LGBTQ rights in Japan

1527: 759:(in Tokyo) announced plans to establish a partnership system that would recognize same-sex couples for situations such as hospital visits and shared renting of apartments. This procedure allows couples to get a "proof of partnership" paper, which does not have any weight under Japanese law but can help in, for instance, getting access to a partner who is ill and in hospital but institutions are under no legal obligation to respect the certificates. The Shibuya system is considered a significant step towards lesbian and gay partnership rights in Japan. In July 2015, Tokyo's 1535: 1382:. The Osaka Prefectural Police has declined to pursue charges, instead leaving that decision up to state prosecutors. Mikiya Nakatsuka, professor of health sciences at Okayama University and president of the Japanese Society of Gender Identity Disorder, stated that most transgender persons in Japan "paid attention when they used toilets at public facilities so they stay out of trouble", and expressed concern that this single case would be applied erroneously to the wider transgender community, creating unwarranted prejudice and discrimination. 843:

with the power to set binding legal precedent. The plaintiffs have indicated plans to appeal the decision. Other similar court cases in other district courts in Tokyo, Nagoya and Fukuoka remain ongoing. In addition, the Tokyo metropolitan government recently announced a plan, set to take effect in October, to accept registrations from same-sex couples seeking certificates of their partnerships. On 1 November, Tokyo finally implemented a legally recognised relationship registration scheme for same-sex couples. In August 2023,

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proposed by opposition parties, ended without agreement after some LDP MPs said the rights of sexual minorities had "gone too far". An unnamed lawmaker described LGBTQ people as "morally unacceptable", while another MP, Kazuo Yana, said sexual minorities were "resisting the preservation of the species that occurs naturally in biological terms", media reports said. The failure to back a proposed law to protect LGBTQ rights was condemned by human rights groups, which said the party deserved a "gold medal for homophobia".

142: 31: 1242: 339: 8248: 7851: 8258: 2075: 5960: 1955: 5965: 7840: 2089: 1096:(Japan Association for the Lesbian and Gay Movement) filed a court case against the Tokyo government after being barred from using the "Metropolitan House for Youth" the previous year. OCCUR won the case in 1997. While the court ruling does not seem to have extended to other areas of government-sponsored discrimination, it is cited by the courts as a civil rights case. 5153:... 輸血を必要とする患者さんへの感染を防ぐため、過去6カ月間に下記に該当する方は、献血をご遠慮いただいています。... 不特定の異性または新たな異性との性的接触があった。 (Translation: To prevent infecting patients requiring blood transfusion, those who match any of the following within the last six months should refrain from donating blood. ... Sexual contact with an unspecified member of the opposite sex or a new member of the opposite sex.) 1798: 2051: 1967: 1943: 1905: 1861: 1830: 1811: 2057: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1973: 1931: 1918: 1899: 1886: 1874: 1855: 1824: 1497:

is a famous and well-respected drag queen TV personality along the lines of Lily Savage (UK) and Dame Edna (Australia). The education specialist Naoki Ogi (more colloquially known by teachers across Japan by his nickname "Ogimama") has in past years given focus to LGBTQ issues in schools. Support for

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changed her legal gender to female in the United States. After the change, municipal offices in the Meguro and Ota wards of Tokyo refused to recognize it, citing her subsisting marriage to Midori Morita-McCready, a Japanese national - which the legal gender recognition would make a same-sex marriage.

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either "disability" or "disorder". According to Nakamura, this is because there is a strong protection in Japanese society and laws for disabled persons; therefore, identifying more as members of the disability community rather than the queer community has allowed transgender Japanese to assert their

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performed abroad are not legally recognized in Japan and bi-national same-sex couples cannot obtain a visa for the foreign partner based on their relationship, though the Ministry of Justice does have a general rule of giving the discretionary "designated activities" visa to same-sex married spouses.

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ruled that the absence of same-sex marriage legislation was an unconstitutional state of affairs but did not violate the Constitution, though the court's ruling has no immediate legal effect. In June 2023, the Fukuoka District Court ruled that the ban on same-sex marriage was constitutional. A second

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Even though surgery is required as a condition to change one's registered gender in the Japanese courts, this only applies to Japanese nationals. Foreign nationals change their registered gender with the country of their nationality, then reporting the change to the Immigration Services Agency to be

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Companies in Japan consisting of ten or more employees are required to establish work regulations. In January 2018, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare revised the Model Rules of Employment (モデル就業規則) which "stands as the example framework for work regulations", to prohibit discrimination based

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The Japanese Constitution promises equal rights and is interpreted to prohibit discrimination on all grounds. However, homosexual and transgender persons can experience physical, sexual and psychological violence at the hands of their opposite-sex or same-sex partners, but receive limited protection

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are not protected by national civil rights laws, which means that LGBTQ Japanese have few legal recourses when faced with discrimination in such areas as employment, education, housing, health care and banking. According to a 2018 Dentsu Diversity Lab survey, more than 65% of questioned LGBTQ people

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Tokyo Rainbow Pride has been held annually since 2012, with attendance increasing every year. A 2015 opinion poll reflected that the majority of its respondents supported the legalization of same-sex marriage. Further opinion polls conducted over the following years have found high levels of support

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On 26 June 2022, a district court in Osaka brought down a conflicting ruling to the ruling from the previous year out of Sapporo. It ruled that a ban on same-sex marriage is not unconstitutional. The ruling did not change the legal status of same-sex marriage in Japan as it did not occur at a court

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In July 2022, LGBTQ rights activists and supporters protested in front of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's headquarters after an intra-party panel meeting circulated a booklet claiming that "homosexuality is a mental disease or addiction." The text was packed with false information, including

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said she was unsure whether she would be able to introduce new legislation seeking greater tolerance of same-sex relationships amid opposition from her LDP colleagues. While Inada announced she wishes to "promote understanding" of LGBTQ people, she stated she is not trying to get Japan to legalize

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In June 2018, the Japanese Government enacted a new law lowering the age of majority in Japan from 20 to 18, which took effect on 1 April 2022. Among others, the new law sets the age of marriage at 18 for both men and women (previously women could marry at the age of 16) and allows 18-year-olds to

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On 24 February 2012, the Hyogo Lawyers' Association recommended that a transgender woman in a male prison be transferred to a female institution. According to this report, she had been placed in a male institution because of her legal sex, despite having undergone sex reassignment surgery prior to

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In May 2021, Japan's conservative governing LDP has been accused of violating the Olympic charter after it failed to approve a bill to protect the rights of the LGBTQ community, during discussions marred by homophobic outbursts from conservative MPs. Closed meetings held in May to discuss a bill,

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passed a law prohibiting all discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The law, which took effect in April 2019, also commits the Metropolitan Government to raise awareness of LGBTQ people and "conduct measures needed to make sure human rights values are rooted in all

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In addition to what are provided for from Article 12 to the preceding paragraph, employees are prohibited from any other forms of harassment at the workplace that are damaging to the work environment of other employees such as by way of speech or behaviour related to sexual orientation or gender

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announced its support for same-sex marriage and that it would recognize employees in same-sex partnerships as identical to opposite-sex marriages, in defiance of Japanese law. The company's policy has been described as a major action in Japan's increasing discussion on its same-sex marriage ban.

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Japan's culture and major religions do not have a history of hostility towards homosexuality. A 2019 poll indicated that 68 percent of the respondents agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, while 22 percent disagreed. Although many political parties have not openly supported or

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Since autumn 2003, the Urban Renaissance Agency, the government agency that operates government housing has allowed same-sex couples to rent units the same way as heterosexual couples at any one of the over 300 properties that it operates. This opened the way for more such action, as the Osaka

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have large LGBTQ fanbases as a result of their support for the LGBTQ community; among other activities, Hikaru Utada featured a gay teddybear called Kuma who she introduced as far back as 2010, and Ayumi Hamasaki headlined at Tokyo's 2018 Pride festival (incidentally, Hamasaki starred in the

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Yale University professor Karen Nakamura notes in a discussion held October 2015 that "Japanese transgender activists present their gender identity as a disability in order to achieve more social and legal change in Japanese society", employing the medical diagnostic term of "gender identity

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In 2017, the Education Ministry added sexual orientation and gender identity to its national bullying policy. The policy mandates that schools should prevent bullying of students based on their sexual orientation or gender identity by "promoting proper understanding of teachers on … sexual

1659:, the conservative governing LDP included in its manifesto, that "same-sex marriage is incompatible with the Constitution". However, it also included "promoting understanding of sexual diversity" in its platform, a move that would have been "unthinkable" in earlier times and that lawmaker 5126:... 輸血を必要とする患者さんへの感染を防ぐため、過去6カ月間に下記に該当する方は、献血をご遠慮いただいています。... 男性どうしの性的接触があった。 (Translation: To prevent infecting patients requiring blood transfusion, those who match any of the following within the last six months should refrain from donating blood. ... Sexual contact between two males.) 1374:

wrote a letter urging Japan officials to allow transgender women to enroll in public women's universities in the country. Ochanomizu University in Tokyo became the first public women's university in Japan to admit transgender women who had not changed their legal gender to 'female'.

