645:OPS 8293
1630:Proton 2
1625:OPS 2155
1578:OPS 5325
1563:OPS 7208
1553:OPS 7221
1523:OPS 8068
1487:OPS 3373
1463:Gemini V
1457:OPS 7208
1447:Surcal 5
1437:Long Rod
1422:OPS 8464
1402:OPS 6761
1397:OPS 5698
1367:OPS 6564
1362:OPS 6577
1357:OPS 5543
1347:OPS 8411
1342:Proton 1
1304:OPS 5810
1293:TIROS-10
1288:OPS 6749
1283:OPS 5501
1273:OPS 8480
1258:OPS 8425
1229:OPS 5236
1209:OPS 8386
1204:OPS 8431
1179:OPS 5023
1169:OPS 6717
1164:OPS 4983
1132:OPS 4682
1127:OPS 4803
1110:Ranger 9
1098:OPS 7353
1078:OPS 4920
1063:OPS 7087
1048:Surcal 4
1001:OPS 4782
969:Ranger 8
932:OPS 4703
915:OPS 7040
910:OPS 3928
763:. PE0SAT
356:downlink
314:, was a
53:Operator
1807:italics
1764:OSCAR 4
1680:Astérix
1412:SECOR 5
1137:SECOR 4
1068:SECOR 2
1058:OSCAR 3
1038:SECOR 3
927:TIROS-9
741:. DD1US
723:May 10,
591:May 30,
582:Bibcode
511:"LES-1"
230:0.00109
161: (
85:SATCAT
1700:Luna 8
1568:Luna 7
1372:ERS-17
1352:Zond 3
1253:Luna 6
1199:Luna 5
1033:GGSE-3
1028:GGSE-2
893:1966 â
878:â 1964
266:Period
215:Regime
172:Rocket
1759:LES-4
1754:LES-3
1749:OV2-3
1598:LCS-2
1593:OV2-1
1583:OGO-2
1573:OV1-2
1480:OSO-C
1235:OV1-3
1189:LCS-1
1184:LES-2
947:LES-1
942:OSO-2
921:OV1-1
719:. NPR
665:(PDF)
617:(PDF)
578:(PDF)
312:LES-1
297:LES-2
276:Epoch
260:32.1°
92:01002
22:LES-1
1712:FR-1
886:1965
836:2024
814:2020
791:2020
769:2020
747:2020
725:2020
703:2020
673:2019
648:2020
593:2023
547:2018
519:2020
394:watt
392:0.1-
57:USAF
1468:REP
1407:SEV
378:GHz
374:SHF
332:GHz
328:SHF
291:LES
167:UTC
87:no.
1823::
681:^
638:.
625:^
601:^
555:^
527:^
502:^
483:.
362:.
338:.
1470:)
1466:(
869:e
862:t
855:v
838:.
816:.
793:.
771:.
749:.
727:.
705:.
675:.
650:.
595:.
584::
549:.
521:.
165:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