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Since April 2018, transgender people have been covered for sex reassignment surgery as long as they are not receiving hormone treatment. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has also allowed transgender people to use their preferred names on their health insurance cards.

1752:"It's not the case that high suicide rates among LGBTQ people can be attributed to discrimination within society," and, "We should not legitimatize the sexual lifestyles of sexual minorities as it will become a social problem which will destroy families and society." 412:, who would be a prepubescent or adolescent boy. The relationship would be dissolved once the boy reached adulthood (or left the monastery). Both parties were encouraged to treat the relationship seriously and conduct the affair honorably, and the 1346:

This led them to pursue a lawsuit against the local and central governments. Their attorney, Toshimasa Yamashita, said that following the precedent set in the 2018 Sapporo court case on same-sex marriage, this refusal was unconstitutional.

1652:, Ishikawa won a seat in the House of Councillors as a member of the CDP, the first openly gay man to do so. After his election, he vowed to legalize same-sex marriage and enact anti-discrimination laws within the six years of his term. 1103:

In February 2018, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare created provisions addressing discrimination in housing, stating that "consideration must be taken to not deny lodging on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity."

1425:, answered that it was not an issue, and individuals within the forces indicated that as long as same-sex relations did not lead to fights or other trouble, there were few, if any, barriers to their inclusion in the armed services. 3368: 763:

ward announced that it would be joining Shibuya in recognizing same-sex partnerships from November of the same year. Since then, over 400 municipalities have begun issuing partnership certificates, including highly populated

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people against discrimination on the basis of gender and sexual orientation. On 17 April 2020, 96 human rights and LGBTQ organizations sent a letter to the Prime Minister calling for the passage of a non-discrimination law.

71:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 1070:) has been revised several times over the years to address sex discrimination and harassment in the workplace, the government has refused to expand the law to address discrimination against gender or sexual identity. The 936: 457:, who is loved. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age. These relationships were expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. 255:, although some developments towards stronger rights have been made in the 2020s. Same-sex sexual activity was criminalised only briefly in Japan's history between 1872 and 1881, after which a localised version of the 1117:

were denying entry to same-sex couples for the sole reason of their sexual orientation, despite it being illegal under federal law since 2018 as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.

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for same-sex marriage among the Japanese public, most notably the younger generation. However, a 2020 survey of over 10,000 LGBTQ people in Japan found that 38 percent of LGBTQ people had been harassed or assaulted.

5859:"Japan PM apologizes to LGBTQ activists over ex-aide's remark - The former aide told reporters this month that he wouldn't want to live next to LGBTQ people and claimed citizens would flee Japan if gays could marry" 1632:

faced international criticism for controversial comments he made, in which he said that gays and lesbians were "deficient somehow. It may be attributed to something genetic. I feel sorry for them being a minority."

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Gay and bisexual men are allowed to donate blood in Japan following a six-month abstinence from sex while women and heterosexual men only need to wait six-months after being with a new partner of the opposite sex.

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Yasuhiko Watanabe, a law professor at Kyoto Sangyo University, stated that if Japan recognizes same-sex marriage, that would impact the whole of Asia, proving that it is allowed not only in Western societies.

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in January 2019. By that date, 7,000 persons had legally changed gender. The court wanted to prevent "confusion" within parent-child relations, as well as "abrupt changes" in Japanese society. Two of the

1320:), instead of "gender identity disorder", which is more common in English-medium materials. This in part arises from what Nakamura calls a "translation fluke"; shougai can be fluidly interpreted as 4040: 267:, covering over 60% of the population by 2023, offer "partnership certificates" to recognise the relationships of same-sex couples and provide some legal benefits. Japan is the only country in the 1394:

can be legally made was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court has asked a lower court to review the requirement to have “genitalia that closely resemble the physical form of an alternative gender”.

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Japan's society and government are predominantly conservative. Most political parties in Japan have formal positions in favor or against LGBTQ rights in their party's platform or manifesto. The

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On 17 March 2021, a district court in Sapporo ruled that laws or regulations that deprive same-sex couples of the right to marry constitute unlawful discrimination and violate Article 14 of the

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instructed local authorities to issue key certificates, which state that a person is single and of legal age, to individuals seeking to enter same-sex marriages in areas that legally allow it.

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shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis." Articles 731 to 737 of the

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both favor same-sex marriage. As of 2023, marriage equality movements have been gaining prominence within the nation. A law allowing transgender individuals to change their legal gender post-

1412: 831:. The court found that Article 24 does not prohibit the recognition of same-sex marriages. The ruling did not legalize same-sex marriage in Japan, but is likely to step up pressure on the 5471: 5453: 873:. In December 2022, a "very broad and comprehensive fertility bill" was introduced in Japan - that explicitly and legally only allows heterosexual married women access to IVF treatment. 1169:, which aims to improve understanding of LGBTQ issues, would be introduced to the National Diet. However, LGBTQ rights activists criticized the bill for falling short by not mentioning 4670: 1304:

judges still issued a call for society to "embrace the diversity of sexual identity", also adding that the requirements were invasive and encouraged the National Diet to review them.

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In June 2019, the CDP added introducing legislation aimed at ending discrimination against the LGBTQ community and legalising same-sex marriage to their party platforms ahead of the

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Same-sex couples are generally not allowed to legally adopt in Japan, though in some regions it is legally complicated. Lesbian couples and single women are unable to access IVF and

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The legislation has been the subject of criticism on the grounds that its pathologising terminology and restrictive conditions violate the human rights of transgender individuals

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politician to be elected to public office in Japan, winning a seat on the Setagaya Ward Assembly. She initially ran as an independent but expressed support for the now-defunct

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sufferer in Japan. Filmed over a series of months, it contrasts his public life as an outspoken figure on the lecture circuit with his personal descent into illness and death.

4479: 4837:"Trans/Disability: Disability, Queer Sexualities, and Transsexuality from a Comparative Ethnographic Perspective (トランス／ディサビリティー：比較人類学視点から見る現代の障害者運動、クイアーセクシュアリティ、と性同一性障害運動)" 4588: 5669: 5604: 3957: 3878: 897:) as of April 2023. This system, which allows registered partners to optionally designate children in the household through the partnership oath system in a limited form of 263:. Same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples, although since 2015 some cities and 4540: 1433:

While representations of homosexuals in the Japanese media tend towards caricature on the basis of stereotypes of sexual or behavioral deviance (e.g. the actually straight

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to be unconstitutional in October 2023, removing the requirement. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is banned in some cities, including

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In 2003, a law was passed allowing transgender people to change their gender marker on legal documents. Approval required being over 18 years old, unmarried, undergoing

955:, became the first Japanese government area to pass a resolution officiating support for LGBTQ inclusion, including mandating LGBTQ sensitivity training for ward staff. 2916: 1192:. The bill only requires the government to "promote understanding of LGBT people" and does not actually ban discrimination. However, the bill was not enacted in 2021. 4002: 7547: 4343: 4116: 1767: 5651: 5547: 5289: 2987: 1355:

her detention, and was not treated as a woman in any way. She was subject to body checks by male staff, had her hair shaved, and was denied feminine clothing.

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In October 2023, the Japanese Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the 2003 law requiring sterilization before a change of sex or gender on an individual's

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limit marriage to heterosexual couples. Same-sex couples are not able to marry, and same-sex couples are not granted rights derived from marriage. Also,

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and the Qing legal codes. But this provision was repealed only seven years later by the Penal Code of 1880 (commenced in 1882) in accordance with the

468:. Opposition to homosexuality did not become firmly established in Japan until the 19th and 20th centuries, through the Westernization efforts of the 460:

As Japan progressed into the Meiji era, same-sex practices continued; however, there was a growing animosity towards these practices. The practice of

5698: 4168: 702:, in private, regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation, is legal under Japanese law. Since June 2023, age of consent has been set at 16 years. 8297: 3601: 1554: 983: 301: 74:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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estimated that nearly 70% of Japanese people support same-sex marriage, the highest percentage of acceptance out of the Asian countries surveyed.

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myth describes same-sex love as being introduced by the couple Shinu no Hafuri and Ama no Hafuri, servants of a "primordial goddess", presumably

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age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The relationship was based on the typical

6615: 5528: 3056: 1994: 8182: 7190: 7064: 6704: 3240: 4696: 3657: 7887: 7301: 4242: 2967: 2846:""Legislation of same-sex marriage is essential" to promote understanding of LGBTQ people: Second lawsuit argument at Tokyo District Court" 5585: 3108: 7360: 5211: 5165: 1908:(Some jurisdictions offer "partnership certificates" with limited recognition; symbolic certificates pending in several jurisdictions) 7684: 7308: 5037: 3518: 2643: 82: 5878: 3342: 3033: 1279:(until 2023), and having no children under 18 (the majority age, which changed from 20 to 18 on 1 April 2022). The law, known as the 748:

In March 2009, Japan began allowing Japanese nationals to marry same-sex partners in countries where same-sex marriage is legal. The

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Furukawa, Makoto. The Changing Nature of Sexuality: The Three Codes Framing Homosexuality in Modern Japan. pp. 99, 100, 108, 112.

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In April 2022, legislation prohibiting discrimination among others sexual orientation and gender identity came into operation in

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who argued in a speech in February 2019 that the "nation would collapse" if everyone were gay. Another ruling party lawmaker,

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same-sex marriage or ban discrimination against LGBTQ citizens. Some LDP members have made controversial statements, such as

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District Court ruled that not recognising same-sex marriage was not a violation of the Constitution, in November 2022, the

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orientation/gender identity as well as making sure to inform on the school's necessary measures regarding this matter."

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

6876: 5293: 5234: 4618: 4194: 3321:"BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM ON HOMOSEXUALITY: THE ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION BASED ON THE ARGUMENTS OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS" 2994: 300:, Japan's leading political party, remains opposed to same-sex marriage, while two other major parties, the liberal 292:

ruling in September 2023 concluded that same-sex relationships should not be excluded from Japan's marriage system.

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Proposed Law on the Promotion of the Elimination of Discrimination based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

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Various celebrities have dedicated airtime on radios and podcasts to LGBTQ topics and supporting LGBTQ issues.

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has passed legislation banning discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

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rights in law and society more strongly without social ostracization, more so than cisgender LGB Japanese.

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be included in the nation's civil rights code, but the National Diet refused to adopt the recommendation.

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that does not legally recognize same-sex unions nationally in any form. In March 2021 and May 2023, the

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seiteki shikō oyobi gender identity no tayōsei ni kansuru kokumin no rikai no zōshin ni kansuru hōritsu

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ward. She became the first openly transgender person to hold a prefectural assembly position in Japan.

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No national legal recognition of same-sex relationships, some localities offer partnership certificates

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Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in some cities and prefectures, though not nationally

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seiteki shikō mata wa sei jinin o riyū to suru sabetsu no kaishō tō no suishin ni kansuru houritsu an

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became the first openly gay man elected to office in Japan, winning a seat in the local assembly of

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officially recognised a same-sex couple as foster parents, making it the first such case in Japan.

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In 2001, the Council for Human Rights Promotion, under the Ministry of Justice, recommended that

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Act on Enhancement of Public Understanding of Diversity in Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

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and sterilization was passed in 2003. The sterilization requirement was unanimously ruled by the

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and who have undergone irreversible sterilization to legally change their sex at the age of 18.

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Government in September 2005 opened the doors of its government housing to same-sex couples.

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opposed LGBTQ rights, there are several openly LGBTQ politicians in office. The conservative

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In March 2019, legislation banning discrimination against "sexual minorities" was passed in

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53 municipalities and Tokyo Metropolis have also established a "partnership family system" (

813: 809: 2968:"Japan's top court strikes down required sterilization surgery to officially change gender" 1707: 7674: 7644: 7639: 7552: 7518: 7437: 7130: 7022: 6941: 6921: 6822: 6682: 6568: 6364: 6329: 6214: 6200: 4648: 4321: 3903: 2293: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2197: 2193: 2181: 1726: 926: 817: 691: 498: 469: 365:. Following Shinu's death, Ama killed himself, and the two were buried in the same grave. 164: 6747: 5138: 5111: 3395:"The Violations of the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons in Japan" 3294: 1869:

Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)

1437:), there are several examples of transgender and non-binary celebrities in Japan such as 1378:

In January 2022, a transgender individual was arrested for "using the wrong bathroom" in

5505: 4734:"Japan's Supreme Court rules transgender people still have to get sterilised · PinkNews" 1281:

Act on Special Cases in Handling Gender Status for Persons with Gender Identity Disorder

7854: 7790: 7742: 7699: 7592: 7493: 6871: 6677: 6503: 6350: 6051: 5792: 5605:"Liberal Democratic Party and tradition may stymie push for same-sex marriage in Japan" 5548:"Japan's first openly gay male member of parliament vows to legalise same-sex marriage" 3958:"Liberal Democratic Party and tradition may stymie push for same-sex marriage in Japan" 2337: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2229: 2189: 2157: 1718: 1688: 1660: 1637: 1494: 1466: 1446: 1204: 1144: 821: 789: 698:. Since then, Japan has had no laws against homosexuality. Thus, sexual activity among 687: 5670:"Japan becomes first country in the world to elect transgender man to a public office" 4697:"Japan: Human Rights Violation against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons" 4571:""LGBT bill" at the Liberal Democratic Party to be submitted to the next Diet session" 2943:"Japan: Family court rules it's unconstitutional to require surgery for gender change" 1363:

obtain valid passports, credit cards, etc. The law also allowed people diagnosed with

656:

There are no explicit religious prohibitions against homosexuality in the traditional

8276: 8251: 7752: 7664: 7653: 7422: 7286: 7042: 6995: 6767: 6476: 6398: 6145: 5841:"LDP panel booklet calling homosexuality a 'mental disease' sparks backlash in Japan" 5729: 3402: 3148: 2795:"Japan court rules same-sex marriage ban constitutional, but advocates hold out hope" 2325: 2281: 2261: 2153: 2149: 1759: 1684: 1663:

attributed in part to burnishing the country's international image in advance of the

1603: 1475: 1342: 910: 832: 536: 429: 354: 346:(wearing headscarf) sneaks a kiss from a female prostitute behind his patron's back. 4778:

Beyond Diversity: Queer Politics, Activism, and Representation in Contemporary Japan

1161:

In June 2019, after three years of consultations, a special committee of the ruling

7844: 7820: 7763: 7629: 7457: 7276: 6801: 6789: 6784: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6562: 6549: 6513: 5923:

National Public Radio - Japan court says ban on same-sex marriage is constitutional

5567:"Japan's First Openly Gay Parliament Member Promises to Legalize Same-Sex Marriage" 4517: 4080: 2617: 2341: 2265: 2241: 2094: 2080: 1703: 1668: 1584: 1454: 1379: 1109: 1028: 729: 673: 393:, would be a monk, priest or abbot, while the younger partner was assumed to be an 7012: 6839: 3946:"Gay scene: Tolerance, legal limbo". Jun Hongo. Japan Times. Tuesday, 23 Dec. 2000 3921: 3584:"For the first time, same-sex couples will be recognized by a Japanese prefecture" 2201: 2050: 1966: 1942: 1904: 1860: 1829: 1810: 1595:

party and later unsuccessfully ran for the National Parliament as a member of the

5652:"Tomomi Inada's uphill battle to 'promote understanding' of LGBT issues in Japan" 4980:"Human Rights Watch Letter to Japanese Authorities Re: Trans University Students" 4041:"Osaka district becomes first Japanese government area to support LGBT inclusion" 3761:"Wakayama Prefecture partnership system to be introduced within this fiscal year" 3230: 3057:"Majority of Japanese Support Same-Sex Marriage, Poll Shows - Bloomberg Business" 2661: 1135:

In January 2018, after a high-profile incident in 2015 in which a gay student at

8261: 7032: 6866: 6796: 5980: 4810:"Yale Professor Nakamura discusses Japanese transgender identity and disability" 4589:"Panel of Japan's ruling LDP to seek early passage of law on LGBT understanding" 3177:

Childs, Margaret (1980). "Chigo Monogatari: Love Stories or Buddhist Sermons?".

2333: 1588: 1499: 1482: 968: 676:

prohibited homosexual marriage which may have also influenced Chinese Buddhism.

636: 614: 236: 5367: 5038:"Transgender woman referred to prosecutors for using women's washroom in Osaka" 4962: 4274: 3682: 3631: 2833:

A Japanese court on Thursday said a ban on same-sex marriage was constitutional

2473:

seidōitsusei shōgaisha no seibetsu no toriatsukai no tokurei ni kansuru hōritsu

847:

proposed to locally introduce Japan's partnership system for same-sex couples.

18:

This article is about LGBTQ legal rights in Japan. For a general overview, see

7689: 7054: 6956: 6904: 6817: 6186: 5906: 3976:"Japan: Governor Should Retract Homophobic Comments | Human Rights Watch" 3861:"Proposed Japanese Fertility Law Discriminates Against Lesbians, Single Women" 3082: 2368:

haigūsha kara no bōryoku no bōshi oyobi higaisha no hogo tō ni kansuru hōritsu

2070: 1954: 1775: 1677: 1442: 1114: 1035: 445: 417: 357:

and same-sex relations have been documented in Japan since ancient times. One

343: 6343: 5858: 3786:"Nintendo Japan Recognizes Same-Sex Marriages, in Defiance of Country's Laws" 3496: 3434:"'It's like we don't exist': Japan faces pressure to allow same-sex marriage" 3204:

Cartographies of desire: male–male sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600–1950

2056: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1972: 1930: 1917: 1898: 1885: 1873: 1854: 1823: 7779: 7082: 6926: 6916: 6523: 6494: 6449: 6442: 5815:"Japan's ruling party accused of violating Olympic charter over LGBT rights" 4025: 2845: 1498:

LGBTQ rights has been expressed by corporate executives and Olympic athlete

1450: 1438: 1208: 1143:

passed an "anti-outing" ordinance to promote understanding of LGBTQ people.

793: 683: 377: 369: 362: 5757:"Japan's first transgender prefectural assembly member elected in Hokkaido" 2574:"Japan court falls short of calling same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional" 2169: 5785:"Constitutional Democrats unveil campaign promises - NHK WORLD-JAPAN News" 4785: 4202: 3539:"Tokyo's Setagaya Ward to begin legally recognizing same-sex partnerships" 283:

was a violation of the Constitution respectively. While in June 2022, the

7773: 6574: 6467: 6458: 6336: 6107: 6087: 6080: 5976: 5863: 5435:"Japan's Only Openly Gay Lawmaker Says Same-Sex Marriage Will Take Years" 3320: 2269: 2253: 2177: 1434: 976: 851: 765: 760: 725: 425: 232: 5212:"20 Japanese Celebrities Who Have Shown Support for the LGBTQ Community" 3255:"LGBT who? Crosslinguistic influence in sociosexual and gender literacy" 1199:

on enhancement of LGBT understanding formally passed both houses of the

169:

Legal sex changes allowed since 2004, requiring sex reassignment surgery

7785: 7712: 7707: 6435: 6101: 5968: 5586:"Japan elects gay lawmaker who is 'sure' marriage equality will happen" 4896:"Couple sues Japanese government for not recognizing gender transition" 3875:"Osaka the first city in Japan to certify gay couple as foster parents" 3459:"Japan to allow its citizens same-sex marriage - with foreign partners" 3369:"Japan raises age of consent from 13 to 16 in reform of sex crimes law" 3295:"Intersections: Male Homosexuality and Popular Culture in Modern Japan" 2548:"Japan is hostile for LGBTQ people, but attitudes are shifting. Slowly" 2349: 2345: 2297: 2213: 2173: 1730: 1641: 1538: 1216: 972: 948:) and generally lack safe places where they can seek help and support. 937:

Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims

777: 773: 756: 556: 440: 394: 272: 224: 93:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

7865: 5395:"Same-Sex Marriage in Japan: A Long Way Away? - Japan Real Time - WSJ" 3107:

Gubbala, Sneha; Poushter, Jacob; Huang, Christine (27 November 2023).

7795: 7717: 7694: 7679: 7634: 6968: 6094: 5529:"Japan's First Out Gay Lawmaker Vows Same-Sex Marriage 'Will Happen'" 2917:"More LGBTQ rights could help Asia financial hubs draw global talent" 2285: 2273: 1486: 1391: 1078:

on sexual orientation and "gender identification". Article 15 reads:

679: 661: 421: 358: 276: 5454:"LGBT politicians in Japan seek to promote awareness, secure rights" 5013:"Police refer trans woman to prosecutors for using women's bathroom" 4117:

Tokyo adopts ordinance banning discrimination against LGBT community

3190: 3134:"38% of LGBT people in Japan sexually harassed or assaulted: survey" 2818:"Japan ruling on same-sex marriage disappoints but 'a step forward'" 998:, along with the support of several independents, introduced to the 5699:"Japan's Opposition Unveils 'Yurinomics' Platform to Challenge Abe" 4998:"Japan's Women's Universities start accepting transgender students" 1180:

during the 204th National Diet session, set to end in June for the

7769: 7619: 7615: 6624: 6489: 5064:"Supreme Court hands down landmark decision on transgender rights" 4140: 3811:"Why Nintendo's support for same-sex marriage is a major level up" 3485:"Same-sex couple receives Japan's first 'partnership' certificate" 2245: 1938:

Lesbian, gay and bisexual people allowed to serve in the military

1834: 1710:

pledged the elimination of LGBTQ discrimination in its manifesto.

1533: 1525: 1189: 1039: 877: 801: 781: 769: 337: 317: 284: 248: 244: 240: 146: 132: 6593: 4645:"Japan's parliament passes watered-down LGBTQ understanding bill" 3079:"Survey: 78% of Japanese in 20s to 50s favor legal gay marriages" 217:

No recognition nationally, some localities provide accommodations

6555: 6428: 5235:"Ayumi Hamasaki, Gay Icon, Performs at 2018 Tokyo Rainbow Pride" 3232:

Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan

2257: 1850:

Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services

1515: 1139:

died by suicide after being outed against his will, the city of

956: 416:

might be required to write a formal vow of fidelity. During the

68: 7869: 6597: 5931: 5290:"Sakurai Sho Reveals That He Wants to Get Married; Wotas Upset" 4480:"A Japanese region has made it illegal to out someone as LGBT+" 4026:"大阪市淀川区がLGBT支援宣言 (Yodogawa-ku passes LGBT support declaration)" 3206:. University of California Press. p. 26, 39–42, 75, 70-71, 252, 1729:, won a seat on the Hokkaido Prefectural Assembly representing 5972: 5090:"Victory for Transgender Rights in Japan | Human Rights Watch" 4622: 4541:"Japan's ruling party reveals draft 'LGBT understanding' bill" 3658:"LGBT+ rights in Asia: Small steps forward and big steps back" 2666: 576: 376:(男色) relationships inside Buddhist monasteries were typically 228: 24: 5879:"Japan hospital denies LGBTQ woman support for IVF pregnancy" 5472:"Taiga Ishikawa is Japan's first openly gay elected official" 3735:"Japan court says ban on same-sex marriage is constitutional" 3710:"Same-sex couples in Tokyo can now get domestic partnerships" 1341:

In 2018, U.S. national and Aoyama Gakuin University lecturer

439:

From religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (

5257:"J-Pop Star Shinjiro Atae Comes Out as Gay During Fan Event" 2593:"Politics and pageantry for Japan's LGBTQ community in 2023" 1950:

Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military

1569:

have indicated support for legalization. In a 2023 survey,

742: 472:, although it was only criminalized between 1872 and 1881. 268: 4406: 3632:"Japan court finds same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional" 2644:"Japan's 'love hotels' accused of anti-gay discrimination" 1413:

Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service

979:

had already passed explicit protections for LGBTQ people.

4869:"After gender change, a bureaucratic brick wall in Japan" 3519:"District in Tokyo Plans to Extend Rights of Gay Couples" 3243:., p. 26, 32, 53, 69-78, 88, 90- 92, 95-97, 102, 132-135. 5498:"Gay politician wins Upper House seat with LGBT support" 4759:"Sterilization rule for changing gender upheld in Japan" 4510:"Japan's Mie Prefecture Enacts Ordinance Banning Outing" 2113:

Situation of homosexuals in the Japanese military (JSDF)

1618:, Otsuji became the first openly lesbian member of the 1295:, went into effect in July 2004, and was upheld by the 4963:

Coming of age: Why adults in Japan are getting younger

4458:"Japan: Anti-Bullying Policy to Protect LGBT Students" 2471: 2455: 2436: 2417: 2401: 2385: 2366: 1976:(Since 2004; under certain restrictions: must undergo 1493:

and was given the nickname "Cherry Shoko in the Sky".

934:

from the law. Same-sex partners are excluded from the

930:

said they had not come out to anyone at work or home.

891: 682:

was first criminalized in Japan in 1872, in the early

3034:"12 pictures of Tokyo Pride which will make your day" 1889:(Ban declared unconstitutional in some lower courts) 1770:

and apologized for comments made by his former aide,

1258:) (in short title) came into effect on 23 June 2023. 3109:"How people around the world view same-sex marriage" 3081:. The Asahi Shimbun. 28 January 2019. Archived from 865:

Partnership oath in Japan § Family registration

64: 8201: 8161: 7903: 7601: 7470: 7404: 7339: 7203: 7107: 7075: 6988: 6897: 6810: 6735: 6662: 6653: 6537: 6412: 6381: 6321: 6293: 6286: 6260: 6240: 6176: 6169: 6116: 6067: 6060: 6000: 4619:"Japan passes watered-down LGBT understanding bill" 4432:"Kampf um das soziale Ordnungsgefüge - Webcat Plus" 2662:"Marriage equality eludes Japan's same-sex couples" 1176:In April 2021, the LDP announced it would pass the 210: 198: 193: 183: 173: 163: 153: 129: 5697:Reynolds, Isabel; Nobuhiro, Emi (6 October 2017). 4776:Kawasaka, Kazuyoshi; Würrer, Stefan, eds. (2024). 4069:. Yodogawa-ku Municipal website. 1 September 2013. 1147:passed a similar "anti-outing" law in March 2021. 1027:, J-ALL (Japan Alliance for LGBT Legislation) and 3683:"Japanese court upholds ban on same-sex marriage" 3153:Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture 967:corners of the city". The law outlaws expressing 443:) class, where it was customary for a boy in the 2637: 2635: 251:have fewer legal protections than in most other 5368:"日本維新の会の国会議員の皆さまと同性婚に関するオンラインでの意見交換勉強会を開催しました！" 4081:"Naha city makes LGBT City Support Declaration" 4067:"Yodogawa ward office LGBT support declaration" 2489:describes marriage in heteronormative phrasing. 1980:, be unmarried, and have no children under 18) 1080: 623: 601: 585: 563: 543: 523: 507: 485: 405: 4297:"Japan: Introduce LGBT Non-Discrimination Law" 4171:. Nijiiro News. 3 January 2019. Archived from 3262:Gender Awareness in Language Education Journal 3102: 3100: 1489:held an interview with drag queens in 2015 in 982:In December 2018, four political parties, the 884: 630: 608: 592: 570: 550: 530: 514: 492: 399: 386: 89:accompanying your translation by providing an 55:Click for important translation instructions. 42:expand this article with text translated from 7881: 6609: 5943: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 3898: 3896: 3836:"Making LGBT Families a Possibility in Japan" 2894:"The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists" 2872:"Japan and Sexual Minorities | ヒューライツ大阪" 1549:(LDP) has indicated opposition to legalizing 8: 5474:. Tokyomango.com. 9 May 2011. Archived from 4251:(in Japanese). 25 March 2019. Archived from 745:where same-sex marriages are not performed. 1742:2019 Japanese House of Councillors election 1667:in Tokyo. In 2019, former Defense Minister 279:District Courts ruled that not recognising 216: 7888: 7874: 7866: 7476: 7410: 7213: 7209: 7113: 6659: 6616: 6602: 6594: 6290: 6173: 6064: 5950: 5936: 5928: 5317:"尾木ママ「学校で必ずLGBTを教えています」東京レインボープライド2016開幕" 4780:. Düsseldorf University Press. p. 5. 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 3855: 3853: 2511:"ILGA State sponsored homophobia 2008.doc" 2035:(Banned regardless of sexual orientation) 2027:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples 1506:'s earliest movies, a documentary called " 850:In July 2022, Japanese video game company 432:, "came to be seen as guardian deities of 140: 126: 5725:"ＬＧＢＴ気軽に言える環境づくりを京都・亀岡市議選トップ当選赤坂マリアさん" 5417:"Setagaya OKs transsexual's election bid" 5143:(in Japanese). Japanese Red Cross Society 5116:(in Japanese). Japanese Red Cross Society 1243:性的指向及びジェンダーアイデンティティの多様性に関する国民の理解の増進に関する法律 5343:"Japan's race for the LGBT gold in Asia" 1789: 1461:. Several prominent musicians including 1334:reflected on their residence card. This 1267:Passage of the law on gender recognition 984:Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan 6889:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 6389:Aomori International LGBT Film Festival 5372:結婚の自由をすべての人に - Marriage for All Japan - 4101:Tokyo: New Law Bars LGBT Discrimination 2502: 2141: 1913:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples 1819:Anti-discrimination laws in employment 1644:Ward. He came out publicly in his book 1178:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Bill 1167:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Bill 971:in public. Prior to this, the wards of 712:Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan 5196:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5189: 4374:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4367: 3253:Kinkade, Tyler; Endo, Shunpei (2021). 3018:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3011: 1995:Legal recognition of non-binary gender 1725:. In April 2019, another trans woman, 1248:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Act 1151:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Act 5452:Kambayashi, Takehiko (26 July 2017). 3926:みんなのパートナーシップ制度 | 日本全国の最新の普及率・制度内容が分かる 3214: 3212: 3055:Chisaki Watanabe (29 November 2015). 2770:"同性婚法制度ないのは違憲状態も憲法には違反せず東京地裁 | NHK" 2655: 2653: 1329:Conflict of private international law 706:Recognition of same-sex relationships 453:who loves, and the typically younger 7: 3904:"リスト：同性パートナーシップ証明制度を導入している／導入予定の自治体" 3517:Fackler, Martin (12 February 2015). 2003:Conversion therapy on minors banned 1338:can lead to bureaucratic breakdown. 1195:On 16 June 2023, the "watered down" 1173:or anti-discrimination protections. 646:Legality of same-sex sexual activity 3708:Bollinger, Alex (4 November 2022). 3483:McCurry, Justin (5 November 2015). 2896:. Pew Research Center. 25 June 2020 2797:. The Japan Times. 30 November 2022 1926:Joint adoption by same-sex couples 1768:Prime Minister's Official Residence 597:, literally "both-sex-love person") 519:, literally "same-sex-love person") 179:LGBT people allowed to serve openly 7065:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 4225:"●性的指向又は性自認を理由とする差別の解消等の推進に関する法律案" 4039:Andrew Potts (11 September 2013). 3235:. University of California Press. 2744:""同性婚認められないのは憲法に違反せず" 大阪地裁 | NHK" 2642:Justin McCurry (30 October 2020). 2015:Access to IVF for lesbian couples 1657:2016 House of Councillors election 1650:2019 House of Councillors election 1502:. One of famous Japanese director 1038:to support legislation protecting 664:, or in the imported religions of 14: 6932:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 5393:Inada, Miho (20 September 2013). 5341:Snow, Nancy (30 September 2017). 5269:from the original on 26 July 2023 4894:Osumi, Magdalena (21 June 2021). 4732:Jackman, Josh (24 January 2019). 4324:(in Japanese). 朝日新聞. 2 April 2022 4169:"2018 LGBT News in Japan Roundup" 3997:Preston Phro (6 September 2013). 3582:Steger, Isabella (24 June 2019). 1211:, with majority support from the 8256: 8247: 8246: 7850: 7849: 7838: 6035:LGBT Understanding Promotion Act 5963: 5958: 5584:Wakefield, Lily (24 July 2019). 5565:Navlakha, Meera (24 July 2019). 5527:Daniel Reynolds (23 July 2019). 3741:. Associated Press. 20 June 2022 3202:Pflugfelder, Gregory M. (1997). 2717:"同性婚認めないのは憲法違反違憲判断は全国2件目名古屋地裁" 2690:"同性婚認めないのは違憲の初判断国への賠償は退ける札幌地裁" 2148:The 50 other municipalities are 2087: 2073: 2055: 2049: 2030: 2018: 2006: 1971: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1916: 1903: 1897: 1894:Recognition of same-sex couples 1884: 1872: 1859: 1853: 1828: 1822: 1809: 1796: 1157:LGBT Understanding Promotion Act 1060:Equal Employment Opportunity Law 690:the newly introduced beliefs of 29: 8298:LGBTQ rights in Asia by country 6427:Nana-chome & Higashi-Ueno ( 5614:– via Japan Times Online. 5603:Fabre, Olivier (19 June 2019). 5546:Damshenas, Sam (25 July 2019). 4952:– via Japan Times Online. 4516:. 23 March 2021. Archived from 4043:. Gay Star News. Archived from 3956:Fabre, Olivier (19 June 2019). 3922:"パートナーシップ制度一覧 | みんなのパートナーシップ制度" 3889:– via Japan Times Online. 3136:. Kyodo News. 27 December 2020. 2572:McCurry, Justin (8 June 2023). 1793:Same-sex sexual activity legal 1691:Assembly, in the prefecture of 1555:Constitutional Democratic Party 1541:Rainbow Pride in September 2019 1225:Democratic Party for the People 1113:reported that several Japanese 1012:性的指向又は性自認を理由とする差別の解消等の推進に関する法律案 988:Democratic Party for the People 893:pātonāshippu famirīshippu seido 670:Buddhism and sexual orientation 484:terms for LGBTQ people include 302:Constitutional Democratic Party 101:{{Translated|ja|日本におけるLGBTの権利}} 8214:British Indian Ocean Territory 7418:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 6545:LGBT themes in anime and manga 6040:Recognition of same-sex unions 5908:LGBT Students Bullied in Japan 5504:. 22 July 2019. Archived from 5374:(in Japanese). 9 February 2022 4595:. 9 April 2021. Archived from 4486:. 10 June 2020. Archived from 4390:"Rules of Employment (sample)" 4001:. RocketNews24. Archived from 3877:. 6 April 2017. Archived from 3406:. October 2008. Archived from 3319:Fian, Andi (2 December 2022). 2915:Lies, Elaine; Pomfret, James. 755:In February 2015, the ward of 741:are the only countries in the 99:You may also add the template 1: 5255:Daw, Stephen (26 July 2023). 4539:Glauert, Rik (26 June 2019). 4285:(in Japanese). 25 March 2019. 3608:(in Japanese). Archived from 3149:"Homosexuality and Mythology" 2870:Sam Shoushi (25 March 2008). 2546:Lee, Michelle; Inuma, Julia. 1962:Right to change legal gender 1766:met with LGBTQ groups in the 1713:In January 2019, trans woman 1510:", released in 1994, follows 1072:Tokyo Metropolitan Government 159:Never criminalized since 1882 6269:The Life of an Amorous Woman 5315:Sekawa, Kaori (2 May 2016). 5233:Bradley Stern (7 May 2018). 5140:エイズ、肝炎などのウイルス保有者、またはそれと疑われる方 5113:エイズ、肝炎などのウイルス保有者、またはそれと疑われる方 4706:. April 2012. Archived from 3325:Journal of Religious Studies 2816:Lies, Elaine (8 June 2023). 959:followed suit in July 2015. 905:in January 2021 followed by 200:Recognition of relationships 7006:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 6952:Abolition of the han system 6313:Genderless fashion in Japan 5288:Anonymous (21 April 2015). 4024:Nikkei (2 September 2013). 3602:"「大阪府パートナーシップ宣誓証明制度」を開始します" 3345:. H-net.org. Archived from 2472: 2456: 2437: 2418: 2402: 2386: 2367: 1530:Tokyo Rainbow Pride in 2016 964:Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly 892: 624: 602: 586: 564: 544: 524: 508: 486: 464:began to die out after the 406: 8319: 6231:The Lady who Loved Insects 5993:Sexual minorities in Japan 4195:"野党５党1会派がLGBT差別解消法案を衆院に提出" 3978:. Hrw.org. 1 February 2011 3147:Roy, Deblina (June 2019). 2123:LGBT and politics in Japan 2060:(6-month deferral period) 1986:Gender self-identification 1806:Equal age of consent (16) 1608:Osaka Prefectural Assembly 1423:presidency of Bill Clinton 1410: 1154: 946:配偶者からの暴力の防止及び被害者の保護等に関する法律 917:Discrimination protections 862: 709: 649: 331: 259:was adopted with an equal 185:Discrimination protections 63:Machine translation, like 17: 8242: 7833: 7479: 7413: 7216: 7212: 7116: 7018:Japan during World War II 6835:Mongol invasions of Japan 6635: 6394:Asian Queer Film Festival 5988: 5723:坂田奈央 (11 February 2019). 4276:茨城、ＬＧＢＴ差別禁止を明文化男女参画条例を改正 3565:"LGBTパートナー認定、群馬・大泉町が来月導入" 2403:danjo koyō kikai kintō hō 1597:Democratic Party of Japan 1419:Japan Self-Defense Forces 1386:2023 Supreme Court ruling 1311:Socio-cultural background 1288: 1255: 1241: 1067: 1054:Employment discrimination 1011: 945: 885: 716:Partnership oath in Japan 631: 609: 593: 571: 551: 531: 515: 493: 400: 387: 139: 44:the corresponding article 7963:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7292:House of Representatives 7088:2019 imperial transition 7060:Great Hanshin earthquake 7028:Second Sino-Japanese War 7001:Japan during World War I 5630:South China Morning Post 5139: 5112: 4835:Nakamura, Karen (n.d.). 4275: 4244:パートナーシップ導入へ条例改正案可決茨城県議会 4243: 4141:"Japan - Out Leadership" 3299:intersections.anu.edu.au 1764:Liberal Democratic Party 1620:House of Representatives 1587:became the first openly 1559:Japanese Communist Party 1547:Liberal Democratic Party 1478:came out as openly gay. 1474:in the 1990s). In 2023, 1273:sex reassignment surgery 1213:Liberal Democratic Party 1163:Liberal Democratic Party 1000:House of Representatives 992:Japanese Communist Party 380:. The older partner, or 310:sex reassignment surgery 298:Liberal Democratic Party 8224:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6975:First Sino-Japanese War 1864:(In Tokyo and Ibaraki) 1717:became a member of the 1614:in 2013. Following the 1567:Social Democratic Party 1514:, the first openly gay 1289:性同一性障害者の性別の取扱いの特例に関する法律 1137:Hitotsubashi University 871:artificial insemination 428:, Myoshin, Shinmei and 391:, "lover" or "admirer") 110:For more guidance, see 7443:Science and technology 6882:Council of Five Elders 6877:Azuchi–Momoyama period 6208:Torikaebaya Monogatari 6075:Homosexuality in Japan 4322:"県の多様性条例施行性的指向など差別禁止" 3375:. Agence France-Presse 1563:Japan Innovation Party 1542: 1531: 1297:Supreme Court of Japan 1201:National Diet of Japan 1088:Housing discrimination 1085: 899:second-parent adoption 859:Adoption and parenting 652:Age of consent in Asia 351: 334:Homosexuality in Japan 314:Japanese Supreme Court 20:Homosexuality in Japan 8283:LGBTQ rights in Japan 7388:Deputy Prime Minister 6773:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 4786:10.1515/9783110767995 3181:. Sophia University. 2973:Associated Press News 2620:. H-net.org. May 2000 2487:Japanese Constitution 2108:Human rights in Japan 2103:LGBTQ rights in Tokyo 1700:2017 general election 1698:During the country's 1646:Where Is My Boyfriend 1616:2017 general election 1537: 1529: 1472:Nagisa no Shindobaddo 1316:disability" (性同一性障害, 1197:private member's bill 962:In October 2018, the 909:in February 2021 and 829:Constitution of Japan 722:Japanese Constitution 696:Napoleonic Penal Code 341: 257:Napoleonic Penal Code 112:Knowledge:Translation 83:copyright attribution 8138:United Arab Emirates 7897:LGBT rights in Asia 7297:House of Councillors 7191:World Heritage Sites 6583:OCCUR (organization) 5421:The Japan Times News 5214:. Arama! Japan. 2018 4849:on 28 September 2020 4814:The Georgetown Voice 4436:Webcatplus.nii.ac.jp 3543:En.riocketnews24.com 2457:LGBT rikai zōshin hō 2419:moderu shūgyō kisoku 2118:LGBTQ rights in Asia 1665:2020 Summer Olympics 1612:House of Councillors 1318:seidoitsusei shougai 1182:2020 Summer Olympics 1165:(LDP) announced the 1002:a bill entitled the 672:"); however Chinese 436:" (male–male love). 289:Tokyo District Court 8165:limited recognition 7314:Self-Defense Forces 6152:transgender shamans 5867:. 18 February 2023. 5845:Mainichi Daily News 5737:on 14 February 2019 5508:on 14 February 2020 5178:on 10 November 2013 4713:on 5 September 2021 4005:on 30 December 2017 3571:. 26 December 2018. 3413:on 30 December 2010 3268:: 9. Archived from 3228:Leupp, Gary (1997). 3179:Monumenta Nipponica 3113:Pew Research Center 3000:on 16 November 2013 2552:The Washington Post 1687:was elected to the 1571:Pew Research Center 1221:Nippon Ishin no Kai 1122:Bullying in schools 1092:In 1991, the group 886:パートナーシップ・ファミリーシップ制度 845:Wakayama Prefecture 730:Japanese Civil Code 253:developed countries 7448:Telecommunications 6980:Russo-Japanese War 6910:Tokugawa shogunate 6860:Nanboku-chō period 6855:Ashikaga shogunate 6828:Kamakura shogunate 6404:Rainbow Reel Tokyo 5917:Human Rights Watch 5441:. 8 December 2017. 5296:on 21 January 2020 4986:. 20 October 2020. 4984:Human Rights Watch 4875:. 19 February 2019 4765:. 25 January 2019. 4738:www.pinknews.co.uk 4301:Human Rights Watch 4105:Human Rights Watch 3863:. 6 December 2022. 3612:on 19 January 2020 3524:The New York Times 2485:Article 24 of the 2256:(September 2022), 2252:(September 2022), 2164:(September 2021), 2160:(September 2021), 1881:Same-sex marriage 1721:City Assembly, in 1706:'s newly launched 1593:Rainbow and Greens 1578:sexual orientation 1543: 1532: 1508:August without Him 1470:LGBT-themed movie 1463:Yoshinori Kanemoto 1372:Human Rights Watch 1350:Other developments 1262:Transgender rights 1025:Human Rights Watch 1019:Ibaraki Prefecture 953:Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 923:sexual orientation 734:same-sex marriages 720:Article 24 of the 466:Russo-Japanese War 352: 348:Nishikawa Sukenobu 91:interlanguage link 8303:Politics of Japan 8270: 8269: 8207:other territories 7863: 7862: 7829: 7828: 7578:Sexual minorities 7466: 7465: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7309:Political parties 7248:Foreign relations 7199: 7198: 7103: 7102: 7093:COVID-19 pandemic 6962:Satsuma Rebellion 6947:Meiji Restoration 6845:Kenmu Restoration 6705:Foreign relations 6591: 6590: 6533: 6532: 6423:Shinjuku Ni-chōme 6282: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6194:The Tale of Genji 5675:Independent.co.uk 5502:The Asahi Shimbun 5458:DPA International 5092:. 25 October 2023 5070:. 25 October 2023 5011:Bollinger, Alex. 4816:. 23 October 2015 4551:on 15 August 2019 4490:on 18 August 2021 4407:"NPO法人アカー（OCCUR）" 4229:www.shugiin.go.jp 3432:McCurry, Justin. 3241:978-0-520-91919-8 2660:Khalil, Shaimaa. 2348:(April 2023) and 2292:(February 2023), 2288:(February 2023), 2280:(December 2022), 2276:(December 2022), 2272:(November 2022), 2196:(February 2022), 2176:(December 2021), 2172:(December 2021), 2064: 2063: 1780:same-sex marriage 1702:, Tokyo Governor 1630:Shintaro Ishihara 1551:same-sex marriage 1522:Political support 1504:Hirokazu Kore-eda 1491:Shinjuku Ni-chōme 1370:In October 2020, 1171:same-sex marriage 1107:In October 2020, 700:consenting adults 658:religion of Japan 499:sexual minorities 424:gods, especially 281:same-sex marriage 222: 221: 123: 122: 56: 52: 8310: 8288:Culture of Japan 8260: 8250: 8249: 8219:Christmas Island 7905:Sovereign states 7890: 7883: 7876: 7867: 7853: 7852: 7845:Japan portal 7843: 7842: 7841: 7758:National symbols 7477: 7411: 7214: 7210: 7114: 7048:Economic miracle 6850:Muromachi period 6660: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6595: 6291: 6251:Chigo Monogatari 6222:Ariake no Wakare 6174: 6160:Oyamakui no Kami 6065: 6045:Partnership oath 5967: 5962: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5929: 5909: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5791:. Archived from 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5762:Mainichi Shimbun 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5733:. Archived from 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5658:. 21 March 2019. 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5478:on 26 April 2012 5468: 5462: 5461: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5423:. 21 April 2003. 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5292:. Archived from 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5177: 5171:. 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Blogs.wsj.com 5392: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5166:"Archived copy" 5164: 5163: 5159: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5068:The Japan Times 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5042:The Japan Times 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4900:The Japan Times 4893: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4649:The Japan Times 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4593:The Japan Times 4587: 4586: 4582: 4577:. 25 June 2019. 4569: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4460:. 24 March 2017 4456: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4366: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4344:"Archived copy" 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4249:The Sankei News 4245: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4127: 4121:The Japan Times 4115: 4111: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4047:on 6 April 2019 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3962:The Japan Times 3955: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3815:The Japan Times 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3638:. 17 March 2021 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3463:www.fridae.asia 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3349:on 27 June 2007 3343:"H-Net Reviews" 3341: 3340: 3336: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3191:10.2307/2384336 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3085:on 11 June 2022 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3059:. Bloomberg.com 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2988:"Archived copy" 2986: 2985: 2981: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2646:. The Guardian. 2641: 2640: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2618:"H-Net Reviews" 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2597:The Japan Times 2590: 2589: 2585: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2527:on 6 March 2009 2524: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2468: 2464: 2449: 2445: 2430: 2426: 2414: 2410: 2398: 2394: 2379: 2375: 2360: 2356: 2248:(August 2022), 2147: 2143: 2138: 2125: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2069: 1788: 1727:Ayako Fuchigami 1683:In March 2017, 1524: 1431: 1415: 1409: 1400: 1392:family register 1388: 1352: 1331: 1313: 1269: 1264: 1159: 1153: 1133: 1124: 1090: 1083:identification. 1056: 927:gender identity 919: 913:in April 2021. 876:In April 2017, 867: 861: 718: 710:Main articles: 708: 692:Western culture 654: 648: 628: 606: 590: 568: 548: 528: 512: 490: 487:seitekishōsūsha 478: 470:Empire of Japan 418:Tokugawa period 397: 384: 336: 330: 165:Gender identity 149: 135: 119: 118: 117: 100: 94: 57: 34: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 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6912: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6872:Sengoku period 6869: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6811:Post-Classical 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6666: 6664: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6517: 6507: 6504:Hiroshima City 6497: 6492: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6461: 6453: 6448:Toshima Ward ( 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6351:Gay Japan News 6347: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6297: 6295: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6142: 6128: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6052:Blue boy trial 6049: 6048: 6047: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5991:Main article: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5902: 5901:External links 5899: 5896: 5895: 5870: 5850: 5847:. 7 July 2022. 5832: 5806: 5776: 5765:. 9 April 2019 5748: 5715: 5689: 5661: 5643: 5617: 5595: 5576: 5557: 5538: 5519: 5489: 5463: 5444: 5426: 5408: 5385: 5359: 5333: 5321:Huffpost Japan 5307: 5280: 5247: 5225: 5203: 5157: 5130: 5103: 5081: 5055: 5029: 5003: 5000:. 7 July 2020. 4989: 4971: 4969:, 13 June 2018 4955: 4944:. 14 June 2018 4933: 4912: 4886: 4860: 4827: 4801: 4794: 4768: 4750: 4724: 4688: 4677:. 17 June 2023 4662: 4651:. 16 June 2023 4636: 4625:. 16 June 2023 4610: 4599:on 9 July 2021 4580: 4562: 4531: 4501: 4471: 4449: 4423: 4398: 4381: 4335: 4313: 4288: 4266: 4234: 4216: 4186: 4153: 4125: 4109: 4093: 4072: 4058: 4031: 4016: 3989: 3967: 3948: 3939: 3913: 3910:(in Japanese). 3908:outjapan.co.jp 3892: 3866: 3849: 3838:. 7 March 2016 3827: 3802: 3777: 3752: 3726: 3700: 3689:. 20 June 2022 3674: 3649: 3623: 3593: 3574: 3556: 3545:. 30 July 2015 3530: 3509: 3475: 3450: 3424: 3386: 3360: 3334: 3311: 3286: 3245: 3220: 3208: 3195: 3170: 3139: 3125: 3096: 3070: 3047: 3025: 2979: 2959: 2933: 2907: 2885: 2862: 2850:東京新聞 TOKYO Web 2837: 2808: 2786: 2760: 2734: 2707: 2680: 2649: 2631: 2609: 2583: 2564: 2538: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2478: 2462: 2443: 2424: 2408: 2392: 2373: 2354: 2344:(April 2023), 2340:(April 2023), 2336:(April 2023), 2332:(April 2023), 2328:(April 2023), 2324:(April 2023), 2320:(April 2023), 2316:(April 2023), 2312:(April 2023), 2308:(April 2023), 2304:(April 2023), 2300:(March 2023), 2296:(March 2023), 2236:(April 2022), 2232:(April 2022), 2228:(April 2022), 2224:(April 2022), 2220:(April 2022), 2216:(April 2022), 2212:(April 2022), 2208:(April 2022), 2204:(April 2022), 2200:(April 2022), 2140: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2084: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2047: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1794: 1787: 1784: 1772:Masayoshi Arai 1757:Prime Minister 1661:Gaku Hashimoto 1638:Taiga Ishikawa 1627:Tokyo Governor 1553:, whereas the 1523: 1520: 1495:Matsuko Deluxe 1467:Ayumi Hamasaki 1447:Ataru Nakamura 1430: 1427: 1411:Main article: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1398:Blood donation 1396: 1387: 1384: 1351: 1348: 1330: 1327: 1312: 1309: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1205:49th G7 summit 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6778:Hakuhō period 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6725:Imperial Navy 6723: 6721: 6720:Imperial Army 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477:Sakae, Nagoya 6475: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6441:Minato Ward ( 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6399:Rainbow March 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6353: 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5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5821:. 24 May 2021 5820: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5730:Tokyo Shimbun 5726: 5719: 5716: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5690: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5632:. 7 July 2016 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5606: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5520: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5334: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5308: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5248: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5142: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5115: 5107: 5104: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 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3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3015: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2948: 2944: 2941:Condon, Ali. 2937: 2934: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2809: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2723:(in Japanese) 2722: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2696:(in Japanese) 2695: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2598: 2594: 2591:Joplin, Kat. 2587: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326:Nachikatsuura 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244:(July 2022), 2243: 2240:(June 2022), 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156:(July 2021), 2155: 2152:(July 2021), 2151: 2145: 2142: 2135: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2085: 2082: 2071: 2066: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814:(Since 1882) 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801:(Since 1882) 1799: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1786:Summary table 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760:Fumio Kishida 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Maria Akasaka 1711: 1709: 1708:Party of Hope 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:Tomoya Hosoda 1681: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:Kanako Otsuji 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1512:Hirata Yutaka 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1476:Shinjiro Atae 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343:Elin McCready 1339: 1337: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:sterilization 1274: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:Liberal Party 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 965: 960: 958: 954: 949: 943: 939: 938: 931: 928: 924: 916: 914: 912: 911:Adachi, Tokyo 908: 904: 903:Akashi, Hyōgo 900: 896: 894: 881: 879: 874: 872: 866: 858: 856: 853: 848: 846: 840: 836: 834: 833:National Diet 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 740: 735: 731: 727: 724:states that " 723: 717: 713: 705: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 653: 645: 638: 626: 622: 616: 604: 603:baisekushuaru 600: 599: 588: 584: 578: 566: 562: 558: 546: 542: 538: 526: 525:homosekusharu 522: 521: 510: 506: 505: 504: 500: 488: 483: 475: 473: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 452: 448: 447: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 408: 396: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 355:Homosexuality 349: 345: 340: 335: 327: 325: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 293: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 218: 215: 213: 209: 206: 203: 201: 197: 194:Family rights 192: 188: 186: 182: 178: 176: 172: 168: 166: 162: 158: 156: 152: 148: 143: 138: 134: 128: 125: 113: 109: 106: 98: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 70: 66: 62: 60: 59: 53: 47: 45: 40:You can help 36: 27: 26: 21: 16: 8293:Law of Japan 8203:Dependencies 8133:Turkmenistan 8098:Saudi Arabia 7801:Tea ceremony 7778: 7772: / 7764:No-pan kissa 7762: 7733:Martial arts 7625:Architecture 7618: / 7563:Prostitution 7529:Homelessness 7499:Demographics 7423:Central bank 7257: 7253:Human rights 7221:Constitution 7076:Contemporary 6898:Early Modern 6802:Heian period 6790:Monmu period 6785:Taika Reform 6763:Asuka period 6758:Kofun period 6753:Yayoi period 6748:Jōmon period 6573: 6561: 6554: 6522:Sakurazaka ( 6519: 6514:Fukuoka City 6509: 6502:Nagarekawa ( 6499: 6481: 6473: 6463: 6455: 6434:Taito Ward ( 6419: 6413:Gay villages 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6301:LGBT culture 6267: 6249: 6229: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6158: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 5990: 5886:. 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Retrieved 2522:the original 2517: 2505: 2481: 2470: 2465: 2454: 2446: 2435: 2427: 2416: 2411: 2400: 2395: 2384: 2376: 2365: 2357: 2242:Tondabayashi 2144: 2095:Japan portal 2081:LGBTQ portal 2045:donate blood 1754: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1712: 1704:Yuriko Koike 1697: 1682: 1669:Tomomi Inada 1654: 1645: 1635: 1624: 1601: 1585:Aya Kamikawa 1582: 1575: 1544: 1480: 1471: 1455:Hikaru Utada 1432: 1416: 1401: 1389: 1377: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1340: 1332: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1306: 1292: 1291:) or simply 1280: 1270: 1247: 1232: 1229: 1194: 1177: 1175: 1166: 1160: 1134: 1125: 1110:The Guardian 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1059: 1057: 1045: 1029:Athlete Ally 1023: 1016: 1003: 981: 961: 950: 935: 932: 921:As of 2021, 920: 890: 882: 875: 868: 849: 841: 837: 826: 800:, including 754: 747: 719: 678: 674:Confucianism 655: 625:toransujendā 479: 461: 459: 454: 450: 444: 438: 433: 413: 381: 373: 367: 353: 322: 294: 247:) people in 223: 124: 87:edit summary 78: 49: 41: 15: 8262:Asia portal 8163:States with 8083:Philippines 8023:South Korea 8018:North Korea 7913:Afghanistan 7816:Video games 7558:Pornography 7166:Prefectures 7146:Environment 7141:Earthquakes 7126:Archipelago 7033:Pacific War 6989:Late Modern 6797:Nara period 6743:Paleolithic 6512:Haruyoshi ( 6500:Hiroshima – 6132:Sōsei Genri 6008:LGBT rights 5981:transgender 5347:Japan Today 5182:20 November 4411:Occur.or.jp 4360:13 November 3820:29 February 3795:29 February 3719:27 November 3662:Nikkei Asia 3502:12 November 3118:28 November 3063:27 December 2827:15 November 2801:24 February 2779:27 February 2753:27 February 2700:27 February 2602:10 December 2352:(May 2023). 2238:Tosashimizu 2126: [ 2043:allowed to 1774:, based on 1606:, from the 1589:transgender 1561:(JCP), the 1557:(CDP), the 1500:Dai Tamesue 1483:Sho Sakurai 1429:Celebrities 1186:Paralympics 1115:love hotels 798:prefectures 688:comply with 637:transgender 587:ryōseiaisha 476:Terminology 368:In the pre- 350:(1671–1750) 265:prefectures 237:transgender 46:in Japanese 8277:Categories 8143:Uzbekistan 8118:Tajikistan 8033:Kyrgyzstan 8013:Kazakhstan 7933:Bangladesh 7923:Azerbaijan 7806:Television 7728:Literature 7690:Hikikomori 7611:Aesthetics 7489:Censorship 7371:Ministries 7341:Government 7055:Heisei era 7038:Occupation 6996:Taishō era 6957:Boshin War 6937:Government 6905:Edo period 6818:Genpei War 6768:Taihō Code 6464:Kanagawa – 6456:Hokkaido – 6187:Tosa Nikki 6170:Literature 5888:7 November 5352:16 October 5096:26 October 5074:26 October 5048:11 January 5022:1 February 4905:11 January 4879:11 January 4681:12 October 4655:12 October 4629:12 October 4514:Nippon.com 4179:8 February 3616:16 January 3569:日本経済新聞電子版 3443:6 December 3417:12 January 3379:7 November 3353:20 January 3185:: 127–51. 3004:14 October 2952:16 October 2727:16 October 2531:20 January 2497:References 2278:Ichinoseki 2250:Ichinomiya 2186:Tokorozawa 1776:homophobia 1735:Higashi-ku 1678:Mio Sugita 1565:, and the 1443:Kayo Satoh 1322:inter alia 1058:While the 1036:Shinzo Abe 994:, and the 737:Japan and 650:See also: 537:homosexual 509:dōseiaisha 378:pederastic 8229:Hong Kong 8183:Palestine 8108:Sri Lanka 8103:Singapore 7983:Indonesia 7780:Otokonoko 7748:Mythology 7660:Festivals 7583:Sexuality 7536:Languages 7509:Etiquette 7504:Education 7453:Transport 7265:Judiciary 7226:Elections 7136:Districts 7121:Addresses 7109:Geography 7083:Reiwa era 7013:Shōwa era 6927:Meiji era 6917:Bakumatsu 6840:Genkō War 6700:Education 6663:Overviews 6550:Gay manga 6524:Naha City 6520:Okinawa – 6510:Fukuoka – 6495:Shinsekai 6466:Nogecho ( 6450:Ikebukuro 6443:Shinbashi 6125:Amaterasu 6117:Mythology 5789:NHK WORLD 5708:6 October 5703:Bloomberg 5636:7 October 5590:Pink News 5571:Vice News 5552:Gay Times 5439:Bloomberg 5326:7 January 5300:7 January 5262:Billboard 5240:7 January 5218:7 January 4873:France 24 4555:16 August 4209:1 January 4028:. GladXX. 3770:29 August 3497:0261-3077 2926:31 August 2694:NHK政治マガジン 2673:3 October 2226:Miyashiro 2202:Bungo-Ōno 1778:and anti- 1755:In 2023, 1636:In 2011, 1625:In 2010, 1602:In 2005, 1583:In 2003, 1451:Kaba-chan 1439:Haruna Ai 1256:LGBT理解増進法 1209:Hiroshima 1141:Kunitachi 1068:男女雇用機会均等法 951:In 2013, 907:Tokushima 794:Hiroshima 684:Meiji era 632:トランスジェンダー 370:Meiji era 363:Amaterasu 105:talk page 8252:Category 8173:Abkhazia 8123:Thailand 8078:Pakistan 8058:Mongolia 8053:Maldives 8048:Malaysia 7948:Cambodia 7855:Category 7670:Folklore 7568:Religion 7541:Japanese 7514:Gambling 7324:Maritime 7205:Politics 7186:Villages 6867:Ōnin War 6710:Military 6695:Economic 6629:articles 6575:Futanari 6468:Yokohama 6459:Susukino 6337:Barazoku 6242:Medieval 6108:X-gender 6088:Onnagata 5977:bisexual 5864:NBC News 5769:10 April 5741:18 April 5378:11 March 5267:Archived 5192:cite web 4967:BBC News 4575:TV Asahi 4524:11 April 4370:cite web 3932:23 April 3687:BBC News 3642:18 March 3636:BBC News 3279:18 March 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